Hand-reared (56) and parent-reared (76) juvenile Mississippi sandhill cranes (Grus canadensis pulla) were produced at the Patuxent Wildlife Research Center (Patuxent), Laurel, Maryland over a 4-year period (1989-92) and released at the Mississippi Sandhill Crane National Wildlife Refuge (Refuge), Gautier, Mississippi in a controlled experiment. Hand-reared survival rates proved higher than for parent-reared survival for each time category: 6 months, 86% versus 75%; 1 year, 77% versus 68%; 2 years 66% versus 53%; 3 years, 55% versus 43%: partial data for fourth and filth years were 57% versus 31% and 48% versus 37%.
","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Proceedings of the Eighth North American Crane Workshop","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":4,"text":"Other Government Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"North American Crane Working Group","publisherLocation":"Seattle, Washington","collaboration":" ","usgsCitation":"Ellis, D.H., Gee, G., Olsen, G.H., Hereford, S.G., Nicolich, J.M., Thomas, N., and Nagendran, M., 2001, Minimum survival rates for Mississippi sandhill cranes: a comparison of hand-rearing and parent-rearing, chap. of Proceedings of the Eighth North American Crane Workshop, p. 80-84.","productDescription":"ix, 226","startPage":"80","endPage":"84","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":203185,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Maryland, Mississippi","county":"Gautier, MS; Laurel, MD","otherGeospatial":"Mississippi Sandhill Crane National Wildlife Refuge; Patuxent Wildlife Research Center, MD","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -76.81451797485352,\n 39.09503035637981\n ],\n [\n -76.79323196411133,\n 39.089168143002986\n ],\n [\n -76.77743911743164,\n 39.09103344557164\n ],\n [\n -76.7640495300293,\n 39.09489712966929\n ],\n [\n -76.71993255615233,\n 39.08863519035071\n ],\n [\n -76.71667098999023,\n 39.07451047771324\n ],\n [\n -76.74636840820312,\n 39.03451955003222\n ],\n [\n -76.7475700378418,\n 39.02905236430158\n ],\n [\n -76.81297302246092,\n 39.00184349478841\n ],\n [\n -76.82550430297852,\n 39.01224812224337\n ],\n [\n -76.81966781616211,\n 39.01865020920716\n ],\n [\n -76.82550430297852,\n 39.03371950048907\n ],\n [\n -76.8358039855957,\n 39.03985298218021\n ],\n [\n -76.83065414428711,\n 39.057983640140826\n ],\n [\n -76.83116912841797,\n 39.06984603648685\n ],\n [\n -76.81451797485352,\n 39.09503035637981\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n },\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -88.68730545043945,\n 30.493651170505892\n ],\n [\n -88.64044189453124,\n 30.492319898486365\n ],\n [\n -88.64336013793945,\n 30.446601847161052\n ],\n [\n -88.62791061401367,\n 30.4396460886695\n ],\n [\n -88.62756729125977,\n 30.41685140346833\n ],\n [\n -88.65331649780273,\n 30.408709153751015\n ],\n [\n -88.70618820190428,\n 30.410189613309157\n ],\n [\n -88.71356964111328,\n 30.425733083008396\n ],\n [\n -88.72249603271484,\n 30.45474093431593\n ],\n [\n -88.72369766235352,\n 30.470721163784\n ],\n [\n -88.69331359863281,\n 30.477082932837682\n ],\n [\n -88.68730545043945,\n 30.493651170505892\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b05e4b07f02db699d17","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ellis, D. 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Rationale for the book, aim of the book, and structure of the book. Aspirations and chanllenges.","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Ecotoxicology of Wild Mammals","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":4,"text":"Other Government Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"John Wiley & Sons","publisherLocation":"Chichester, England","collaboration":"OCLC: 44634347","usgsCitation":"Shore, R., and Rattner, B., 2001, Editors' Preface, chap. of Ecotoxicology of Wild Mammals, p. xiii-xvi.","productDescription":"xxi, 730","startPage":"xiii","endPage":"xvi","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":203105,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a4be4b07f02db6258a9","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Shore, R.F.","contributorId":70899,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Shore","given":"R.F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":507623,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Rattner, Barnett A. 0000-0003-3676-2843","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3676-2843","contributorId":95843,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rattner","given":"Barnett A.","affiliations":[{"id":50464,"text":"Eastern Ecological Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":507624,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":2}],"authors":[{"text":"Shore, R.F.","contributorId":70899,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Shore","given":"R.F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":330089,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Rattner, Barnett A. 0000-0003-3676-2843","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3676-2843","contributorId":95843,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rattner","given":"Barnett A.","affiliations":[{"id":50464,"text":"Eastern Ecological Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":330090,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":5211137,"text":"5211137 - 2001 - Lessons from the motorized migrations","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:15:21","indexId":"5211137","displayToPublicDate":"2009-06-09T09:23:19","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"title":"Lessons from the motorized migrations","docAbstract":"Ten experiments have been conducted to determine if cranes can be led on migration and if those so trained will repeat migrations on their own. Results have been mixed as we have experienced the mishaps common to pilot studies. Nevertheless, we have learned many valuable lessons. Chief among these are that cranes can be led long distances behind motorized craft (air and ground), and those led over most or the entire route will return north come spring and south in fall to and from the general area of training. However, they will follow their own route. Groups transported south and flown at intervals along the route will migrate but often miss target termini. If certain protocol restrictions are followed, it is possible to make the trained cranes wild, however, the most practical way of so doing is to introduce them into a flock of wild cranes. We project that it is possible to create or restore wild migratory flocks of cranes by first leading small groups from chosen northern to southern termini.","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Proceedings of the Eighth North American Crane Workshop","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":4,"text":"Other Government Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"North American Crane Working Group","publisherLocation":"Seattle, Washington","collaboration":" ","usgsCitation":"Ellis, D.H., Gee, G., Clegg, K.R., Duff, J.W., Lishman, W.A., and Sladen, W.J., 2001, Lessons from the motorized migrations, chap. of Proceedings of the Eighth North American Crane Workshop, p. 139-144.","productDescription":"ix, 226","startPage":"139","endPage":"144","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":201406,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b17e4b07f02db6a6264","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ellis, D. H.","contributorId":79830,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ellis","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":330211,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Gee, G.F.","contributorId":70335,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gee","given":"G.F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":330209,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Clegg, Kent R.","contributorId":45420,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Clegg","given":"Kent","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":330207,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Duff, Joseph W.","contributorId":70513,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Duff","given":"Joseph","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":330210,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Lishman, William A.","contributorId":48673,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lishman","given":"William","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":330208,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Sladen, William J.L.","contributorId":85676,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Sladen","given":"William","email":"","middleInitial":"J.L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":330212,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":5211093,"text":"5211093 - 2001 - Effects of urbanization on the distribution of area-sensitive forest birds in Prince George's County, Maryland","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:15:30","indexId":"5211093","displayToPublicDate":"2009-06-09T09:23:19","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"title":"Effects of urbanization on the distribution of area-sensitive forest birds in Prince George's County, Maryland","docAbstract":"Bird survey data from Prince George's County, Maryland, were used to evaluate the effects of urbanization on the distribution of forest bird species that are area sensitive. We developed models that predict the probability of occurrence for species during the nesting season as a function of forest area and degree of urbanization. All of the 21 bird species considered occurred in a higher proportion of forests in portions of the county with low or moderate urbanization than in forests in highly urbanized areas, but species differed in their response to urbanization. We calculated the predicted probability of occurrence for each species in each forest in Prince George's County, summed the probabilities to obtain an estimate of the expected number of area-sensitive species, and integrated the expected numbers with a geographic information system coverage of Prince George's County forests to map patterns of species richness countywide. This information can be used to focus efforts to conserve habitat for area-sensitive forest birds, both in Prince George's County and throughout the Chesapeake Bay region.","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Conservation of Biological Diversity: A Key to the Restoration of the Chesapeake Bay Ecosystem and Beyond. Proceedings of a conference held May 10-13, 1998 in Annapolis.","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":4,"text":"Other Government Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"Maryland Department of Natural Resources","publisherLocation":"Annapolis","usgsCitation":"Dawson, D., Robbins, C., and Darr, L., 2001, Effects of urbanization on the distribution of area-sensitive forest birds in Prince George's County, Maryland, chap. of Conservation of Biological Diversity: A Key to the Restoration of the Chesapeake Bay Ecosystem and Beyond. Proceedings of a conference held May 10-13, 1998 in Annapolis., p. 207-213.","productDescription":"vii, 344","startPage":"207","endPage":"213","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":201721,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a26e4b07f02db60fdf2","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Therres, Glenn D.","contributorId":112254,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Therres","given":"Glenn","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":507593,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1}],"authors":[{"text":"Dawson, D.K. 0000-0001-7531-212X","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7531-212X","contributorId":94752,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dawson","given":"D.K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":330056,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Robbins, C.S.","contributorId":53907,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Robbins","given":"C.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":330054,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Darr, L.J.","contributorId":83636,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Darr","given":"L.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":330055,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":5211094,"text":"5211094 - 2001 - Methods for estimating dispersal probabilities and related parameters using marked animals","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:15:26","indexId":"5211094","displayToPublicDate":"2009-06-09T09:23:19","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"title":"Methods for estimating dispersal probabilities and related parameters using marked animals","docAbstract":"Deriving valid inferences about the causes and consequences of dispersal from empirical studies depends largely on our ability reliably to estimate parameters associated with dispersal. Here, we present a review of the methods available for estimating dispersal and related parameters using marked individuals. We emphasize methods that place dispersal in a probabilistic framework. In this context, we define a dispersal event as a movement of a specified distance or from one predefined patch to another, the magnitude of the distance or the definition of a `patch? depending on the ecological or evolutionary question(s) being addressed. We have organized the chapter based on four general classes of data for animals that are captured, marked, and released alive: (1) recovery data, in which animals are recovered dead at a subsequent time, (2) recapture/resighting data, in which animals are either recaptured or resighted alive on subsequent sampling occasions, (3) known-status data, in which marked animals are reobserved alive or dead at specified times with probability 1.0, and (4) combined data, in which data are of more than one type (e.g., live recapture and ring recovery). For each data type, we discuss the data required, the estimation techniques, and the types of questions that might be addressed from studies conducted at single and multiple sites.","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Dispersal","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":4,"text":"Other Government Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"Oxford University Press","publisherLocation":"Oxford","usgsCitation":"Bennetts, R., Nichols, J., Pradel, R., Lebreton, J., and Kitchens, W., 2001, Methods for estimating dispersal probabilities and related parameters using marked animals, chap. of Dispersal, p. 3-17.","productDescription":"448","startPage":"3","endPage":"17","numberOfPages":"448","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":203075,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a51e4b07f02db62a1e5","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Clobert, Jean","contributorId":114051,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Clobert","given":"Jean","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":507597,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Danchin, Etienne","contributorId":69034,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Danchin","given":"Etienne","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":507595,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Dhondt, Andre A.","contributorId":93620,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dhondt","given":"Andre","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":507596,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Nichols, James D. 0000-0002-7631-2890 jnichols@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7631-2890","contributorId":405,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nichols","given":"James D.","email":"jnichols@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":507594,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":4}],"authors":[{"text":"Bennetts, R.E.","contributorId":103214,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bennetts","given":"R.E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":330060,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Nichols, J.D. 0000-0002-7631-2890","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7631-2890","contributorId":14332,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nichols","given":"J.D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":330057,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Pradel, R.","contributorId":85692,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pradel","given":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":330058,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Lebreton, J.D.","contributorId":104186,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lebreton","given":"J.D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":330061,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Kitchens, W.M.","contributorId":87647,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kitchens","given":"W.M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":330059,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":5211138,"text":"5211138 - 2001 - A comparison of behavior for two cohorts of captive-reared greater sandhill cranes released in northern Arizona","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:15:22","indexId":"5211138","displayToPublicDate":"2009-06-09T09:23:19","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"title":"A comparison of behavior for two cohorts of captive-reared greater sandhill cranes released in northern Arizona","docAbstract":"To determine how the behavior of greater sandhill cranes (Grus canadensis tabida) changes according to time of year, time of day, and number of days after release, we observed the activities of 2 groups of captive-reared greater sandhill cranes at Mormon Lake, northern Arizona. The behaviors we compared were alert, loafing, sleeping, foraging, preening, locomotion, and other. We found costume-reared subadult greater sandhill cranes that were established at the study site for a year spent more time foraging and being alert towards predators than parent-reared juvenile greater sandhill cranes that were recently released from captivity. We also found that with time juvenile sandhill cranes were increasingly alert and spent less time loafing. It appeared that captive-reared juvenile sandhill cranes learn behavior important for survival from previously released captive-reared cranes.","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Proceedings of the Eighth North American Crane Workshop","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":4,"text":"Other Government Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"North American Crane Working Group","publisherLocation":"Seattle, Washington","collaboration":" ","usgsCitation":"Mummert, D., Chambers, C.L., and Ellis, D.H., 2001, A comparison of behavior for two cohorts of captive-reared greater sandhill cranes released in northern Arizona, chap. of Proceedings of the Eighth North American Crane Workshop, p. 145-154.","productDescription":"ix, 226","startPage":"145","endPage":"154","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":201345,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b27e4b07f02db6b0fc1","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Mummert, D.P.","contributorId":84477,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mummert","given":"D.P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":330215,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Chambers, C. 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We hypothesized that exposure to ponds (water conditioning) at the rearing site would encourage birds to roost in deeper water marshes after release and such exposure would thereby reduce bobcat predation. In this study, we moved young birds (ca 50 days of age) to netted pens with large (15-m diameter), deep 30-60 cm) naturally vegetated ponds. We randomly assigned the costume-reared whooping cranes into 2 equal-sized groups at fledging. Some groups were placed in pens with a pond (experimental or ponded groups) and the others we reared without additional water exposure (control groups). All birds in the pens with ponds used the water. At night, they roosted at a depth of 36-46 cm. During the day, the birds used the ponds as well as other areas of the pen. We released 3 pairs of water-conditioned and control cohorts, 1 set in 1995 and 2 in 1996. No obvious behavioral differences were noted between the cohorts released in those years. Controls survived as expected (about 60% first year survival). The water-conditioned birds had much higher survival the first year (85%) and continued to survive better for the next 3 years.","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Proceedings of the Eighth North American Crane Workshop","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":4,"text":"Other Government Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"North American Crane Working Group","publisherLocation":"Seattle, Washington","collaboration":" ","usgsCitation":"Gee, G., Nicolich, J.M., Nesbitt, S., Hatfield, J., Ellis, D.H., and Olsen, G.H., 2001, Water conditioning and whooping crane survival after release in Florida, chap. of Proceedings of the Eighth North American Crane Workshop, p. 160-165.","productDescription":"ix, 226","startPage":"160","endPage":"165","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":203221,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49fae4b07f02db5f3fa2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Gee, G.F.","contributorId":70335,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gee","given":"G.F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":330223,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Nicolich, Jane M.","contributorId":8045,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nicolich","given":"Jane","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":330219,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Nesbitt, S.A.","contributorId":13572,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nesbitt","given":"S.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":330220,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Hatfield, Jeff S.","contributorId":41372,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hatfield","given":"Jeff S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":330221,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Ellis, D. H.","contributorId":79830,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ellis","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":330224,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Olsen, Glenn H. 0000-0002-7188-6203 golsen@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7188-6203","contributorId":40918,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Olsen","given":"Glenn","email":"golsen@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":330222,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":5211141,"text":"5211141 - 2001 - Natural fertility in whooping cranes and Mississippi sandhill cranes at Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:15:25","indexId":"5211141","displayToPublicDate":"2009-06-09T09:23:19","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"title":"Natural fertility in whooping cranes and Mississippi sandhill cranes at Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","docAbstract":"The first fertile whooping crane (Grus americana; WC) egg produced through natural breeding at Patuxent Wildlife Research Center (Patuxent) was laid in 1991. Prior to that time, all fertile whooping crane eggs were the result of artificial insemination. Since 1991, eight different whooping crane pairs at Patuxent have produced fertile eggs through natural breeding. Mean fertility averages over years for each pair range from 40% to 93%. Fertility rates for each pair also vary greatly between years, from 0% to 100% but the causes of the variance are unknown. Experiences with natural fertility in Mississippi sandhill cranes (G. canadensis pulla; MSC) have been similar. Annual natural fertility rates averaged from 21% to 89% and fertility averages for each of 7 pairs also varied greatly between years. Rearing methods have not determined success in natural breeding for either species. Both hand-reared and parent-reared pairs have been fertile. Wing condition, however, has been an important factor affecting natural fertility. Becausce artificial insemination (AI) generally results in higher fertility rates than natural breeding, Al should continue for some pairs.","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Proceedings of the Eighth North American Crane Workshop","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":4,"text":"Other Government Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"North American Crane Working Group","publisherLocation":"Seattle, Washington","collaboration":" ","usgsCitation":"Nicolich, J.M., Gee, G., Ellis, D.H., and Hereford, S.G., 2001, Natural fertility in whooping cranes and Mississippi sandhill cranes at Patuxent Wildlife Research Center, chap. of Proceedings of the Eighth North American Crane Workshop, p. 170-177.","productDescription":"ix, 226","startPage":"170","endPage":"177","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":203179,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b00e4b07f02db697f4a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Nicolich, Jane M.","contributorId":8045,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nicolich","given":"Jane","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":330225,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Gee, G.F.","contributorId":70335,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gee","given":"G.F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":330226,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Ellis, D. H.","contributorId":79830,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ellis","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":330227,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Hereford, Scott G.","contributorId":100792,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hereford","given":"Scott","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":330228,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":5211142,"text":"5211142 - 2001 - Hematological and serum chemistry norms for sandhill and whooping cranes","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-02-06T13:01:34","indexId":"5211142","displayToPublicDate":"2009-06-09T09:23:19","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"title":"Hematological and serum chemistry norms for sandhill and whooping cranes","docAbstract":"The normal values used as a diagnostic tool and for comparison of cranes were established in the early 1970's. In that early study, no effort was made to look at factors such as age, sex, or subspecies. In addition, during the early study disease problems (primarily disseminated visceral coccidiosis) and nutritional problems were undiagnosed and uncontrolled. For 2 years during the annual health examinations of cranes at the USGS Patuxent Wildlife Research Center (Patuxent), we collected blood from healthy cranes for analysis. We found significant differences between the values reported from the 1970's and the values seen in this study for 8 blood parameters for Florida sandhill cranes (Grus canadensis pratensis), 6 blood parameters for greater sandhill cranes (G. c. tabida), and 6 blood parameters for whooping cranes (Grus americana). In addition, there were significant differences for some hematology and serum chemistry values based on the age of the cranes.","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Proceedings of the eighth North American crane workshop","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":4,"text":"Other Government Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"North American Crane Working Group","publisherLocation":"Seattle, Washington","collaboration":" ","usgsCitation":"Olsen, G.H., Hendricks, M., and Dressler, L., 2001, Hematological and serum chemistry norms for sandhill and whooping cranes, chap. of Proceedings of the eighth North American crane workshop, p. 178-184.","productDescription":"226","startPage":"178","endPage":"184","numberOfPages":"226","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":203180,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a61e4b07f02db635d7f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Olsen, Glenn H. 0000-0002-7188-6203 golsen@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7188-6203","contributorId":40918,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Olsen","given":"Glenn","email":"golsen@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":330230,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hendricks, M.M.","contributorId":37456,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hendricks","given":"M.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":330229,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Dressler, L.E.","contributorId":101367,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dressler","given":"L.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":330231,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":5211146,"text":"5211146 - 2001 - Models for the adaptive harvest management of Rocky Mountain sandhill cranes: problems and potential","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:15:21","indexId":"5211146","displayToPublicDate":"2009-06-09T09:23:19","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"title":"Models for the adaptive harvest management of Rocky Mountain sandhill cranes: problems and potential","docAbstract":"The migratory Rocky Mountain Population (RMP) of the greater sandhill crane (Grus canadensis tabida) breeds primarily in river valleys, marshes, and meadows of western Montana and Wyoming, southeastern Idaho, northern Utah, and northwestern Colorado. The RMP winters primarily in the Middle Rio Grande Valley of New Mexico, with smaller concentrations in the southwestern parts of that state, southeastern Arizona, and the northern highlands of Mexico. The San Luis Valley of Colorado is used as a stopover in both the spring and fall migrations. The RMP has been hunted on a permit basis since 1981, and currently these cranes are harvested in Arizona, Idaho, Montana, New Mexico, Utah and Wyoming, and in Mexico. There are several sources of historic information on the dynamics of this population. Age ratios have been estimated from field observations in the San Luis Valley during fall migration since 1972. Cranes were banded, mostly on summer areas, from 1969-89, and re-sighted throughout the annual cycle. Aerial surveys and coordinated ground counts have been conducted either during spring migration in the San Luis Valley or in fall prior to migration since 1984 and 1987, respectively. A harvest survey has been conducted since 1981. Current monitoring programs include the fall assessment of age ratios, the fall pre-migration coordinated count, and the harvest survey. We discuss current attempts to use these information sources to build recruitment, survival, and harvest models for use in adaptive harvest management.","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Proceedings of the eighth North American crane workshop","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":4,"text":"Other Government Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"North American Crane Working Group","publisherLocation":"Seattle, Washington","collaboration":" ","usgsCitation":"Kendall, W., and Drewien, R., 2001, Models for the adaptive harvest management of Rocky Mountain sandhill cranes: problems and potential, chap. of Proceedings of the eighth North American crane workshop.","productDescription":"226","startPage":"217 (abs)","numberOfPages":"226","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":200406,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a0ee4b07f02db5fe094","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kendall, W. L. 0000-0003-0084-9891","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0084-9891","contributorId":32880,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kendall","given":"W. L.","affiliations":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":330241,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Drewien, Rod C.","contributorId":58594,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Drewien","given":"Rod C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":330242,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":5211143,"text":"5211143 - 2001 - The effects of semen collection on fertility in captive, naturally fertile, sandhill cranes","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:15:25","indexId":"5211143","displayToPublicDate":"2009-06-09T09:23:19","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"title":"The effects of semen collection on fertility in captive, naturally fertile, sandhill cranes","docAbstract":"We tested to see if semen collection interferes with fertility in naturally fertile pairs of cranes. We used 12 naturally fertile, Florida sandhill crane (Grus canadensis pratensis) pairs for this study, 6 control and 6 experimental. All pairs had previously produced fertile eggs. Semen was collected on Tuesday mornings and Friday afternoons from 26 February 1993 to 4 June 1993. We used standard artificial insemination methods to collect and to evaluate the semen and spermatozoa. Semen collection had minimal effect on semen quality and semen quantity. Semen volume, sperm density, sperm motility, sperm morphology, sperm viability, sperm number per collection, and male response to semen collection exhibited significant daily variation. Although semen collection began 13 days before the first egg in the experimental group, we did not observe differences in the date of first egg laid or in fertility between experimental and control groups. Also, we observed no statistically significant differences in the interval between clutches or in the percentage of broken eggs between experimental and control groups. However, 4 eggs were broken by adults during the disturbance associated with capturing birds for semen collection. We found that females with mates from which we consistently gathered better semen samples produced fewer fertile eggs than females with sires producing poorer semen samples (r = 0.60). We interpret these results to mean that males that were successfully breeding with their mates had little left at the time of our collection.","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Proceedings of the eighth North American crane workshop","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":4,"text":"Other Government Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"North American Crane Working Group","publisherLocation":"Seattle, Washington","collaboration":" ","usgsCitation":"Chen, G., Gee, G., Nicolich, J.M., and Taylor, J., 2001, The effects of semen collection on fertility in captive, naturally fertile, sandhill cranes, chap. of Proceedings of the eighth North American crane workshop, p. 185-194.","productDescription":"226","startPage":"185","endPage":"194","numberOfPages":"226","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":203223,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a9be4b07f02db65de3b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Chen, G.","contributorId":81223,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chen","given":"G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":330235,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Gee, G.F.","contributorId":70335,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gee","given":"G.F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":330234,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Nicolich, Jane M.","contributorId":8045,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nicolich","given":"Jane","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":330232,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Taylor, J.A.","contributorId":41116,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Taylor","given":"J.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":330233,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":5211147,"text":"5211147 - 2001 - Evaluation of the major histocompatibility complex (Mhc) in cranes: applications to conservation efforts","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:15:21","indexId":"5211147","displayToPublicDate":"2009-06-09T09:23:19","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"title":"Evaluation of the major histocompatibility complex (Mhc) in cranes: applications to conservation efforts","docAbstract":"Although there have been heated discussions concerning the relative importance of using Mhc diversity as a basis for selecting breeders in conservation projects, most parties agree that the genetic variability residual in an endangered species should be maintained through genetic management, if at all possible. Substantial evidence exists (particularly in birds) documenting the influences of specific Mhc haplotypes on disease outcome and also that those individuals which are heterozygous for Mhc alleles appear to have an advantage for survival over those that are homozygous. Thus, conservation of genetic variability of the Mhc is likely important for the preservation of fitness, especially in small breeding populations. More than half of the world's crane species are listed as endangered. Members of all 15 known species are represented among breeding animals for captive propagation at the International Crane Foundation (Wisconsin) and the USGS Patuxent Wildlife Research Center (Maryland). Collaborative multi-organization efforts and the availability of extensive pedigree records have allowed the study of Mhc variability in several species of cranes. We have found, for example, that Mhc diversity in the captive Florida sandhill crane (Grus canadensis pratensis) population appears high, whereas in the captive whooping crane (Grus americana), which has undergone a severe 'genetic bottleneck,? both the number of alleles and the levels of heterozygosity appear to be substantially reduced.","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Proceedings of the eighth North American crane workshop","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":4,"text":"Other Government Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"North American Crane Working Group","publisherLocation":"Seattle, Washington","collaboration":" ","usgsCitation":"Jarvi, S., Miller, M., Goto, R., Gee, G., and Briles, W., 2001, Evaluation of the major histocompatibility complex (Mhc) in cranes: applications to conservation efforts, chap. of Proceedings of the eighth North American crane workshop.","productDescription":"226","startPage":"223 (abs)","numberOfPages":"226","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":200407,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a08e4b07f02db5fa2d2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Jarvi, S.I.","contributorId":60341,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jarvi","given":"S.I.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":330246,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Miller, M.M.","contributorId":24048,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Miller","given":"M.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":330244,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Goto, R.M.","contributorId":13347,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Goto","given":"R.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":330243,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Gee, G.F.","contributorId":70335,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gee","given":"G.F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":330247,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Briles, W.E.","contributorId":34614,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Briles","given":"W.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":330245,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":5211288,"text":"5211288 - 2001 - Effects of gulls on Piping Plover nest site selection at Monomoy National Wildlife Refuge, Massachusetts","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:15:18","indexId":"5211288","displayToPublicDate":"2009-06-09T09:23:19","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"title":"Effects of gulls on Piping Plover nest site selection at Monomoy National Wildlife Refuge, Massachusetts","docAbstract":"We examined the effects of Herring and Great Black-backed Gulls on Piping Plover nest site selection on South Monomoy Island, MA, from 1998 to 2000. We compared Piping Plover behavior and nest site selection in a gull-free area to a gull area, and compared Piping Plover nesting area characteristics to areas not used by plovers. We found no difference in the frequency of disturbance by gulls to pre-nesting adult plovers between the two areas. We found fewer gulls near pre-nesting adults than near random points, and fewer gulls in Piping Plover nesting areas than in areas not used by plovers. Proximity to prime foraging habitats and available nesting habitat (wide stretches of open vegetation) may be more important to Piping Plover nest site selection than the presence of gulls.","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Abstracts of papers presented at the 119th stated meeting of the American Ornithologists' Union in conjunction with the 20th annual meeting of the Society of Canadian Ornithologists Societe des Ornithologistes du Canada 16 - 18 August at the University of Washington, Seattle","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":4,"text":"Other Government Series"},"language":"English","usgsCitation":"Keane, S.E., Fraser, J., and Buckley, P.A., 2001, Effects of gulls on Piping Plover nest site selection at Monomoy National Wildlife Refuge, Massachusetts, chap. of Abstracts of papers presented at the 119th stated meeting of the American Ornithologists' Union in conjunction with the 20th annual meeting of the Society of Canadian Ornithologists Societe des Ornithologistes du Canada 16 - 18 August at the University of Washington, Seattle.","productDescription":"168","startPage":"120 abstra","numberOfPages":"168","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":200839,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a2ee4b07f02db61524a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Keane, S. E.","contributorId":56336,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Keane","given":"S.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":330602,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Fraser, J.D.","contributorId":68842,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fraser","given":"J.D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":330603,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Buckley, P. A.","contributorId":69264,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Buckley","given":"P.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":330604,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":5211148,"text":"5211148 - 2001 - The one-by-one method for releasing cranes","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:15:21","indexId":"5211148","displayToPublicDate":"2009-06-09T09:23:19","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"title":"The one-by-one method for releasing cranes","docAbstract":"Although the trend for the past 2 decades has been toward releasing naive groups of juveniles after a lengthy acclimation period, in 5 separate releases (1996-2000) we tested the idea that naive juvenile greater sandhill cranes (Grus canadensis tabida) would survive better if released singly into a wild flock of predator-wary birds than if left as a group, inexperienced at foraging and ill prepared to avoiding predators. We released 3 groups of hand-reared juveniles (n = 12 [1996]; n = 8 [1998], n = 12 [1999]) into a wild flock of sandhill cranes (ca 300 birds) on wintering grounds near Gila Bend, Arizona. Another 8 parent-reared colts were released into a small group (4) of subadult greater sandhill cranes (survivors of the 1996 trucking experiment [Ellis, et al. 1997; Ellis et al. 2001, Mummert et al. 2001]) in northcentral Arizona. Another 8 juveniles, costume-reared from hatching, were released into wild sandhill crane flocks in central Wisconsin at autumn staging areas. In all of these tests, cranes were released 1 or 2 at a time, either at the periphery of a wild flock or at a known roost site. Most birds were released in daylight at a foraging area, but because this was a pilot project, we tried a variety of methods. We released a few individuals at odd times (e.g., midnight) and in odd ways (e.g., by flushing a release crane as a wild flock passed overhead). A few birds were initially left stranded after we placed them at ephemeral roosts that had been used recently, but not subsequent to our visit. However, once we made the necessary adjustments, and regardless of release time or situation, all of our cranes very quickly joined their adoptive flocks. We experienced excellent survival, including 100% survival for all 8 of our parent-reared fledgling colts released on the summering ground and followed until they disappeared at the time of migration. Further, all (32) hand-reared birds released on the wintering grounds survived the winter. Also all 8 of the juveniles reared and released in Wisconsin successfully migrated south and returned north to Central Wisconsin the following spring. These results recommend the one-by-one method as a promising strategy for releasing juvenile cranes with minimal training, handling, and maintenance. The method provides a likely strategy for building wild flocks of endangered cranes once a core group is established by some other method.","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Proceedings of the Eighth North American Crane Workshop","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":4,"text":"Other Government Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"North American Crane Working Group","publisherLocation":"Seattle, Washington","collaboration":" ","usgsCitation":"Ellis, D.H., Mummert, D., Urbanek, R., Kinloch, M., Mellon, C., Dolbeare, T., and Ossi, D., 2001, The one-by-one method for releasing cranes, chap. of Proceedings of the Eighth North American Crane Workshop.","productDescription":"ix, 226","startPage":"225 (abs)","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":200408,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49e5e4b07f02db5e6de6","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ellis, D. H.","contributorId":79830,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ellis","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":330251,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Mummert, D.P.","contributorId":84477,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mummert","given":"D.P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":330252,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Urbanek, R.P.","contributorId":47891,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Urbanek","given":"R.P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":330249,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Kinloch, M.","contributorId":77270,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kinloch","given":"M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":330250,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Mellon, C.","contributorId":86877,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mellon","given":"C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":330253,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Dolbeare, T.","contributorId":108226,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dolbeare","given":"T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":330254,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Ossi, D.P.","contributorId":31500,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ossi","given":"D.P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":330248,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}} ,{"id":5211290,"text":"5211290 - 2001 - Access to bird population data","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-09-21T10:36:13","indexId":"5211290","displayToPublicDate":"2009-06-09T09:23:19","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"title":"Access to bird population data","docAbstract":"Access to bird population data is critical for effective conservation planning and implementation. Although a tremendous volume of baseline data exists, it is often diffusely distributed and inaccessible to the resource manager and decision maker. A mechanism that facilitates assembly, documentation and delivery of avian data in a user-friendly manner is needed in order to integrate bird-related information resources across agencies and organizations. To address this fundamental need, the National Biological Information Infrastructure (NBII), in partnership with the U.S. Geological Survey's Patuxent Wildlife Research Center and the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, is developing a web-based interactive system that will focus on access to bird population and habitat data used in bird management and conservation. This system, known as the NBII Bird Conservation Node, will support planning and evaluation of bird conservation activities within the context of the North American Bird Conservation Initiative (NABCI), a framework for collaboration among organizations interested in bird conservation across North America. Initial development of the NBII Bird Conservation Node will focus on creating a prototype mapping application that will provide interactive access to data from the North American Breeding Bird Survey, the Colonial Waterbird Survey, the Breeding Waterfowl Population and Habitat Survey, and the Atlantic Flyway Mid-winter Waterfowl Survey. This prototype mapping application, to be available on-line at http://www.nbii.gov by Sep 2001, will lay the foundation for establishment of a Migratory Bird Data Center at Patuxent Wildlife Research Center, and will provide an opportunity for linking to and establishing partnerships with other sources of bird population and habitat data available over the Internet.","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Abstracts of papers presented at the 119th stated meeting of the American Ornithologists' Union in conjunction with the 20th annual meeting of the Society of Canadian Ornithologists Societe des Ornithologistes du Canada 16 - 18 August at the University of Washington, Seattle","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":4,"text":"Other Government Series"},"language":"English","usgsCitation":"Martin, E., Peterjohn, B., and Koneff, M., 2001, Access to bird population data, chap. of Abstracts of papers presented at the 119th stated meeting of the American Ornithologists' Union in conjunction with the 20th annual meeting of the Society of Canadian Ornithologists Societe des Ornithologistes du Canada 16 - 18 August at the University of Washington, Seattle, p. 155-156.","productDescription":"168","startPage":"155","endPage":"156","numberOfPages":"168","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":37226,"text":"Core Science Analytics, Synthesis, and Libraries","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":200901,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b12e4b07f02db6a2567","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Martin, E.","contributorId":76425,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Martin","given":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":330610,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Peterjohn, B.G.","contributorId":25255,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Peterjohn","given":"B.G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":330608,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Koneff, M.D.","contributorId":37031,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Koneff","given":"M.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":330609,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":5211139,"text":"5211139 - 2001 - A reintroduction experiment involving mated pairs of parent-reared greater sandhill cranes in northern Arizona","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:15:22","indexId":"5211139","displayToPublicDate":"2009-06-09T09:23:19","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"title":"A reintroduction experiment involving mated pairs of parent-reared greater sandhill cranes in northern Arizona","docAbstract":"In April 1997, 4 mated pairs of adult greater sandhill cranes (Grus canadensis tabida) were abrupt-released at Mormon Lake, Arizona. Five of 8 adult cranes died within 10 days of release. One crane flew from the release area within 10 days after release and was never relocated. One pair of cranes, with 1 pair member sustaining a broken wing 4 days after release, survived for 4 months and demonstrated the importance of maintaining pair bonds after release. The cause of death of at least 5 birds was predation. The high mediate mortality and complete long-term mortality experienced in this pilot project suggests that adult cranes are poor candidates for release. These poor results encourage that, in future release attempts with mated pairs or other adult cranes, it is important to provide the cranes with roosting habitat while still in captivity and to hold the cranes in an acclimation pen at the release site for several clays prior to release.","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Proceedings of the Eighth North American Crane Workshop","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":4,"text":"Other Government Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"North American Crane Working Group","publisherLocation":"Seattle, Washington","collaboration":" ","usgsCitation":"Mummert, D., Ellis, D.H., and Chambers, C.L., 2001, A reintroduction experiment involving mated pairs of parent-reared greater sandhill cranes in northern Arizona, chap. of Proceedings of the Eighth North American Crane Workshop, p. 155-159.","productDescription":"ix, 226","startPage":"155","endPage":"159","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":201346,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b1ae4b07f02db6a8570","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Mummert, D.P.","contributorId":84477,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mummert","given":"D.P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":330218,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Ellis, D. H.","contributorId":79830,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ellis","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":330217,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Chambers, C. L.","contributorId":48525,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chambers","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":330216,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":5211145,"text":"5211145 - 2001 - Recommendations for the attachment of satellite transmitters to cranes","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:15:21","indexId":"5211145","displayToPublicDate":"2009-06-09T09:23:19","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"title":"Recommendations for the attachment of satellite transmitters to cranes","docAbstract":"Recent advances in miniaturization of satellite transmitters have resulted in thumb-sized packages weighing less than 30 g. These are smaller than VHF radios routinely mounted on crane leg bands. With this development and with favorable signal reception results, there is no need for, and much to recommend against the continued use of back-pack mounts. We provide details for leg-mount attachments.","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Proceedings of the Eighth North American Crane Workshop","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":4,"text":"Other Government Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"North American Crane Working Group","publisherLocation":"Seattle, Washington","collaboration":" ","usgsCitation":"Ellis, D.H., Howey, P., and Krapu, G., 2001, Recommendations for the attachment of satellite transmitters to cranes, chap. of Proceedings of the Eighth North American Crane Workshop, p. 211-212.","productDescription":"ix, 226","startPage":"211","endPage":"212","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":200405,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a51e4b07f02db62a17a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ellis, D. H.","contributorId":79830,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ellis","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":330240,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Howey, P.W.","contributorId":38257,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Howey","given":"P.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":330238,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Krapu, Gary L.","contributorId":56994,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Krapu","given":"Gary L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":330239,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":5211144,"text":"5211144 - 2001 - Ingested metal in whooping cranes: An endoscopic technique for removal and implications for the release program","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-02-06T12:59:49","indexId":"5211144","displayToPublicDate":"2009-06-09T09:23:19","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"title":"Ingested metal in whooping cranes: An endoscopic technique for removal and implications for the release program","docAbstract":"Since 1993 when the whooping crane (Grus americana) release program in Florida started, 21 whooping cranes at the USGS Patuxent Wildlife Research Center (Patuxent) have been diagnosed with gastrointestinal foreign bodies (primarily metal objects). A technique for safely removing these objects has been developed. The technique uses a flexible gastric endoscope to enter the proventriculus or ventriculus, and a snare or forceps passed down a channel of the endoscope to retrieve the foreign bodies. The technique is very successful with the whooping crane usually back to its pen the next day. The long-term survival of the whooping cranes from which gastrointestinal foreign bodies were removed was comparable to the survival of whooping cranes released with no history of gastrointestinal foreign bodies.","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Proceedings of the eighth North American crane workshop","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":4,"text":"Other Government Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"North American Crane Working Group","publisherLocation":"Seattle, Washington","collaboration":" ","usgsCitation":"Olsen, G.H., and Wise, M., 2001, Ingested metal in whooping cranes: An endoscopic technique for removal and implications for the release program, chap. of Proceedings of the eighth North American crane workshop, p. 198-202.","productDescription":"226","startPage":"198","endPage":"202","numberOfPages":"226","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":203225,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49f1e4b07f02db5ee4fc","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Olsen, Glenn H. 0000-0002-7188-6203 golsen@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7188-6203","contributorId":40918,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Olsen","given":"Glenn","email":"golsen@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":330237,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Wise, M.","contributorId":11741,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wise","given":"M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":330236,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":5211107,"text":"5211107 - 2001 - Ecological considerations for reservoir planning in north Georgia","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:15:23","indexId":"5211107","displayToPublicDate":"2009-06-09T09:23:19","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"title":"Ecological considerations for reservoir planning in north Georgia","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Proceedings of the 2001 Georgia Water Resources Conference, held March 26-27","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":4,"text":"Other Government Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"Institute of Ecology, The University of Georgia","publisherLocation":"Athens, GA","usgsCitation":"Freeman, M.C., Merrill, M., and Freeman, B.J., 2001, Ecological considerations for reservoir planning in north Georgia, chap. of Proceedings of the 2001 Georgia Water Resources Conference, held March 26-27, p. 62-65.","startPage":"62","endPage":"65","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":203057,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a4ee4b07f02db627ccf","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Hatcher, Kathryn J.","contributorId":113326,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hatcher","given":"Kathryn","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":507628,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1}],"authors":[{"text":"Freeman, Mary C. 0000-0001-7615-6923","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7615-6923","contributorId":99659,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Freeman","given":"Mary","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":330094,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Merrill, M.D.","contributorId":106617,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Merrill","given":"M.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":330095,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Freeman, B. J.","contributorId":8031,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Freeman","given":"B.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":330093,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":5211129,"text":"5211129 - 2001 - Whooping cranes breeding at White Lake, Louisiana, 1939: observations by John J. Lynch, U.S. Bureau of Biological Survey","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:15:23","indexId":"5211129","displayToPublicDate":"2009-06-09T09:23:19","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"title":"Whooping cranes breeding at White Lake, Louisiana, 1939: observations by John J. Lynch, U.S. Bureau of Biological Survey","docAbstract":"On 15 May 1939, John J. Lynch of the U.S. Bureau of Biological Survey located 13 whooping cranes (Grus americana), including 2 prefledged young, during an aerial survey near White Lake in southwestern Louisiana. His observation was the last historic record of whooping cranes breeding in the wild in the United States, and it confirmed the presence of a nonmigratory breeding population along the Gulf Coast. While reviewing old U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service files at the National Archives in 1999, we located Lynch's original 1939 field note, 2 letters, 5 photographs, and a draft manuscript describing the discovery; 4 other related letters also were found. Because of their biological and historical interest, we have reproduced the documents in this paper. A thorough assessment of the White Lake marshes as a potential site for returning nonmigratory whooping cranes to southwestern Louisiana should be conducted.","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Proceedings of the eighth North American crane workshop","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":4,"text":"Other Government Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"North American Crane Working Group","publisherLocation":"Seattle, Washington","collaboration":" ","usgsCitation":"Drewien, R., Tautin, J., Courville, M., and Gomez, G., 2001, Whooping cranes breeding at White Lake, Louisiana, 1939: observations by John J. Lynch, U.S. Bureau of Biological Survey, chap. of Proceedings of the eighth North American crane workshop, p. 24-30.","productDescription":"226","startPage":"24","endPage":"30","numberOfPages":"226","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":203164,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49cae4b07f02db5d77bd","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Drewien, Rod C.","contributorId":58594,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Drewien","given":"Rod C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":330165,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Tautin, J.","contributorId":95168,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tautin","given":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":330167,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Courville, M.L.","contributorId":25680,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Courville","given":"M.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":330164,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Gomez, G.M.","contributorId":82825,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gomez","given":"G.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":330166,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ]}