The 1994 Arthur's Pass earthquake (MW6.7) is the largest in a recent sequence of earthquakes in the central South Island, New Zealand. No surface rupture was observed, the aftershock distribution was complex, and routine methods of obtaining the faulting orientation of this earthquake proved contradictory. We use a range of data and techniques to obtain our preferred solution, which has a centroid depth of 5 km, M0=1.3 × 1019 N m, and a strike, dip, and rake of 221°, 47°, 112°, respectively. Discrepancies between this solution and the Harvard centroid moment tensor, together with the Global Positioning System (GPS) observations and unusual aftershock distribution, suggest that the rupture may not have occurred on a planar fault. A second, strike slip, subevent on a more northerly striking plane is suggested by these data but neither the body wave modeling nor regional broadband recordings show any complexity or late subevents. We relocate the aftershocks using both one-dimensional and three-dimensional velocity inversions. The depth range of the aftershocks (1–10 km) agrees well with the preferred mainshock centroid depth. The aftershocks near the hypocenter suggest a structure dipping toward the NW, which we interpret to be the mainshock fault plane. This structure and the Harper fault, ∼15 km to the south, appear to have acted as boundaries to the extensive aftershock zone trending NNW-SSE. Most of the ML ≥ 5 aftershocks, including the two largest (ML6.1 and ML5.7), clustered near the Harper fault and have strike slip mechanisms consistent with motion on this fault and its conjugates. Forward modeling of the GPS data suggests that a reverse slip mainshock, combined with strike slip aftershock faulting in the south, is able to match the observed displacements. The occurrence of this earthquake sequence implies that the level of seismic hazard in the central South Island is greater than previous estimates.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/2000JB900008","issn":"01480227","usgsCitation":"Abercrombie, R., Webb, T., Robinson, R., McGinty, P., Mori, J., and Beavan, R., 2000, The enigma of the Arthur's Pass, New Zealand, earthquake: 1. Reconciling a variety of data for an unusual earthquake sequence: Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth, v. 105, no. B7, p. 16119-16137, https://doi.org/10.1029/2000JB900008.","productDescription":"19 p.","startPage":"16119","endPage":"16137","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":489209,"rank":1,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2000jb900008","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":230690,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"New Zealand","city":"Arthur's Pass","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n 171.54052734375,\n -43.075910014569686\n ],\n [\n 171.61331176757812,\n -43.0427981227017\n ],\n [\n 171.67648315429688,\n -43.01870551582463\n ],\n [\n 171.749267578125,\n -42.99359899401496\n ],\n [\n 171.79458618164062,\n -43.006655665959244\n ],\n [\n 171.83029174804688,\n -43.04681263770762\n ],\n [\n 171.903076171875,\n -43.0287452513488\n ],\n [\n 171.88796997070312,\n -43.006655665959244\n ],\n [\n 171.89895629882812,\n -42.95441233121329\n ],\n [\n 171.9854736328125,\n -42.958432625269474\n ],\n [\n 172.01156616210938,\n -42.92425175387068\n ],\n [\n 172.05276489257812,\n -42.86187308074834\n ],\n [\n 172.08709716796875,\n -42.83267430318036\n ],\n [\n 172.0458984375,\n -42.7903619502809\n ],\n [\n 172.0404052734375,\n -42.77121113862589\n ],\n [\n 172.0074462890625,\n -42.778267389968846\n ],\n [\n 171.93878173828125,\n -42.757096223972674\n ],\n [\n 171.91818237304688,\n -42.73289174571285\n ],\n [\n 171.89895629882812,\n -42.73490914651559\n ],\n [\n 171.89895629882812,\n -42.714732185394574\n ],\n [\n 171.75064086914062,\n -42.74902911459618\n ],\n [\n 171.62155151367188,\n -42.75205440366649\n ],\n [\n 171.49795532226562,\n -42.80547682786028\n ],\n [\n 171.46087646484375,\n -42.81555136172695\n ],\n [\n 171.50894165039062,\n -42.84576511714768\n ],\n [\n 171.4910888671875,\n -42.86388628078583\n ],\n [\n 171.48147583007812,\n -42.89407640334897\n ],\n [\n 171.46636962890625,\n -42.90413649491734\n ],\n [\n 171.4485168457031,\n -42.90111863978985\n ],\n [\n 171.41555786132812,\n -42.92726847641663\n ],\n [\n 171.35787963867188,\n -42.98455813425606\n ],\n [\n 171.397705078125,\n -43.03777960950732\n ],\n [\n 171.54052734375,\n -43.075910014569686\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"105","issue":"B7","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2000-07-10","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505babcce4b08c986b3230a0","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Abercrombie, R.E.","contributorId":57611,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Abercrombie","given":"R.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":394207,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Webb, T.H.","contributorId":58804,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Webb","given":"T.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":394208,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Robinson, R.","contributorId":99694,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Robinson","given":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":394210,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"McGinty, P.J.","contributorId":63983,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McGinty","given":"P.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":394209,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Mori, J.J.","contributorId":32546,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mori","given":"J.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":394206,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Beavan, R.J.","contributorId":9028,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Beavan","given":"R.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":394205,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70022597,"text":"70022597 - 2000 - Rates of sediment supply and sea-level rise in a large coastal lagoon","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-12-03T11:46:38","indexId":"70022597","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2667,"text":"Marine Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Rates of sediment supply and sea-level rise in a large coastal lagoon","docAbstract":"Laguna Madre, Texas, is 3-7 km wide and more than 190 km long, making it one of the longest lagoons in the world. The lagoon encompasses diverse geologic and climatic regions and it is an efficient sediment trap that accumulates clastic sediments from upland, interior, and oceanic sources. The semi-arid climate and frequent tropical cyclones historically have been responsible for the greatest volume of sediment influx. On an average annual basis, eolian transport, tidal exchange, storm washover, mainland runoff, interior shore erosion, and authigenic mineral production introduce approximately one million m3 of sediments into the lagoon. Analyses of these sediment transport mechanisms and associated line sources and point sources of sediment provide a basis for: (1) estimating the long-term average annual sediment supply to a large lagoon; (2) calculating the average net sedimentation rate; (3) comparing introduced sediment volumes and associated aggradation rates with observed relative sea-level change; and (4) predicting future conditions of the lagoon. This comparison indicates that the historical average annual accumulation rate in Laguna Madre (<1 mm/yr) is substantially less than the historical rate of relative sea-level rise (~4 mm/yr). Lagoon submergence coupled with erosion of the western shore indicates that Laguna Madre is being submerged slowly and migrating westward rather than filling, as some have suggested.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Marine Geology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/S0025-3227(00)00030-X","issn":"00253227","usgsCitation":"Morton, R., Ward, G., and White, W., 2000, Rates of sediment supply and sea-level rise in a large coastal lagoon: Marine Geology, v. 167, no. 3-4, p. 261-284, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0025-3227(00)00030-X.","startPage":"261","endPage":"284","numberOfPages":"24","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":206718,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0025-3227(00)00030-X"},{"id":230622,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"167","issue":"3-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a9544e4b0c8380cd818ee","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Morton, R.A.","contributorId":53849,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Morton","given":"R.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":394198,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Ward, G.H.","contributorId":101842,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ward","given":"G.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":394199,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"White, W.A.","contributorId":24489,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"White","given":"W.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":394197,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70022512,"text":"70022512 - 2000 - Ground deformation at Merapi Volcano, Java, Indonesia: distance changes, June 1988-October 1995","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-12-03T15:18:29","indexId":"70022512","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2499,"text":"Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Ground deformation at Merapi Volcano, Java, Indonesia: distance changes, June 1988-October 1995","docAbstract":"Edifice deformations are reported here for the period 1988–1995 at Merapi volcano, one of the most active and dangerous volcanoes in Indonesia. The study period includes a major resumption in lava effusion in January 1992 and a major dome collapse in November 1994. The data comprise electronic distance measurements (EDM) on a summit trilateration network, slope distance changes measured to the upper flanks, and other data collected from 1988 to 1995. A major consequence of this study is the documentation of a significant 4-year period of deformation precursory to the 1992 eruption. Cross-crater strain rates accelerated from less than 3×10−6/day between 1988 and 1990 to more than 11×10−6/day just prior to the January 1992 activity, representing a general, asymmetric extension of the summit during high-level conduit pressurization. After the vent opened and effusion of lava resumed, strain occurred at a much-reduced rate of less than 2×10−6/day. EDM measurements between lower flank benchmarks and the upper edifice indicate displacements as great as 1 m per year over the four years before the 1992 eruption. The Gendol breach, a pronounced depression formed by the juxtaposition of old lava coulées on the southeast flank, functioned as a major displacement discontinuity. Since 1993, movements have generally not exceeded the 95% confidence limits of the summit network. Exceptions to this include 12 cm outward movement for the northwest crater rim in 1992–1993, probably from loading by newly erupted dome lava, and movements as much as 7 cm on the south flank between November 1994 and September 1995. No short-term precursors were noted before the November 1994 lava dome collapse, but long-term adjustments of crater geometry accompanied lava dome growth in 1994. Short-term 2-cm deflation of the edifice occurred following the November 1994 dome collapse.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/S0377-0273(00)00139-6","issn":"03770273","usgsCitation":"Young, K., Voight, B., Subandriyo, Sajiman, Miswanto, and Casadevall, T.J., 2000, Ground deformation at Merapi Volcano, Java, Indonesia: distance changes, June 1988-October 1995: Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, v. 100, no. 1-4, p. 233-259, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0377-0273(00)00139-6.","startPage":"233","endPage":"259","numberOfPages":"27","temporalStart":"1988-06-01","temporalEnd":"1995-10-31","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":230543,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":280167,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0377-0273(00)00139-6"}],"volume":"100","issue":"1-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a2a92e4b0c8380cd5b2a8","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Young, K.D.","contributorId":88521,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Young","given":"K.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":393880,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Voight, B.","contributorId":16575,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Voight","given":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":393876,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Subandriyo","contributorId":128128,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"Subandriyo","id":535144,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Sajiman","contributorId":127962,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"Sajiman","id":535143,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Miswanto","contributorId":128144,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"Miswanto","id":535145,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Casadevall, T. J.","contributorId":96680,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Casadevall","given":"T.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":393881,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70022509,"text":"70022509 - 2000 - U-Pb geochronology of zircon and monazite from Mesoproterozoic granitic gneisses of the northern Blue Ridge, Virginia and Maryland, USA","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:44","indexId":"70022509","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3112,"text":"Precambrian Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"U-Pb geochronology of zircon and monazite from Mesoproterozoic granitic gneisses of the northern Blue Ridge, Virginia and Maryland, USA","docAbstract":"Mesoproterozoic granitic gneisses comprise most of the basement of the northern Blue Ridge geologic province in Virginia and Maryland. Lithology, structure, and U-Pb geochronology have been used to subdivide the gneisses into three groups. The oldest rocks, Group 1, are layered granitic gneiss (1153 ?? 6 Ma), hornblende monzonite gneiss (1149 ?? 19 Ma), porphyroblastic granite gneiss (1144 ?? 2 Ma), coarse-grained metagranite (about 1140 Ma), and charnockite (>1145 Ma?). These gneisses contain three Proterozoic deformational fabrics. Because of complex U-Pb systematics due to extensive overgrowths on magmatic cores, zircons from hornblende monzonite gneiss were dated using the sensitive high-resolution ion microprobe (SHRIMP), whereas all other ages are based on conventional U-Pb geochronology. Group 2 rocks are leucocratic and biotic varieties of Marshall Metagranite, dated at 1112??3 Ma and 1111 ?? 2 Ma respectively. Group 3 rocks are subdivided into two age groups: (1) garnetiferous metagranite (1077 ?? 4 Ma) and quartz-plagioclase gneiss (1077 ?? 4 Ma); (2) white leucocratic metagranite (1060 ?? 2 Ma), pink leucocratic metagranite (1059 ?? 2), biotite granite gneiss (1055 ?? 4 Ma), and megacrystic metagranite (1055 ?? 2 Ma). Groups 2 and 3 gneisses contain only the two younger Proterozoic deformational fabrics. Ages of monazite, seprated from seven samples, indicate growth during both igneous and metamorphic (thermal) events. However, ages obtained from individual grains may be mixtures of different age components, as suggested by backscatter electron (BSE) imaging of complexly zoned grains. Analyses of unzoned monazite (imaged by BSE and thought to contain only one age component) from porphyroblastic granite gneiss yield ages of 1070, 1060, and 1050 Ma. The range of ages of monazite (not reset to a uniform date) indicates that the Grenville granulite event at about 1035 Ma did not exceed about 750??C. Lack of evidence for 1110 Ma growth of monazite in porphyroblastic granite gneiss suggests that the Short Hill fault might be a Grenvillian structure that was reactivated in the Paleozoic. The timing of Proterozoic deformations is constrained by crystallization ages of the gneissic rocks. D1 occurred between about 1145 and 1075 Ma (or possibly between about 1145 and 1128 Ma). D2 and D3 must be younger than about 1050 Ma. Ages of Mesoproterozoic granitic rocks of the northern Blue Ridge are similar to rocks in other Grenville terranes of the eastern USA, including the Adirondacks and Hudson Highlands. However, comparisons with conventional U-Pb ages of granulite-grade rocks from the central and southern Appalachians may be specious because these ages may actually be mixtures of ages of cores and overgrowths.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Precambrian Research","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/S0301-9268(99)00056-X","issn":"03019268","usgsCitation":"Aleinikoff, J.N., Burton, W., Lyttle, P., Nelson, A.E., and Southworth, C., 2000, U-Pb geochronology of zircon and monazite from Mesoproterozoic granitic gneisses of the northern Blue Ridge, Virginia and Maryland, USA: Precambrian Research, v. 99, no. 1-2, p. 113-146, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0301-9268(99)00056-X.","startPage":"113","endPage":"146","numberOfPages":"34","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":206667,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0301-9268(99)00056-X"},{"id":230504,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"99","issue":"1-2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bb9cbe4b08c986b327df3","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Aleinikoff, J. 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E.","contributorId":73219,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nelson","given":"A.","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":393869,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Southworth, C.S.","contributorId":51272,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Southworth","given":"C.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":393868,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70022508,"text":"70022508 - 2000 - Origin of the Colorado River experimental flood in Grand Canyon","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-09-16T18:58:41.512577","indexId":"70022508","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1927,"text":"Hydrological Sciences Journal","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Origin of the Colorado River experimental flood in Grand Canyon","docAbstract":"The Colorado River is one of the most highly regulated and extensively utilized rivers in the world. Total reservoir storage is approximately four times the mean annual runoff of −17 × 109 m3 year−1. Reservoir storage and regulation have decreased annual peak discharges and hydroelectric power generation has increased daily flow variability. In recent years, the incidental impacts of this development have become apparent especially along the Colorado River through Grand Canyon National Park downstream from Glen Canyon Dam and caused widespread concern. Since the completion of Glen Canyon Dam, the number and size of sand bars, which are used by recreational river runners and form the habitat for native fishes, have decreased substantially. Following an extensive hydrological and geomorphic investigation, an experimental flood release from the Glen Canyon Dam was proposed to determine whether sand bars would be rebuilt by a relatively brief period of flow substantially greater than the normal operating regime. This proposed release, however, was constrained by the Law of the River, the body of law developed over 70 years to control and distribute Colorado River water, the needs of hydropower users and those dependent upon hydropower revenues, and the physical constraints of the dam itself. A compromise was reached following often difficult negotiations and an experimental flood to rebuild sand bars was released in 1996. This flood, and the process by which it came about, gives hope to resolving the difficult and pervasive problem of allocation of water resources among competing interests.
","language":"English","publisher":"IAHS","publisherLocation":"Wallingford, United Kingdom","doi":"10.1080/02626660009492361","issn":"02626667","usgsCitation":"Andrews, E., and Pizzi, L., 2000, Origin of the Colorado River experimental flood in Grand Canyon: Hydrological Sciences Journal, v. 45, no. 4, p. 607-627, https://doi.org/10.1080/02626660009492361.","productDescription":"21 p.","startPage":"607","endPage":"627","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":487081,"rank":1,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1080/02626660009492361","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":230466,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Arizona","otherGeospatial":"Colorado River, Grand Canyon National Park","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -112.67852783203125,\n 36.28634929429456\n ],\n [\n -112.43408203124999,\n 36.109033596783135\n ],\n [\n -111.81060791015624,\n 35.96689214303232\n ],\n [\n -111.70074462890625,\n 36.18665862660454\n ],\n [\n -111.78314208984375,\n 36.491973470593685\n ],\n [\n -112.53570556640624,\n 36.45000844447082\n ],\n [\n -112.67852783203125,\n 36.28634929429456\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"45","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a70fae4b0c8380cd76398","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Andrews, E.D.","contributorId":13922,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Andrews","given":"E.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":393866,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Pizzi, L.A.","contributorId":6217,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pizzi","given":"L.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":393865,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70022462,"text":"70022462 - 2000 - Results of the Imager for Mars Pathfinder windsock experiment","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-11-29T15:40:10","indexId":"70022462","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2317,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research E: Planets","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Results of the Imager for Mars Pathfinder windsock experiment","docAbstract":"The Imager for Mars Pathfinder (IMP) windsock experiment measured wind speeds at three heights within 1.2 m of the Martian surface during Pathfinder landed operations. These wind data allowed direct measurement of near-surface wind profiles on Mars for the first time, including determination of aerodynamic roughness length and wind friction speeds. Winds were light during periods of windsock imaging, but data from the strongest breezes indicate aerodynamic roughness length of 3 cm at the landing site, with wind friction speeds reaching 1 m/s. Maximum wind friction speeds were about half of the threshold-of-motion friction speeds predicted for loose, fine-grained materials on smooth Martian terrain and about one third of the threshold-of-motion friction speeds predicted for the same size particles over terrain with aerodynamic roughness of 3 cm. Consistent with this, and suggesting that low wind speeds prevailed when the windsock array was not imaged and/or no particles were available for aeolian transport, no wind-related changes to the surface during mission operations have been recognized. The aerodynamic roughness length reported here implies that proposed deflation of fine particles around the landing site, or activation of duneforms seen by IMP and Sojourner, would require wind speeds >28 m/s at the Pathfinder top windsock height (or >31 m/s at the equivalent Viking wind sensor height of 1.6 m) and wind speeds >45 m/s above 10 m. These wind speeds would cause rock abrasion if a supply of durable particles were available for saltation. Previous analyses indicate that the Pathfinder landing site probably is rockier and rougher than many other plains units on Mars, so aerodynamic roughness length elsewhere probably is less than the 3-cm value reported for the Pathfinder site.
","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Geophysical Research E: Planets","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","publisherLocation":"Washington, D.C.","doi":"10.1029/1999JE001234","issn":"01480227","usgsCitation":"Sullivan, R., Greeley, R., Kraft, M., Wilson, G., Golombek, M.P., Herkenhoff, K.E., Murphy, J., and Smith, P., 2000, Results of the Imager for Mars Pathfinder windsock experiment: Journal of Geophysical Research E: Planets, v. 105, no. E10, p. 24547-24562, https://doi.org/10.1029/1999JE001234.","productDescription":"16 p.","startPage":"24547","endPage":"24562","numberOfPages":"16","costCenters":[{"id":131,"text":"Astrogeology Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":230385,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"otherGeospatial":"Mars","volume":"105","issue":"E10","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505aabd8e4b0c8380cd86a03","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Sullivan, Robert","contributorId":70102,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sullivan","given":"Robert","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":393718,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Greeley, Ronald","contributorId":20833,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Greeley","given":"Ronald","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":393714,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Kraft, Michael","contributorId":78899,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kraft","given":"Michael","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":393720,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Wilson, Gregory","contributorId":84938,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wilson","given":"Gregory","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":393717,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Golombek, Matthew P.","contributorId":175450,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Golombek","given":"Matthew","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[{"id":7023,"text":"Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":393719,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Herkenhoff, Kenneth E. 0000-0002-3153-6663 kherkenhoff@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3153-6663","contributorId":2275,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Herkenhoff","given":"Kenneth","email":"kherkenhoff@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":131,"text":"Astrogeology Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":393715,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Murphy, James","contributorId":210957,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Murphy","given":"James","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":393716,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Smith, Peter","contributorId":63853,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smith","given":"Peter","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":393721,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8}]}} ,{"id":70022461,"text":"70022461 - 2000 - Climatic and biotic controls on annual carbon storage in Amazonian ecosystems","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:50","indexId":"70022461","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1839,"text":"Global Ecology and Biogeography","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Climatic and biotic controls on annual carbon storage in Amazonian ecosystems","docAbstract":"1 The role of undisturbed tropical land ecosystems in the global carbon budget is not well understood. It has been suggested that inter-annual climate variability can affect the capacity of these ecosystems to store carbon in the short term. In this paper, we use a transient version of the Terrestrial Ecosystem Model (TEM) to estimate annual carbon storage in undisturbed Amazonian ecosystems during the period 1980-94, and to understand the underlying causes of the year-to-year variations in net carbon storage for this region. 2 We estimate that the total carbon storage in the undisturbed ecosystems of the Amazon Basin in 1980 was 127.6 Pg C, with about 94.3 Pg C in vegetation and 33.3 Pg C in the reactive pool of soil organic carbon. About 83% of the total carbon storage occurred in tropical evergreen forests. Based on our model's results, we estimate that, over the past 15 years, the total carbon storage has increased by 3.1 Pg C (+ 2%), with a 1.9-Pg C (+2%) increase in vegetation carbon and a 1.2-Pg C (+4%) increase in reactive soil organic carbon. The modelled results indicate that the largest relative changes in net carbon storage have occurred in tropical deciduous forests, but that the largest absolute changes in net carbon storage have occurred in the moist and wet forests of the Basin. 3 Our results show that the strength of interannual variations in net carbon storage of undisturbed ecosystems in the Amazon Basin varies from a carbon source of 0.2 Pg C/year to a carbon sink of 0.7 Pg C/year. Precipitation, especially the amount received during the drier months, appears to be a major controller of annual net carbon storage in the Amazon Basin. Our analysis indicates further that changes in precipitation combine with changes in temperature to affect net carbon storage through influencing soil moisture and nutrient availability. 4 On average, our results suggest that the undisturbed Amazonian ecosystems accumulated 0.2 Pg C/year as a result of climate variability and increasing atmospheric CO2 over the study period. This amount is large enough to have compensated for most of the carbon losses associated with tropical deforestation in the Amazon during the same period. 5 Comparisons with empirical data indicate that climate variability and CO2 fertilization explain most of the variation in net carbon storage for the undisturbed ecosystems. Our analyses suggest that assessment of the regional carbon budget in the tropics should be made over at least one cycle of El Nino-Southern Oscillation because of inter-annual climate variability. Our analyses also suggest that proper scaling of the site-specific and sub-annual measurements of carbon fluxes to produce Basin-wide flux estimates must take into account seasonal and spatial variations in net carbon storage.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Global Ecology and Biogeography","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1046/j.1365-2699.2000.00198.x","issn":"1466822X","usgsCitation":"Tian, H., Melillo, J.M., Kicklighter, D., McGuire, A., Helfrich, J., Moore, B., and Vorosmarty, C., 2000, Climatic and biotic controls on annual carbon storage in Amazonian ecosystems: Global Ecology and Biogeography, v. 9, no. 4, p. 315-335, https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2699.2000.00198.x.","startPage":"315","endPage":"335","numberOfPages":"21","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":479334,"rank":10000,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2699.2000.00198.x","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":230348,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":206599,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2699.2000.00198.x"}],"volume":"9","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2001-12-25","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f65be4b0c8380cd4c6fc","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Tian, H.","contributorId":43524,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tian","given":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":393709,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Melillo, J. M.","contributorId":73139,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Melillo","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":393710,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Kicklighter, D. W.","contributorId":31537,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Kicklighter","given":"D. W.","affiliations":[{"id":13627,"text":"Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, MA","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":393708,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"McGuire, A. D.","contributorId":16552,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McGuire","given":"A. D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":393707,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Helfrich, J. Iii","contributorId":74535,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Helfrich","given":"J.","suffix":"Iii","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":393711,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Moore, B. III","contributorId":96845,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Moore","given":"B.","suffix":"III","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":393712,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Vorosmarty, C. J.","contributorId":104232,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Vorosmarty","given":"C. J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":393713,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}} ,{"id":70022460,"text":"70022460 - 2000 - Geochemistry and geodynamics of a Late Cretaceous bimodal volcanic association from the southern part of the Pannonian Basin in Slavonija (Northern Croatia)","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-08-18T17:01:03.187011","indexId":"70022460","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2751,"text":"Mineralogy and Petrology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Geochemistry and geodynamics of a Late Cretaceous bimodal volcanic association from the southern part of the Pannonian Basin in Slavonija (Northern Croatia)","docAbstract":"In this paper we present petrological and geochemical information on a bimodal basalt-rhyolite suite associated with A-type granites of Late Cretaceous age from the South Pannonian Basin in Slavonija (Croatia). Basalts and alkali-feldspar rhyolites, associated in some places with ignimbrites, occur in volcanic bodies that are interlayered with pyroclastic and fossiliferous Upper Cretaceus sedimentary rocks. The petrology and geochemistry of the basalts and alkali-feldspar rhyolites are constrained by microprobe analyses, major and trace element analyses including REE, and radiogenic and stable isotope data. Basalts that are mostly transformed into metabasalts (mainly spilites), are alkalic to subalkalic and their geochemical signatures, particularly trace element and REE patterns, are similar to recent back-arc basalts. Alkali-feldspar rhyolites have similar geochemical features to the associated cogenetic A-type granites, as shown by their large variation of Na2O and K2O (total 8–9%), very low MgO and CaO, and very high Zr contents ranging between 710 and 149 ppm. Geochemical data indicate an amphibole lherzolite source within a metasomatized upper mantle wedge, with the influence of upper mantle diapir with MORB signatures and continental crust contamination. Sr incorporated in the primary basalt melt had an initial 87Sr/86Sr ratio of 0.7039 indicating an upper mantle origin, whereas the 87Sr/86Sr ratio for the alkali-feldspar rhyolites and associated A-type granites is 0.7073 indicating an apparent continental crust origin. However, some other geochemical data favour the idea that they might have mainly originated by fractionation of primary mafic melt coupled with contamination of continental crust. Only one rhyolite sample appears to be the product of melting of continental crust. Geological and geodynamic data indicate that the basalt-rhyolite association was probably related to Alpine subduction processes in the Dinaridic Tethys which can be correlated with recent back-arc basins. The difference in geological and isotope ages between the bimodal basalt-rhyolite volcanism with A-type granite plutonism (72 Ma) and the final synkinematic S-type granite plutonism (48 Ma) can be taken as a lifetime of the presumed BARB system of the Dinaridic Tethys. Remnants of this presumed subduction zone can be traced for 300 km along the surrounding northernmost Dinarides.
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J.","contributorId":11753,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pamic","given":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":393702,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Belak, M.","contributorId":82074,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Belak","given":"M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":393706,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Bullen, T.D.","contributorId":79911,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bullen","given":"T.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":393705,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Lanphere, M. A.","contributorId":35298,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lanphere","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":393704,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"McKee, E.H.","contributorId":20736,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McKee","given":"E.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":393703,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70022379,"text":"70022379 - 2000 - Conditions for generation of fire-related debris flows, Capulin Canyon, New Mexico","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:42","indexId":"70022379","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1425,"text":"Earth Surface Processes and Landforms","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Conditions for generation of fire-related debris flows, Capulin Canyon, New Mexico","docAbstract":"Comparison of the responses of three drainage basins burned by the Dome fire of 1996 in New Mexico is used to identify the hillslope, channel and fire characteristics that indicate a susceptibility specifically to wildfire-related debris flow. Summer thunderstorms generated three distinct erosive responses from each of three basins. The Capulin Canyon basin showed widespread erosive sheetwash and rilling from hillslopes, and severe flooding occurred in the channel; the North Tributary basin exhibited extensive erosion of the mineral soil to a depth of 5 cm and downslope movement of up to boulder-sized material, and at least one debris flow occurred in the channel; negligible surface runoff was observed in the South Tributary basin. The negligible surface runoff observed in the South Tributary basin is attributed to the limited extent and severity of the fire in that basin. The factors that best distinguish between debris-flow producing and flood-producing drainages are drainage basin morphology and lithology. A rugged drainage basin morphology, an average 12 per cent channel gradient, and steep, rough hillslopes coupled with colluvium and soil weathered from volcaniclastic and volcanic rocks promoted the generation of debris flows. A less rugged basin morphology, an average gradient of 5 per cent, and long, smooth slopes mantled with pumice promoted flooding. Flood and debris-flow responses were produced without the presence of water-repellent soils. The continuity and severity of the burn mosaic, the condition of the riparian vegetation, the condition of the fibrous root mat, accumulations of dry ravel and colluvial material in the channel and on hillslopes, and past debris-flow activity, appeared to have little bearing on the distinctive responses of the basins. Published in 2000 by John Wiley and Sons, Ltd.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Earth Surface Processes and Landforms","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1002/1096-9837(200009)25:10<1103::AID-ESP120>3.0.CO;2-H","issn":"01979337","usgsCitation":"Cannon, S., and Reneau, S.L., 2000, Conditions for generation of fire-related debris flows, Capulin Canyon, New Mexico: Earth Surface Processes and Landforms, v. 25, no. 10, p. 1103-1121, https://doi.org/10.1002/1096-9837(200009)25:10<1103::AID-ESP120>3.0.CO;2-H.","startPage":"1103","endPage":"1121","numberOfPages":"19","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":206807,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1002/1096-9837(200009)25:10<1103::AID-ESP120>3.0.CO;2-H"},{"id":230830,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"25","issue":"10","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f9b5e4b0c8380cd4d742","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Cannon, S.H.","contributorId":38154,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cannon","given":"S.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":393429,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Reneau, Steven L.","contributorId":99639,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Reneau","given":"Steven","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":393430,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70022377,"text":"70022377 - 2000 - Acoustic properties of a crack containing magmatic or hydrothermal fluids","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-09-07T15:04:42.885399","indexId":"70022377","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2314,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Acoustic properties of a crack containing magmatic or hydrothermal fluids","docAbstract":"We estimate the acoustic properties of a crack containing magmatic or hydrothermal fluids to quantify the source properties of long-period (LP) events observed in volcanic areas assuming that a crack-like structure is the source of LP events. The tails of synthetic waveforms obtained from a model of a fluid-driven crack are analyzed by the Sompi method to determine the complex frequencies of one of the modes of crack resonance over a wide range of the model parameters α/a and ρf/ρs, where αis the P wave velocity of the rock matrix, a is the sound speed of the fluid, and ρf and ps are the densities of the fluid and rock matrix, respectively. The quality factor due to radiation loss (Qr) for the selected mode almost monotonically increases with increasing α/a, while the dimensionless frequency (v) of the mode decreases with increasing α/a and ρf/ρs. These results are used to estimate Q and v for a crack containing various types of fluids (gas-gas mixtures, liquid-gas mixtures, and dusty and misty gases) for values of a, ρf, and quality factor due to intrinsic losses (Qi) appropriate for these types of fluids, in which Q is given by Q−l = Qr−l + Qi−1. For a crack containing such fluids, we obtain Q ranging from almost unity to several hundred, which consistently explains the wide variety of quality factors measured in LP events observed at various volcanoes. We underscore the importance of dusty and misty gases containing small-size particles with radii around 1 μm to explain long-lasting oscillations with Q significantly larger than 100. Our results may provide a basis for the interpretation of spatial and temporal variations in the observed complex frequencies of LP events in terms of fluid compositions beneath volcanoes.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/2000JB900273","issn":"01480227","usgsCitation":"Kumagai, H., and Chouet, B., 2000, Acoustic properties of a crack containing magmatic or hydrothermal fluids: Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth, v. 105, no. B11, p. 25493-25512, https://doi.org/10.1029/2000JB900273.","productDescription":"20 p.","startPage":"25493","endPage":"25512","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":230796,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"105","issue":"B11","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2000-11-10","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e69fe4b0c8380cd4753c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kumagai, Hiroyuki","contributorId":71337,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Kumagai","given":"Hiroyuki","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":393427,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Chouet, B. A.","contributorId":31813,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chouet","given":"B. A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":393426,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70022376,"text":"70022376 - 2000 - Organic matter sources and rehabilitation of the Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta (California, USA)","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-01-05T15:01:48","indexId":"70022376","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":862,"text":"Aquatic Conservation: Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Organic matter sources and rehabilitation of the Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta (California, USA)","docAbstract":"1. The Sacramento San Joaquin River Delta, a complex mosaic of tidal freshwater habitats in California, is the focus of a major ecosystem rehabilitation effort because of significant long-term changes in critical ecosystem functions. One of these functions is the production, transport and transformation of organic matter that constitutes the primary food supply, which may be sub-optimal at trophic levels supporting fish recruitment. A long historical data set is used to define the most important organic matter sources, the factors underlying their variability, and the implications of ecosystem rehabilitation actions for these sources. 2. Tributary-borne loading is the largest organic carbon source on an average annual Delta-wide basis; phytoplankton production and agricultural drainage are secondary; wastewater treatment plant discharge, tidal marsh drainage and possibly aquatic macrophyte production are tertiary; and benthic microalgal production, urban run-off and other sources are negligible. 3. Allochthonous dissolved organic carbon must be converted to particulate form - with losses due to hydraulic flushing and to heterotroph growth inefficiency - before it becomes available to the metazoan food web. When these losses are accounted for, phytoplankton production plays a much larger role than is evident from a simple accounting of bulk organic carbon sources, especially in seasons critical for larval development and recruitment success. Phytoplankton-derived organic matter is also an important component of particulate loading to the Delta. 4. The Delta is a net producer of organic matter in critically dry years but, because of water diversion from the Delta, transport of organic matter from the Delta to important, downstream nursery areas in San Francisco Bay is always less than transport into the Delta from upstream sources. 5. Of proposed rehabilitation measures, increased use of floodplains probably offers the biggest increase in organic matter sources. 6. An isolated diversion facility - channelling water from the Sacramento River around the Delta to the water projects - would result in substantial loading increases during winter and autumn, but little change in spring and summer when food availability probably matters most to developing organisms. 7. Flow and fish barriers in the channel could have significant effects, especially on phytoplankton sources and in dry years, by eliminating 'short-circuits' in the transport of organic matter to diversion points. 8. Finally, productivity of intentionally flooded islands probably would exceed that of adjacent channels because of lower turbidity and shallower mean depth, although vascular plants rather than phytoplankton could dominate if depths were too shallow.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1002/1099-0755(200009/10)10:5<323::AID-AQC417>3.0.CO;2-J","issn":"10527613","usgsCitation":"Jassby, A., and Cloern, J.E., 2000, Organic matter sources and rehabilitation of the Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta (California, USA): Aquatic Conservation: Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems, v. 10, no. 5, p. 323-352, https://doi.org/10.1002/1099-0755(200009/10)10:5<323::AID-AQC417>3.0.CO;2-J.","productDescription":"30 p.","startPage":"323","endPage":"352","numberOfPages":"30","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":552,"text":"San Francisco Bay-Delta","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":5079,"text":"Pacific Regional Director's Office","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":230795,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta ","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -123.81591796875,\n 36.56260003738545\n ],\n [\n -120.234375,\n 36.56260003738545\n ],\n [\n -120.234375,\n 39.40224434029275\n ],\n [\n -123.81591796875,\n 39.40224434029275\n ],\n [\n -123.81591796875,\n 36.56260003738545\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"10","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a6fcae4b0c8380cd75c90","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Jassby, A.D.","contributorId":43798,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jassby","given":"A.D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":393424,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Cloern, James E. 0000-0002-5880-6862 jecloern@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5880-6862","contributorId":1488,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cloern","given":"James","email":"jecloern@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":37277,"text":"WMA - Earth System Processes Division","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":778890,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70022366,"text":"70022366 - 2000 - Evaluation of ground-penetrating radar to detect free-phase hydrocarbons in fractured rocks: Results of numerical modeling and physical experiments","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-10-15T11:19:43","indexId":"70022366","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1861,"text":"Ground Water","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Evaluation of ground-penetrating radar to detect free-phase hydrocarbons in fractured rocks: Results of numerical modeling and physical experiments","docAbstract":"The suitability of common-offset ground-penetrating radar (GPR) to detect free-phase hydrocarbons in bedrock fractures was evaluated using numerical modeling and physical experiments. The results of one- and two-dimensional numerical modeling at 100 megahertz indicate that GPR reflection amplitudes are relatively insensitive to fracture apertures ranging from 1 to 4 mm. The numerical modeling and physical experiments indicate that differences in the fluids that fill fractures significantly affect the amplitude and the polarity of electromagnetic waves reflected by subhorizontal fractures. Air-filled and hydrocarbon-filled fractures generate low-amplitude reflections that are in-phase with the transmitted pulse. Water-filled fractures create reflections with greater amplitude and opposite polarity than those reflections created by air-filled or hydrocarbon-filled fractures. The results from the numerical modeling and physical experiments demonstrate it is possible to distinguish water-filled fracture reflections from air- or hydrocarbon-filled fracture reflections, nevertheless subsurface heterogeneity, antenna coupling changes, and other sources of noise will likely make it difficult to observe these changes in GPR field data. This indicates that the routine application of common-offset GPR reflection methods for detection of hydrocarbon-filled fractures will be problematic. Ideal cases will require appropriately processed, high-quality GPR data, ground-truth information, and detailed knowledge of subsurface physical properties. Conversely, the sensitivity of GPR methods to changes in subsurface physical properties as demonstrated by the numerical and experimental results suggests the potential of using GPR methods as a monitoring tool. GPR methods may be suited for monitoring pumping and tracer tests, changes in site hydrologic conditions, and remediation activities.The suitability of common-offset ground-penetrating radar (GPR) to detect free-phase hydrocarbons in bedrock fractures was evaluated using numerical modeling and physical experiments. The results of one- and two-dimensional numerical modeling at 100 megahertz indicate that GPR reflection amplitudes are relatively insensitive to fracture apertures ranging from 1 to 4 mm. The numerical modeling and physical experiments indicate that differences in the fluids that fill fractures significantly affect the amplitude and the polarity of electromagnetic waves reflected by subhorizontal fractures. Air-filled and hydrocarbon-filled fractures generate low-amplitude reflections that are in-phase with the transmitted pulse. Water-filled fractures create reflections with greater amplitude and opposite polarity than those reflections created by air-filled or hydrocarbon-filled fractures. The results from the numerical modeling and physical experiments demonstrate it is possible to distinguish water-filled fracture reflections from air- or hydrocarbon-filled fracture reflections, nevertheless subsurface heterogeneity, antenna coupling changes, and other sources of noise will likely make it difficult to observe these changes in GPR field data. This indicates that the routine application of common-offset GPR reflection methods for detection of hydrocarbon-filled fractures will be problematic. Ideal cases will require appropriately processed, high-quality GPR data, ground-truth information, and detailed knowledge of subsurface physical properties. Conversely, the sensitivity of GPR methods to changes in subsurface physical properties as demonstrated by the numerical and experimental results suggests the potential of using GPR methods as a monitoring tool. GPR methods may be suited for monitoring pumping and tracer tests, changes in site hydrologic conditions, and remediation activities.","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1111/j.1745-6584.2000.tb00693.x","issn":"0017467X","usgsCitation":"Lane, J., Buursink, M., Haeni, F., and Versteeg, R., 2000, Evaluation of ground-penetrating radar to detect free-phase hydrocarbons in fractured rocks: Results of numerical modeling and physical experiments: Ground Water, v. 38, no. 6, p. 929-938, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6584.2000.tb00693.x.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"929","endPage":"938","costCenters":[{"id":493,"text":"Office of Ground Water","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":230608,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"38","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2005-08-04","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0c80e4b0c8380cd52b94","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lane, J.W. Jr.","contributorId":66723,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lane","given":"J.W.","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":393395,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Buursink, M. L. 0000-0001-6491-386X","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6491-386X","contributorId":73658,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Buursink","given":"M. L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":393396,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Haeni, F.P.","contributorId":87105,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Haeni","given":"F.P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":393398,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Versteeg, R.J.","contributorId":74159,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Versteeg","given":"R.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":393397,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70022365,"text":"70022365 - 2000 - Distribution, speciation, and transport of mercury in stream-sediment, stream-water, and fish collected near abandoned mercury mines in southwestern Alaska, USA","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:42","indexId":"70022365","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3352,"text":"Science of the Total Environment","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Distribution, speciation, and transport of mercury in stream-sediment, stream-water, and fish collected near abandoned mercury mines in southwestern Alaska, USA","docAbstract":"Concentrations of total Hg, Hg (II), and methylmercury were measured in stream-sediment, stream-water, and fish collected downstream from abandoned mercury mines in south-western Alaska to evaluate environmental effects to surrounding ecosystems. These mines are found in a broad belt covering several tens of thousands of square kilometers, primarily in the Kuskokwim River basin. Mercury ore is dominantly cinnabar (HgS), but elemental mercury (Hg(o)) is present in ore at one mine and near retorts and in streams at several mine sites. Approximately 1400 t of mercury have been produced from the region, which is approximately 99% of all mercury produced from Alaska. These mines are not presently operating because of low prices and low demand for mercury. Stream-sediment samples collected downstream from the mines contain as much as 5500 ??g/g Hg. Such high Hg concentrations are related to the abundance of cinnabar, which is highly resistant to physical and chemical weathering, and is visible in streams below mine sites. Although total Hg concentrations in the stream-sediment samples collected near mines are high, Hg speciation data indicate that concentrations of Hg (II) are generally less than 5%, and methylmercury concentrations are less than 1% of the total Hg. Stream waters below the mines are neutral to slightly alkaline (pH 6.8-8.4), which is a result of the insolubility of cinnabar and the lack of acid- generating minerals such as pyrite in the deposits. Unfiltered stream-water samples collected below the mines generally contain 500-2500 ng/l Hg; whereas, corresponding stream-water samples filtered through a 0.45-??m membrane contain less than 50 ng/l Hg. These stream-water results indicate that most of the Hg transported downstream from the mines is as finely- suspended material rather than dissolved Hg. Mercury speciation data show that concentrations of Hg (II) and methylmercury in stream-water samples are typically less than 22 ng/l, and generally less than 5% of the total Hg. Muscle samples of fish collected downstream from mines contain as much as 620 ng/g Hg (wet wt.), of which 90-100% is methylmercury. Although these Hg concentrations are several times higher than that in fish collected from regional baseline sites, the concentration of Hg in fish is below the 1000 ng/g action level for edible fish established by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA). Salmon contain less than 100 ng/g Hg, which are among the lowest Hg contents observed for fish in the study, and well below the FDA action level. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science B.V.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Science of the Total Environment","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/S0048-9697(00)00539-8","issn":"00489697","usgsCitation":"Gray, J.E., Theodorakos, P.M., Bailey, E., and Turner, R., 2000, Distribution, speciation, and transport of mercury in stream-sediment, stream-water, and fish collected near abandoned mercury mines in southwestern Alaska, USA: Science of the Total Environment, v. 260, no. 1-3, p. 21-33, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0048-9697(00)00539-8.","startPage":"21","endPage":"33","numberOfPages":"13","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":206692,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0048-9697(00)00539-8"},{"id":230571,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"260","issue":"1-3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0323e4b0c8380cd5036b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Gray, J. E.","contributorId":49363,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gray","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":393393,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Theodorakos, P. M.","contributorId":12500,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Theodorakos","given":"P.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":393391,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Bailey, E. A.","contributorId":100399,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bailey","given":"E. A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":393394,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Turner, R.R.","contributorId":29983,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Turner","given":"R.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":393392,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70022363,"text":"70022363 - 2000 - Influence of acid volatile sulfides and metal concentrations on metal partitioning in contaminated sediments","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-09-02T19:28:14.15264","indexId":"70022363","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1565,"text":"Environmental Science & Technology","onlineIssn":"1520-5851","printIssn":"0013-936X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Influence of acid volatile sulfides and metal concentrations on metal partitioning in contaminated sediments","docAbstract":"The influence of acid volatile sulfide (AVS) on the partitioning of Cd, Ni, and Zn in porewater (PW) and sediment as reactive metals (SEM, simultaneously extracted metals) was investigated in laboratory microcosms. Two spiking procedures were compared, and the effects of vertical geochemical gradients and infaunal activity were evaluated. Sediments were spiked with a Cd−Ni−Zn mixture (0.06, 3, 7.5 μmol/g, respectively) containing four levels of AVS (0.5, 7.5, 15, 35 μmol/g). The results were compared to sediments spiked with four levels of Cd−Ni−Zn mixtures at one AVS concentration (7.5 μmol/g). A vertical redox gradient was generated in each treatment by an 18-d incubation with an oxidized water column. [AVS] in the surface sediments decreased by 65−95% due to oxidation during incubation; initial [AVS] was maintained at 0.5−7.5 cm depth. PW metal concentrations were correlated with [SEM − AVS] among all data. But PW metal concentrations were variable, causing the distribution coefficient, Kdpw (the ratio of [SEM] to PW metal concentrations) to vary by 2−3 orders of magnitude at a given [SEM − AVS]. One reason for the variability was that vertical profiles in PW metal concentrations appeared to be influenced by diffusion as well as [SEM − AVS]. The presence of animals appeared to enhance the diffusion of at least Zn. The generalization that PW metal concentrations are controlled by [SEM − AVS] is subject to some important qualifications if vertical gradients are complicated, metal concentrations vary, or equilibration times differ.
Ground motion from local earthquakes and the SHIPS (Seismic Hazards Investigation in Puget Sound) experiment is used to estimate site amplification factors in Seattle. Earthquake and SHIPS records are analyzed by two methods: (1) spectral ratios relative to a nearby site on Tertiary sandstone, and (2) a source/site spectral inversion technique. Our results show site amplifications between 3 and 4 below 5 Hz for West Seattle relative to Tertiary rock. These values are approximately 30% lower than amplification in the Duwamish Valley on artificial fill, but significantly higher than the calculated range of 2 to 2.5 below 5 Hz for the till-covered hills east of downtown Seattle. Although spectral amplitudes are only 30% higher in the Duwamish Valley compared to West Seattle, the duration of long-period ground motion is significantly greater on the artificial fill sites. Using a three-dimensional displacement response spectrum measure that includes the effects of ground-motion duration, values in the Duwamish Valley are 2 to 3 times greater than West Seattle. These calculations and estimates of site response as a function of receiver azimuth point out the importance of trapped surface-wave energy within the shallow, low-velocity, sedimentary layers of the Duwamish Valley. One-dimensional velocity models yield spectral amplification factors close to the observations for till sites east of downtown Seattle and the Duwamish Valley, but underpredict amplifications by a factor of 2 in West Seattle. A two-dimensional finite-difference model does equally well for the till sites and the Duwamish Valley and also yields duration estimates consistent with the observations for the Duwamish Valley. The two-dimensional model, however, still underpredicts amplification in West Seattle by up to a factor of 2. This discrepancy is attributed to 3D effects, including basin-edge-induced surface waves and basin-geometry-focusing effects, caused by the proximity of the Seattle thrust fault and the sediment-filled Seattle basin.
","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Seismological Society of America","publisherLocation":"Stanford","doi":"10.1785/0120000022","issn":"00371106","usgsCitation":"Hartzell, S., Carver, D., Cranswick, E., and Frankel, A., 2000, Variability of site response in Seattle, Washington: Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, v. 90, no. 5, p. 1237-1250, https://doi.org/10.1785/0120000022.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"1237","endPage":"1250","numberOfPages":"14","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":300,"text":"Geologic Hazards Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":230373,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":206609,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1785/0120000022"}],"country":"United States","state":"Washington","city":"Seattle","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -122.25585937500001,\n 47.502358951968596\n ],\n [\n -122.19921112060545,\n 47.5072293624719\n ],\n [\n -122.18650817871094,\n 47.583241891903775\n ],\n [\n -122.22427368164064,\n 47.61981834974011\n ],\n [\n -122.26821899414061,\n 47.631387851583746\n ],\n [\n -122.29705810546874,\n 47.63994763436706\n ],\n [\n -122.32383728027344,\n 47.64249216425028\n ],\n [\n -122.35919952392578,\n 47.631387851583746\n ],\n [\n -122.39593505859376,\n 47.607088939995585\n ],\n [\n -122.41722106933594,\n 47.57444120741257\n ],\n [\n -122.39490509033203,\n 47.52253342509336\n ],\n [\n -122.3876953125,\n 47.51093984812192\n ],\n [\n -122.34374999999999,\n 47.496560255027696\n ],\n [\n -122.27371215820312,\n 47.49679221520181\n ],\n [\n -122.25585937500001,\n 47.502358951968596\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"90","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bc13be4b08c986b32a4c1","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hartzell, S.","contributorId":12603,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hartzell","given":"S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":393108,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Carver, D.","contributorId":22792,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Carver","given":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":393109,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Cranswick, E.","contributorId":85948,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cranswick","given":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":393111,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Frankel, A. 0000-0001-9119-6106","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9119-6106","contributorId":41593,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Frankel","given":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":393110,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70022305,"text":"70022305 - 2000 - Entrainment of riparian gravel and cobbles in an alluvial reach of a regulated canyon river","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-02-23T14:43:55","indexId":"70022305","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3246,"text":"Regulated Rivers: Research & Management","printIssn":"0886-9375","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Entrainment of riparian gravel and cobbles in an alluvial reach of a regulated canyon river","docAbstract":"Many canyon rivers have channels and riparian zones composed of alluvial materials and these reaches, dominated by fluvial processes, are sensitive to alterations in streamflow regime. Prior to reservoir construction in the mid-1960s, banks and bars in alluvial reaches of the Gunnison River in the Black Canyon National Monument, Colorado, USA, periodically were reworked and cleared of riparian vegetation by mainstem floods. Recent interest in maintaining near-natural conditions in the Black Canyon using reservoir releases has created a need to estimate sediment-entraining discharges for a variety of geomorphic surfaces composed of sediment ranging in size from gravel to small boulders.
Sediment entrainment potential was studied at eight cross-sections in an alluvial reach of the Gunnison River in the Black Canyon in 1994 and 1995. A one-dimensional water-surface profile model was used to estimate water-surface elevations, flow depths, and hydraulic conditions on selected alluvial surfaces for discharges ranging from 57 to 570 m3/s. Onsite observations before and after a flood of 270 m3/s confirmed sediment entrainment on several surfaces inundated by the flood. Selective entrainment of all but the largest particle sizes on the surface occurred at some locations. Physical evidence of sediment entrainment, or absence of sediment entrainment, on inundated surfaces generally was consistent with critical shear stresses estimated with a dimensionless critical shear stress of 0.030. Sediment-entrainment potential over a range of discharges was summarized by the ratio of the local boundary shear stress to the critical shear stress for d50, given hydraulic geometry and sediment-size characteristics. Differing entrainment potential for similar geomorphic surfaces indicates that estimation of minimum streamflow requirements based on sediment mobility is site-specific and that there is no unique streamflow that will initiate movement of d50 at every geomorphically similar location in the Black Canyon.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1002/(SICI)1099-1646(200001/02)16:1<37::AID-RRR564>3.0.CO;2-V","usgsCitation":"Elliott, J.G., and Hammack, L.A., 2000, Entrainment of riparian gravel and cobbles in an alluvial reach of a regulated canyon river: Regulated Rivers: Research & Management, v. 16, no. 1, p. 37-50, https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1099-1646(200001/02)16:1<37::AID-RRR564>3.0.CO;2-V.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"37","endPage":"50","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":230826,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Colorado","otherGeospatial":"Black Canyon National Monument, Gunnison River","volume":"16","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0982e4b0c8380cd51f51","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Elliott, John G. jelliott@usgs.gov","contributorId":832,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Elliott","given":"John","email":"jelliott@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":393084,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hammack, Lauren A.","contributorId":57898,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hammack","given":"Lauren","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":393083,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70022270,"text":"70022270 - 2000 - Monitoring temporal and spatial variability in sandeel (Ammodytes hexapterus) abundance with pigeon guillemot (Cepphus columba) diets","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-11-18T09:38:48","indexId":"70022270","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1936,"text":"ICES Journal of Marine Science","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Monitoring temporal and spatial variability in sandeel (Ammodytes hexapterus) abundance with pigeon guillemot (Cepphus columba) diets","docAbstract":"We evaluated pigeon guillemots (Cepphus columba) as monitors of nearshore fish abundance and community composition during 1995-1999 at Kachemak Bay, Alaska. We studied the composition of chick diets at 10 colonies and simultaneously measured fish abundance around colonies with beach seines and bottom trawls. Sandeels (Ammodytes hexapterus) formed the majority of the diet at one group of colonies. Temporal variability in sandeel abundance explained 74% of inter-annual variability in diet composition at these colonies and 93% of seasonal variability. Diets at other colonies were dominated by demersal fish. Among these colonies, 81% of the variability in the proportion of sandeels in diets was explained by spatial differences in sanded abundance. Pigeon guillemots exhibited a non-linear functional response to sandeel abundance in the area where these fish were most abundant. Temporal and spatial variability in demersal fish abundance was not consistently reflected in diets. Spatial differences in the proportion of different demersal fishes in the diet may have been driven by differences in guillemot prey preference. Prey specialization by individual pigeon guillemots was common, and may operate at the colony level. Inter-annual variability in sandeel abundance may have been tracked more accurately because the magnitude of change (11-fold) was greater than that of demersal fish (three-fold). (C) 2000 International Council for the Exploration of the Sea.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"ICES Journal of Marine Science","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1006/jmsc.2000.0583","issn":"10543139","usgsCitation":"Litzow, M.A., Piatt, J.F., Abookire, A.A., Prichard, A., and Robards, M.D., 2000, Monitoring temporal and spatial variability in sandeel (Ammodytes hexapterus) abundance with pigeon guillemot (Cepphus columba) diets: ICES Journal of Marine Science, v. 57, no. 4, p. 976-986, https://doi.org/10.1006/jmsc.2000.0583.","startPage":"976","endPage":"986","numberOfPages":"11","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":479361,"rank":10000,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1006/jmsc.2000.0583","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":206818,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1006/jmsc.2000.0583"},{"id":230864,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"57","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a5de1e4b0c8380cd70662","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Litzow, Michael A.","contributorId":8789,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Litzow","given":"Michael","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":392932,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Piatt, John F. 0000-0002-4417-5748 jpiatt@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4417-5748","contributorId":3025,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Piatt","given":"John","email":"jpiatt@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[{"id":116,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology MFEB","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":117,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology WTEB","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":392935,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Abookire, Alisa A.","contributorId":107224,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Abookire","given":"Alisa","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":392936,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Prichard, A.K.","contributorId":14151,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Prichard","given":"A.K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":392933,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Robards, Martin D.","contributorId":40148,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Robards","given":"Martin","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":392934,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70022234,"text":"70022234 - 2000 - Effects of a spring flushing flow on the distribution of radio-tagged juvenile rainbow trout in a Wyoming tailwater","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:48","indexId":"70022234","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2886,"text":"North American Journal of Fisheries Management","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Effects of a spring flushing flow on the distribution of radio-tagged juvenile rainbow trout in a Wyoming tailwater","docAbstract":"The controlled release of dammed water, designed to produce a flushing flow that would remove fine sediments from spawning habitat in a flow-regulated river, did not displace juvenile rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss (20-25 cm total length) downstream. Of eight naturally spawned (wild) and nine hatchery fish that were radio-tagged, only one wild fish and two hatchery fish were found in different locations after an eight-fold increase in flow. These three fish moved upstream and the greatest movement was 96 m. Cobble and boulder substrates in main-channel pools were thought to provide slow-water-velocity refuges during the flushing flow. Our findings and the findings of other researchers suggest that flushing flows can be conducted to enhance spawning habitat for rainbow trout without causing extensive downstream movements or habitat displacement of small fish in regulated rivers.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"North American Journal of Fisheries Management","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1577/1548-8675(2000)020<0546:EOASFF>2.3.CO;2","issn":"02755947","usgsCitation":"Simpkins, D., Hubert, W., and Wesche, T.A., 2000, Effects of a spring flushing flow on the distribution of radio-tagged juvenile rainbow trout in a Wyoming tailwater: North American Journal of Fisheries Management, v. 20, no. 2, p. 546-551, https://doi.org/10.1577/1548-8675(2000)020<0546:EOASFF>2.3.CO;2.","startPage":"546","endPage":"551","numberOfPages":"6","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":206581,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1577/1548-8675(2000)020<0546:EOASFF>2.3.CO;2"},{"id":230292,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"20","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0672e4b0c8380cd5124f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Simpkins, D.G.","contributorId":80027,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Simpkins","given":"D.G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":392796,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hubert, W.A.","contributorId":12822,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hubert","given":"W.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":392794,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Wesche, Thomas A.","contributorId":14595,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wesche","given":"Thomas","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":392795,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70022231,"text":"70022231 - 2000 - Katmai volcanic cluster and the great eruption of 1912","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-09-22T13:57:35.832482","indexId":"70022231","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1786,"text":"Geological Society of America Bulletin","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Katmai volcanic cluster and the great eruption of 1912","docAbstract":"In June 1912, the world's largest twentieth century eruption broke out through flat-lying sedimentary rocks of Jurassic age near the base of Trident volcano on the Alaska Peninsula. The 60 h ash-flow and Plinian eruptive sequence excavated and subsequently backfilled with ejecta a flaring funnel-shaped vent since called Novarupta. The vent is adjacent to a cluster of late Quaternary stratocones and domes that have released about 140 km3 of magma in the past 150 k.y. Although the 1912 vent is closest to the Trident group and is also close to Mageik and Griggs volcanoes, it was the summit of Mount Katmai, 10 km east of Novarupta, that collapsed during the eruption to form a 5.5 km3 caldera. Many earthquakes, including 14 in the range M 6−7, took place during and after the eruption, releasing 250 times more seismic energy than the 1991 caldera-forming eruption of the Philippine volcano, Pinatubo. The contrast in seismic behavior may reflect the absence of older caldera faults at Mount Katmai, lack of upward (subsidence opposing) magma flow owing to lateral magma withdrawal in 1912, and the horizontally stratified structure of the thick shale-rich Mesozoic basement. The Katmai caldera compensates for only 40% of the 13 km3 of 1912 magma erupted, which included 7–8 km3 of slightly zoned high-silica rhyolite and 4.5 km3 of crystal-rich dacite that grades continuously into 1 km3 of crystal-rich andesite. We have now mapped, sampled, and studied the products of all 20 components of the Katmai volcanic cluster. Pyroxene dacite and silicic andesite predominate at all of them, and olivine andesite is also common at Griggs, Katmai, and Trident volcanoes, but basalt and rhyodacite have erupted only at Mount Katmai. Rhyolite erupted only in 1912 and is otherwise absent among Quaternary products of the cluster. Pleistocene products of Mageik and Trident and all products of Griggs are compositionally distinguishable from those of 1912 at Novarupta. Holocene products of Mount Martin and Trident are closer in composition to the andesite-dacite array of 1912, but they reveal consistent differences. The affinity of the 1912 suite is closest with the array of products erupted by the Southwest Katmai cone, the edifice that had produced the only pre-1912 rhyodacite as well as the largest prehistoric Plinian eruption in the cluster. It is doubtful that any 1912 magma had been stored beneath Novarupta or Trident, and there is no evidence that more than one magma chamber erupted in 1912. Despite a compositional gap separating the aphyric rhyolite from the very crystal-rich andesite-dacite continuum, isotopic and chemical affinities linking all the 1912 ejecta and the continuity of all those ejecta in magmatic temperature and oxygen fugacity suggest that the rhyolite originated principally by incremental upward expulsion of interstitial melt from subjacent andesite-dacite mush. A large reservoir of such hot crystal mush is required both as the residue of rhyolitic melt separation and as a proximate heat source to thermally sustain the nearly aphyric condition of the overlying rhyolite. A model is presented for a unitary zoned chamber beneath Mount Katmai.
","language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","doi":"10.1130/0016-7606(2000)112<1594:KVCATG>2.0.CO;2","issn":"00167606","usgsCitation":"Hildreth, W., and Fierstein, J., 2000, Katmai volcanic cluster and the great eruption of 1912: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 112, no. 10, p. 1594-1620, https://doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(2000)112<1594:KVCATG>2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"27 p.","startPage":"1594","endPage":"1620","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":230861,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"Katmai volcanic cluster","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -165.0146484375,\n 54.380557368630654\n ],\n [\n -162.97119140625,\n 54.265224078605684\n ],\n [\n -159.58740234375,\n 54.635697306063854\n ],\n [\n -159.08203125,\n 54.6992335284814\n ],\n [\n -158.84033203125,\n 55.640398956687356\n ],\n [\n -158.203125,\n 56.04749958329888\n ],\n [\n -156.99462890624997,\n 56.49889156789072\n ],\n [\n -156.55517578125,\n 56.8249328650072\n ],\n [\n -155.93994140625,\n 57.350237477396824\n ],\n [\n -152.86376953125,\n 58.57398108438837\n ],\n [\n -151.94091796875,\n 58.722598828043374\n ],\n [\n -152.11669921875,\n 59.153403092050375\n ],\n [\n -152.02880859375,\n 59.77852198502987\n ],\n [\n -151.3916015625,\n 60.511343283202464\n ],\n [\n -151.5234375,\n 60.76989094827323\n ],\n [\n -150.97412109375,\n 61.18562468142281\n ],\n [\n -154.70947265625,\n 61.30190220337445\n ],\n [\n -154.75341796875,\n 60.27251459483244\n ],\n [\n -154.84130859375,\n 59.366793908532124\n ],\n [\n -155.91796874999997,\n 58.92733441827545\n ],\n [\n -156.24755859375,\n 58.33256713195789\n ],\n [\n -157.91748046875,\n 57.53941679447497\n ],\n [\n -158.73046875,\n 57.16007826737998\n ],\n [\n -159.14794921875,\n 56.8729956637964\n ],\n [\n -160.46630859375,\n 56.353077613860826\n ],\n [\n -160.64208984375,\n 56.108810038002154\n ],\n [\n -161.52099609375,\n 56.03522578369872\n ],\n [\n -162.24609375,\n 55.801280971180454\n ],\n [\n -162.70751953125,\n 55.441479359140686\n ],\n [\n -163.63037109375,\n 55.141209644495056\n ],\n [\n -164.64111328125,\n 54.95238569063361\n ],\n [\n -165.03662109375,\n 54.67383096593114\n ],\n [\n -165.0146484375,\n 54.380557368630654\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"112","issue":"10","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a406ae4b0c8380cd64d3e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hildreth, W. 0000-0002-7925-4251","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7925-4251","contributorId":100487,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hildreth","given":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":392780,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Fierstein, J.","contributorId":67666,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fierstein","given":"J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":392779,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70022166,"text":"70022166 - 2000 - Heterozygosity and fitness: No strong association in Great Lakes populations of the zebra mussel, Dreissena Polymorpha (Pallas)","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:46","indexId":"70022166","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2648,"text":"Malacologia","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Heterozygosity and fitness: No strong association in Great Lakes populations of the zebra mussel, Dreissena Polymorpha (Pallas)","docAbstract":"A number of studies have found positive associations between allozyme heterozygosity and fitness surrogates (e.g., body size and growth rate) for marine molluscs. We investigated whether similar relationships exist for freshwater populations of the zebra mussel, Dreissena polymorpha. Only one significant correlation between multi-locus heterozygosity and shell length was observed for a total of 22 D. polymorpha populations surveyed from midwestern U.S.A. lakes and streams, and the result was not significant on a table-wide basis. Meta-analysis revealed a significant common correlation coefficient (effect magnitude) between multi-locus heterozygosity and shell length across all 22 sites (rc = 0.052, P = 0.019, 1557 df). However, the variance in shell length explained by multi-locus heterozygosity was small (rc2 = 0.0027), implying a weak causal relationship if any. Also, we saw no relationship between heterozygosity and growth rate in a one-year field enclosure experiment. A significant heterozygosity-shell length correlation previously reported for a zebra mussel population at Put-in-Bay, Lake Erie, Ohio, may have been the product of unique population dynamics, rather than natural selection. Similar demographic considerations may contribute to inconsistencies in heterozygosity-fitness correlations seen for other molluscs.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Malacologia","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","issn":"00762997","usgsCitation":"Lewis, K., Feder, J., Horvath, T., and Lamberti, G.A., 2000, Heterozygosity and fitness: No strong association in Great Lakes populations of the zebra mussel, Dreissena Polymorpha (Pallas): Malacologia, v. 42, no. 1-2, p. 113-122.","startPage":"113","endPage":"122","numberOfPages":"10","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":230559,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"42","issue":"1-2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a3091e4b0c8380cd5d75c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lewis, K.M.","contributorId":42745,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lewis","given":"K.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":392588,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Feder, J.L.","contributorId":45477,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Feder","given":"J.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":392590,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Horvath, T.G.","contributorId":33477,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Horvath","given":"T.G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":392587,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Lamberti, G. A.","contributorId":44229,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Lamberti","given":"G.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":392589,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70022164,"text":"70022164 - 2000 - Utility of palmatolepids and icriodontids in recognizing Upper Devonian Series, Stage, and possible substage boundaries","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-10-03T14:55:27.845974","indexId":"70022164","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1145,"text":"CFS Courier Forschungsinstitut Senckenberg","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Utility of palmatolepids and icriodontids in recognizing Upper Devonian Series, Stage, and possible substage boundaries","docAbstract":"Conodonts are accepted internationally to define Devonian Series and Stage boundaries. Hence, the evolution and taxonomy of pelagic palmatolepids, primarily Palmatolepis and its direct ancestor Mesotaxis, and shallow-water icriodontids, Icriodus, Pelekysgnathus, and \"Icriodus\", are the major tools for recognizing subdivisions of the Upper Devonian. Palmatolepids are the basis for the Late Devonian Standard Conodont Zonation (ZIEGLER & SANDBERG 1990), whereas icriodontids are the basis for the alternative, integrated shallow-water zonation (SANDBERG & DREESEN 1984). However, an alternative palmatolepid taxonomy for some Frasnian species has been employed recently by some conodont workers using the Montagne Noire (M.N.) zonation, shape analyses of Pa elements, and multielement reconstructions of KLAPPER (1989), KLAPPER & FOSTER (1993); and KLAPPER et al. (1996). Herein, the evolution of palmatolepids and icriodontids is summarized in terms of our zonation and some of the taxonomic differences with the alternative M.N. zonation are exemplified. One of the problems in relating the Standard and M.N. zonations arises from previous errors of interpretation and drafting of the Martenberg section in Germany. This section was designated the reference section for the Frasnian transitans through jamieae Zones by ZIEGLER & SANDBERG (1990). Herein, the early and middle Frasnian zonal boundaries at Martenberg are improved by re-study of our old and recent collections from three profiles, spaced only 4 m apart. Serious problems exist with the Global Stratotype Sections and Points (GSSP's), selected by the Subcommission on Devonian Stratigraphy, following the paleontologic definition of the bases of the Frasnian, Famennian, and Tournaisian Stages, because of the difficulty in making global correlations from these GSSP's. Our summary of these problems should be helpful if future workers decide to relocate these GSSP's.","language":"English","publisher":"Schweizerbart Science Publishing","issn":"03414116","usgsCitation":"Ziegler, W., and Sandberg, C., 2000, Utility of palmatolepids and icriodontids in recognizing Upper Devonian Series, Stage, and possible substage boundaries: CFS Courier Forschungsinstitut Senckenberg, no. 225, p. 335-347.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"335","endPage":"347","costCenters":[{"id":35995,"text":"Geology, Geophysics, and Geochemistry Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":230557,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":407791,"rank":2,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://www.schweizerbart.de/publications/detail/isbn/9783510610464/CFS_Courier_Forschungsinstitut_Senckenbe"}],"issue":"225","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bc0cfe4b08c986b32a327","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ziegler, W.","contributorId":57614,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ziegler","given":"W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":392584,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Sandberg, Charles sandberg@usgs.gov","contributorId":199124,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sandberg","given":"Charles","email":"sandberg@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":35995,"text":"Geology, Geophysics, and Geochemistry Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":392585,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70022142,"text":"70022142 - 2000 - Characterization of seismic hazard and structural response by energy flux","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:45","indexId":"70022142","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3418,"text":"Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Characterization of seismic hazard and structural response by energy flux","docAbstract":"Seismic safety of structures depends on the structure's ability to absorb the seismic energy that is transmitted from ground to structure. One parameter that can be used to characterize seismic energy is the energy flux. Energy flux is defined as the amount of energy transmitted per unit time through a cross-section of a medium, and is equal to kinetic energy multiplied by the propagation velocity of seismic waves. The peak or the integral of energy flux can be used to characterize ground motions. By definition, energy flux automatically accounts for site amplification. Energy flux in a structure can be studied by formulating the problem as a wave propagation problem. For buildings founded on layered soil media and subjected to vertically incident plane shear waves, energy flux equations are derived by modeling the buildings as an extension of the layered soil medium, and considering each story as another layer. The propagation of energy flux in the layers is described in terms of the upgoing and downgoing energy flux in each layer, and the energy reflection and transmission coefficients at each interface. The formulation results in a pair of simple finite-difference equations for each layer, which can be solved recursively starting from the bedrock. The upgoing and downgoing energy flux in the layers allows calculation of the energy demand and energy dissipation in each layer. The methodology is applicable to linear, as well as nonlinear structures. ?? 2000 Published by Elsevier Science Ltd.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/S0267-7261(00)00036-1","issn":"02677261","usgsCitation":"Afak, E., 2000, Characterization of seismic hazard and structural response by energy flux: Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering, v. 20, no. 1-4, p. 39-43, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0267-7261(00)00036-1.","startPage":"39","endPage":"43","numberOfPages":"5","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":206801,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0267-7261(00)00036-1"},{"id":230818,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"20","issue":"1-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f4d9e4b0c8380cd4bf71","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Afak, E.","contributorId":46729,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Afak","given":"E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":392520,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ]}