The Boulder River watershed is one of many watersheds in the western United States where historical mining has left a legacy of acid mine drainage and elevated concentrations of potentially toxic trace elements. Abandoned mine lands commonly are located on or affect Federal land. Cleaning up these Federal lands will require substantial investment of resources. As part of a cooperative effort with Federal land-management agencies, the U.S. Geological Survey implemented an Abandoned Mine Lands Initiative in 1997. The goal of the initiative was to use the watershed approach to develop a strategy for gathering and communicating the scientific information needed to formulate effective and cost-efficient remediation of affected lands in a watershed. The watershed approach is based on the premise that contaminated sites that have the most profound effect on water and ecosystem quality within an entire watershed should be identified, characterized, and ranked for remediation.
The watershed approach provides an effective means to evaluate the overall status of affected resources and helps to focus remediation at sites where the most benefit will be gained in the watershed. Such a large-scale approach can result in the collection of extensive information on the geology and geochemistry of rocks and sediment, the hydrology and water chemistry of streams and ground water, and the diversity and health of aquatic and terrestrial organisms. During the assessment of the Boulder River watershed, we inventoried historical mines, defined geological conditions, assessed fish habitat, collected and chemically analyzed hundreds of water and sediment samples, conducted toxicity tests, analyzed fish tissue and indicators of physiological malfunction, examined invertebrates and biofilm, and defined hydrological regimes. Land- and resource-management agencies are faced with evaluating risks associated with thousands of potentially harmful mine sites, and this level of effort is not always feasible for every affected watershed. The detailed work described in this report can help Federal land-management agencies decide which characterization efforts would be most useful in characterization of other affected watersheds.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/pp1652","isbn":"0607943440","collaboration":"Prepared cooperation with the USDA Forest Service and U.S. Environmental Protection Agency","usgsCitation":"2004, Integrated investigations of environmental effects of historical mining in the Basin and Boulder Mining Districts, Boulder River watershed, Jefferson County, Montana (Version 1.0): U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1652, iv, 523 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/pp1652.","productDescription":"iv, 523 p.","numberOfPages":"529","costCenters":[{"id":192,"text":"Columbia Environmental Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":87129,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1652/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":4758,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/2004/1652/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":401717,"rank":4,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_73669.htm"},{"id":120681,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1652/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Montana","county":"Jefferson County","otherGeospatial":"Basin Mining District, Boulder Mining District, Boulder River watershed","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -112.55218505859374,\n 46.23685258143992\n ],\n [\n -112.55218505859374,\n 46.55130547880643\n ],\n [\n -112.05230712890624,\n 46.55130547880643\n ],\n [\n -112.05230712890624,\n 46.23685258143992\n ],\n [\n -112.55218505859374,\n 46.23685258143992\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","edition":"Version 1.0","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49e2e4b07f02db5e4d8f","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Nimick, David A. dnimick@usgs.gov","contributorId":421,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nimick","given":"David","email":"dnimick@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":573,"text":"Special Applications Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":5050,"text":"WY-MT Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":657135,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Church, Stan E. schurch@usgs.gov","contributorId":803,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Church","given":"Stan","email":"schurch@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":657136,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Finger, Susan E. sfinger@usgs.gov","contributorId":1317,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Finger","given":"Susan","email":"sfinger@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":657137,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":53371,"text":"wdrUT031 - 2004 - Water resources data, Utah, water year 2003","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-02-03T16:39:59","indexId":"wdrUT031","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":340,"text":"Water Data Report","code":"WDR","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"UT-03-1","title":"Water resources data, Utah, water year 2003","docAbstract":"Water-resources data for the 2005 water year for Utah consist of records of stage, discharge, and water quality of streams; stage and contents of lakes and reservoirs; and water levels and water quality of ground water. This report contains discharge records for 165 gaging stations; stage and contents for 8 lakes and reservoirs; water quality for 22 hydrologic stations, and 57 wells; water levels for 65 observation wells; and precipitation for 3 stations. Additional water data were collected at various sites not involved in the systematic data-collection program and are published as miscellaneous measurements. These data represent that part of the National Water Data System collected by the U.S. Geological Survey and cooperating State and Federal agencies in Utah.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Salt Lake City, UT","doi":"10.3133/wdrUT031","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the State of Utah and other cooperators and agencies","usgsCitation":"Tibbetts, J., Enright, M., and Wilberg, D., 2004, Water resources data, Utah, water year 2003: U.S. Geological Survey Water Data Report UT-03-1, xxxvi, 453 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wdrUT031.","productDescription":"xxxvi, 453 p.","numberOfPages":"496","costCenters":[{"id":610,"text":"Utah Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":179531,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":5130,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.water.usgs.gov/WDRUT03/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Utah","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a09e4b07f02db5fa7df","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Tibbetts, J.R.","contributorId":63470,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tibbetts","given":"J.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":247428,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Enright, Michael","contributorId":99979,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Enright","given":"Michael","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":247429,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Wilberg, Dale E.","contributorId":60215,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wilberg","given":"Dale E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":247427,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":57258,"text":"wdrNJ031 - 2004 - Water Resources Data, New Jersey, Water Year 2003; Volume 1. Surface-Water Data","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:12:22","indexId":"wdrNJ031","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":340,"text":"Water Data Report","code":"WDR","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"NJ-03-1","title":"Water Resources Data, New Jersey, Water Year 2003; Volume 1. Surface-Water Data","docAbstract":"Water-resources data for the 2003 Water Year for New Jersey are presented in three volumes, and consists of records of stage, discharge, and water quality of streams; stage and contents of lakes and reservoirs; and water levels and water quality of ground water. Volume 1 contains discharge records for 100 gaging stations; tide summaries at 29 tidal gaging stations; and stage and contents at 39 lakes and reservoirs. Also included are stage and discharge for 106 crest-stage partial-record stations, stage-only at 33 tidal crest-stage gages, and discharge for 142 low-flow partial- record stations. Locations of these sites are shown in figures 8-11. Additional discharge measurements were made at 143 miscellaneous sites that are not part of the systematic data-collection program. Discontinued station tables for gaging stations, crest-stage gages, tidal crest-stage and tidal gaging stations show historical coverage. The data in this report represent that part of the National Water Information System (NWIS) data collected by the United States Geological Survey (USGS). Hydrologic conditions are also described for this water year, including streamflow, precipitation, reservoir conditions, and air temperatures.","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/wdrNJ031","usgsCitation":"Reed, T., White, B., Centinaro, G., Dudek, J., Protz, A., Shvanda, J., and Watson, A., 2004, Water Resources Data, New Jersey, Water Year 2003; Volume 1. Surface-Water Data: U.S. Geological Survey Water Data Report NJ-03-1, 388 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wdrNJ031.","productDescription":"388 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":184044,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":5691,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.water.usgs.gov/wdrnj031/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a0ae4b07f02db5fb240","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Reed, T.J. 0000-0002-9943-4081","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9943-4081","contributorId":15224,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Reed","given":"T.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":256490,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"White, B.T.","contributorId":9710,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"White","given":"B.T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":256489,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Centinaro, G.L.","contributorId":61892,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Centinaro","given":"G.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":256493,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Dudek, J.F.","contributorId":31818,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dudek","given":"J.F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":256491,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Protz, A.R.","contributorId":97976,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Protz","given":"A.R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":256495,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Shvanda, J.C.","contributorId":34999,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Shvanda","given":"J.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":256492,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Watson, A.F.","contributorId":85653,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Watson","given":"A.F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":256494,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}} ,{"id":57226,"text":"wdrOR031 - 2004 - Water Resources Data for Oregon, Water Year 2003","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:11:50","indexId":"wdrOR031","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":340,"text":"Water Data Report","code":"WDR","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"OR-03-1","title":"Water Resources Data for Oregon, Water Year 2003","docAbstract":"The annual Oregon hydrologic data report is one of a series of annual reports that document hydrologic data gathered from the U.S. Geological Survey's surface- and ground-water data-collection networks in each State, Puerto Rico, and the Trust Territories. These records of streamflow, ground-water levels, and quality of water provide the hydrologic information needed by State, local and Federal agencies, and the private sector for developing and managing our Nation's land and water resources. \r\n\r\nThis report includes records on both surface and ground water in Oregon and contains discharge records for 199 stream-gaging stations, 25 partial-record or miscellaneous streamflow stations, and 8 crest-stage partial-record streamflow stations; stage-only records for 6 gaging stations; stage and content records for 26 lakes and reservoirs; and water-quality records collected at 127 streamflow-gaging stations, 2 atmospheric deposition stations, and 11 ground-water sites.","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/wdrOR031","usgsCitation":"Herrett, T., Hess, G.W., House, J., Ruppert, G., and Courts, M., 2004, Water Resources Data for Oregon, Water Year 2003: U.S. Geological Survey Water Data Report OR-03-1, 558 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wdrOR031.","productDescription":"558 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":5675,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.water.usgs.gov/wdr-or-03/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":173889,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4affe4b07f02db697bd8","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Herrett, T.A.","contributorId":102944,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Herrett","given":"T.A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":256395,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hess, G. W.","contributorId":43338,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hess","given":"G.","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":256391,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"House, J.G.","contributorId":50590,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"House","given":"J.G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":256392,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Ruppert, G.P.","contributorId":67111,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ruppert","given":"G.P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":256393,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Courts, M.L.","contributorId":93562,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Courts","given":"M.L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":256394,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":57952,"text":"wri034296 - 2004 - Quantification of metal loading to Silver Creek through the Silver Maple Claims area, Park City, Utah, May 2002","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-02-05T19:39:15","indexId":"wri034296","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2003-4296","title":"Quantification of metal loading to Silver Creek through the Silver Maple Claims area, Park City, Utah, May 2002","docAbstract":"The Silver Maple Claims area along Silver Creek, near Park City, Utah, is administered by the Bureau of Land Management. To quantify possible sources of elevated zinc concentrations in Silver Creek that exceed water-quality standards, the U.S. Geological Survey conducted a mass-loading study in May 2002 along a 1,400-meter reach of Silver Creek that included the Silver Maple Claims area. Additional samples were collected upstream and downstream from the injection reach to investigate other possible sources of zinc and other metals to the stream. Many metals were investigated in the study, but zinc is of particular concern for water-quality standards. The total loading of zinc along the study reach from Park City to Wanship, Utah, was about 49 kilograms per day. The Silver Maple Claims area contributed about 38 percent of this load. The Silver Creek tailings discharge pipe, which empties just inside the Silver Maple Claims area, contributed more than half the load of the Silver Maple Claims area. Substantial zinc loads also were added to Silver Creek downstream from the Silver Maple Claims area. Ground-water discharge upstream from the waste-water treatment plant contributed 20 percent of the total zinc load, and another 17 percent was contributed near the waste-water treatment plant. By identifying the specific areas where zinc and other metal loads are contributed to Silver Creek, it is possible to assess the needs of a remediation plan. For example, removing the tailings from the Silver Maple Claims area could contribute to lowering the zinc concentration in Silver Creek, but without also addressing the loading from the Silver Creek tailings discharge pipe and the ground-water discharge farther downstream, the zinc concentration could not be lowered enough to meet water-quality standards. Additional existing sources of zinc loading downstream from the Silver Maple Claims area could complicate the process of lowering zinc concentration to meet water-quality standards.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri034296","usgsCitation":"Kimball, B.A., Johnson, K.K., Runkel, R.L., and Steiger, J.I., 2004, Quantification of metal loading to Silver Creek through the Silver Maple Claims area, Park City, Utah, May 2002: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 2003-4296, 46 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri034296.","productDescription":"46 p.","onlineOnly":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":182132,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":5911,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.water.usgs.gov/wri034296/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Utah","city":"Park City","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -111.59637451171875,\n 40.56911064456484\n ],\n [\n -111.4068603515625,\n 40.56911064456484\n ],\n [\n -111.4068603515625,\n 40.71603763556807\n ],\n [\n -111.59637451171875,\n 40.71603763556807\n ],\n [\n -111.59637451171875,\n 40.56911064456484\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a61e4b07f02db635f3e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kimball, Briant A. bkimball@usgs.gov","contributorId":533,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kimball","given":"Briant","email":"bkimball@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":610,"text":"Utah Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":257990,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Johnson, Kevin K. 0000-0003-2703-5994 johnsonk@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2703-5994","contributorId":4220,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Johnson","given":"Kevin","email":"johnsonk@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[{"id":36532,"text":"Central Midwest Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":257993,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Runkel, Robert L. 0000-0003-3220-481X runkel@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3220-481X","contributorId":685,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Runkel","given":"Robert","email":"runkel@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":191,"text":"Colorado Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":257991,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Steiger, Judy I. jsteiger@usgs.gov","contributorId":3689,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Steiger","given":"Judy","email":"jsteiger@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"I.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":257992,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":58165,"text":"ofr20041328 - 2004 - Selected hydrologic data for Sand Cove Wash, Washington County, Utah","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-04-11T09:51:13","indexId":"ofr20041328","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2004-1328","title":"Selected hydrologic data for Sand Cove Wash, Washington County, Utah","docAbstract":"Southwestern Utah is one of the most arid and fastest growing regions of Utah. Development of new and existing water resources will be required to meet the water needs of the region. Sand Cove Wash, a tributary of the Santa Clara River that flows into Gunlock Reservoir, was investigated as a potential site for diverting peak runoff from the Santa Clara River in order to delay its arrival at the reservoir or to artificially recharge alluvial sediment or the underlying Navajo aquifer. Hydrologic data collected in this study are described and listed in this report. Six boreholes were drilled in Sand Cove
Wash to determine the vertical and spatial distribution of the alluvial deposits and their hydrologic properties. Nine to 13 feet of fine alluvial sand is underlain by 50 to 70 feet of fine silt and clay. Core samples were analyzed for specific conductance of leachates, particle-size distribution, and saturated vertical hydraulic conductivity. Specific-conductance values of leachates ranged from 23 to 2,940 microsiemens per centimeter. Vertical hydraulic-conductivity values from selected samples ranged from 1.92 x 10-4 to 2.5 feet per day.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Salt Lake City, UT","doi":"10.3133/ofr20041328","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Washington County Water Conservancy District","usgsCitation":"Norton, A., and Susong, D.D., 2004, Selected hydrologic data for Sand Cove Wash, Washington County, Utah: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2004-1328, iv, 7 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20041328.","productDescription":"iv, 7 p.","numberOfPages":"13","onlineOnly":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":610,"text":"Utah Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":184181,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":339524,"rank":3,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2004/1328/PDF/OF2004_1328.pdf"},{"id":5778,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.water.usgs.gov/ofr2004-1328/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Utah","county":"Washington County","otherGeospatial":"Sand Cove Wash","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -113.6667,\n 37.25\n ],\n [\n -113.7833,\n 37.25\n ],\n [\n -113.7833,\n 37.31667\n ],\n [\n -113.6667,\n 37.31667\n ],\n [\n -113.6667,\n 37.25\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a07e4b07f02db5f9415","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Norton, Aaron","contributorId":8175,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Norton","given":"Aaron","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":258428,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Susong, David D. ddsusong@usgs.gov","contributorId":1040,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Susong","given":"David","email":"ddsusong@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":610,"text":"Utah Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":258427,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":58318,"text":"tm5A8 - 2004 - Methods for the preparation and analysis of solids and suspended solids for total mercury","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-02-09T16:24:34","indexId":"tm5A8","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":335,"text":"Techniques and Methods","code":"TM","onlineIssn":"2328-7055","printIssn":"2328-7047","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"5-A8","title":"Methods for the preparation and analysis of solids and suspended solids for total mercury","docAbstract":"The methods documented in this report are utilized by the Wisconsin District Mercury Lab for analysis of total mercury in solids (soils and sediments) and suspended solids (isolated on filters). Separate procedures are required for the different sample types. For solids, samples are prepared by room-temperature acid digestion and oxidation with aqua regia. The samples are brought up to volume with a 5 percent bromine monochloride solution to ensure complete oxidation and heated at 50C in an oven overnight. Samples are then analyzed with an automated flow injection system incorporating a cold vapor atomic fluorescence spectrometer. A method detection limit of 0.3 ng of mercury per digestion bomb was established using multiple analyses of an environmental sample. Based on the range of masses processed, the minimum sample reporting limit varies from 0.6 ng/g to 6 ng/g. Suspended solids samples are oxidized with a 5 percent bromine monochloride solution and held at 50?C in an oven for 5 days. The samples are then analyzed with an automated flow injection system incorporating a cold vapor atomic fluorescence spectrometer. Using a certified reference material as a surrogate for an environmental sample, a method detection limit of 0.059 ng of mercury per filter was established. The minimum sample reporting limit varies from 0.059 ng/L to 1.18 ng/L, depending on the volume of water filtered.
","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"Book 5. Laboratory Analysis, Section A. 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The community has shifted from being dominated by several opportunistic species to a community where the species are more similar in abundance, a pattern that could be indicative of a more stable community that is subjected to less stress. In addition, two of the opportunistic species (Ampelisca abdita and Streblospio benedicti) that brood their young and live on the surface of the sediment in tubes have shown a continual decline in dominance coincident with the decline in metals. Heteromastus filiformis, a subsurface polychaete worm that lives in the sediment, consumes sediment and organic particles residing in the sediment, and reproduces by laying their eggs on or in the sediment has shown a concurrent increase in dominance. These changes in species dominance reflect a change in the community from one dominated by surface dwelling, brooding species to one with species with varying life history characteristics. Analysis of the reproductive activity of Macoma balthica shows increases in reproductive activity concurrent with the decline in metal concentrations in the tissue of this organism. Reproductive activity is presently stable with almost all animals reproducing during the two reproductive seasons (spring and fall) of most years. These findings are consistent with findings previously reported for the 1974 through 2002 period.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr20041210","usgsCitation":"Shouse, M.K., Parcheso, F., and Thompson, J.K., 2004, Near-field receiving water monitoring of a benthic community near the Palo Alto Water Quality Control Plant in south San Francisco Bay: February 1974 through December 2003: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2004-1210, Report: 37 p.; Appendixes A and B, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20041210.","productDescription":"Report: 37 p.; Appendixes A and B","numberOfPages":"39","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":552,"text":"San Francisco Bay-Delta","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":5079,"text":"Pacific Regional Director's Office","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":178043,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr20041210.GIF"},{"id":5545,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.water.usgs.gov/ofr2004-1210/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":282725,"type":{"id":3,"text":"Appendix"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2004/1210/OFR04%20Appendix%20A.xls"},{"id":282724,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2004/1210/OFR2004-1210.pdf"},{"id":282726,"type":{"id":3,"text":"Appendix"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2004/1210/OFR04%20Appendix%20B.xls"}],"country":"United States","state":"California ","otherGeospatial":"South San Francisco Bay","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -122.86010742187499,\n 37.3002752813443\n ],\n [\n -121.78344726562499,\n 37.3002752813443\n ],\n [\n -121.78344726562499,\n 37.84883250647402\n ],\n [\n -122.86010742187499,\n 37.84883250647402\n ],\n [\n -122.86010742187499,\n 37.3002752813443\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b00e4b07f02db697fc9","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Shouse, Michelle K. mkshouse@usgs.gov","contributorId":5407,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Shouse","given":"Michelle","email":"mkshouse@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":249212,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Parcheso, Francis 0000-0002-9471-7787 parchaso@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9471-7787","contributorId":2590,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Parcheso","given":"Francis","email":"parchaso@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":249211,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Thompson, Janet K. 0000-0002-1528-8452 jthompso@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1528-8452","contributorId":1009,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thompson","given":"Janet","email":"jthompso@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[{"id":36183,"text":"Hydro-Ecological Interactions Branch","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":249210,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":58319,"text":"tm5A7 - 2004 - Methods for the preparation and analysis of solids and suspended solids for methylmercury","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-02-05T20:25:34","indexId":"tm5A7","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":335,"text":"Techniques and Methods","code":"TM","onlineIssn":"2328-7055","printIssn":"2328-7047","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"5-A7","title":"Methods for the preparation and analysis of solids and suspended solids for methylmercury","docAbstract":"This report presents the methods and method performance data for the determination of methylmercury concentrations in solids and suspended solids. Using the methods outlined here, the U.S. Geological Survey's Wisconsin District Mercury Laboratory can consistently detect methylmercury in solids and suspended solids at environmentally relevant concentrations. Solids can be analyzed wet or freeze dried with a minimum detection limit of 0.08 ng/g (as-processed). Suspended solids must first be isolated from aqueous matrices by filtration. The minimum detection limit for suspended solids is 0.01 ng per filter resulting in a minimum reporting limit ranging from 0.2 ng/L for a 0.05 L filtered volume to 0.01 ng/L for a 1.0 L filtered volume. Maximum concentrations for both matrices can be extended to cover nearly any amount of methylmercury by limiting sample size.","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"Book 5. Laboratory Analysis, Section A. 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","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":180836,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":5900,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/tm/2005/tm5A7/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a53e4b07f02db62bae9","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"DeWild, John F. 0000-0003-4097-2798 jfdewild@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4097-2798","contributorId":2525,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"DeWild","given":"John","email":"jfdewild@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[{"id":37947,"text":"Upper Midwest Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":677,"text":"Wisconsin Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":258728,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Olund, Shane D.","contributorId":94352,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Olund","given":"Shane","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":258730,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Olson, Mark L.","contributorId":101693,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Olson","given":"Mark","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":258731,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Tate, Michael T. 0000-0003-1525-1219 mttate@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1525-1219","contributorId":3144,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tate","given":"Michael T.","email":"mttate@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":37947,"text":"Upper Midwest Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":677,"text":"Wisconsin Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":258729,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":53972,"text":"wri034263 - 2004 - Geohydrology of the French Creek Basin and simulated effects of drought and ground-water withdrawals, Chester County, Pennsylvania","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-01-05T20:39:05.135415","indexId":"wri034263","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2003-4263","title":"Geohydrology of the French Creek Basin and simulated effects of drought and ground-water withdrawals, Chester County, Pennsylvania","docAbstract":"This report describes the results of a study by the U.S. Geological Survey, in cooperation with the Delaware River Basin Commission, to develop a regional ground-water-flow model of the French Creek Basin in Chester County, Pa. The model was used to assist water-resource managers by illustrating the interconnection between ground-water and surface-water systems. The 70.7-square mile French Creek Basin is in the Piedmont Physiographic Province and is underlain by crystalline and sedimentary fractured-rock aquifers. Annual water budgets were calculated for 1969-2001 for the French Creek Basin upstream of streamflow-measurement station French Creek near Phoenixville (01472157). Average annual precipitation was 46.28 in. (inches), average annual streamflow was 20.29 in., average annual base flow determined by hydrograph separation was 12.42 in., and estimated average annual ET (evapotranspiration) was 26.10 in. Estimated average annual recharge was 14.32 in. and is equal to 31 percent of the average annual precipitation. Base flow made up an average of 61 percent of streamflow.
Ground-water flow in the French Creek Basin was simulated using the finite-difference MODFLOW-96 computer program. The model structure is based on a simplified two-dimensional conceptualization of the ground-water-flow system. The modeled area was extended outside the French Creek Basin to natural hydrologic boundaries; the modeled area includes 40 square miles of adjacent areas outside the basin. The hydraulic conductivity for each geologic unit was calculated from reported specific-capacity data determined from aquifer tests and was adjusted during model calibration. The model was calibrated for above-average conditions by simulating base-flow and water-level measurements made on May 1, 2001, using a recharge rate of 20 in/yr (inches per year). The model was calibrated for below-average conditions by simulating base-flow and water-level measurements made on September 11 and 17, 2001, using a recharge rate of 6.2 in/yr. Average conditions were simulated by adjusting the recharge rate until simulated streamflow at streamflow-measurement station 01472157 matched the long-term (1968-2001) average base flow of 54.1 cubic feet per second. The recharge rate used for average conditions was 15.7 in/yr.
The effect of drought in the French Creek Basin was simulated using a drought year recharge rate of 8 in/yr for 3 months. After 3 months of drought, the simulated streamflow of French Creek at streamflow-measurement station 01472157 decreased 34 percent. The simulations show that after 6 months of average recharge (15.7 in/yr) following drought, streamflow and water levels recovered almost to pre-drought conditions.
The effect of increased ground-water withdrawals on stream base flow in the South Branch French Creek Subbasin was simulated under average and drought conditions with pumping rates equal to 50, 75, and 100 percent of the Delaware River Basin Commission Ground Water Protected Area (GWPA) withdrawal limit (1,393 million gallons per year) with all pumped water removed from the basin. For average recharge conditions, the simulated streamflow of South Branch French Creek at the mouth decreased 18, 28, and 37 percent at a withdrawal rate equal to 50, 75, and 100 percent of the GWPA limit, respectively. After 3 months of drought recharge conditions, the simulated streamflow of South Branch French Creek at the mouth decreased 27, 40, and 52 percent at a withdrawal rate equal to 50, 75, and 100 percent of the GWPA limit, respectively.
The effect of well location on base flow, water levels, and the sources of water to the well was simulated by locating a hypothetical well pumping 200 gallons per minute in different places in the Beaver Run Subbasin with all pumped water removed from the basin. The smallest reduction in the base flow of Beaver Run was from a well on the drainage divide between the French Creek Basin and the Marsh Creek Basin to the south; the simulated base flow of Beaver Run at the mouth was reduced 1 percent. The greatest reduction in the base flow of Beaver Creek was from a well close to Beaver Run; the simulated base flow of Beaver Run at the mouth was reduced 8 percent. The simulations showed that (1) if the contributing area of a well is in a basin, pumping will affect stream base flow and water levels in that basin whether the well is inside or outside that basin; (2) wells in different areas of a basin away from a divide produce a similar reduction in base flow; (3) a well within a basin will derive more water from diverted base flow and less water from storage than a well on or near a basin divide; and (4) the reduction in base flow at the mouth of the stream is the same for a well in the headwaters and a well downstream near the confluence.
Model simulations illustrate some of the typical analyses and results that can be produced. The model was calibrated using annual values for recharge and ground-water ET and then was run using the annual values in a seasonally independent transient mode to show changes with time. The timing and relative magnitude of some of the changes simulated with the model when viewed in terms of a normal climatic year may be subject to considerable uncertainty because of the variability in seasonal recharge and ground-water ET rates. Transient model simulations for short-term periods are indicative of possible hydrologic system response and are considered an approximation.
Kamas Valley, Utah, is located about 50 miles east of Salt Lake City and is undergoing residential development. The increasing number of wells and septic systems raised concerns of water managers and prompted this hydrologic study. About 350,000 acre-feet per year of surface water flows through Kamas Valley in the Weber River, Beaver Creek, and Provo River, which originate in the Uinta Mountains east of the study area. The ground-water system in this area consists of water in unconsolidated deposits and consolidated rock; water budgets indicate very little interaction between consolidated rock and unconsolidated deposits. Most recharge to consolidated rock occurs at higher altitudes in the mountains and discharges to streams and springs upgradient of Kamas Valley. About 38,000 acre-feet per year of water flows through the unconsolidated deposits in Kamas Valley. Most recharge is from irrigation and seepage from major streams; most discharge is to Beaver Creek in the middle part of the valley. Long-term water-level fluctuations range from about 3 to 17 feet. Seasonal fluctuations exceed 50 feet. Transmissivity varies over four orders of magnitude in both the unconsolidated deposits and consolidated rock and is typically 1,000 to 10,000 feet squared per day in unconsolidated deposits and 100 feet squared per day in consolidated rock as determined from specific capacity. Water samples collected from wells, streams, and springs had nitrate plus nitrite concentrations (as N) substantially less than 10 mg/L. Total and fecal coliform bacteria were detected in some surface-water samples and probably originate from livestock. Septic systems do not appear to be degrading water quality. A numerical ground-water flow model developed to test the conceptual understanding of the ground-water system adequately simulates water levels and flow in the unconsolidated deposits. Analyses of model fit and sensitivity were used to refine the conceptual and numerical models.
","language":"English","publisher":"Utah Department of Natural Resources, Division of Water Rights","publisherLocation":"Salt Lake City, UT","collaboration":"Prepared by the United States Geological Survey in cooperation with the Utah Department of Natural Resources, Division of Water Rights; Utah Department of Environmental Quality, Division of Water Quality; Weber Basin Water Conservancy District; Davis and Weber Counties Canal Company; and Weber River Water Users Association","usgsCitation":"Brooks, L., Stolp, B., and Spangler, L., 2003, Hydrology and simulation of ground-water flow in Kamas Valley, Summit County, Utah: Technical Publication 117, x, 74 p.","productDescription":"x, 74 p.","numberOfPages":"101","costCenters":[{"id":610,"text":"Utah Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":332243,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":332240,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://www.waterrights.utah.gov/cgi-bin/libview.exe?Modinfo=Viewpub&LIBNUM=50-1-311"},{"id":332241,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://waterrights.utah.gov/techinfo/wwwpub/tp_117.pdf"},{"id":332242,"rank":3,"type":{"id":28,"text":"Dataset"},"url":"https://waterrights.utah.gov/groundwater/gwmodelsview.asp#Kamas","text":"MODFLOW 2000 Model Data"}],"country":"United States","state":"Utah","county":"Summit County","otherGeospatial":"Kamas Valley","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -111.38214111328124,\n 40.753499070431374\n ],\n [\n -111.36566162109375,\n 40.75245875985305\n ],\n [\n -111.34437561035156,\n 40.730608477796636\n ],\n [\n -111.28875732421874,\n 40.742574997542924\n ],\n [\n -111.25373840332031,\n 40.73216945026674\n ],\n [\n -111.23588562011719,\n 40.67126439151552\n ],\n [\n -111.24893188476561,\n 40.65355504328839\n ],\n [\n -111.25373840332031,\n 40.632714496550626\n ],\n [\n -111.22558593749999,\n 40.605090749765786\n ],\n [\n -111.20429992675781,\n 40.57954165275019\n ],\n [\n -111.15211486816406,\n 40.551895925961105\n ],\n [\n -111.192626953125,\n 40.54876550151149\n ],\n [\n -111.27433776855469,\n 40.56963223359563\n ],\n [\n -111.33476257324217,\n 40.61343119773193\n ],\n [\n -111.32514953613281,\n 40.660326819865354\n ],\n [\n -111.3581085205078,\n 40.701984159668676\n ],\n [\n -111.35879516601561,\n 40.72176227543699\n ],\n [\n -111.37321472167969,\n 40.737892702684064\n ],\n [\n -111.38214111328124,\n 40.753499070431374\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58550b89e4b02bdf681568c1","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Brooks, L.E.","contributorId":41852,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brooks","given":"L.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":656084,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Stolp, Bernard J. 0000-0003-3803-1497","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3803-1497","contributorId":71942,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stolp","given":"Bernard J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":656085,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Spangler, L.E.","contributorId":54230,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Spangler","given":"L.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":656086,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70174857,"text":"70174857 - 2003 - Phytoplankton fuels Delta food web","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-11-16T10:22:15","indexId":"70174857","displayToPublicDate":"2016-02-15T06:30:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1150,"text":"California Agriculture","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Phytoplankton fuels Delta food web","docAbstract":"Populations of certain fishes and invertebrates in the Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta have declined in abundance in recent decades and there is evidence that food supply is partly responsible. While many sources of organic matter in the Delta could be supporting fish populations indirectly through the food web (including aquatic vegetation and decaying organic matter from agricultural drainage), a careful accounting shows that phytoplankton is the dominant food source. Phytoplankton, communities of microscopic free-floating algae, are the most important food source on a Delta-wide scale when both food quantity and quality are taken into account. These microscopic algae have declined since the late 1960s. Fertilizer and pesticide runoff do not appear to be playing a direct role in long-term phytoplankton changes; rather, species invasions, increasing water transparency and fluctuations in water transport are responsible. Although the potential toxicity of herbicides and pesticides to plank- ton in the Delta is well documented, the ecological significance remains speculative. Nutrient inputs from agricultural runoff at current levels, in combination with increasing transparency, could result in harmful algal blooms.
As part of ongoing research conducted at one of the U.S. Geological Survey's Water, Energy, and Biogeochem-ical Budgets sites, work was undertaken to describe the spatial and temporal variability of stream and ground water isotopic composition and cation chemistry in the Trout Lake watershed, to relate the variability to the watershed flow system, and to identify the linkages of geochemical evolution and source of water in the watershed. The results are based on periodic sampling of sites at two scales along Allequash Creek, a small headwater stream in northern Wisconsin. Based on this sampling, there are distinct water isotopic and geochemical differences observed at a smaller hillslope scale and the larger Allequash Creek scale. The variability was larger than expected for this simple watershed, and is likely to be seen in more complex basins. Based on evidence from multiple isotopes and stream chemistry, the flow system arises from three main source waters (terrestrial-, lake-, or wetland-derived recharge) that can be identified along any flowpath using water isotopes together with geochemical characteristics such as iron concentrations. The ground water chemistry demonstrates considerable spatial variability that depends mainly on the flow-path length and water mobility through the aquifer. Calcium concentrations increase with increasing flowpath length, whereas strontium isotope ratios increase with increasing extent of stagnation in either the unsaturated or saturated zones as waters move from source to sink. The flowpath distribution we identify provides important constraints on the calibration of ground water flow models such as that undertaken by Pint et al. (this issue).
","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1111/j.1745-6584.2003.tb02431.x","usgsCitation":"Walker, J.F., Hunt, R.J., Bullen, T.D., Krabbenhoft, D.P., and Kendall, C., 2003, Variability of isotope and major ion chemistry in the Allequash Basin, Wisconsin: Ground Water, v. 41, no. 7, p. 883-894, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6584.2003.tb02431.x.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"883","endPage":"894","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":308354,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Wisconsin","otherGeospatial":"Allequash Creek, Northern Highlands, Trout Lake","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -89.75933074951172,\n 45.97453759512536\n ],\n [\n -89.75933074951172,\n 46.103470710854594\n ],\n [\n -89.53514099121094,\n 46.103470710854594\n ],\n [\n -89.53514099121094,\n 45.97453759512536\n ],\n [\n -89.75933074951172,\n 45.97453759512536\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"41","issue":"7","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2006-03-24","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"56027c2ce4b03bc34f544894","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Walker, John F. jfwalker@usgs.gov","contributorId":1081,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Walker","given":"John","email":"jfwalker@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[{"id":677,"text":"Wisconsin Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":572876,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hunt, Randall J. 0000-0001-6465-9304 rjhunt@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6465-9304","contributorId":1129,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hunt","given":"Randall","email":"rjhunt@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":677,"text":"Wisconsin Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":572877,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Bullen, Thomas D. 0000-0003-2281-1691 tdbullen@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2281-1691","contributorId":1969,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bullen","given":"Thomas","email":"tdbullen@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":572878,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Krabbenhoft, David P. 0000-0003-1964-5020 dpkrabbe@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1964-5020","contributorId":1658,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Krabbenhoft","given":"David","email":"dpkrabbe@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[{"id":37947,"text":"Upper Midwest Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":5044,"text":"National Research Program - Central Branch","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":37464,"text":"WMA - Laboratory & Analytical Services Division","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":677,"text":"Wisconsin Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":572879,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Kendall, Carol 0000-0002-0247-3405 ckendall@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0247-3405","contributorId":1462,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kendall","given":"Carol","email":"ckendall@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":572880,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70120644,"text":"70120644 - 2003 - A proposed international watershed research network","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-08-15T13:06:59","indexId":"70120644","displayToPublicDate":"2013-08-15T11:51:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"A proposed international watershed research network","docAbstract":"An “International Watershed Research Network” is to be an initial project of the Sino-U. S. Centers for Soil and Water Conservation and Environmental Protection. The Network will provide a fundamental database for research personnel of the Centers, as well as of the global research community, and is viewed as an important resource for their successful operation. Efforts are under way to (a) identify and select candidate watersheds, (b) develop standards and protocols for data collection and dissemination, and (c) specify other data sources on erosion, sediment transport, hydrology, and ancillary information of probable interest and use to participants of the Centers.
The initial focus of the Network will be on water-deficient areas. Candidate watersheds for the Network are yet to be determined although likely selections include the Ansai Research Station, northern China, and the Walnut Gulch Experimental Watershed, Arizona, USA. The Network is to be patterned after the Vigil Network, an open-ended group of global sites and small drainage basins for which Internet-accessible geomorphic, hydrologic, and biological data are periodically collected or updated. Some types of data, using similar instruments and observation methods, will be collected at all watersheds selected for the Network. Other data from the watersheds that may reflect individual watershed characteristics and research objectives will be collected as well.
","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"First Interagency Conference on Research in the Watersheds: October 27-30, 2003","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":12,"text":"Conference publication"},"language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service","usgsCitation":"Osterkamp, W.R., and Gray, J.R., 2003, A proposed international watershed research network, in First Interagency Conference on Research in the Watersheds: October 27-30, 2003, p. 292-295.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"292","endPage":"295","costCenters":[{"id":502,"text":"Office of Surface Water","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":292291,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":292296,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://www.tucson.ars.ag.gov/ICRW/Proceedings/Osterkamp.pdf"},{"id":292297,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://www.tucson.ars.ag.gov/ICRW/Proceedings.htm"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53ef1ec0e4b0bfa1f993eec7","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Osterkamp, W. R.","contributorId":46044,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Osterkamp","given":"W.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":498356,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Gray, J. R.","contributorId":63372,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gray","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":498357,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":5211239,"text":"5211239 - 2003 - Synergy of agroforestry and bottomland hardwood afforestation","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:15:28","indexId":"5211239","displayToPublicDate":"2009-06-09T09:23:19","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"title":"Synergy of agroforestry and bottomland hardwood afforestation","docAbstract":"Afforestation of bottomland hardwood forests has historically emphasized planting heavy-seeded tree species such as oak (Quercus spp.) and pecan (Caryaillinoensis) with little or no silvicultural management during stand development. Slow growth of these tree species, herbivory, competing vegetation, and limited seed dispersal, often result in restored sites that are slow to develop vertical vegetation structure and have limited tree diversity. Where soils and hydrology permit, agroforestry can provide transitional management that mitigates these historical limitations on converting cropland to forests. Planting short-rotation woody crops and intercropping using wide alleyways are two agroforestry practices that are well suited for transitional management. Weed control associated with agroforestry systems benefits planted trees by reducing competition. The resultant decrease in herbaceous cover suppresses small mammal populations and associated herbivory of trees and seeds. As a result, rapid vertical growth is possible that can 'train' under-planted, slower-growing, species and provide favorable environmental conditions for naturally invading trees. Finally, annual cropping of alleyways or rotational pulpwood harvest of woody crops provides income more rapidly than reliance on future revenue from traditional silviculture. Because of increased forest diversity, enhanced growth and development, and improved economic returns, we believe that using agroforestry as a transitional management strategy during afforestation provides greater benefits to landowners and to the environment than does traditional bottomland hardwood afforestation. ","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Land-use management for the future: proceedings of the 6th North American Agroforestry Conference, June 12-16, 1999, the Arlington Resort Hotel and Spa, Hot Springs, Arkansas","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":4,"text":"Other Government Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"Association for Temperate Agroforestry","publisherLocation":"Columbia, Missouri","collaboration":"OCLC: 53364328 PDF on file: 6095 Twedt.pdf ","usgsCitation":"Twedt, D., and Portwood, J., 2003, Synergy of agroforestry and bottomland hardwood afforestation, chap. of Land-use management for the future: proceedings of the 6th North American Agroforestry Conference, June 12-16, 1999, the Arlington Resort Hotel and Spa, Hot Springs, Arkansas, p. 85-89.","productDescription":"iii, 231","startPage":"85","endPage":"89","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":202835,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4adfe4b07f02db687cf8","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Clason, Terry R.","contributorId":113244,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Clason","given":"Terry","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":507841,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1}],"authors":[{"text":"Twedt, D.J. 0000-0003-1223-5045","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1223-5045","contributorId":105009,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Twedt","given":"D.J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":330471,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Portwood, J.","contributorId":63503,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Portwood","given":"J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":330470,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70216681,"text":"70216681 - 2003 - Coupling ice-sheet and climate models for simulation of former ice sheets","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-11-27T20:32:16.20279","indexId":"70216681","displayToPublicDate":"2007-09-02T14:28:15","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":5919,"text":"Developments in Quaternary Sciences","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Coupling ice-sheet and climate models for simulation of former ice sheets","docAbstract":"This chapter explores the development of coupled climate and ice-sheet models over the past two decades, discusses the current technical and physical capabilities of models, and identifies future work for developing a better understanding of ice-climate events that have punctuated Earth history. The chapter also illustrates the complex behavior of the climate system and the modeling challenges posed by the observations. Climate and ice-sheet models continue to improve, both in terms of model physics and technical capabilities. Regional climate model simulations should be carried out for each temporal snapshot or matrix element for improved mass–balance calculation over the ice sheets. Fully coupled atmosphere-ocean-cryosphere-land surface models are required for addressing a number of paleoclimatic puzzles, particularly with respect to millennial climate variability. The concerted effort to better understand West Antarctic Ice Sheet dynamics, and the development of subglacial hydrological models should lead to improvements in the next generation of ice-sheet models and help to address millennial-scale variability in ice-sheet/climate models.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/S1571-0866(03)01006-6","usgsCitation":"Marshall, S.J., Pollard, D., Hostetler, S.W., and Clark, P., 2003, Coupling ice-sheet and climate models for simulation of former ice sheets: Developments in Quaternary Sciences, v. 1, p. 105-126, https://doi.org/10.1016/S1571-0866(03)01006-6.","productDescription":"22 p.","startPage":"105","endPage":"126","costCenters":[{"id":481,"text":"Northern Rocky Mountain Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":380865,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Marshall, Shawn J.","contributorId":75368,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Marshall","given":"Shawn","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":805875,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Pollard, David","contributorId":245306,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Pollard","given":"David","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":805876,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Hostetler, Steven W. 0000-0003-2272-8302 swhostet@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2272-8302","contributorId":3249,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hostetler","given":"Steven","email":"swhostet@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":200,"text":"Coop Res Unit Seattle","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":805877,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Clark, Peter U.","contributorId":68994,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Clark","given":"Peter U.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":805878,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":72241,"text":"ofr03467 - 2003 - Summary of synoptic sampling and tracer-injection tests in the Alamosa River basin during high-flow conditions, June 1999: A sampling analysis report for modeling reactive transport of metals for the Summitville Mine, Colorado","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-02-17T06:25:58","indexId":"ofr03467","displayToPublicDate":"2005-09-19T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2003-467","title":"Summary of synoptic sampling and tracer-injection tests in the Alamosa River basin during high-flow conditions, June 1999: A sampling analysis report for modeling reactive transport of metals for the Summitville Mine, Colorado","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr03467","usgsCitation":"Ortiz, R.F., and Ball, J.W., 2003, Summary of synoptic sampling and tracer-injection tests in the Alamosa River basin during high-flow conditions, June 1999: A sampling analysis report for modeling reactive transport of metals for the Summitville Mine, Colorado: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2003-467, 54 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr03467.","productDescription":"54 p.","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":192607,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Colorado","county":"Rio Grande County","otherGeospatial":"Summitville Mine","geographicExtents":"{\"type\":\"FeatureCollection\",\"features\":[{\"type\":\"Feature\",\"geometry\":{\"type\":\"Polygon\",\"coordinates\":[[[-106.6963,37.833],[-106.5868,37.8344],[-106.585,37.7483],[-106.585,37.7465],[-106.4784,37.7475],[-106.3644,37.7474],[-106.3149,37.748],[-106.2963,37.748],[-106.277,37.7481],[-106.2584,37.7481],[-106.149,37.7483],[-106.0384,37.7479],[-106.0389,37.66],[-106.0383,37.5761],[-106.0383,37.5199],[-106.0383,37.4905],[-106.0377,37.3998],[-106.1634,37.3992],[-106.1848,37.3992],[-106.2561,37.3991],[-106.3545,37.3988],[-106.3632,37.3983],[-106.3806,37.3983],[-106.4582,37.3976],[-106.4872,37.397],[-106.6013,37.3965],[-106.6673,37.3957],[-106.6755,37.3957],[-106.7079,37.3946],[-106.7082,37.4218],[-106.7084,37.4435],[-106.7084,37.4476],[-106.7087,37.4843],[-106.7107,37.5732],[-106.7128,37.662],[-106.6918,37.6621],[-106.6932,37.7509],[-106.6963,37.833]]]},\"properties\":{\"name\":\"Rio Grande\",\"state\":\"CO\"}}]}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b01e4b07f02db69896e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ortiz, Roderick F. rfortiz@usgs.gov","contributorId":1126,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ortiz","given":"Roderick","email":"rfortiz@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[{"id":191,"text":"Colorado Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":285229,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Ball, James W.","contributorId":38946,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ball","given":"James","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":285230,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":72240,"text":"ofr03466 - 2003 - Summary of synoptic sampling and tracer-injection tests in the Alamosa River Basin during low-flow conditions, October 1998: A sampling analysis report for modeling reactive transport of metals for the Summitville Mine, Colorado","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-02-17T06:27:10","indexId":"ofr03466","displayToPublicDate":"2005-09-19T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2003-466","title":"Summary of synoptic sampling and tracer-injection tests in the Alamosa River Basin during low-flow conditions, October 1998: A sampling analysis report for modeling reactive transport of metals for the Summitville Mine, Colorado","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr03466","usgsCitation":"Ortiz, R.F., and Ball, J.W., 2003, Summary of synoptic sampling and tracer-injection tests in the Alamosa River Basin during low-flow conditions, October 1998: A sampling analysis report for modeling reactive transport of metals for the Summitville Mine, Colorado: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2003-466, 48 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr03466.","productDescription":"48 p.","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":192606,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Colorado","county":"Rio Grande County","otherGeospatial":"Summitville Mine","geographicExtents":"{\"type\":\"FeatureCollection\",\"features\":[{\"type\":\"Feature\",\"geometry\":{\"type\":\"Polygon\",\"coordinates\":[[[-106.6963,37.833],[-106.5868,37.8344],[-106.585,37.7483],[-106.585,37.7465],[-106.4784,37.7475],[-106.3644,37.7474],[-106.3149,37.748],[-106.2963,37.748],[-106.277,37.7481],[-106.2584,37.7481],[-106.149,37.7483],[-106.0384,37.7479],[-106.0389,37.66],[-106.0383,37.5761],[-106.0383,37.5199],[-106.0383,37.4905],[-106.0377,37.3998],[-106.1634,37.3992],[-106.1848,37.3992],[-106.2561,37.3991],[-106.3545,37.3988],[-106.3632,37.3983],[-106.3806,37.3983],[-106.4582,37.3976],[-106.4872,37.397],[-106.6013,37.3965],[-106.6673,37.3957],[-106.6755,37.3957],[-106.7079,37.3946],[-106.7082,37.4218],[-106.7084,37.4435],[-106.7084,37.4476],[-106.7087,37.4843],[-106.7107,37.5732],[-106.7128,37.662],[-106.6918,37.6621],[-106.6932,37.7509],[-106.6963,37.833]]]},\"properties\":{\"name\":\"Rio Grande\",\"state\":\"CO\"}}]}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b01e4b07f02db698963","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ortiz, Roderick F. rfortiz@usgs.gov","contributorId":1126,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ortiz","given":"Roderick","email":"rfortiz@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[{"id":191,"text":"Colorado Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":285227,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Ball, James W.","contributorId":38946,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ball","given":"James","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":285228,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":53712,"text":"ofr03242 - 2003 - Geohydrology of the Valley-Fill aquifer in the Norwich-Oxford-Brisben area, Chenango County, New York","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-12-04T19:16:37.145165","indexId":"ofr03242","displayToPublicDate":"2004-11-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2003-242","title":"Geohydrology of the Valley-Fill aquifer in the Norwich-Oxford-Brisben area, Chenango County, New York","docAbstract":"This set of maps and geohydrologic sections depicts the geology and hydrology of aquifers in the 21.9-square-mile reach of the Chenango River valley between Brisben and North Norwich, N.Y. This report depicts the principal geographic features of the study area; locations of domestic, commercial, and municipal wells from which data were obtained to construct water-table and saturated-thickness maps and five geohydrologic sections; surficial geology; water-table altitude; generalized saturated thickness of the unconfined (water-table) aquifer; generalized thickness of the discontinuous series of confined aquifers; and five geohydrologic sections, all of which are in the northern part of the study area.
The unconsolidated material in the Chenango River valley consists primarily of three types of deposits: (1) glaciofluvial material consisting of stratified coarse-grained sediment (sand and gravel) that was deposited by meltwater streams flowing above, below, or next to a glacier; (2) glaciolacustrine material consisting of stratified fine-grained sediment (very fine sand, silt, and clay) that was deposited in lakes that formed at the front of a glacier; and (3) recent alluvial material consisting of stratified fine-to-medium grained sediment (fine-to-medium sand and silt) that was deposited on flood plains.
The water-table map was compiled from water-level data obtained from wells completed in the unconfined aquifer, and from altitudes of stream and river surfaces indicated on 1:24,000-scale topographic maps. Depth to the water table ranged from less than 5 feet below land surface near major streams to more than 75 feet on some of the kame terraces along the valley walls. Saturated thickness of the unconfined aquifer ranged from less than 1 foot near Norwich to more than 200 feet at a kame delta north of Oxford.
A discontinuous series of confined aquifers is present throughout much of the Chenango River valley north of Oxford. These aquifers consist of kame deposits, eskers, and subglacial outwash sand and gravel deposits that are overlain and confined by lacustrine fine sand, silt, and clay. The saturated thickness of these aquifers is as much as 150 feet near North Norwich.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr03242","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the New York State Department of Environmental Conservation","usgsCitation":"Hetcher, K.K., Miller, T.S., Garry, J.D., and Reynolds, R.J., 2003, Geohydrology of the Valley-Fill aquifer in the Norwich-Oxford-Brisben area, Chenango County, New York: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2003-242, 7 Plates: 20.00 x 30.00 iinches, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr03242.","productDescription":"7 Plates: 20.00 x 30.00 iinches","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":474,"text":"New York Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":323224,"rank":6,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2003/0242/ofr20030242_plate5.pdf","text":"Plate 5 - Generalized saturated thickness of the unconfined aquifer","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"OFR 2003-0242"},{"id":323216,"rank":5,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2003/0242/ofr20030242_plate4.pdf","text":"Plate 4 - 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U.S. Geological Survey
425 Jordan Rd
Troy, NY 12180
(518) 285-5695
http://ny.water.usgs.gov/
Mercury can adversely affect humans and wildlife through consumption of contaminated fish, particularly by sensitive individuals, such as children and women of childbearing age. Mercury is currently the leading cause of impairment in the Nation’s estuaries and lakes and was cited in nearly 80 percent of fish-consumption advisories (2,242 of 2,838) reported by states in 2000. The geographic extent of mercury advisories covers more than 10 million acres of lakes and more than 400,000 stream miles—increases of about 7 and 48 percent, respectively, over advisories reported in 1998 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2002a).
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mbrigham@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7412-6800","contributorId":1840,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brigham","given":"Mark","email":"mbrigham@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":392,"text":"Minnesota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":241195,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Krabbenhoft, David P. 0000-0003-1964-5020 dpkrabbe@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1964-5020","contributorId":1658,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Krabbenhoft","given":"David","email":"dpkrabbe@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[{"id":677,"text":"Wisconsin Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":37464,"text":"WMA - Laboratory & Analytical Services Division","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":37947,"text":"Upper Midwest Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":5044,"text":"National Research Program - Central Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":241194,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Hamilton, Pixie A. pahamilt@usgs.gov","contributorId":1068,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hamilton","given":"Pixie","email":"pahamilt@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":241193,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":53460,"text":"fs11803 - 2003 - New studies initiated by the U.S. Geological Survey - Effects of nutrient enrichment on stream ecosystems","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-03-21T13:18:10","indexId":"fs11803","displayToPublicDate":"2004-09-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":313,"text":"Fact Sheet","code":"FS","onlineIssn":"2327-6932","printIssn":"2327-6916","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"118-03","title":"New studies initiated by the U.S. Geological Survey - Effects of nutrient enrichment on stream ecosystems","docAbstract":"In 2001, the U.S. Geological Survey’s National Water-Quality Assessment (NAWQA) Program began an intensive study of nutrient enrichment elevated concentrations of nitrogen and phosphorus in streams in five agricultural basins across the Nation (see map, p. 2). This study is providing nationally consistent and comparable data and analyses of nutrient conditions, including how these conditions vary as a result of natural and human-related factors, and how nutrient conditions affect algae and other biological communities. This information will benefit stakeholders, including the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) and its partners, who are developing nutrient criteria to protect the aquatic health of streams in different geographic regions.
Nutrient enrichment is one of five national priority topics addressed by NAWQA in its second decade of studies, which began in 2001. During its first round of assessments in 51 major river basins (referred to as “Study Units”), NAWQA scientists collected data on water chemistry, stream hydrology and habitat, and biological communities; currently, NAWQA is revisiting selected basins and focusing on (1) trends, (2) factors that affect water quality and aquatic health, and (3) national priority water issues related to, for example, the development of nutrient criteria, source-water protection strategies, and stream restoration plans.
The nutrient enrichment study has four major objectives that address nutrient conditions, dissolved oxygen, aquatic communities, and geographic and landscape features in agricultural basins (see inset). The focus on agricultural streams is a starting point. As the study progresses, streams draining other land uses, such as those in residential and urban areas, will likely be added.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/fs11803","usgsCitation":"Munn, M.D., and Hamilton, P.A., 2003, New studies initiated by the U.S. Geological Survey - Effects of nutrient enrichment on stream ecosystems: U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet 118-03, 4 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/fs11803.","productDescription":"4 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":120673,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/fs_118_03.jpg"},{"id":4678,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.water.usgs.gov/fs11803/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":352697,"rank":3,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/fs11803/pdf/fs-118-03.pdf","text":"Report","size":"1.55 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Report"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4afee4b07f02db697885","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Munn, Mark D. 0000-0002-7154-7252 mdmunn@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7154-7252","contributorId":976,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Munn","given":"Mark","email":"mdmunn@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":622,"text":"Washington Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":247657,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hamilton, Pixie A. pahamilt@usgs.gov","contributorId":1068,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hamilton","given":"Pixie","email":"pahamilt@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":247658,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":53429,"text":"wri024221 - 2003 - Water resources of Monroe County, New York, water years 1997-99, with emphasis on water quality in the Irondequoit Creek basin—Atmospheric deposition, ground water, streamflow, trends in water quality, and chemical loads to Irondequoit Bay","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-03-23T11:16:28","indexId":"wri024221","displayToPublicDate":"2004-07-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2002-4221","title":"Water resources of Monroe County, New York, water years 1997-99, with emphasis on water quality in the Irondequoit Creek basin—Atmospheric deposition, ground water, streamflow, trends in water quality, and chemical loads to Irondequoit Bay","docAbstract":"Irondequoit Creek drains 169 square miles in the eastern part of Monroe County. Over time, nutrients transported by Irondequoit Creek to Irondequoit Bay on Lake Ontario have contributed to the eutrophication of the bay. Sewage-treatment-plant effluent, a major source of nutrients to the creek and its tributaries, was eliminated from the basin in 1979 by diversion to a regional wastewater-treatment facility, but sediment and contaminants from nonpoint sources continue to enter the creek and Irondequoit Bay.
This report, the fourth in a series of reports that present interpretive analyses of the hydrologic data collected in Monroe County since 1984, interprets data from four surface-water monitoring sites in the Irondequoit Creek basin—Irondequoit Creek at Railroad Mills, East Branch Allen Creek at Pittsford, Allen Creek near Rochester, and Irondequoit Creek at Blossom Road. It also interprets data from three sites in the the Genesee River basin—Oatka Creek at Garbutt, Honeoye Creek at Honeoye Falls, and Black Creek at Churchville—as well as the Genesee River at Charlotte Pump Station, and also from a site on Northrup Creek at North Greece. The Northrup Creek site drains a 23.5-square-mile basin in western Monroe County, and provides information on surface-water quality in streams west of the Genesee River and on loads of nutrients delivered to Long Pond, a small eutrophic embayment of Lake Ontario. The report also includes water-level and water-quality data from nine observation wells in Ellison Park, and atmospheric-deposition data from a collection site at Mendon Ponds County Park.
Average annual loads of some chemical constituents in atmospheric deposition for 1997–99 differed considerably from those for the long-term period 1984–96. Ammonia and potassium loads for 1997-99 were 144 and 118 percent greater, respectively, than for the previous period. Sodium and ammonia + organic nitrogen loads were 87 and 60 percent greater, respectively. Average annual loads of sulfate and orthophosphate for 1997-99 were 36 and 30 percent lower, respectively, than for the previous period.
Loads of all nutrients deposited on the Irondequoit basin from atmospheric sources during 1997–99 greatly exceeded those transported by Irondequoit Creek. The ammonia load deposited on the basin was 139 times the load transported at Blossom Road (the most downstream site); the ammonia + organic nitrogen load was 6.3 times greater, orthophosphate 7.5 times greater, total phosphorus 1.3 times greater and nitrite + nitrate 1.5 times greater. Average yields of dissolved chloride and dissolved sulfate from atmospheric sources were much smaller than those transported by streamflow at Blossom Road.chloride was about 2 percent and sulfate about 8 percent of the amount transported.
Trends in concentration of chemical constituents in surface water generally can be attributed to changes in land use, annual and seasonal variations in streamflow, and annual variations in the application of road salt to county highways and roads.
Concentrations of several constituents in streams of the Irondequoit Creek basin showed statistically significant (α=0.05) trends from the beginning of their period of record through 1999. The constituent with the greatest number of significant trends was ammonia + organic nitrogen, with downward trends ranging from 4.1 to 5.6 percent per year at Allen Creek, Irondequoit Creek at Blossom Road, and East Branch Allen Creek. Orthophosphate showed an upward trend of 4.1 percent per year at Irondequoit Creek at Railroad Mills (the most upstream site). Dissolved chloride showed upward trends at Railroad Mills, Allen Creek, and Blossom Road. No trends in volatile suspended solids were noted at any of the four Irondequoit basin sites.
Northrup Creek showed significant downward trends in concentrations of ammonia + organic nitrogen (3.3 percent per year), total phosphorus (3.4 percent per year), and orthophosphate (5.5 percent per year), and an upward trend for dissolved sulfate (1.8 percent per year). The Genesee River at Charlotte Pump Station showed downward trends of 6.1 percent per year for ammonia + organic nitrogen and 0.1 percent per year for chloride, and upward trends of 1.7 percent per year for total phosphorus and 6.6 percent per year for orthophosphate.
Mean annual yields (mass per unit area) of most constituents at the Irondequoit Creek basin sites were similar to those noted for the previous report period (1994–96). East Branch Allen Creek showed lower yields of all constituents during 1997–99 than previously, even though runoff during 1997–99 was greater. These lower yields are attributed to the construction of an upstream detention basin on East Branch Allen Creek in 1995.
Statistical analysis of long-term (greater than 12 years) streamflow records for unregulated streams in Monroe County indicated that annual mean flows for water years 1997–99 were in the normal range (75th to 25th percentile), although Allen Creek continues to show a significant downward trend in mean monthly streamflow during the 1984–99 water years.
","language":"English","publisher":" U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/wri024221","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Monroe County Department of Health","usgsCitation":"Sherwood, D.A., 2003, Water resources of Monroe County, New York, water years 1997-99, with emphasis on water quality in the Irondequoit Creek basin—Atmospheric deposition, ground water, streamflow, trends in water quality, and chemical loads to Irondequoit Bay: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 2002-4221, vi, 55 p. , https://doi.org/10.3133/wri024221.","productDescription":"vi, 55 p. ","onlineOnly":"N","costCenters":[{"id":474,"text":"New York Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":180713,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/2002/4221/coverthb.jpg"},{"id":324401,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/2002/4221/wri20024221.pdf","size":"1 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"WRI 2002-4221"}],"country":"United States","state":"New York","county":"Monroe County","geographicExtents":"{\"type\":\"FeatureCollection\",\"features\":[{\"type\":\"Feature\",\"geometry\":{\"type\":\"Polygon\",\"coordinates\":[[[-77.3792,43.2748],[-77.3756,43.1898],[-77.3731,43.1221],[-77.3719,43.0329],[-77.4866,43.0321],[-77.4822,42.9431],[-77.5805,42.9438],[-77.635,42.9443],[-77.6374,42.9397],[-77.7582,42.9404],[-77.7602,42.9426],[-77.7583,42.9445],[-77.7527,42.9455],[-77.747,42.9438],[-77.7378,42.9476],[-77.7321,42.9449],[-77.7309,42.9468],[-77.7343,42.9549],[-77.7311,42.9554],[-77.7279,42.9532],[-77.7244,42.9592],[-77.7265,42.9655],[-77.7235,42.9719],[-77.7185,42.9715],[-77.718,42.9738],[-77.7213,42.9797],[-77.7326,42.9818],[-77.731,42.9882],[-77.9101,42.9877],[-77.9098,43.0141],[-77.9068,43.0369],[-77.9527,43.0392],[-77.9083,43.132],[-77.9981,43.1321],[-77.9985,43.2818],[-77.9959,43.3656],[-77.9921,43.3657],[-77.9877,43.3662],[-77.9827,43.3677],[-77.9771,43.3687],[-77.9701,43.3679],[-77.9562,43.3668],[-77.9365,43.3626],[-77.9327,43.3604],[-77.9251,43.3587],[-77.9168,43.3575],[-77.908,43.3572],[-77.9004,43.3565],[-77.8985,43.3551],[-77.894,43.3534],[-77.8902,43.3526],[-77.8737,43.3501],[-77.8592,43.3486],[-77.8523,43.3487],[-77.8333,43.3458],[-77.8149,43.343],[-77.7909,43.3398],[-77.7827,43.3394],[-77.777,43.34],[-77.7733,43.341],[-77.7702,43.3415],[-77.7677,43.3424],[-77.7645,43.3425],[-77.7594,43.3412],[-77.755,43.339],[-77.7486,43.3355],[-77.7409,43.3329],[-77.7339,43.3316],[-77.725,43.3277],[-77.7186,43.3255],[-77.7148,43.3233],[-77.7128,43.3202],[-77.7121,43.3179],[-77.712,43.3161],[-77.712,43.3147],[-77.7126,43.3147],[-77.7145,43.3147],[-77.7152,43.3165],[-77.7178,43.3183],[-77.7216,43.3191],[-77.7247,43.3186],[-77.7278,43.3176],[-77.7291,43.3172],[-77.7284,43.3158],[-77.7252,43.3154],[-77.7214,43.3145],[-77.7189,43.3137],[-77.7176,43.3123],[-77.7181,43.3105],[-77.7181,43.3092],[-77.7105,43.3079],[-77.7079,43.307],[-77.7074,43.3084],[-77.7087,43.3102],[-77.7081,43.3107],[-77.7049,43.3098],[-77.6953,43.3041],[-77.676,43.2916],[-77.6619,43.2832],[-77.6555,43.2797],[-77.6479,43.2775],[-77.639,43.275],[-77.6243,43.2679],[-77.6166,43.2635],[-77.6032,43.256],[-77.5821,43.2463],[-77.5643,43.2393],[-77.5535,43.2367],[-77.5428,43.2351],[-77.539,43.2356],[-77.5359,43.2356],[-77.5272,43.2385],[-77.5135,43.2451],[-77.508,43.2479],[-77.5055,43.2489],[-77.5017,43.2494],[-77.4973,43.249],[-77.4873,43.2505],[-77.4779,43.2538],[-77.4717,43.2562],[-77.4586,43.2587],[-77.4448,43.2616],[-77.4318,43.2673],[-77.4262,43.2701],[-77.4199,43.2697],[-77.4105,43.2703],[-77.403,43.2713],[-77.3961,43.2746],[-77.3886,43.2761],[-77.3792,43.2748]]]},\"properties\":{\"name\":\"Monroe\",\"state\":\"NY\"}}]}","contact":"Director, New York Water Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
425 Jordan Rd
Troy, NY 12180
(518) 285-5695
http://ny.water.usgs.gov/
No abstract available.
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