{"pageNumber":"305","pageRowStart":"7600","pageSize":"25","recordCount":10457,"records":[{"id":70022600,"text":"70022600 - 2000 - The enigma of the Arthur's Pass, New Zealand, earthquake: 1. Reconciling a variety of data for an unusual earthquake sequence","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-09-07T15:41:27.128063","indexId":"70022600","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2314,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The enigma of the Arthur's Pass, New Zealand, earthquake: 1. Reconciling a variety of data for an unusual earthquake sequence","docAbstract":"<p>The 1994 Arthur's Pass earthquake (<i>M</i><sub>W</sub>6.7) is the largest in a recent sequence of earthquakes in the central South Island, New Zealand. No surface rupture was observed, the aftershock distribution was complex, and routine methods of obtaining the faulting orientation of this earthquake proved contradictory. We use a range of data and techniques to obtain our preferred solution, which has a centroid depth of 5 km, M<sub>0</sub>=1.3 × 10<sup>19</sup><span>&nbsp;</span>N m, and a strike, dip, and rake of 221°, 47°, 112°, respectively. Discrepancies between this solution and the Harvard centroid moment tensor, together with the Global Positioning System (GPS) observations and unusual aftershock distribution, suggest that the rupture may not have occurred on a planar fault. A second, strike slip, subevent on a more northerly striking plane is suggested by these data but neither the body wave modeling nor regional broadband recordings show any complexity or late subevents. We relocate the aftershocks using both one-dimensional and three-dimensional velocity inversions. The depth range of the aftershocks (1–10 km) agrees well with the preferred mainshock centroid depth. The aftershocks near the hypocenter suggest a structure dipping toward the NW, which we interpret to be the mainshock fault plane. This structure and the Harper fault, ∼15 km to the south, appear to have acted as boundaries to the extensive aftershock zone trending NNW-SSE. Most of the<span>&nbsp;</span><i>M</i><sub>L</sub><span>&nbsp;</span>≥ 5 aftershocks, including the two largest (<i>M</i><sub>L</sub>6.1 and<span>&nbsp;</span><i>M<sub>L</sub></i>5.7), clustered near the Harper fault and have strike slip mechanisms consistent with motion on this fault and its conjugates. Forward modeling of the GPS data suggests that a reverse slip mainshock, combined with strike slip aftershock faulting in the south, is able to match the observed displacements. The occurrence of this earthquake sequence implies that the level of seismic hazard in the central South Island is greater than previous estimates.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/2000JB900008","issn":"01480227","usgsCitation":"Abercrombie, R., Webb, T., Robinson, R., McGinty, P., Mori, J., and Beavan, R., 2000, The enigma of the Arthur's Pass, New Zealand, earthquake: 1. Reconciling a variety of data for an unusual earthquake sequence: Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth, v. 105, no. B7, p. 16119-16137, https://doi.org/10.1029/2000JB900008.","productDescription":"19 p.","startPage":"16119","endPage":"16137","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":489209,"rank":1,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2000jb900008","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":230690,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"New Zealand","city":"Arthur's Pass","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              171.54052734375,\n              -43.075910014569686\n            ],\n            [\n              171.61331176757812,\n              -43.0427981227017\n            ],\n            [\n              171.67648315429688,\n              -43.01870551582463\n      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P.J.","contributorId":63983,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McGinty","given":"P.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":394209,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Mori, J.J.","contributorId":32546,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mori","given":"J.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":394206,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Beavan, R.J.","contributorId":9028,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Beavan","given":"R.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":394205,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}}
,{"id":70022597,"text":"70022597 - 2000 - Rates of sediment supply and sea-level rise in a large coastal lagoon","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-12-03T11:46:38","indexId":"70022597","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2667,"text":"Marine Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Rates of sediment supply and sea-level rise in a large coastal lagoon","docAbstract":"Laguna Madre, Texas, is 3-7 km wide and more than 190 km long, making it one of the longest lagoons in the world. The lagoon encompasses diverse geologic and climatic regions and it is an efficient sediment trap that accumulates clastic sediments from upland, interior, and oceanic sources. The semi-arid climate and frequent tropical cyclones historically have been responsible for the greatest volume of sediment influx. On an average annual basis, eolian transport, tidal exchange, storm washover, mainland runoff, interior shore erosion, and authigenic mineral production introduce approximately one million m<sup>3</sup> of sediments into the lagoon. Analyses of these sediment transport mechanisms and associated line sources and point sources of sediment provide a basis for: (1) estimating the long-term average annual sediment supply to a large lagoon; (2) calculating the average net sedimentation rate; (3) comparing introduced sediment volumes and associated aggradation rates with observed relative sea-level change; and (4) predicting future conditions of the lagoon. This comparison indicates that the historical average annual accumulation rate in Laguna Madre (<1 mm/yr) is substantially less than the historical rate of relative sea-level rise (~4 mm/yr). Lagoon submergence coupled with erosion of the western shore indicates that Laguna Madre is being submerged slowly and migrating westward rather than filling, as some have suggested.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Marine Geology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/S0025-3227(00)00030-X","issn":"00253227","usgsCitation":"Morton, R., Ward, G., and White, W., 2000, Rates of sediment supply and sea-level rise in a large coastal lagoon: Marine Geology, v. 167, no. 3-4, p. 261-284, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0025-3227(00)00030-X.","startPage":"261","endPage":"284","numberOfPages":"24","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":206718,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0025-3227(00)00030-X"},{"id":230622,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"167","issue":"3-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a9544e4b0c8380cd818ee","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Morton, R.A.","contributorId":53849,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Morton","given":"R.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":394198,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Ward, G.H.","contributorId":101842,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ward","given":"G.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":394199,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"White, W.A.","contributorId":24489,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"White","given":"W.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":394197,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70022592,"text":"70022592 - 2000 - Problems associated with estimating ground water discharge and recharge from stream-discharge records","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-09-20T16:28:24.053881","indexId":"70022592","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1861,"text":"Ground Water","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Problems associated with estimating ground water discharge and recharge from stream-discharge records","docAbstract":"Ground water discharge and recharge frequently have been estimated with hydrograph-separation techniques, but the critical assumptions of the techniques have not been investigated. The critical assumptions are that the hydraulic characteristics of the contributing aquifer (recession index) can be estimated from stream-discharge records; that periods of exclusively ground water discharge can be reliably identified; and that stream-discharge peaks approximate the magnitude and tinting of recharge events. The first assumption was tested by estimating the recession index from st earn-discharge hydrographs, ground water hydrographs, and hydraulic diffusivity estimates from aquifer tests in basins throughout the eastern United States and Montana. The recession index frequently could not be estimated reliably from stream-discharge records alone because many of the estimates of the recession index were greater than 1000 days. The ratio of stream discharge during baseflow periods was two to 36 times greater than the maximum expected range of ground water discharge at 12 of the 13 field sites. The identification of the ground water component of stream-discharge records was ambiguous because drainage from bank-storage, wetlands, surface water bodies, soils, and snowpacks frequently exceeded ground water discharge and also decreased exponentially during recession periods. The timing and magnitude of recharge events could not be ascertained from stream-discharge records at any of the sites investigated because recharge events were not directly correlated with stream peaks. When used alone, the recession-curve-displacement method and other hydrograph-separation techniques are poor tools for estimating ground water discharge or recharge because the major assumptions of the methods are commonly and grossly violated. Multiple, alternative methods of estimating ground water discharge and recharge should be used because of the uncertainty associated with any one technique.","language":"English","publisher":"National Ground Water Association","publisherLocation":"Westerville, OH, United States","doi":"10.1111/j.1745-6584.2000.tb00218.x","issn":"0017467X","usgsCitation":"Halford, K.J., and Mayer, G., 2000, Problems associated with estimating ground water discharge and recharge from stream-discharge records: Ground Water, v. 38, no. 3, p. 331-342, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6584.2000.tb00218.x.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"331","endPage":"342","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":230548,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United 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,{"id":70022571,"text":"70022571 - 2000 - Direct comparison of XAFS spectroscopy and sequential extraction for arsenic speciation in coal","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:43","indexId":"70022571","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":611,"text":"ACS Division of Fuel Chemistry, Preprints","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Direct comparison of XAFS spectroscopy and sequential extraction for arsenic speciation in coal","docAbstract":"The speciation of arsenic in an Ohio bituminous coal and a North Dakota lignite has been examined by the complementary methods of arsenic XAFS spectroscopy and sequential extraction by aqueous solutions of ammonium acetate, HCl, HF, and HNO3. In order to facilitate a more direct comparison of the two methods, the arsenic XAFS spectra were obtained from aliquots of the coal prepared after each stage of the leaching procedure. For the aliquots, approximately linear correlations (r2 > 0.98 for the Ohio coal, > 0.90 for the ND lignite) were observed between the height of the edge-step in the XAFS analysis and the concentration of arsenic measured by instrumental neutron activation analysis. Results from the leaching sequence indicate that there are two major arsenic forms present in both coals; one is removed by leaching with HCl and the other by HNO3. Whereas the XAFS spectral signatures of the arsenic leached by HCl are compatible with arsenate for both coals, the arsenic leached by HNO3 is identified as arsenic associated with pyrite for the Ohio coal and as an As3+ species for the North Dakota lignite. Minor arsenate forms persist in both coals after the final leaching with nitric acid. The arsenate forms extracted in HCl are believed to be oxidation products derived from the other major arsenic forms upon exposure of the pulverized coals to air.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"ACS Division of Fuel Chemistry, Preprints","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","issn":"05693772","usgsCitation":"Huggins, F.E., Huffman, G., Kolker, A., Mroczkowski, S., Palmer, C., and Finkelman, R.B., 2000, Direct comparison of XAFS spectroscopy and sequential extraction for arsenic speciation in coal: ACS Division of Fuel Chemistry, Preprints, v. 45, no. 3, p. 547-551.","startPage":"547","endPage":"551","numberOfPages":"5","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":230841,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"45","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a01ade4b0c8380cd4fce1","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Huggins, Frank E.","contributorId":81273,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Huggins","given":"Frank","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":394114,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Huffman, G.P.","contributorId":12232,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Huffman","given":"G.P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":394111,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Kolker, A. 0000-0002-5768-4533","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5768-4533","contributorId":10947,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kolker","given":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":394110,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Mroczkowski, S.","contributorId":27636,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mroczkowski","given":"S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":394113,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Palmer, C.A.","contributorId":81894,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Palmer","given":"C.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":394115,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Finkelman, R. B.","contributorId":20341,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Finkelman","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":394112,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}}
,{"id":70022569,"text":"70022569 - 2000 - A model for the magmatic-hydrothermal system at Mount Rainier, Washington, from seismic and geochemical observations","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-06-13T14:01:47.423144","indexId":"70022569","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1109,"text":"Bulletin of Volcanology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A model for the magmatic-hydrothermal system at Mount Rainier, Washington, from seismic and geochemical observations","docAbstract":"<p> Mount Rainier is one of the most seismically active volcanoes in the Cascade Range, with an average of one to two high-frequency volcano-tectonic (or VT) earthquakes occurring directly beneath the summit in a given month. Despite this level of seismicity, little is known about its cause. The VT earthquakes occur at a steady rate in several clusters below the inferred base of the Quaternary volcanic edifice. More than half of 18 focal mechanisms determined for these events are normal, and most stress axes deviate significantly from the regional stress field. We argue that these characteristics are most consistent with earthquakes in response to processes associated with circulation of fluids and magmatic gases within and below the base of the edifice.Circulation of these fluids and gases has weakened rock and reduced effective stress to the point that gravity-induced brittle fracture, due to the weight of the overlying edifice, can occur. Results from seismic tomography and rock, water, and gas geochemistry studies support this interpretation. We combine constraints from these studies into a model for the magmatic system that includes a large volume of hot rock (temperatures greater than the brittle–ductile transition) with small pockets of melt and/or hot fluids at depths of 8–18 km below the summit. We infer that fluids and heat from this volume reach the edifice via a narrow conduit, resulting in fumarolic activity at the summit, hydrothermal alteration of the edifice, and seismicity.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1007/PL00008909","issn":"02588900","usgsCitation":"Moran, S., Zimbelman, D.R., and Malone, S.D., 2000, A model for the magmatic-hydrothermal system at Mount Rainier, Washington, from seismic and geochemical observations: Bulletin of Volcanology, v. 61, no. 7, p. 425-436, https://doi.org/10.1007/PL00008909.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"425","endPage":"436","costCenters":[{"id":121,"text":"Alaska Volcano Observatory","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":230805,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Washington","otherGeospatial":"Mount Rainier","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -121.74705505371094,\n              46.793948571014326\n            ],\n            [\n              -121.69933319091795,\n              46.80076450318144\n            ],\n            [\n              -121.68766021728516,\n              46.81016437224757\n            ],\n            [\n              -121.64920806884764,\n              46.82872428833321\n            ],\n            [\n              -121.6574478149414,\n              46.849156277107134\n            ],\n            [\n              -121.66088104248047,\n              46.85831292242506\n            ],\n            [\n              -121.67255401611328,\n              46.886242780405766\n            ],\n            [\n              -121.67907714843751,\n              46.889293060706166\n            ],\n            [\n              -121.73194885253906,\n              46.922834696057336\n            ],\n            [\n              -121.79477691650389,\n              46.95002787823716\n            ],\n            [\n              -121.81812286376953,\n              46.91181283760963\n            ],\n            [\n              -121.83185577392578,\n              46.894923891703606\n            ],\n            [\n              -121.8335723876953,\n              46.880376369216975\n            ],\n            [\n              -121.84009552001952,\n              46.85549565938302\n            ],\n            [\n              -121.84833526611328,\n              46.845868895404294\n            ],\n            [\n              -121.84043884277344,\n              46.829194076477336\n            ],\n            [\n              -121.80816650390625,\n              46.799824425936094\n            ],\n            [\n              -121.74705505371094,\n              46.793948571014326\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"61","issue":"7","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e47ce4b0c8380cd46666","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Moran, S.C. 0000-0001-7308-9649","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7308-9649","contributorId":78896,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Moran","given":"S.C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":394108,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Zimbelman, D. R.","contributorId":43768,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zimbelman","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":394106,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Malone, S. D.","contributorId":48310,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Malone","given":"S.","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":394107,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70022559,"text":"70022559 - 2000 - Atrazine adsorption and colloid-facilitated transport through the unsaturated zone","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-06-05T10:49:37","indexId":"70022559","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2262,"text":"Journal of Environmental Quality","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Atrazine adsorption and colloid-facilitated transport through the unsaturated zone","docAbstract":"<p>One explanation for unexpectedly widespread ground water contamination from atrazine (2-chloro-4-ethylamino-6-isopropylamino-s-triazine) may be the occurrence of colloid-facilitated transport, whereby the dissolved herbicide becomes adsorbed to mobile colloids that migrate through preferential flow-paths in the soil zone and into the ground water. The objectives of this study were to determine the extent of adsorpton of atrazine to bulk soil and to soil colloids and to determine the extent of colloid-facilitated transport of atrazine at a field site in Virginia during simulated rainfall events. Equilibrium batch adsorption experiments were performed over a concentration range of 0.05 to 10.0 mg atrazine L-1 on bulk soil samples and on colloidal suspensions of 75 mg L-1, a concentration comparable with those observed at the field site. Linear partition coefficients ranged from 0.496 to 2.48 L kg-1 for the bulk soil and from 70.8 to 832 L kg-1 for the soil colloids. In the field, gravity lysimeters were insured at a depth of 25 cm below the surface of six 0.25-m2 undisturbed plots. Mass recovery of surface-applied atrazine in the lysimeters was not significantly affected by rainfall rate and was, on average, 2.7% for plots receiving 25 mm h-1 simulated rainfall and 3.6% for plots receiving 50 mm h-1 simulated rainfall. Of the total atrazine collected in the lysimeters, the fraction that was colloid-associated ranged from 4.9 to 30% (mean of 15%), indicating that a measurable portion of mobile atrazine is transported via association with colloids.One explanation for unexpectedly widespread ground water contamination from atrazine (2-chloro-4-ethylamino-6-isopropylamino-s-triazine) may be the occurrence of colloid-facilitated transport, whereby the dissolved herbicide becomes adsorbed to mobile colloids that migrate through preferential flow-paths in the soil zone and into the ground water. The objectives of this study were to determine the extent of adsorption of atrazine to bulk soil and to soil colloids and to determine the extent of colloid-facilitated transport of atrazine at a field site in Virginia during simulated rainfall events. Equilibrium batch adsorption experiments were performed over a concentration range of 0.05 to 10.0 mg atrazine L-1 on bulk soil samples and on colloidal suspensions of 75 mg L-1, a concentration comparable with those observed at the field site. Linear partition coefficients ranged from 0.496 to 2.48 L kg-1 for the bulk soil and from 70.8 to 832 L kg-1 for the soil colloids. In the field, gravity lysimeters were installed at a depth of 25 cm below the surface of six 0.25-m2 undisturbed plots. Mass recovery of surface-applied atrazine in the lysimeters was not significantly affected by rainfall rate and was, on average, 2.7% for plots receiving 25 mm h-1 simulated rainfall and 3.6% for plots receiving 50 mm h-1 simulated rainfall. Of the total atrazine collected in the lysimeters, the fraction that was colloid-associated ranged from 4.9 to 30% (mean of 15%), indicating that a measurable portion of mobile atrazine is transported via association with colloids.In the Muddy Creek watershed, VA, the extent of atrazine adsorption to the immobile soil matrix and mobile soil colloids was examined in an agricultural silt loam soil, and atrazine transport during simulated rainfall events of different intensities was assessed. Results from batch equilibration experiments revealed that atrazine adsorption was significantly greater on the colloids than on the bulk soil, which was attributed to the higher specific surface area and organic content of the colloids. Despite the mobilization of colloids, however, the mass recovery of colloid-associated atrazine was low for all plots. Precipitation rate did not significantly affect atrazine mass recovery.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"ACSESS","doi":"10.2134/jeq2000.00472425002900050034x","issn":"00472425","usgsCitation":"Sprague, L.A., Herman, J., Hornberger, G., and Mills, A., 2000, Atrazine adsorption and colloid-facilitated transport through the unsaturated zone: Journal of Environmental Quality, v. 29, no. 5, p. 1632-1641, https://doi.org/10.2134/jeq2000.00472425002900050034x.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"1632","endPage":"1641","numberOfPages":"10","costCenters":[{"id":451,"text":"National Water Quality Assessment Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":230687,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"29","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059eecae4b0c8380cd49f7b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Sprague, Lori A. 0000-0003-2832-6662 lsprague@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2832-6662","contributorId":726,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sprague","given":"Lori","email":"lsprague@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":27111,"text":"National Water Quality Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":37277,"text":"WMA - Earth System Processes Division","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":509,"text":"Office of the Associate Director for Water","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":451,"text":"National Water Quality Assessment Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":763684,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Herman, J.S.","contributorId":73345,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Herman","given":"J.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":394077,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Hornberger, G.M.","contributorId":68463,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hornberger","given":"G.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":394076,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Mills, A.L.","contributorId":33485,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mills","given":"A.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":394075,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70022522,"text":"70022522 - 2000 - Debris flow monitoring in the Acquabona watershed on the Dolomites (Italian Alps)","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-08-16T18:05:08.732868","indexId":"70022522","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3068,"text":"Physics and Chemistry of the Earth, Part B: Hydrology, Oceans and Atmosphere","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Debris flow monitoring in the Acquabona watershed on the Dolomites (Italian Alps)","docAbstract":"<p id=\"SP0005\">In 1997 a field monitoring system was installed in Acquabona Creek in the Dolomites (Eastern Italian Alps) to observe the hydrologic conditions for debris flow occurrence and some dynamic properties of debris flow. The monitoring system consists of three remote stations: an upper one located at the head of a deeply-incised channel and two others located downstream. The system is equipped with sensors for measuring rainfall, pore pressures in the mobile channel bottom, ground vibrations, debris flow depth, total normal stress and fluid pore-pressure at the base of the flow. Two video cameras record events at the upper channel station and one video is installed at the lowermost station. During summer 1998, three debris flows (volumes from less than 1000 m<sup>3</sup><span>&nbsp;</span>up to 9000 m<sup>3</sup>) occurred at Acquabona. The following results were obtained from a preliminary analysis of the data: 1) All of the flows were triggered by rainfalls of less than 1 hour duration, with peak rainfall intensities ranging from 4.8 to 14.7 mm / 10 minute. 2) Debris flows initiated in several reaches of the channel, including the head of the talus slope. 3) The initial surges of the mature flows had a higher solid concentration and a lower velocity (up to 4 m/s) than succeeding, more dilute surges (more than 7 m/s). 4) Total normal stress and pore fluid pressures measured at the base of the flow. (mean depth about 1.1 m) were similar (about 15 kPa), indicating a completely liquefied flow. 5) Peak flows entrained debris at a rate of about 6 m 3/m of channel length and channel bed scouring was proportional to the local slope gradient and was still evident in the lower channel where the slope was 7°.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/S1464-1909(00)00090-3","issn":"14641909","usgsCitation":"Berti, M., Genevois, R., LaHusen, R., Simoni, A., and Tecca, P., 2000, Debris flow monitoring in the Acquabona watershed on the Dolomites (Italian Alps): Physics and Chemistry of the Earth, Part B: Hydrology, Oceans and Atmosphere, v. 25, no. 9, p. 707-715, https://doi.org/10.1016/S1464-1909(00)00090-3.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"707","endPage":"715","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":230726,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Italy","otherGeospatial":"Acquabona Creek, Alps, Boite River, Dolomites","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              12.126502990722656,\n              46.48231911886259\n            ],\n            [\n              12.214393615722654,\n              46.48231911886259\n            ],\n            [\n              12.214393615722654,\n              46.521784367720734\n            ],\n            [\n              12.126502990722656,\n              46.521784367720734\n            ],\n            [\n              12.126502990722656,\n              46.48231911886259\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"25","issue":"9","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059fdf0e4b0c8380cd4ea0e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Berti, M.","contributorId":22935,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Berti","given":"M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":393933,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Genevois, R.","contributorId":48728,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Genevois","given":"R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":393936,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"LaHusen, R.","contributorId":7446,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"LaHusen","given":"R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":393932,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Simoni, A.","contributorId":25319,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Simoni","given":"A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":393935,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Tecca, P.R.","contributorId":24123,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tecca","given":"P.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":393934,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}}
,{"id":70022519,"text":"70022519 - 2000 - 10,000 Years of explosive eruptions of Merapi Volcano, Central Java: archaeological and modern implications","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-12-03T12:36:34","indexId":"70022519","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2499,"text":"Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"10,000 Years of explosive eruptions of Merapi Volcano, Central Java: archaeological and modern implications","docAbstract":"<p>Stratigraphy and radiocarbon dating of pyroclastic deposits at Merapi Volcano, Central Java, reveals ~10,000 years of explosive eruptions. Highlights include:</p>\n<br/> \n<p>(1) Construction of an Old Merapi stratovolcano to the height of the present cone or slightly higher. Our oldest age for an explosive eruption is 9630±60 <sup>14</sup>C y B.P.; construction of Old Merapi certainly began earlier. </p>\n<br/>\n<p>(2) Collapse(s) of Old Merapi that left a somma rim high on its eastern slope and sent one or more debris avalanche(s) down its southern and western flanks. Impoundment of Kali Progo to form an early Lake Borobudur at ~3400 <sup>14</sup>C y B.P. hints at a possible early collapse of Merapi. The latest somma-forming collapse occurred ~1900 <sup>14</sup>C y B.P. The current cone, New Merapi, began to grow soon thereafter. </p>\n<br/>\n<p>(3) Several large and many small Buddhist and Hindu temples were constructed in Central Java between 732 and ~900 A.D. (roughly, 1400-1000 <sup>14</sup>C y B.P.). Explosive Merapi eruptions occurred before, during and after temple construction. Some temples were destroyed and (or) buried soon after their construction, and we suspect that this destruction contributed to an abrupt shift of power and organized society to East Java in 928 A.D. Other temples sites, though, were occupied by \"caretakers\" for several centuries longer. </p>\n<br/>\n<p>(4) A partial collapse of New Merapi occurred <1130±50 <sup>14</sup>C y B.P. Eruptions ~700-800 <sup>14</sup>C y B.P. (12-14th century A.D.) deposited ash on the floors of (still-occupied?) Candi Sambisari and Candi Kedulan. We speculate but cannot prove that these eruptions were triggered by (the same?) partial collapse of New Merapi, and that the eruptions, in turn, ended \"caretaker\" occupation at Candi Sambisari and Candi Kedulan. A new or raised Lake Borobudur also existed during part or all of the 12-14th centuries, probably impounded by deposits from Merapi. </p>\n<br/>\n<p>(5) Relatively benign lava-dome extrusion and dome-collapse pyroclastic flows have dominated activity of the 20th century, but explosive eruptions much larger than any of this century have occurred many times during Merapi's history, most recently during the 19th century. </p>\n<br/>\n<p>Are the relatively small eruptions of the 20th century a new style of open-vent, less hazardous activity that will persist for the foreseeable future? Or, alternatively, are they merely low-level \"background\" activity that could be interrupted upon relatively short notice by much larger explosive eruptions? The geologic record suggests the latter, which would place several hundred thousand people at risk. We know of no reliable method to forecast when an explosive eruption will interrupt the present interval of low-level activity. This conclusion has important implications for hazard evaluation.</p>","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/S0377-0273(00)00132-3","issn":"03770273","usgsCitation":"Newhall, C.G., Bronto, S., Alloway, B., Banks, N., Bahar, I., Marmol, D., Hadisantono, R., Holcomb, R.T., McGeehin, J., Miksic, J., Rubin, M., Sayudi, S., Sukhyar, R., Andreastuti, S., Tilling, R., Torley, R., Trimble, D., and Wirakusumah, A., 2000, 10,000 Years of explosive eruptions of Merapi Volcano, Central Java: archaeological and modern implications: Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, v. 100, no. 1-4, p. 9-50, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0377-0273(00)00132-3.","startPage":"9","endPage":"50","numberOfPages":"42","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":230685,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":280148,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0377-0273(00)00132-3"}],"volume":"100","issue":"1-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e220e4b0c8380cd45995","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Newhall, C. G.","contributorId":93056,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Newhall","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":393917,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bronto, S.","contributorId":65633,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bronto","given":"S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":393912,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Alloway, B.","contributorId":11367,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Alloway","given":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":393903,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Banks, N.G.","contributorId":60635,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Banks","given":"N.G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":393910,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Bahar, I.","contributorId":51492,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bahar","given":"I.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":393909,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Marmol, Del","contributorId":16184,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Marmol","given":"Del","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":393904,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Hadisantono, R.D.","contributorId":61056,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hadisantono","given":"R.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":393911,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Holcomb, R. T.","contributorId":99146,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Holcomb","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":393919,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"McGeehin, J.","contributorId":49554,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McGeehin","given":"J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":393908,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9},{"text":"Miksic, J.N.","contributorId":103029,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Miksic","given":"J.N.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":393920,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":10},{"text":"Rubin, M.","contributorId":88079,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rubin","given":"M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":393916,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":11},{"text":"Sayudi, S.D.","contributorId":86519,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sayudi","given":"S.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":393915,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":12},{"text":"Sukhyar, R.","contributorId":19326,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sukhyar","given":"R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":393905,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":13},{"text":"Andreastuti, Supriyati","contributorId":82087,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Andreastuti","given":"Supriyati","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":393914,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":14},{"text":"Tilling, R.I. 0000-0003-4263-7221","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4263-7221","contributorId":98311,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tilling","given":"R.I.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":393918,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":15},{"text":"Torley, R.","contributorId":37106,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Torley","given":"R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":393907,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":16},{"text":"Trimble, D.","contributorId":22934,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Trimble","given":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":393906,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":17},{"text":"Wirakusumah, A.D.","contributorId":77321,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wirakusumah","given":"A.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":393913,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":18}]}}
,{"id":70022517,"text":"70022517 - 2000 - Gap analysis: Concepts, methods, and recent results","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:44","indexId":"70022517","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2602,"text":"Landscape Ecology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Gap analysis: Concepts, methods, and recent results","docAbstract":"Rapid progress is being made in the conceptual, technical, and organizational requirements for generating synoptic multi-scale views of the earth's surface and its biological content. Using the spatially comprehensive data that are now available, researchers, land managers, and land-use planners can, for the first time, quantitatively place landscape units - from general categories such as 'Forests' or 'Cold-Deciduous Shrubland Formation' to more categories such as 'Picea glauca-Abies balsamea-Populus spp. Forest Alliance' - in their large-area contexts. The National Gap Analysis Program (GAP) has developed the technical and organizational capabilities necessary for the regular production and analysis of such information. This paper provides a brief overview of concepts and methods as well as some recent results from the GAP projects. Clearly, new frameworks for biogeographic information and organizational cooperation are needed if we are to have any hope of documenting the full range of species occurrences and ecological processes in ways meaningful to their management. The GAP experience provides one model for achieving these new frameworks.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Landscape Ecology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1023/A:1008184408300","issn":"09212973","usgsCitation":"Jennings, M., 2000, Gap analysis: Concepts, methods, and recent results: Landscape Ecology, v. 15, no. 1, p. 5-20, https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1008184408300.","startPage":"5","endPage":"20","numberOfPages":"16","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":206732,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1008184408300"},{"id":230652,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"15","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a14b6e4b0c8380cd54b21","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Jennings, M.D.","contributorId":53976,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jennings","given":"M.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":393901,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70022512,"text":"70022512 - 2000 - Ground deformation at Merapi Volcano, Java, Indonesia: distance changes, June 1988-October 1995","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-12-03T15:18:29","indexId":"70022512","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2499,"text":"Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Ground deformation at Merapi Volcano, Java, Indonesia: distance changes, June 1988-October 1995","docAbstract":"Edifice deformations are reported here for the period 1988–1995 at Merapi volcano, one of the most active and dangerous volcanoes in Indonesia. The study period includes a major resumption in lava effusion in January 1992 and a major dome collapse in November 1994. The data comprise electronic distance measurements (EDM) on a summit trilateration network, slope distance changes measured to the upper flanks, and other data collected from 1988 to 1995. A major consequence of this study is the documentation of a significant 4-year period of deformation precursory to the 1992 eruption. Cross-crater strain rates accelerated from less than 3×10<sup>−6</sup>/day between 1988 and 1990 to more than 11×10<sup>−6</sup>/day just prior to the January 1992 activity, representing a general, asymmetric extension of the summit during high-level conduit pressurization. After the vent opened and effusion of lava resumed, strain occurred at a much-reduced rate of less than 2×10<sup>−6</sup>/day. EDM measurements between lower flank benchmarks and the upper edifice indicate displacements as great as 1 m per year over the four years before the 1992 eruption. The Gendol breach, a pronounced depression formed by the juxtaposition of old lava coulées on the southeast flank, functioned as a major displacement discontinuity. Since 1993, movements have generally not exceeded the 95% confidence limits of the summit network. Exceptions to this include 12 cm outward movement for the northwest crater rim in 1992–1993, probably from loading by newly erupted dome lava, and movements as much as 7 cm on the south flank between November 1994 and September 1995. No short-term precursors were noted before the November 1994 lava dome collapse, but long-term adjustments of crater geometry accompanied lava dome growth in 1994. Short-term 2-cm deflation of the edifice occurred following the November 1994 dome collapse.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/S0377-0273(00)00139-6","issn":"03770273","usgsCitation":"Young, K., Voight, B., Subandriyo, Sajiman, Miswanto, and Casadevall, T.J., 2000, Ground deformation at Merapi Volcano, Java, Indonesia: distance changes, June 1988-October 1995: Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, v. 100, no. 1-4, p. 233-259, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0377-0273(00)00139-6.","startPage":"233","endPage":"259","numberOfPages":"27","temporalStart":"1988-06-01","temporalEnd":"1995-10-31","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":230543,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":280167,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0377-0273(00)00139-6"}],"volume":"100","issue":"1-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a2a92e4b0c8380cd5b2a8","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Young, K.D.","contributorId":88521,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Young","given":"K.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":393880,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Voight, B.","contributorId":16575,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Voight","given":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":393876,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Subandriyo","contributorId":128128,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"Subandriyo","id":535144,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Sajiman","contributorId":127962,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"Sajiman","id":535143,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Miswanto","contributorId":128144,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"Miswanto","id":535145,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Casadevall, T. J.","contributorId":96680,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Casadevall","given":"T.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":393881,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}}
,{"id":70022509,"text":"70022509 - 2000 - U-Pb geochronology of zircon and monazite from Mesoproterozoic granitic gneisses of the northern Blue Ridge, Virginia and Maryland, USA","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:44","indexId":"70022509","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3112,"text":"Precambrian Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"U-Pb geochronology of zircon and monazite from Mesoproterozoic granitic gneisses of the northern Blue Ridge, Virginia and Maryland, USA","docAbstract":"Mesoproterozoic granitic gneisses comprise most of the basement of the northern Blue Ridge geologic province in Virginia and Maryland. Lithology, structure, and U-Pb geochronology have been used to subdivide the gneisses into three groups. The oldest rocks, Group 1, are layered granitic gneiss (1153 ?? 6 Ma), hornblende monzonite gneiss (1149 ?? 19 Ma), porphyroblastic granite gneiss (1144 ?? 2 Ma), coarse-grained metagranite (about 1140 Ma), and charnockite (>1145 Ma?). These gneisses contain three Proterozoic deformational fabrics. Because of complex U-Pb systematics due to extensive overgrowths on magmatic cores, zircons from hornblende monzonite gneiss were dated using the sensitive high-resolution ion microprobe (SHRIMP), whereas all other ages are based on conventional U-Pb geochronology. Group 2 rocks are leucocratic and biotic varieties of Marshall Metagranite, dated at 1112??3 Ma and 1111 ?? 2 Ma respectively. Group 3 rocks are subdivided into two age groups: (1) garnetiferous metagranite (1077 ?? 4 Ma) and quartz-plagioclase gneiss (1077 ?? 4 Ma); (2) white leucocratic metagranite (1060 ?? 2 Ma), pink leucocratic metagranite (1059 ?? 2), biotite granite gneiss (1055 ?? 4 Ma), and megacrystic metagranite (1055 ?? 2 Ma). Groups 2 and 3 gneisses contain only the two younger Proterozoic deformational fabrics. Ages of monazite, seprated from seven samples, indicate growth during both igneous and metamorphic (thermal) events. However, ages obtained from individual grains may be mixtures of different age components, as suggested by backscatter electron (BSE) imaging of complexly zoned grains. Analyses of unzoned monazite (imaged by BSE and thought to contain only one age component) from porphyroblastic granite gneiss yield ages of 1070, 1060, and 1050 Ma. The range of ages of monazite (not reset to a uniform date) indicates that the Grenville granulite event at about 1035 Ma did not exceed about 750??C. Lack of evidence for 1110 Ma growth of monazite in porphyroblastic granite gneiss suggests that the Short Hill fault might be a Grenvillian structure that was reactivated in the Paleozoic. The timing of Proterozoic deformations is constrained by crystallization ages of the gneissic rocks. D1 occurred between about 1145 and 1075 Ma (or possibly between about 1145 and 1128 Ma). D2 and D3 must be younger than about 1050 Ma. Ages of Mesoproterozoic granitic rocks of the northern Blue Ridge are similar to rocks in other Grenville terranes of the eastern USA, including the Adirondacks and Hudson Highlands. However, comparisons with conventional U-Pb ages of granulite-grade rocks from the central and southern Appalachians may be specious because these ages may actually be mixtures of ages of cores and overgrowths.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Precambrian Research","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/S0301-9268(99)00056-X","issn":"03019268","usgsCitation":"Aleinikoff, J.N., Burton, W., Lyttle, P., Nelson, A.E., and Southworth, C., 2000, U-Pb geochronology of zircon and monazite from Mesoproterozoic granitic gneisses of the northern Blue Ridge, Virginia and Maryland, USA: Precambrian Research, v. 99, no. 1-2, p. 113-146, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0301-9268(99)00056-X.","startPage":"113","endPage":"146","numberOfPages":"34","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":206667,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0301-9268(99)00056-X"},{"id":230504,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"99","issue":"1-2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bb9cbe4b08c986b327df3","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Aleinikoff, J. N. 0000-0003-3494-6841","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3494-6841","contributorId":75132,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Aleinikoff","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"N.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":393870,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Burton, W.C.","contributorId":41439,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Burton","given":"W.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":393867,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Lyttle, P. T.","contributorId":93078,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lyttle","given":"P. T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":393871,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Nelson, A. E.","contributorId":73219,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nelson","given":"A.","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":393869,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Southworth, C.S.","contributorId":51272,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Southworth","given":"C.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":393868,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}}
,{"id":70022508,"text":"70022508 - 2000 - Origin of the Colorado River experimental flood in Grand Canyon","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-09-16T18:58:41.512577","indexId":"70022508","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1927,"text":"Hydrological Sciences Journal","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Origin of the Colorado River experimental flood in Grand Canyon","docAbstract":"<p>The Colorado River is one of the most highly regulated and extensively utilized rivers in the world. Total reservoir storage is approximately four times the mean annual runoff of −17 × 10<sup>9</sup><span>&nbsp;</span>m<sup>3</sup><span>&nbsp;</span>year<sup>−1</sup>. Reservoir storage and regulation have decreased annual peak discharges and hydroelectric power generation has increased daily flow variability. In recent years, the incidental impacts of this development have become apparent especially along the Colorado River through Grand Canyon National Park downstream from Glen Canyon Dam and caused widespread concern. Since the completion of Glen Canyon Dam, the number and size of sand bars, which are used by recreational river runners and form the habitat for native fishes, have decreased substantially. Following an extensive hydrological and geomorphic investigation, an experimental flood release from the Glen Canyon Dam was proposed to determine whether sand bars would be rebuilt by a relatively brief period of flow substantially greater than the normal operating regime. This proposed release, however, was constrained by the Law of the River, the body of law developed over 70 years to control and distribute Colorado River water, the needs of hydropower users and those dependent upon hydropower revenues, and the physical constraints of the dam itself. A compromise was reached following often difficult negotiations and an experimental flood to rebuild sand bars was released in 1996. This flood, and the process by which it came about, gives hope to resolving the difficult and pervasive problem of allocation of water resources among competing interests.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"IAHS","publisherLocation":"Wallingford, United Kingdom","doi":"10.1080/02626660009492361","issn":"02626667","usgsCitation":"Andrews, E., and Pizzi, L., 2000, Origin of the Colorado River experimental flood in Grand Canyon: Hydrological Sciences Journal, v. 45, no. 4, p. 607-627, https://doi.org/10.1080/02626660009492361.","productDescription":"21 p.","startPage":"607","endPage":"627","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":487081,"rank":1,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1080/02626660009492361","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":230466,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Arizona","otherGeospatial":"Colorado River, Grand Canyon National Park","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -112.67852783203125,\n              36.28634929429456\n            ],\n            [\n              -112.43408203124999,\n              36.109033596783135\n            ],\n            [\n              -111.81060791015624,\n              35.96689214303232\n            ],\n            [\n              -111.70074462890625,\n              36.18665862660454\n            ],\n            [\n              -111.78314208984375,\n              36.491973470593685\n            ],\n            [\n              -112.53570556640624,\n              36.45000844447082\n            ],\n            [\n              -112.67852783203125,\n              36.28634929429456\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"45","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a70fae4b0c8380cd76398","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Andrews, E.D.","contributorId":13922,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Andrews","given":"E.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":393866,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Pizzi, L.A.","contributorId":6217,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pizzi","given":"L.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":393865,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70022495,"text":"70022495 - 2000 - Aquatic ecosystem protection and restoration: Advances in methods for assessment and evaluation","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-09-27T17:14:27.493267","indexId":"70022495","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1563,"text":"Environmental Science and Policy","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Aquatic ecosystem protection and restoration: Advances in methods for assessment and evaluation","docAbstract":"Many methods and criteria are available to assess aquatic ecosystems, and this review focuses on a set that demonstrates advancements from community analyses to methods spanning large spatial and temporal scales. Basic methods have been extended by incorporating taxa sensitivity to different forms of stress, adding measures linked to system function, synthesizing multiple faunal groups, integrating biological and physical attributes, spanning large spatial scales, and enabling simulations through time. These tools can be customized to meet the needs of a particular assessment and ecosystem. Two case studies are presented to show how new methods were applied at the ecosystem scale for achieving practical management goals. One case used an assessment of biotic structure to demonstrate how enhanced river flows can improve habitat conditions and restore a diverse fish fauna reflective of a healthy riverine ecosystem. In the second case, multitaxonomic integrity indicators were successful in distinguishing lake ecosystems that were disturbed, healthy, and in the process of restoration. Most methods strive to address the concept of biological integrity and assessment effectiveness often can be impeded by the lack of more specific ecosystem management objectives. Scientific and policy explorations are needed to define new ways for designating a healthy system so as to allow specification of precise quality criteria that will promote further development of ecosystem analysis tools.","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/S1462-9011(00)00029-0","issn":"14629011","usgsCitation":"Bain, M., Harig, A., Loucks, D., Goforth, R., and Mills, K., 2000, Aquatic ecosystem protection and restoration: Advances in methods for assessment and evaluation: Environmental Science and Policy, v. 3, no. S1, p. 89-98, https://doi.org/10.1016/S1462-9011(00)00029-0.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"89","endPage":"98","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":230837,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"3","issue":"S1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059ed0de4b0c8380cd495c1","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bain, M.B.","contributorId":45362,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bain","given":"M.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":393826,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Harig, A.L.","contributorId":34288,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Harig","given":"A.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":393825,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Loucks, D.P.","contributorId":58415,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Loucks","given":"D.P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":393827,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Goforth, R.R.","contributorId":14973,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Goforth","given":"R.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":393823,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Mills, K.E.","contributorId":19732,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mills","given":"K.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":393824,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}}
,{"id":70022494,"text":"70022494 - 2000 - Combining accuracy assessment of land-cover maps with environmental monitoring programs","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-04-07T15:56:12","indexId":"70022494","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1552,"text":"Environmental Monitoring and Assessment","onlineIssn":"1573-2959","printIssn":"0167-6369","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Combining accuracy assessment of land-cover maps with environmental monitoring programs","docAbstract":"<p><span>A scientifically valid accuracy assessment of a large-area, land-cover map is expensive. Environmental monitoring programs offer a potential source of data to partially defray the cost of accuracy assessment while still maintaining the statistical validity. In this article, three general strategies for combining accuracy assessment and environmental monitoring protocols are described. These strategies range from a fully integrated accuracy assessment and environmental monitoring protocol, to one in which the protocols operate nearly independently. For all three strategies, features critical to using monitoring data for accuracy assessment include compatibility of the land-cover classification schemes, precisely co-registered sample data, and spatial and temporal compatibility of the map and reference data. Two monitoring programs, the National Resources Inventory (NRI) and the Forest Inventory and Monitoring (FIM), are used to illustrate important features for implementing a combined protocol.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1023/A:1006487829238","issn":"01676369","usgsCitation":"Stehman, S., Czaplewski, R., Nusser, S., Yang, L., and Zhu, Z., 2000, Combining accuracy assessment of land-cover maps with environmental monitoring programs: Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, v. 64, no. 1, p. 115-126, https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1006487829238.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"115","endPage":"126","numberOfPages":"12","costCenters":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":206809,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1006487829238"},{"id":230836,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"64","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f7dee4b0c8380cd4cd3f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Stehman, S.V.","contributorId":91974,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Stehman","given":"S.V.","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":27852,"text":"State University of New York, Syracuse","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":393821,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Czaplewski, R.L.","contributorId":106281,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Czaplewski","given":"R.L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":393822,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Nusser, S.M.","contributorId":49302,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nusser","given":"S.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":393820,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Yang, L.","contributorId":6200,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Yang","given":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":393818,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Zhu, Z.","contributorId":10898,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zhu","given":"Z.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":393819,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}}
,{"id":70022488,"text":"70022488 - 2000 - Using structural equation modeling to investigate relationships among ecological variables","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:43","indexId":"70022488","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1573,"text":"Environmental and Ecological Statistics","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Using structural equation modeling to investigate relationships among ecological variables","docAbstract":"Structural equation modeling is an advanced multivariate statistical process with which a researcher can construct theoretical concepts, test their measurement reliability, hypothesize and test a theory about their relationships, take into account measurement errors, and consider both direct and indirect effects of variables on one another. Latent variables are theoretical concepts that unite phenomena under a single term, e.g., ecosystem health, environmental condition, and pollution (Bollen, 1989). Latent variables are not measured directly but can be expressed in terms of one or more directly measurable variables called indicators. For some researchers, defining, constructing, and examining the validity of latent variables may be the end task of itself. For others, testing hypothesized relationships of latent variables may be of interest. We analyzed the correlation matrix of eleven environmental variables from the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's (USEPA) Environmental Monitoring and Assessment Program for Estuaries (EMAP-E) using methods of structural equation modeling. We hypothesized and tested a conceptual model to characterize the interdependencies between four latent variables-sediment contamination, natural variability, biodiversity, and growth potential. In particular, we were interested in measuring the direct, indirect, and total effects of sediment contamination and natural variability on biodiversity and growth potential. The model fit the data well and accounted for 81% of the variability in biodiversity and 69% of the variability in growth potential. It revealed a positive total effect of natural variability on growth potential that otherwise would have been judged negative had we not considered indirect effects. That is, natural variability had a negative direct effect on growth potential of magnitude -0.3251 and a positive indirect effect mediated through biodiversity of magnitude 0.4509, yielding a net positive total effect of 0.1258. Natural variability had a positive direct effect on biodiversity of magnitude 0.5347 and a negative indirect effect mediated through growth potential of magnitude -0.1105 yielding a positive total effects of magnitude 0.4242. Sediment contamination had a negative direct effect on biodiversity of magnitude -0.1956 and a negative indirect effect on growth potential via biodiversity of magnitude -0.067. Biodiversity had a positive effect on growth potential of magnitude 0.8432, and growth potential had a positive effect on biodiversity of magnitude 0.3398. The correlation between biodiversity and growth potential was estimated at 0.7658 and that between sediment contamination and natural variability at -0.3769.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Environmental and Ecological Statistics","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1023/A:1009662930292","issn":"13528505","usgsCitation":"Malaeb, Z., Summers, J., and Pugesek, B., 2000, Using structural equation modeling to investigate relationships among ecological variables: Environmental and Ecological Statistics, v. 7, no. 1, p. 93-111, https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1009662930292.","startPage":"93","endPage":"111","numberOfPages":"19","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":230724,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":206757,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009662930292"}],"volume":"7","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bc0abe4b08c986b32a25f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Malaeb, Z.A.","contributorId":77694,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Malaeb","given":"Z.A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":393798,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Summers, J.Kevin","contributorId":25721,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Summers","given":"J.Kevin","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":393796,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Pugesek, B.H.","contributorId":45666,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pugesek","given":"B.H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":393797,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70022485,"text":"70022485 - 2000 - Ordovician and Pennsylvanian berthierine-bearing flint clays","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-01-27T18:21:24","indexId":"70022485","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1245,"text":"Clays and Clay Minerals","onlineIssn":"1552-8367","printIssn":"0009-8604","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Ordovician and Pennsylvanian berthierine-bearing flint clays","docAbstract":"<p>We report here the first occurrence of berthierine-bearing flint clays, one Ordovician and one Pennsylvanian in age. They are characterized by a berthierine-kaolinite-boehmite (bkb) assemblage. The Pennsylvanian flint clay from northeastern Kentucky is more typical in that it occurs in association with coal measures.</p><p>The Ordovician occurrence from northwestern Illinois is the oldest flint clay of which we are aware. Because it is Ordovician, it formed before the evolution of terrestrial vascular plants. All previous reports of flint clays point to a genetic connection between flint-clay formation and the growth and decay of plants (Bohor and Triplehorn, 1993). Except for the high berthierine content and greenish color, the physical properties of this flint clay are similar to those of other kaolinitic flint clays. Some samples of the Ordovician flint clay are nearly pure berthierine.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"The Clay Minerals Society","doi":"10.1346/CCMN.2000.0480118","usgsCitation":"Moore, D., and Hughes, R.E., 2000, Ordovician and Pennsylvanian berthierine-bearing flint clays: Clays and Clay Minerals, v. 48, no. 1, p. 145-149, https://doi.org/10.1346/CCMN.2000.0480118.","productDescription":"5 p.","startPage":"145","endPage":"149","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":230651,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"48","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2024-02-28","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a6f5ae4b0c8380cd75a52","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Moore, D.M.","contributorId":29576,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Moore","given":"D.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":393791,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hughes, Randall E.","contributorId":93488,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hughes","given":"Randall","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":393792,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70022484,"text":"70022484 - 2000 - Advances in solid-phase extraction disks for environmental chemistry","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-12-07T06:36:35","indexId":"70022484","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3615,"text":"TrAC - Trends in Analytical Chemistry","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Advances in solid-phase extraction disks for environmental chemistry","docAbstract":"<p>The development of solid-phase extraction (SPE) for environmental chemistry has progressed significantly over the last decade to include a number of new sorbents and new approaches to SPE. One SPE approach in particular, the SPE disk, has greatly reduced or eliminated the use of chlorinated solvents for the analysis of trace organic compounds. This article discusses the use and applicability of various SPE disks, including micro-sized disks, prior to gas chromatography-mass spectrometry for the analysis of trace organic compounds in water.&nbsp;</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/S0165-9936(99)00175-2","issn":"01659936","usgsCitation":"Thurman, E., and Snavely, K., 2000, Advances in solid-phase extraction disks for environmental chemistry: TrAC - Trends in Analytical Chemistry, v. 19, no. 1, p. 18-26, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0165-9936(99)00175-2.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"18","endPage":"26","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":230650,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":206731,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0165-9936(99)00175-2"}],"volume":"19","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e705e4b0c8380cd477d5","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Thurman, E.M.","contributorId":102864,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thurman","given":"E.M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":393790,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Snavely, K.","contributorId":41176,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Snavely","given":"K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":393789,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70022480,"text":"70022480 - 2000 - Geochemical effects of rapid sedimentation in aquatic systems: Minimal diagenesis and the preservation of historical metal signatures","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:43","indexId":"70022480","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2411,"text":"Journal of Paleolimnology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Geochemical effects of rapid sedimentation in aquatic systems: Minimal diagenesis and the preservation of historical metal signatures","docAbstract":"Rapid sedimentation exerts a pronounced influence on early sedimentary diagenesis in that there is insufficient time for a sediment particle to equilibrate in any one sediment layer before that layer may be displaced vertically by another layer. These sedimentation patterns are common in surface-water reservoirs whose sedimentation rates (1-10 cm yr-1) are several orders of magnitude greater than those for natural lakes (0.01-0.5 cm yr-1). Two examples of the effects of rapid sedimentation on geochemical metal signatures are presented here. Interstitial-water data (Fe) from two sites in the Cheyenne River Embayment of Lake Oahe on the Missouri River illustrate the effects of changing sedimentation rates on dissolved species. Rapid burial during high-flow yrs appears to limit early sedimentary diagenesis to aerobic respiration. Solid-phase metal data (Pb) from a site in Pueblo Reservoir on the upper Arkansas River in Colorado appear to record historical releases by flooding of abandoned mine sites upstream in Leadville, Colorado. Interstitial-water ammonia and ferrous Fe data indicate that at least one interval at depth in the sediment where solid metal concentrations peak is a zone of minimal diagenesis. The principal diagenetic reactions that occur in these sediments are aerobic respiration and the reduction of Mn and Fe oxides. Under slower sedimentation conditions, there is sufficient time for particulate organic matter to decompose and create a diagenetic environment where metal oxides may not be stable. The quasi-steady-state interstitial Fe profiles from Tidal Potomac River sediments are an example of such a situation. This occurs primarily because the residence time of particles in the surficial sediment column is long enough to allow benthic organisms and bacteria to perform their metabolic functions. When faster sedimentation prevails, there is less time for these metabolic reactions to occur since the organisms do not occupy a sediment layer for any length of time. Also, the quantity and quality of the organic matter input to the sediment layer is important in that reservoirs often receive more terrestrial organic matter than natural lakes and this terrestrial organic matter is generally more refractory than autochthonous aquatic organic matter.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Paleolimnology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1023/A:1008114630756","issn":"09212728","usgsCitation":"Callender, E., 2000, Geochemical effects of rapid sedimentation in aquatic systems: Minimal diagenesis and the preservation of historical metal signatures: Journal of Paleolimnology, v. 23, no. 3, p. 243-260, https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1008114630756.","startPage":"243","endPage":"260","numberOfPages":"18","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":206698,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1008114630756"},{"id":230577,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"23","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a1625e4b0c8380cd5506f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Callender, E.","contributorId":72528,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Callender","given":"E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":393775,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70022462,"text":"70022462 - 2000 - Results of the Imager for Mars Pathfinder windsock experiment","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-11-29T15:40:10","indexId":"70022462","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2317,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research E: Planets","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Results of the Imager for Mars Pathfinder windsock experiment","docAbstract":"<p>The Imager for Mars Pathfinder (IMP) windsock experiment measured wind speeds at three heights within 1.2 m of the Martian surface during Pathfinder landed operations. These wind data allowed direct measurement of near-surface wind profiles on Mars for the first time, including determination of aerodynamic roughness length and wind friction speeds. Winds were light during periods of windsock imaging, but data from the strongest breezes indicate aerodynamic roughness length of 3 cm at the landing site, with wind friction speeds reaching 1 m/s. Maximum wind friction speeds were about half of the threshold-of-motion friction speeds predicted for loose, fine-grained materials on smooth Martian terrain and about one third of the threshold-of-motion friction speeds predicted for the same size particles over terrain with aerodynamic roughness of 3 cm. Consistent with this, and suggesting that low wind speeds prevailed when the windsock array was not imaged and/or no particles were available for aeolian transport, no wind-related changes to the surface during mission operations have been recognized. The aerodynamic roughness length reported here implies that proposed deflation of fine particles around the landing site, or activation of duneforms seen by IMP and Sojourner, would require wind speeds &gt;28 m/s at the Pathfinder top windsock height (or &gt;31 m/s at the equivalent Viking wind sensor height of 1.6 m) and wind speeds &gt;45 m/s above 10 m. These wind speeds would cause rock abrasion if a supply of durable particles were available for saltation. Previous analyses indicate that the Pathfinder landing site probably is rockier and rougher than many other plains units on Mars, so aerodynamic roughness length elsewhere probably is less than the 3-cm value reported for the Pathfinder site.</p>","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Geophysical Research E: Planets","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","publisherLocation":"Washington, D.C.","doi":"10.1029/1999JE001234","issn":"01480227","usgsCitation":"Sullivan, R., Greeley, R., Kraft, M., Wilson, G., Golombek, M.P., Herkenhoff, K.E., Murphy, J., and Smith, P., 2000, Results of the Imager for Mars Pathfinder windsock experiment: Journal of Geophysical Research E: Planets, v. 105, no. E10, p. 24547-24562, https://doi.org/10.1029/1999JE001234.","productDescription":"16 p.","startPage":"24547","endPage":"24562","numberOfPages":"16","costCenters":[{"id":131,"text":"Astrogeology Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":230385,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"otherGeospatial":"Mars","volume":"105","issue":"E10","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505aabd8e4b0c8380cd86a03","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Sullivan, Robert","contributorId":70102,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sullivan","given":"Robert","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":393718,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Greeley, Ronald","contributorId":20833,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Greeley","given":"Ronald","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":393714,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Kraft, Michael","contributorId":78899,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kraft","given":"Michael","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":393720,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Wilson, Gregory","contributorId":84938,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wilson","given":"Gregory","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":393717,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Golombek, Matthew P.","contributorId":175450,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Golombek","given":"Matthew","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[{"id":7023,"text":"Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":393719,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Herkenhoff, Kenneth E. 0000-0002-3153-6663 kherkenhoff@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3153-6663","contributorId":2275,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Herkenhoff","given":"Kenneth","email":"kherkenhoff@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":131,"text":"Astrogeology Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":393715,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Murphy, James","contributorId":210957,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Murphy","given":"James","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":393716,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Smith, Peter","contributorId":63853,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smith","given":"Peter","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":393721,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8}]}}
,{"id":70022461,"text":"70022461 - 2000 - Climatic and biotic controls on annual carbon storage in Amazonian ecosystems","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:50","indexId":"70022461","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1839,"text":"Global Ecology and Biogeography","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Climatic and biotic controls on annual carbon storage in Amazonian ecosystems","docAbstract":"1 The role of undisturbed tropical land ecosystems in the global carbon budget is not well understood. It has been suggested that inter-annual climate variability can affect the capacity of these ecosystems to store carbon in the short term. In this paper, we use a transient version of the Terrestrial Ecosystem Model (TEM) to estimate annual carbon storage in undisturbed Amazonian ecosystems during the period 1980-94, and to understand the underlying causes of the year-to-year variations in net carbon storage for this region. 2 We estimate that the total carbon storage in the undisturbed ecosystems of the Amazon Basin in 1980 was 127.6 Pg C, with about 94.3 Pg C in vegetation and 33.3 Pg C in the reactive pool of soil organic carbon. About 83% of the total carbon storage occurred in tropical evergreen forests. Based on our model's results, we estimate that, over the past 15 years, the total carbon storage has increased by 3.1 Pg C (+ 2%), with a 1.9-Pg C (+2%) increase in vegetation carbon and a 1.2-Pg C (+4%) increase in reactive soil organic carbon. The modelled results indicate that the largest relative changes in net carbon storage have occurred in tropical deciduous forests, but that the largest absolute changes in net carbon storage have occurred in the moist and wet forests of the Basin. 3 Our results show that the strength of interannual variations in net carbon storage of undisturbed ecosystems in the Amazon Basin varies from a carbon source of 0.2 Pg C/year to a carbon sink of 0.7 Pg C/year. Precipitation, especially the amount received during the drier months, appears to be a major controller of annual net carbon storage in the Amazon Basin. Our analysis indicates further that changes in precipitation combine with changes in temperature to affect net carbon storage through influencing soil moisture and nutrient availability. 4 On average, our results suggest that the undisturbed Amazonian ecosystems accumulated 0.2 Pg C/year as a result of climate variability and increasing atmospheric CO2 over the study period. This amount is large enough to have compensated for most of the carbon losses associated with tropical deforestation in the Amazon during the same period. 5 Comparisons with empirical data indicate that climate variability and CO2 fertilization explain most of the variation in net carbon storage for the undisturbed ecosystems. Our analyses suggest that assessment of the regional carbon budget in the tropics should be made over at least one cycle of El Nino-Southern Oscillation because of inter-annual climate variability. Our analyses also suggest that proper scaling of the site-specific and sub-annual measurements of carbon fluxes to produce Basin-wide flux estimates must take into account seasonal and spatial variations in net carbon storage.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Global Ecology and Biogeography","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1046/j.1365-2699.2000.00198.x","issn":"1466822X","usgsCitation":"Tian, H., Melillo, J.M., Kicklighter, D., McGuire, A., Helfrich, J., Moore, B., and Vorosmarty, C., 2000, Climatic and biotic controls on annual carbon storage in Amazonian ecosystems: Global Ecology and Biogeography, v. 9, no. 4, p. 315-335, https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2699.2000.00198.x.","startPage":"315","endPage":"335","numberOfPages":"21","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":479334,"rank":10000,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2699.2000.00198.x","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":230348,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":206599,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2699.2000.00198.x"}],"volume":"9","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2001-12-25","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f65be4b0c8380cd4c6fc","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Tian, H.","contributorId":43524,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tian","given":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":393709,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Melillo, J. M.","contributorId":73139,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Melillo","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":393710,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Kicklighter, D. W.","contributorId":31537,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Kicklighter","given":"D. W.","affiliations":[{"id":13627,"text":"Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, MA","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":393708,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"McGuire, A. D.","contributorId":16552,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McGuire","given":"A. D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":393707,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Helfrich, J. Iii","contributorId":74535,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Helfrich","given":"J.","suffix":"Iii","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":393711,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Moore, B. III","contributorId":96845,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Moore","given":"B.","suffix":"III","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":393712,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Vorosmarty, C. J.","contributorId":104232,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Vorosmarty","given":"C. J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":393713,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}}
,{"id":70022460,"text":"70022460 - 2000 - Geochemistry and geodynamics of a Late Cretaceous bimodal volcanic association from the southern part of the Pannonian Basin in Slavonija (Northern Croatia)","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-08-18T17:01:03.187011","indexId":"70022460","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2751,"text":"Mineralogy and Petrology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Geochemistry and geodynamics of a Late Cretaceous bimodal volcanic association from the southern part of the Pannonian Basin in Slavonija (Northern Croatia)","docAbstract":"<p>In this paper we present petrological and geochemical information on a bimodal basalt-rhyolite suite associated with A-type granites of Late Cretaceous age from the South Pannonian Basin in Slavonija (Croatia). Basalts and alkali-feldspar rhyolites, associated in some places with ignimbrites, occur in volcanic bodies that are interlayered with pyroclastic and fossiliferous Upper Cretaceus sedimentary rocks. The petrology and geochemistry of the basalts and alkali-feldspar rhyolites are constrained by microprobe analyses, major and trace element analyses including REE, and radiogenic and stable isotope data. Basalts that are mostly transformed into metabasalts (mainly spilites), are alkalic to subalkalic and their geochemical signatures, particularly trace element and REE patterns, are similar to recent back-arc basalts. Alkali-feldspar rhyolites have similar geochemical features to the associated cogenetic A-type granites, as shown by their large variation of Na<sub>2</sub>O and K<sub>2</sub>O (total 8–9%), very low MgO and CaO, and very high Zr contents ranging between 710 and 149 ppm. Geochemical data indicate an amphibole lherzolite source within a metasomatized upper mantle wedge, with the influence of upper mantle diapir with MORB signatures and continental crust contamination. Sr incorporated in the primary basalt melt had an initial<span>&nbsp;</span><sup>87</sup>Sr/<sup>86</sup>Sr ratio of 0.7039 indicating an upper mantle origin, whereas the<span>&nbsp;</span><sup>87</sup>Sr/<sup>86</sup>Sr ratio for the alkali-feldspar rhyolites and associated A-type granites is 0.7073 indicating an apparent continental crust origin. However, some other geochemical data favour the idea that they might have mainly originated by fractionation of primary mafic melt coupled with contamination of continental crust. Only one rhyolite sample appears to be the product of melting of continental crust. Geological and geodynamic data indicate that the basalt-rhyolite association was probably related to Alpine subduction processes in the Dinaridic Tethys which can be correlated with recent back-arc basins. The difference in geological and isotope ages between the bimodal basalt-rhyolite volcanism with A-type granite plutonism (72 Ma) and the final synkinematic S-type granite plutonism (48 Ma) can be taken as a lifetime of the presumed BARB system of the Dinaridic Tethys. Remnants of this presumed subduction zone can be traced for 300 km along the surrounding northernmost Dinarides.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1007/s007100050013","issn":"09300708","usgsCitation":"Pamic, J., Belak, M., Bullen, T., Lanphere, M.A., and McKee, E., 2000, Geochemistry and geodynamics of a Late Cretaceous bimodal volcanic association from the southern part of the Pannonian Basin in Slavonija (Northern Croatia): Mineralogy and Petrology, v. 68, no. 4, p. 271-296, https://doi.org/10.1007/s007100050013.","productDescription":"26 p.","startPage":"271","endPage":"296","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":230308,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Croatia","otherGeospatial":"Pannonian Basin","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": 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M.","contributorId":82074,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Belak","given":"M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":393706,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Bullen, T.D.","contributorId":79911,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bullen","given":"T.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":393705,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Lanphere, M. A.","contributorId":35298,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lanphere","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":393704,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"McKee, E.H.","contributorId":20736,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McKee","given":"E.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":393703,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}}
,{"id":70022455,"text":"70022455 - 2000 - New 40Ar/39Ar age of the Bishop Tuff from multiple sites and sediment rate calibration for the Matuyama-Brunhes boundary","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-09-07T15:20:03.153394","indexId":"70022455","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2314,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"displayTitle":"New <sup>40</sup>Ar/<sup>39</sup>Ar age of the Bishop Tuff from multiple sites and sediment rate calibration for the Matuyama-Brunhes boundary","title":"New 40Ar/39Ar age of the Bishop Tuff from multiple sites and sediment rate calibration for the Matuyama-Brunhes boundary","docAbstract":"<p>Precise dating of sanidine from proximal ash flow Bishop Tuff and air fall Bishop pumice and ash, California, can be used to derive an absolute age of the Matuyama Reversed-Brunhes Normal (M-B) paleomagnetic transition, identified stratigraphically close beneath the Bishop Tuff and ash at many sites in the western United States. An average age of 758.9±1.8 ka, standard error of the mean (SEM), was obtained for individual sanidine crystals or groups of several crystals, determined from ∼70 individual analyses of sanidine separates from 11 sample groups obtained at five localities. The basal air fall pumice (757.7±1.8 ka) and overlying ash flow tuff (762.2±4.7 ka) from near the source yield essentially the same dates within errors of analysis, suggesting that the two units were emplaced close in time. A date on distal Bishop air fall ash bed at Priant, California, ∼100 km to the west of the source area, is younger, 750.1±4.3 ka, but not significantly different within analytical error (±1 standard deviation). Previous dates of the Bishop Tuff, obtained by others using conventional K-Ar and the fission track method on zircons, ranged from ∼650 ka to ∼1.0 Ma. The most recent, generally accepted date by the K-Ar method on sanidine was 738±3 ka. We infer, as others before, that many K-Ar dates on sanidine feldspar are too young owing to incomplete degassing of radiogenic Ar during fusion in the K-Ar technique and that many older K-Ar dates are too old owing to detrital or xenocrystic contamination in the larger samples that are necessary for the technique. The new dates are similar to recent 40Ar/39Ar ages of the Bishop Tuff determined on individual samples by others but are derived from a larger proximal sample population and from multiple analysis of each sample. The results provide a definitive and precise age calibration of this widespread chronostratigraphic marker in the western United States and northeastern Pacific Ocean. We calculated the age of the M-B transition at five sites, assuming constant sedimentation rates, the age of the Bishop ash bed and one or more well-dated chronostratigraphic horizons above and below the Bishop Tuff ash bed and M-B transition, and stratigraphic separations between these datum levels. The age of the M-B transition is 774.2±2.8 ka, based on the average of eight such calculations, close to other recent determinations, and similar to that determined from the astronomically tuned polarity timescale. Our approach provides an alternative and surprisingly precise method for determining the age of the M-B and other chronostratigraphic levels. The above dates, calculated using U.S. Geological Survey values of 27.92 Ma for the Taylor Creek (TC) sanidine can be recalculated to other widely used values for these monitors. For example, using recently published values of 28.34 Ma (TC) and 523.1 Ma (McLure Mountain hornblende, MMhb-1), the resulting ages are ∼774 ka for the Bishop Tuff and ash bed and ∼789 ka for the M-B transition.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/2000JB900901","issn":"01480227","usgsCitation":"Sarna-Wojcicki, A., Pringle, M.S., and Wijbrans, J., 2000, New 40Ar/39Ar age of the Bishop Tuff from multiple sites and sediment rate calibration for the Matuyama-Brunhes boundary: Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth, v. 105, no. B9, p. 21431-21443, https://doi.org/10.1029/2000JB900901.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"21431","endPage":"21443","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":230874,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"Bishop Tuff","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -119.13436889648436,\n              37.95610943630718\n            ],\n            [\n              -119.18243408203124,\n              37.88786039168385\n            ],\n            [\n              -119.1412353515625,\n              37.791337175930686\n            ],\n            [\n              -119.0478515625,\n              37.67295135774715\n            ],\n            [\n              -118.96682739257812,\n              37.604440246103636\n            ],\n            [\n              -118.88717651367189,\n              37.58920697640771\n            ],\n            [\n              -118.81301879882812,\n              37.56199695314352\n            ],\n            [\n              -118.67431640625,\n              37.514083168101116\n            ],\n            [\n              -118.67294311523438,\n              37.39307301476918\n            ],\n            [\n              -118.5809326171875,\n              37.34832607355296\n            ],\n            [\n              -118.38729858398436,\n              37.36797435878155\n            ],\n            [\n              -118.28018188476562,\n              37.446516047833484\n            ],\n            [\n              -118.33099365234375,\n              37.62728430268013\n            ],\n            [\n              -118.36807250976561,\n              37.751172385606196\n            ],\n            [\n              -118.41339111328125,\n              37.81846319511331\n            ],\n            [\n              -118.40927124023438,\n              37.88352498087131\n            ],\n            [\n              -118.70590209960938,\n              38.097821233295114\n            ],\n            [\n              -118.97232055664062,\n              37.93661617256258\n            ],\n            [\n              -119.13436889648436,\n              37.95610943630718\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"105","issue":"B9","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2000-09-10","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a6511e4b0c8380cd72aee","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Sarna-Wojcicki, A.M. 0000-0002-0244-9149","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0244-9149","contributorId":104022,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sarna-Wojcicki","given":"A.M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":393683,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Pringle, M. S.","contributorId":107712,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pringle","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":393684,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Wijbrans, J.","contributorId":36706,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wijbrans","given":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":393682,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70022445,"text":"70022445 - 2000 - Depletion of Appalachian coal reserves - how soon?","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:43","indexId":"70022445","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2033,"text":"International Journal of Coal Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Depletion of Appalachian coal reserves - how soon?","docAbstract":"Much of the coal consumed in the US since the end of the last century has been produced from the Pennsylvanian strata of the Appalachian basin. Even though quantities mined in the past are less than they are today, this basin yielded from 70% to 80% of the nation's annual coal production from the end of the last century until the early 1970s. During the last 25 years, the proportion of the nation's coal that was produced annually from the Appalachian basin has declined markedly, and today it is only about 40% of the total. The amount of coal produced annually in the Appalachian basin, however, has been rising slowly over the last several decades, and has ranged generally from 400 to 500 million tons (Mt) per year. A large proportion of Appalachian historical production has come from relatively few counties in southwestern Pennsylvania, northern and southern West Virginia, eastern Kentucky, Virginia and Alabama. Many of these counties are decades past their years of peak production and several are almost depleted of economic deposits of coal. Because the current major consumer of Appalachian coal is the electric power industry, coal quality, especially sulfur content, has a great impact on its marketability. High-sulfur coal deposits in western Pennsylvania and Ohio are in low demand when compared with the lower sulfur coals of Virginia and southern West Virginia. Only five counties in the basin that have produced 500 Mt or more exhibit increasing rates of production at relatively high levels. Of these, six are in the central part of the basin and only one, Greene County, Pennsylvania, is in the northern part of the basin. Decline rate models, based on production decline rates and the decline rate of the estimated, 'potential' reserve, indicate that Appalachian basin annual coal production will be 200 Mt or less by the middle of the next century. Published by Elsevier Science B.V.Much of the coal consumed in the US since the end of the last century has been produced from the Pennsylvanian strata of the Appalachian basin. Even though quantities mined in the past are less than they are today, this basin yielded from 70% to 80% of the nation's annual coal production from the end of the last century until the early 1970s. During the last 25 years, the proportion of the nation's coal that was produced annually from the Appalachian basin has declined markedly, and today it is only about 40% of the total. The amount of coal produced annually in the Appalachian basin, however, has been rising slowly over the last several decades, and has ranged generally from 400 to 500 million tons (Mt) per year. A large proportion of Appalachian historical production has come from relatively few counties in southwestern Pennsylvania, northern and southern West Virginia, eastern Kentucky, Virginia and Alabama. Many of these counties are decades past their years of peak production and several are almost depleted of economic deposits of coal. Because the current major consumer of Appalachian coal is the electric power industry, coal quality, especially sulfur content, has a great impact on its marketability. High-sulfur coal deposits in western Pennsylvania and Ohio are in low demand when compared with the lower sulfur coals of Virginia and southern West Virginia. Only five counties in the basin that have produced 500 Mt or more exhibit increasing rates of production at relatively high levels. Of these, six are in the central part of the basin and only one, Greene County, Pennsylvania, is in the northern part of the basin. Decline rate models, based on production decline rates and the decline rate of the estimated, `potential' reserve, indicate that Appalachian basin annual coal production will be 200 Mt or less by the middle of the next century.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"International Journal of Coal Geology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisherLocation":"Elsevier Science B.V.","doi":"10.1016/S0166-5162(00)00013-6","issn":"01665162","usgsCitation":"Milici, R.C., 2000, Depletion of Appalachian coal reserves - how soon?: International Journal of Coal Geology, v. 44, no. 3-4, p. 251-266, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0166-5162(00)00013-6.","startPage":"251","endPage":"266","numberOfPages":"16","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":206741,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0166-5162(00)00013-6"},{"id":230681,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"44","issue":"3-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059feb1e4b0c8380cd4ee8c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Milici, R. C.","contributorId":58688,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Milici","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":393647,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70022443,"text":"70022443 - 2000 - Information technology developments within the national biological information infrastructure","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-08-13T10:18:02","indexId":"70022443","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2703,"text":"Mathematics and Computers in Modern Science - Acoustics and Music, Biology and Chemistry, Business and Economics","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Information technology developments within the national biological information infrastructure","docAbstract":"Looking out an office window or exploring a community park, one can easily see the tremendous challenges that biological information presents the computer science community. Biological information varies in format and content depending whether or not it is information pertaining to a particular species (i.e. Brown Tree Snake), or a specific ecosystem, which often includes multiple species, land use characteristics, and geospatially referenced information. The complexity and uniqueness of each individual species or ecosystem do not easily lend themselves to today's computer science tools and applications. To address the challenges that the biological enterprise presents the National Biological Information Infrastructure (NBII) (http://www.nbii.gov) was established in 1993. The NBII is designed to address these issues on a National scale within the United States, and through international partnerships abroad. This paper discusses current computer science efforts within the National Biological Information Infrastructure Program and future computer science research endeavors that are needed to address the ever-growing issues related to our Nation's biological concerns.","language":"English","publisher":"World Scientific and Engineering Academy and Society","isbn":"9608052238","usgsCitation":"Cotter, G., and Frame, M., 2000, Information technology developments within the national biological information infrastructure: Mathematics and Computers in Modern Science - Acoustics and Music, Biology and Chemistry, Business and Economics, p. 206-211.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"206","endPage":"211","costCenters":[{"id":37226,"text":"Core Science Analytics, Synthesis, and Libraries","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":230647,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a3bb9e4b0c8380cd627ba","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Cotter, Gladys","contributorId":206945,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Cotter","given":"Gladys","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":393641,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Frame, Mike 0000-0001-9995-2172 mike_frame@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9995-2172","contributorId":4541,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Frame","given":"Mike","email":"mike_frame@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":208,"text":"Core Science Analytics and Synthesis","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":393640,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70022413,"text":"70022413 - 2000 - Walnut creek watershed monitoring project, Iowa: Monitoring water quality in response to prairie restoration","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-08-25T15:20:20.514216","indexId":"70022413","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2529,"text":"Journal of the American Water Resources Association","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Walnut creek watershed monitoring project, Iowa: Monitoring water quality in response to prairie restoration","docAbstract":"Land use and surface water data for nitrogen and pesticides (1995 to 1997) are reported for the Walnut Creek Watershed Monitoring Project, Jasper County Iowa. The Walnut Creek project was established in 1995 as a nonpoint source monitoring program in relation to watershed habitat restoration and agricultural management changes implemented at the Neal Smith National Wildlife Refuge by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. The monitoring project utilizes a paired-watershed approach (Walnut and Squaw creeks) as well as upstream/downstream comparisons on Walnut for analysis and tracking of trends. From 1992 to 1997, 13.4 percent of the watershed was converted from row crop to native prairie in the Walnut Creek watershed. Including another 6 percent of watershed farmed on a cash-rent basis, land use changes have been implemented on 19.4 percent of the watershed by the USFWS. Nitrogen and pesticide applications were reduced an estimated 18 percent and 28 percent in the watershed from land use changes. Atrazine was detected most often in surface water with frequencies of detection ranging from 76-86 percent. No significant differences were noted in atrazine concentrations between Walnut and Squaw Creek. Nitrate-N concentrations measured in both watersheds were similar; both basins showed a similar pattern of detection and an overall reduction in nitrate-N concentrations from upstream to downstream monitoring sites. Water quality improvements are suggested by nitrate-N and chloride ratios less than one in the Walnut Creek watershed and low nitrate-N concentrations measured in the subbasin of Walnut Creek containing the greatest amount of land use changes. Atrazine and nitrate-N concentrations from the lower portion of the Walnut Creek watershed (including the prairie restoration area) may be decreasing in relation to the upstream untreated component of the watershed. The frequencies of pesticide detections and mean nitrate-N concentrations appear related to the percentage of row crop in the basins and subbasins. Although some results are encouraging, definitive water quality improvements have not been observed during the first three years of monitoring. Possible reasons include: (1) more time is needed to adequately detect changes; (2) the size of the watershed is too large to detect improvements; (3) land use changes are not located in the area of the watershed where they would have greatest effect; or (4) water quality improvements have occurred but have been missed by the project monitoring design. Longer-term monitoring will allow better evaluation of the impact of restoration activities on water quality.An overview is given on the Walnut Creek Watershed Monitoring Project established as a nonpoint source monitoring program in relation to watershed habitat restoration and agricultural management changes implemented at the Neal Smith National Wildlife Refuge by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Services. Focus is on land use and surface water data for nitrogen and pesticides. Initial results obtained for the first three years of monitoring are discussed.","language":"English","publisher":"American Water Resources Association","publisherLocation":"Herndon, VA, United States","doi":"10.1111/j.1752-1688.2000.tb05713.x","issn":"1093474X","usgsCitation":"Schilling, K.E., and Thompson, C.A., 2000, Walnut creek watershed monitoring project, Iowa: Monitoring water quality in response to prairie restoration: Journal of the American Water Resources Association, v. 36, no. 5, p. 1101-1114, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-1688.2000.tb05713.x.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"1101","endPage":"1114","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":230756,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Iowa","otherGeospatial":"Walnut Creek","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -93.97327423095702,\n              41.61518564951443\n            ],\n            [\n              -93.81431579589844,\n              41.61518564951443\n            ],\n            [\n              -93.81431579589844,\n              41.69034777353792\n            ],\n            [\n              -93.97327423095702,\n              41.69034777353792\n            ],\n            [\n              -93.97327423095702,\n              41.61518564951443\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"36","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2007-06-08","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bc3c2e4b08c986b32b37e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Schilling, K. E.","contributorId":61982,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schilling","given":"K.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":393542,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Thompson, C. A.","contributorId":98769,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Thompson","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":393543,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
]}