{"pageNumber":"306","pageRowStart":"7625","pageSize":"25","recordCount":11004,"records":[{"id":70134541,"text":"70134541 - 1994 - Seismic images of a tectonic subdivision of the Greenville Orogen beneath lakes Ontario and Erie","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-04-09T13:00:45","indexId":"70134541","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1168,"text":"Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Seismic images of a tectonic subdivision of the Greenville Orogen beneath lakes Ontario and Erie","docAbstract":"<p>New seismic data from marine air-gun and Vibroseis profiles in Lake Ontario and Lake Erie provide images of subhorizontal Phanerozoic sediments underlain by a remarkable series of easterly dipping reflections that extends from the crystalline basement to the lower crust. These reflections are interpreted as structural features of crustal-scale subdivisions within the Grenville Orogen. Broadly deformed, imbricated, and overlapping thrust sheets within the western Central Metasedimentary Belt are succeeded to the west by a complex zone of easterly dipping, apparent thrust faults that are interpreted as a southwest subsurface extension of the boundary zone between the Central Metasedimentary Belt and the Central Gneiss Belt. The interpreted Central Metasedimentary Belt boundary zone has a characteristic magnetic anomaly that provides a link from the adjacent ends of lakes Ontario and Erie to structures exposed 150&ensp;km to the north. Less reflective, west-dipping events are interpreted as structures within the eastern Central Gneiss Belt. The seismic interpretation augments current tectonic models that suggest the exposed ductile structures formed at depth as a result of crustal shortening along northwest-verging thrust faults. Relatively shallow reflections across the boundary region suggest local, Late Proterozoic extensional troughs containing post-Grenville sediments, preserved possibly as a result of pre-Paleozoic reactivation of basement structures.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"NRC Research Press","doi":"10.1139/e94-023","usgsCitation":"Forsyth, D.A., Milkereit, B., Davidson, A., Hanmer, S., Hutchinson, D.R., Hinze, W.J., and Mereu, R., 1994, Seismic images of a tectonic subdivision of the Greenville Orogen beneath lakes Ontario and Erie: Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, v. 31, no. 2, p. 229-242, https://doi.org/10.1139/e94-023.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"229","endPage":"242","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":186,"text":"Coastal and Marine Geology Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":296419,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Canada, United States","otherGeospatial":"Lake Erie, Lake Ontario","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -83.64990234375,\n              41.96765920367816\n            ],\n            [\n              -78.92578124999999,\n              44.071800467511565\n            ],\n            [\n              -75.849609375,\n              44.512176171071054\n            ],\n            [\n              -76.00341796875,\n              43.43696596521823\n            ],\n            [\n              -82.6171875,\n              41.178653972331695\n            ],\n            [\n              -83.64990234375,\n              41.96765920367816\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"31","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5480342ae4b0ac64d148dcf4","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Forsyth, D. A.","contributorId":55022,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Forsyth","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":526285,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Milkereit, Bernd","contributorId":62752,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Milkereit","given":"Bernd","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":526286,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Davidson, A.","contributorId":38286,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Davidson","given":"A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":526287,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Hanmer, S.","contributorId":127679,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Hanmer","given":"S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":526288,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Hutchinson, Deborah R. 0000-0002-2544-5466 dhutchinson@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2544-5466","contributorId":521,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hutchinson","given":"Deborah","email":"dhutchinson@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":526289,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Hinze, W. J.","contributorId":52607,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Hinze","given":"W.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":526290,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Mereu, R.F.","contributorId":15678,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Mereu","given":"R.F.","affiliations":[{"id":7122,"text":"University of Wisconsin","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":526291,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}}
,{"id":70182641,"text":"70182641 - 1994 - Use of boreal forested wetlands by Pacific loons (<i>Gavia pacifica</i> Lawrence) and horned grebes (<i>Podiceps auritus</i> L.): Relations with limnological characteristics","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-02-27T13:54:06","indexId":"70182641","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"seriesTitle":{"id":5305,"text":"Developments in Hydrobiology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":24}},"title":"Use of boreal forested wetlands by Pacific loons (<i>Gavia pacifica</i> Lawrence) and horned grebes (<i>Podiceps auritus</i> L.): Relations with limnological characteristics","docAbstract":"<p><span>Our objective was to determine if the occurrence and abundance of Pacific loons (</span><i class=\"EmphasisTypeItalic \">Gavia pacifica</i><span> Lawrence) and horned grebes (</span><i class=\"EmphasisTypeItalic \">Podiceps auritus</i><span> L.) on 123 wetlands of Yukon Flats National Wildlife Refuge in east central Alaska were related to the limnological characteristics of those wetlands. Aquatic bird-wetland use surveys were conducted in conjunction with limnological sampling from May through September 1985–87 and May through August 1989. Results from logistic regression analysis demonstrated a significant association between the probability of wetland use by Pacific loons and shoreline length, water color, calcium and total phosphorus. Wetland use by horned grebes was related to shoreline length, pH, and chlorophyll. Aquatic bird abundance was then used as a Poisson response variable and modeled as a function of wetland limnological characteristics. Our results indicate that Pacific loon abundance was adequately modeled by linear and quadratic functions of shoreline length, color, pH, calcium and total phosphorus. Horned grebe abundance could not be modeled with this approach. The statistical techniques known collectively as generalized linear models provided a framework for the development of models for aquatic bird use of wetlands. Our results, however, indicate that while this approach shows promise, a better understanding of how to model aquatic bird abundance is needed. We then identify problems in model development and suggest avenues for future research.</span></p>","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Developments in Hydrobiology: Aquatic birds in the trophic web of lakes: Proceedings of a symposium held in Sackville, New Brunswick, Canada, in August 1991","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":15,"text":"Monograph"},"conferenceDate":"August 1991","conferenceLocation":"Sackville, NB","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1007/978-94-011-1128-7_17","isbn":"978-94-010-4493-6","usgsCitation":"Heglund, P., Jones, J., Fredrickson, L., and Kaiser, M., 1994, Use of boreal forested wetlands by Pacific loons (<i>Gavia pacifica</i> Lawrence) and horned grebes (<i>Podiceps auritus</i> L.): Relations with limnological characteristics, chap. <i>of</i> Developments in Hydrobiology: Aquatic birds in the trophic web of lakes: Proceedings of a symposium held in Sackville, New Brunswick, Canada, in August 1991: Developments in Hydrobiology, p. 171-183, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-1128-7_17.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"171","endPage":"183","costCenters":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":336235,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"Yukon Flats National Wildlife Refuge","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -150,\n              65.75\n            ],\n            [\n              -142.5,\n              65.75\n            ],\n            [\n              -142.5,\n              67.5\n            ],\n            [\n              -150,\n              67.5\n            ],\n            [\n              -150,\n              65.75\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58b15445e4b01ccd54fc5ee7","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Heglund, P.J.","contributorId":44505,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Heglund","given":"P.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":672552,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Jones, J.R.","contributorId":15967,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jones","given":"J.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":672553,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Fredrickson, L.H.","contributorId":91042,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fredrickson","given":"L.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":672554,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Kaiser, M.S.","contributorId":37836,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kaiser","given":"M.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":672555,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70197323,"text":"70197323 - 1994 - Continent-ocean transition in Alaska:  The tectonic assembly of eastern Denalia","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-11-16T15:45:13.360747","indexId":"70197323","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"title":"Continent-ocean transition in Alaska:  The tectonic assembly of eastern Denalia","docAbstract":"<p><span>Alaska is the eastern, subaerial part of a large subcontinent of distinctive tectonic character that serves as an isthmus between nuclear North America, with its fringing belt of allochthonous terranes, and the accreted terranes and volcanic belts that constitute northeastern Russia. Physiographically, this subcontinent, which we name Denalia, is a bulge in the continental platform in the vicinity of Alaska, the Chukotsk Peninsula, and the broad continental shelf of the Bering Sea. The bulge is convex to the south and is bounded on the east and west by constrictions in the width of the continental platform and on the north and south by the edge of the continental shelf (Fig. 1). Tectonically, Denalia is characterized by geologic youthfulness and complexity, an abundance of convergent and transcurrent faults, and absence of autochthonous cratonic rocks. It contains a profusion of lithotectonic terranes of diverse origin and age that were emplaced in late Mesozoic and Cenozoic time. In addition, it includes the superimposed Cenozoic Aleutian arc and subduction zone and the Queen Charlotte-Fairweather transform fault system. Parts of Denalia were created by pre-middle Mesozoic tectonic events, but these took place elsewhere, before the affected rocks were tectonically transported and incorporated into the landmass of Denalia. Except for a small area in the Porcupine Plateau region along the Alaska-Yukon boundary, the only Precambrian rocks that have been recognized in the subcontinent are in tectonically emplaced fragments, the largest of which is the Arctic Alaska terrane in the Brooks Range, Arctic Foothills, and Arctic Foothills.</span></p>","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Phanerozoic evolution of North American continent ocean transitions","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":15,"text":"Monograph"},"language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","publisherLocation":"Boulder, CO","doi":"10.1130/DNAG-COT-PEN.399","usgsCitation":"Moore, T.E., Grantz, A., and Roeske, S.M., 1994, Continent-ocean transition in Alaska:  The tectonic assembly of eastern Denalia, chap. <i>of</i> Phanerozoic evolution of North American continent ocean transitions, p. 399-441, https://doi.org/10.1130/DNAG-COT-PEN.399.","productDescription":"43 p.","startPage":"399","endPage":"441","costCenters":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":354536,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Canada, United States, Russia","state":"Alaska","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -135,\n              75\n            ],\n            [\n              -179.9,\n              75\n            ],\n            [\n              -179.9,\n              50\n            ],\n            [\n              -135,\n              50\n            ],\n            [\n              -135,\n              75\n            ]\n          ]\n        ],\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n      }\n    },\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              179.9,\n              75\n            ],\n            [\n              160,\n              75\n            ],\n            [\n              160,\n              50\n            ],\n            [\n              179.9,\n              50\n            ],\n            [\n              179.9,\n              75\n            ]\n          ]\n        ],\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5b15a001e4b092d9651e228c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Moore, Thomas E. 0000-0002-0878-0457 tmoore@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0878-0457","contributorId":1033,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Moore","given":"Thomas","email":"tmoore@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":736649,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Grantz, Arthur agrantz@usgs.gov","contributorId":2585,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Grantz","given":"Arthur","email":"agrantz@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":736650,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Roeske, S. M.","contributorId":96865,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Roeske","given":"S.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":736651,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70182832,"text":"70182832 - 1994 - Geology of south-central Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-06-07T16:28:08","indexId":"70182832","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"chapter":"10","title":"Geology of south-central Alaska","docAbstract":"<p>South-central Alaska is defined as the region bounded by the Kuskokwim Mountains to the northwest, the basins north of the Alaska Range to the north, the Canadian border to the east, and the Chugach Mountains to the south (Fig. 1). This region, hereafter called the study area, includes the Alaska Range, the Wrangell, Nutzotin, and Talkeetna mountains, the Copper River and the Susitna basins, the northern flank of the Chugach Mountains, the Aleutian Range, and the Alaska Peninsula. This chapter describes and interprets the bedrock geology of the region, which consists mostly of a collage of Paleozoic and Mesozoic tectonostratigraphic terranes (hereafter referred to as terranes), Mesozoic flysch basin deposits, late Paleozoic and Mesozoic plutonic rocks, and younger late Mesozoic and Cenozoic sedimentary, volcanic, and plutonic rocks. Cited published sources and new data and interpretations of the authors are utilized for the descriptions and interpretations. The terranes, flysch basin deposits, and younger Mesozoic sedimentary, volcanic, and plutonic assemblages are described first in a general northwest to southeast order. Major faults or sutures are described second. Stratigraphic linkages and structural and tectonic relations between terranes are described last. Definitions of the various stratigraphic, structural, and tectonic terms are stated at the end of this introduction.</p>","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"The geology of Alaska: Volume G-1 of Decade of North American Geology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":15,"text":"Monograph"},"language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","usgsCitation":"Nokleberg, W.J., Plafker, G., and Wilson, F.H., 1994, Geology of south-central Alaska, chap. 10 <i>of</i> The geology of Alaska: Volume G-1 of Decade of North American Geology, v. G-1, p. 311-366.","productDescription":"56 p.","startPage":"311","endPage":"366","costCenters":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":336387,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -162,\n              64\n            ],\n            [\n              -141,\n              64\n            ],\n            [\n              -141,\n              59\n            ],\n            [\n              -151.75,\n              59\n            ],\n            [\n              -151.75,\n              58\n            ],\n            [\n              -152,\n              58\n            ],\n            [\n              -152,\n              57\n            ],\n            [\n              -154,\n              57\n            ],\n            [\n              -154,\n              56\n            ],\n            [\n              -158,\n              56\n            ],\n            [\n              -158,\n              55\n            ],\n            [\n              -158.5,\n              55\n            ],\n            [\n              -158.5,\n              54\n            ],\n            [\n              -161,\n              54\n            ],\n            [\n              -161,\n              55\n            ],\n            [\n              -162,\n              55\n            ],\n            [\n              -162,\n              54\n            ],\n            [\n              -164,\n              54\n            ],\n            [\n              -164,\n              56\n            ],\n            [\n              -161,\n              56\n            ],\n            [\n              -161,\n              57\n            ],\n            [\n              -159.5,\n              57\n            ],\n            [\n              -159.5,\n              58\n            ],\n            [\n              -162.25,\n              58\n            ],\n            [\n              -162.25,\n              59\n            ],\n            [\n              -162,\n              59\n            ],\n         \n            [\n              -162,\n              64\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"G-1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58b69a44e4b01ccd54ff3fd8","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Nokleberg, Warren J. 0000-0002-1574-8869 wnokleberg@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1574-8869","contributorId":2077,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nokleberg","given":"Warren","email":"wnokleberg@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":673942,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Plafker, George","contributorId":3920,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Plafker","given":"George","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":673943,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Wilson, Frederic H. 0000-0003-1761-6437 fwilson@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1761-6437","contributorId":67174,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wilson","given":"Frederic","email":"fwilson@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[{"id":119,"text":"Alaska Science Center Geology Minerals","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":673944,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70182831,"text":"70182831 - 1994 - Geologic framework of the Aleutian arc, Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-01-08T12:43:16","indexId":"70182831","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"chapter":"11","title":"Geologic framework of the Aleutian arc, Alaska","docAbstract":"<p>The Aleutian arc is the arcuate arrangement of mountain ranges and flanking submerged margins that forms the northern rim of the Pacific Basin from the Kamchatka Peninsula (Russia) eastward more than 3,000 km to Cooke Inlet (Fig. 1). It consists of two very different segments that meet near Unimak Pass: the Aleutian Ridge segment to the west and the Alaska Peninsula-the Kodiak Island segment to the east. The Aleutian Ridge segment is a massive, mostly submerged cordillera that includes both the islands and the submerged pedestal from which they protrude. The Alaska Peninsula-Kodiak Island segment is composed of the Alaska Peninsula, its adjacent islands, and their continental and insular margins. The Bering Sea margin north of the Alaska Peninsula consists mostly of a wide continental shelf, some of which is underlain by rocks correlative with those on the Alaska Peninsula.</p><p>There is no pre-Eocene record in rocks of the Aleutian Ridge segment, whereas rare fragments of Paleozoic rocks and extensive outcrops of Mesozoic rocks occur on the Alaska Peninsula. Since the late Eocene, and possibly since the early Eocene, the two segments have evolved somewhat similarly. Major plutonic and volcanic episodes, however, are not synchronous. Furthermore, uplift of the Alaska Peninsula-Kodiak Island segment in late Cenozoic time was more extensive than uplift of the Aleutian Ridge segment. It is probable that tectonic regimes along the Aleutian arc varied during the Tertiary in response to such factors as the directions and rates of convergence, to bathymetry and age of the subducting Pacific Plate, and to the volume of sediment in the Aleutian Trench.</p><p>The Pacific and North American lithospheric plates converge along the inner wall of the Aleutian trench at about 85 to 90 mm/yr. Convergence is nearly at right angles along the Alaska Peninsula, but because of the arcuate shape of the Aleutian Ridge relative to the location of the plates' poles of rotation, the angle of convergence lessens to the west (Minster and Jordan, 1978). Along the central Aleutian Ridge, underthrusting is about 30° from normal to the volcanic axis. Motion between plates is approximately parallel along the western Aleutian Ridge.</p><p>In this paper we briefly describe and interpret the Cenozoic evolution of the Aleutian arc by focusing on the onshore and offshore geologic frameworks in four of its sectors, two sectors each from the Aleutian Ridge and Alaska Peninsula-Kodiak Island segments (Fig. 1). We compare the geologic evolution of the segments and comment on the implications of some new, previously unpublished data.</p>","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"The geology of Alaska: Volume G-1 of Decade of North American Geology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":15,"text":"Monograph"},"language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","usgsCitation":"Vallier, T.L., Scholl, D.W., Fisher, M.A., Bruns, T.R., Wilson, F.H., von Huene, R.E., and Stevenson, A.J., 1994, Geologic framework of the Aleutian arc, Alaska, chap. 11 <i>of</i> The geology of Alaska: Volume G-1 of Decade of North American Geology, v. G-1, p. 367-388.","productDescription":"22 p.","startPage":"367","endPage":"388","costCenters":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":520,"text":"Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":336372,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"Aleutian arc","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -197.2265625,\n              42.94033923363181\n            ],\n            [\n              -142.91015625,\n              42.94033923363181\n            ],\n            [\n              -142.91015625,\n              62.34960927573042\n            ],\n            [\n              -197.2265625,\n              62.34960927573042\n            ],\n            [\n              -197.2265625,\n              42.94033923363181\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"G-1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58b69a44e4b01ccd54ff3fda","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Vallier, Tracy L.","contributorId":28857,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Vallier","given":"Tracy","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":673935,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Scholl, David W. 0000-0001-6500-6962 dscholl@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6500-6962","contributorId":3738,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Scholl","given":"David","email":"dscholl@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":520,"text":"Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":186,"text":"Coastal and Marine Geology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":673936,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Fisher, Michael A. mfisher@usgs.gov","contributorId":1991,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fisher","given":"Michael","email":"mfisher@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":673937,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Bruns, Terry R.","contributorId":29420,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bruns","given":"Terry","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":673938,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Wilson, Frederic H. 0000-0003-1761-6437 fwilson@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1761-6437","contributorId":67174,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wilson","given":"Frederic","email":"fwilson@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[{"id":119,"text":"Alaska Science Center Geology Minerals","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":673939,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"von Huene, Roland E. 0000-0003-1301-3866 rvonhuene@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1301-3866","contributorId":191070,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"von Huene","given":"Roland","email":"rvonhuene@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":7065,"text":"USGS emeritus","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":673940,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Stevenson, Andrew J.","contributorId":18830,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stevenson","given":"Andrew","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":673941,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}}
,{"id":70195399,"text":"70195399 - 1994 - Tonsteins and clay-rich layers in coal-bearing intervals of the Eocene Manning formation, east-central Texas","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-02-15T15:21:36","indexId":"70195399","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1871,"text":"Gulf Coast Association of Geological Societies Transactions","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Tonsteins and clay-rich layers in coal-bearing intervals of the Eocene Manning formation, east-central Texas","docAbstract":"<p>Six samples from clay-rich intervals in the coal-bearing upper part of the Eocene Manning Formation were analyzed by scanning-electron microscopy and energy-dispersive X-ray fluorescence to determine the origin of minerals in the samples. Two samples were from surface-mine exposures of the 3500 coal bed near Bryan, Texas, and the remaining samples were from an exposure of a correlative interval at the Lake Somerville spillway about 60 km (37 mi) southwest of Bryan. Preliminary data suggest that both a 2-cm-thick (0.75-in) claystone from the upper part of the 3500 bed and the upper part of an 11-cm-thick (4.25-in) mudstone from the floor of the lower coal bed at the spillway were derived from volcanic ash falls.</p><p>Both clay layers identified as possible tonsteins are composed of kaolinite and accessory quartz, euhedral to subhedral zircon, feldspars, and Ca-Al phosphates (crandallite?). Both alkali and plagioclase feldspars are observed in the two samples, but K-feldspar predominates in the upper clay layer of the 3500 bed, and plagioclase, with accessory Ti-bearing biotite, predominates in the sample from the floor of the spillway. These compositional differences suggest two separate volcanic ash falls.</p><p>The other sampled clay layers contain rounded to subrounded zircons and feldspars in a mixed-layer clay groundmass, which suggests detrital rather than ash-fall origins.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"AAPG","usgsCitation":"Ruppert, L.F., Warwick, P.D., Crowley, S.S., and Pontolillo, J., 1994, Tonsteins and clay-rich layers in coal-bearing intervals of the Eocene Manning formation, east-central Texas: Gulf Coast Association of Geological Societies Transactions, v. 44, p. 649-656.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"649","endPage":"656","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":351540,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":351537,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://archives.datapages.com/data/gcags/data/044/044001/0649.htm"}],"country":"United States","state":"Texas","volume":"44","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5aff2321e4b0da30c1bfd64c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ruppert, Leslie F. 0000-0002-7453-1061 lruppert@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7453-1061","contributorId":660,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ruppert","given":"Leslie","email":"lruppert@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[{"id":245,"text":"Eastern Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":241,"text":"Eastern Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":728420,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Warwick, Peter D. 0000-0002-3152-7783 pwarwick@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3152-7783","contributorId":762,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Warwick","given":"Peter","email":"pwarwick@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":241,"text":"Eastern Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":728421,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Crowley, Sharon S.","contributorId":78325,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Crowley","given":"Sharon","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":728422,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Pontolillo, James jpontoli@usgs.gov","contributorId":2033,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pontolillo","given":"James","email":"jpontoli@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":436,"text":"National Research Program - Eastern Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":728423,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70017449,"text":"70017449 - 1994 - Deglaciation, lake levels, and meltwater discharge in the Lake Michigan basin","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-08-24T13:28:27","indexId":"70017449","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3219,"text":"Quaternary Science Reviews","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Deglaciation, lake levels, and meltwater discharge in the Lake Michigan basin","docAbstract":"The deglacial history of the Lake Michigan basin, including discharge and routing of meltwater, is complex because of the interaction among (1) glacial retreats and re-advances in the basin (2) the timing of occupation and the isostatic adjustment of lake outlets and (3) the depositional and erosional processes that left evidence of past lake levels. In the southern part of the basin, a restricted area little affected by differential isostasy, new studies of onshore and offshore areas allow refinement of a lake-level history that has evolved over 100 years. Important new data include the recognition of two periods of influx of meltwater from Lake Agassiz into the basin and details of the highstands gleaned from sedimentological evidence. Major disagreements still persist concerning the exact timing and lake-level changes associated with the Algonquin phase, approximately 11,000 BP. A wide variety of independent data suggests that the Lake Michigan Lobe was thin, unstable, and subject to rapid advances and retreats. Consequently, lake-level changes were commonly abrupt and stable shorelines were short-lived. The long-held beliefs that the southern part of the basin was stable and separated from deformed northern areas by a hinge-line discontinuity are becoming difficult to maintain. Numerical modeling of the ice-earth system and empirical modeling of shoreline deformation are both consistent with observed shoreline tilting in the north and with the amount and pattern of modern deformation shown by lake-level gauges. New studies of subaerial lacustrine features suggest the presence of deformed shorelines higher than those originally ascribed to the supposed horizontal Glenwood level. Finally, the Lake Michigan region as a whole appears to behave in a similar manner to other areas, both local (other Great Lakes) and regional (U.S. east coast), that have experienced major isostatic changes. Detailed sedimentological and dating studies of field sites and additional development of geophysical models offer hope for reconciling the field data with our understanding of earth rheology. ?? 1995.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Quaternary Science Reviews","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/0277-3791(94)90007-8","issn":"02773791","usgsCitation":"Colman, S.M., Clark, J., Clayton, L., Hansel, A., and Larsen, C., 1994, Deglaciation, lake levels, and meltwater discharge in the Lake Michigan basin: Quaternary Science Reviews, v. 13, no. 9-10, p. 879-890, https://doi.org/10.1016/0277-3791(94)90007-8.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"879","endPage":"890","costCenters":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science 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]\n}","volume":"13","issue":"9-10","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059fe53e4b0c8380cd4ec8e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Colman, Steven M. 0000-0002-0564-9576","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0564-9576","contributorId":77482,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Colman","given":"Steven","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":376503,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Clark, J.A.","contributorId":73759,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Clark","given":"J.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376502,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Clayton, L.","contributorId":55145,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Clayton","given":"L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376501,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Hansel, A.K.","contributorId":89280,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hansel","given":"A.K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376505,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Larsen, C.E.","contributorId":84518,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Larsen","given":"C.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376504,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}}
,{"id":70017052,"text":"70017052 - 1994 - Dissolution of bedded rock salt: A seismic profile across the active eastern margin of the Hutchinson Salt Member, central Kansas","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-01-21T13:21:19","indexId":"70017052","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1315,"text":"Computers & Geosciences","printIssn":"0098-3004","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Dissolution of bedded rock salt: A seismic profile across the active eastern margin of the Hutchinson Salt Member, central Kansas","docAbstract":"Since late Tertiary, bedded rock salt of the Permian Hutchinson Salt Member has been dissolved more-or-less continuously along its active eastern margin in central Kansas as a result of sustained contact with unconfined, undersaturated groundwater. The associated westward migration of the eastern margin has resulted in surface subsidence and the contemporaneous sedimentation of predominantly valley-filling Quarternary alluvium. In places, these alluvium deposits extend more than 25 km to the east of the present-day edge of the main body of contiguous rock salt. The margin could have receded this distance during the past several million years. From an environmental perspective, the continued leaching of the Hutchinson Salt is a major concern. This predominantly natural dissolution occurs in a broad zone across the central part of the State and adversely affects groundwater and surface-water quality as nonpoint source pollution. Significant surface subsidence occurs as well. Most of these subsidence features have formed gradually; others developed in a more catastrophic manner. The latter in particular pose real threats to roadways, railways, and buried oil and gas pipelines. In an effort to further clarify the process of natural salt dissolution in central Kansas and with the long-term goal of mitigating the adverse environmental affects of such leaching, the Kansas Geological Survey acquired a 4-km seismic profile across the eastern margin of the Hutchinson Salt in the Punkin Center area of central Kansas. The interpretation of these seismic data (and supporting surficial and borehole geologic control) is consistent with several hypotheses regarding the process and mechanisms of dissolution. More specifically these data support the theses that: 1. (1) Dissolution along the active eastern margin of the Hutchinson Salt Member was initiated during late Tertiary. Leaching has resulted in the steady westward migration of the eastern margin, surface subsidence, and the contemporaneous deposition of predominantly valley-filling Quarternary alluvium. 2. (2) Along the active eastern margin, the rock salt has been leached vertically from the top down, and horizontally along the uppermost remnant bedded soluble layer(s). As a result, the eastern margin thickens gradually (up to 90 m) and in a stepwise manner from east to west for distances on the order 5-15 km. 3. (3) In places, the Hutchinson Salt Member has been leached locally along NNE-trending paleoshear zones situated to the west of the present-day edge of the main body of contiguous rock salt. Leaching at these sites initiated when the main dissolution front impinged upon preexisting shear zones. ?? 1994.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Computers and Geosciences","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","publisherLocation":"Amsterdam, Netherlands","doi":"10.1016/0098-3004(94)90120-1","issn":"00983004","usgsCitation":"Anderson, N., Hopkins, J., Martinez, A., Knapp, R., Macfarlane, P.A., Watney, W., and Black, R., 1994, Dissolution of bedded rock salt: A seismic profile across the active eastern margin of the Hutchinson Salt Member, central Kansas: Computers & Geosciences, v. 20, no. 5, p. 889-903, https://doi.org/10.1016/0098-3004(94)90120-1.","startPage":"889","endPage":"903","numberOfPages":"15","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":224626,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":266160,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0098-3004(94)90120-1"}],"volume":"20","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a022ee4b0c8380cd4ff1c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Anderson, N.L.","contributorId":55129,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Anderson","given":"N.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":375259,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hopkins, J.","contributorId":92545,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hopkins","given":"J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":375261,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Martinez, A.","contributorId":81260,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Martinez","given":"A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":375260,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Knapp, R.W.","contributorId":98049,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Knapp","given":"R.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":375262,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Macfarlane, P. A.","contributorId":14597,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Macfarlane","given":"P.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":375257,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Watney, W.L.","contributorId":43087,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Watney","given":"W.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":375258,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Black, R.","contributorId":100693,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Black","given":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":375263,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}}
,{"id":70017401,"text":"70017401 - 1994 - Climate, interseasonal storage of soil water, and the annual water balance","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-02-01T17:13:13.6461","indexId":"70017401","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":664,"text":"Advances in Water Resources","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Climate, interseasonal storage of soil water, and the annual water balance","docAbstract":"<p><span>The effects of annual totals and seasonal variations of precipitation and potential evaporation on the annual water balance are explored. It is assumed that the only other factor of significance to annual water balance is a simple process of water storage, and that the relevant storage capacity is the plant-available water-holding capacity of the soil. Under the assumption that precipitation and potential evaporation vary sinusoidally through the year, it is possible to derive an analytic solution of the storage problem, and this yields an expression for the fraction of precipitation that evaporates (and the fraction that runs off) as a function of three dimensionless numbers: the ratio of annual potential evaporation to annual precipitation (index of dryness); an index of the seasonality of the difference between precipitation and potential evaporation; and the ratio of plant-available water-holding capacity to annual precipitation. The solution is applied to the area of the United States east of 105°W, using published information on precipitation, potential evaporation, and plant-available water-holding capacity as inputs, and using an independent analysis of observed river runoff for model evaluation. The model generates an areal mean annual runoff of only 187 mm, which is about 30% less than the observed runoff (263 mm). The discrepancy is suggestive of the importance of runoff-generating mechanisms neglected in the model. These include intraseasonal variability (storminess) of precipitation, spatial variability of storage capacity, and finite infiltration capacity of land.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0309-1708(94)90020-5","usgsCitation":"Milly, P., 1994, Climate, interseasonal storage of soil water, and the annual water balance: Advances in Water Resources, v. 17, no. 1-2, p. 19-24, https://doi.org/10.1016/0309-1708(94)90020-5.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"19","endPage":"24","numberOfPages":"6","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":229060,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"17","issue":"1-2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f658e4b0c8380cd4c6e4","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Milly, P. C. D.","contributorId":100489,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Milly","given":"P. C. D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376335,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70017631,"text":"70017631 - 1994 - Unusual ice diamicts emplaced during the December 15, 1989 eruption of Redoubt volcano, Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-01-18T22:12:00.971144","indexId":"70017631","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2499,"text":"Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Unusual ice diamicts emplaced during the December 15, 1989 eruption of Redoubt volcano, Alaska","docAbstract":"<p>Ice diamict comprising clasts of glacier ice and subordinate rock debris in a matrix of ice (snow) grains, coarse ash, and frozen pore water was deposited during the eruption of Redoubt Volcano on December 15, 1989. Rounded clasts of glacier ice and snowpack are as large as 2.5 m, clasts of Redoubt andesite and basement crystalline rocks reach 1 m, and tabular clasts of entrained snowpack are as long as 10 m.</p><p>Ice diamict was deposited on both the north and south volcano flanks. On Redoubt's north flank along the east side of Drift piedmont glacier and outwash valley, ice diamict accumulated as at least 3 units, each 1–5 m thick. Two ice-diamict layers underlie a pumice-lithic fall tephra that accumulated on December 15 from 10:15 to 11:45 AST. A third ice diamict overlies the pumiceous tephra. Some of the ice diamicts have a basal ‘ice-sandstone’ layer. The north side icy flows reached as far as 14 km laterally over an altitude drop of 2.3 km and covered an area of about 5.7 km<sup>2</sup>. On Crescent Glacier on the south volcano flank, a composite ice diamict is locally as thick as 20 m. It travelled 4.3 km over an altitude drop of 1.7 km, covering about 1 km<sup>2</sup>. The much higher mobility of the northside flows was influenced by their much higher water contents than the southside flow(s).</p><p>Erupting hot juvenile andesite triggered and turbulently mixed with snow avalanches at snow-covered glacier heads. These flows rapidly entrained more snow, firn, and ice blocks from the crevassed glacier. On the north flank, a trailing watery phase of each ice-diamict flow swept over and terraced the new icy deposits. The last (and perhaps each) flood reworked valley-floor snowpack and swept 35 km downvalley to the sea. Ice diamict did not form during eruptions after December 15 despite intervening snowfalls. These later pyroclastic flows swept mainly over glacier ice rather than snowpack and generated laharic floods rather than snowflows.</p><p>Similar flows of mixed ice grains and pyroclastic debris resulted from the November 13, 1985 eruption of Nevado del Ruiz volcano and from eruptions of snowclad Mount St. Helens in 1982–1984. Such deposits at snowclad volcanoes are initially broad and geomorphically distinct, but they soon become extensively reworked and hard to recognize in the geologic record.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0377-0273(94)90045-0","usgsCitation":"Waitt, R., Gardner, C.A., Pierson, T., Major, J., and Neal, C., 1994, Unusual ice diamicts emplaced during the December 15, 1989 eruption of Redoubt volcano, Alaska: Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, v. 62, no. 1-4, p. 409-428, https://doi.org/10.1016/0377-0273(94)90045-0.","productDescription":"20 p.","startPage":"409","endPage":"428","numberOfPages":"20","costCenters":[{"id":157,"text":"Cascades Volcano Observatory","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":228431,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"Redoubt Volcano","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -152.8932952880859,\n              60.391808675970445\n            ],\n            [\n              -152.6103973388672,\n              60.391808675970445\n            ],\n            [\n              -152.6103973388672,\n              60.575500068060016\n            ],\n            [\n              -152.8932952880859,\n              60.575500068060016\n            ],\n            [\n              -152.8932952880859,\n              60.391808675970445\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"62","issue":"1-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bbd03e4b08c986b328e8d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Waitt, R. B.","contributorId":78766,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Waitt","given":"R. B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":377076,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Gardner, C. A.","contributorId":75916,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gardner","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":377075,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Pierson, T.C. 0000-0001-9002-4273","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9002-4273","contributorId":41855,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pierson","given":"T.C.","affiliations":[{"id":157,"text":"Cascades Volcano Observatory","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":377074,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Major, J. J. 0000-0003-2449-4466","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2449-4466","contributorId":29461,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Major","given":"J. J.","affiliations":[{"id":157,"text":"Cascades Volcano Observatory","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":377073,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Neal, C.A. 0000-0002-7697-7825","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7697-7825","contributorId":91122,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Neal","given":"C.A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":377077,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}}
,{"id":70017756,"text":"70017756 - 1994 - Two episodes of meltwater influx from glacial Lake Agassiz into the Lake Michigan basin and their climatic contrasts","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-10-04T18:39:32","indexId":"70017756","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1796,"text":"Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Two episodes of meltwater influx from glacial Lake Agassiz into the Lake Michigan basin and their climatic contrasts","docAbstract":"Two episodes of meltwater influx from glacial Lake Agassiz are recorded as prominent sedimentologic, isotopic, magnetic, and faunal signatures in southern Lake Michigan profundal sediments. As a tributary to the main path of eastward Lake Agassiz flow, southern Lake Michigan recorded only the largest, catastrophic discharges. The distinctive Wilmette Bed, a massive gray mud that interrrupts laminated red glaciolacustrine clays, marks the first episode, which occurred near the beginning of the Younger Dryas cooling events. The associated discharge may have played a role in the inception or severity of the Younger Dryas event. An oxygen isotope excursion in biogenic carbonate and changes in ostracode assemblages mark the second episode, which appears to have had at least two pulses, dated by accelerator mass spectrometer 14C ages on biogenic carbonate at about 8.9 and 8.6 ka. The second episode occurred during the early Holocene peak in global meltwater discharge and apparently had little widespread climatic or oceanographic effect. The contrast between the effects associated with these two episodes of meltwater discharge emphasizes the complexity of the ice sheet-ocean-climate system. -Authors","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Geology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1130/0091-7613(1994)022<0547:TEOMIF>2.3.CO;2","issn":"00917613","usgsCitation":"Colman, S.M., Keigwin, L., and Forester, R.M., 1994, Two episodes of meltwater influx from glacial Lake Agassiz into the Lake Michigan basin and their climatic contrasts: Geology, v. 22, no. 6, p. 547-550, https://doi.org/10.1130/0091-7613(1994)022<0547:TEOMIF>2.3.CO;2.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"547","endPage":"550","costCenters":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":228441,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Canada, United States","otherGeospatial":"Lake Michigan basin","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -101,\n              40\n            ],\n            [\n              -72,\n              40\n            ],\n            [\n              -72,\n              53\n            ],\n            [\n              -101,\n              53\n            ],\n            [\n              -101,\n              40\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"22","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bb94fe4b08c986b327bbf","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Colman, Steven M. 0000-0002-0564-9576","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0564-9576","contributorId":77482,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Colman","given":"Steven","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":377478,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Keigwin, L.D.","contributorId":27213,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Keigwin","given":"L.D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":377476,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Forester, R. M.","contributorId":76332,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Forester","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":377477,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70016977,"text":"70016977 - 1994 - Geochemistry of tectonically expelled fluids from the northern Coast ranges, Rumsey Hills, California, USA","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-12-22T11:36:37.024484","indexId":"70016977","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1759,"text":"Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Geochemistry of tectonically expelled fluids from the northern Coast ranges, Rumsey Hills, California, USA","docAbstract":"<p>Tectonic compression has created abnormally high pressure on deep basinal fluids causing their expulsion from areally exposed Upper Cretaceous rock along the eastern margin of the California Coast ranges. The fluids emerge as near-neutral, perennial sodium chloride springs at high elevations with flow rates as high as 10 L per min. Higher spring discharges are more common around the exposure of a west-vergent fault propagation fold axis. Spring waters range from ~1000 to 27,000 mg/L TDS. The least saline water (<span class=\"math\"><span id=\"MathJax-Element-1-Frame\" class=\"MathJax_SVG\" data-mathml=\"<math xmlns=&quot;http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML&quot;><mtext>&amp;#x3B4;</mtext><msup><mi></mi><mn>18</mn></msup><mtext>O = &amp;#x2212;7.5&amp;#x2030;</mtext></math>\"><span class=\"MJX_Assistive_MathML\">δ<sup>18</sup>O = −7.5‰</span></span></span>) closely represents local meteoric water that mixes with saline fluid (<span class=\"math\"><span id=\"MathJax-Element-2-Frame\" class=\"MathJax_SVG\" data-mathml=\"<math xmlns=&quot;http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML&quot;><mtext>&amp;#x3B4;</mtext><msup><mi></mi><mn>18</mn></msup><mtext>O = +5.3&amp;#x2030;</mtext></math>\"><span class=\"MJX_Assistive_MathML\">δ<sup>18</sup>O = +5.3‰</span></span></span>) and forms a slope of ~3.5 on a δD vs. δ<sup>18</sup>O plot. A Na (125 to 8000 mg/L) vs. Cl (150 to 17,000 mg/L) plot shows a linear dilution trend that extends close to, but below, the values for modern seawater. Calcium (75–3000 mg/L) is considerably enriched relative to seawater and forms a nonlinear trend with chloride. In detail, the “Na deficit,” defined by the difference between the measured Na content and the Na concentration on a hypothetical seawater dilution line, is approximately balanced by the Ca excess, similarly defined by the seawater dilution line. This relationship strongly suggests that the fluid is diluted seawater that is being modified by active albitization of plagioclase at different depths. Simultaneous B and<span>&nbsp;</span><sup>18</sup>O enrichment of the fluids, accompanied by deuterium depletion, further suggest that the seawater modification is influenced by clay diagenesis.</p><p>Bicarbonate and SiO<sub>2</sub><span>&nbsp;</span>concentrations show an inverse correlation with Cl, with most waters being saturated or slightly oversaturated with calcite and quartz at the discharge temperatures. Some freshwater springs with near-meteoric stable isotope values may represent mixing of young groundwater from perched aquifers, but in many cases, the freshwater springs emerge along the same structures and have the same perennial nature as the saline fluids, and expulsion of an older fresh groundwater component that is under abnormal fluid pressures cannot be ruled out. Basinal fluids elsewhere commonly show dilution trends with local meteoric water, and in the case of the Rumsey Hills, some of the dilute saline waters may indicate deep penetration of meteoric water (&gt; 1 km) in the Pleistocene before the latest tectonic uplift.</p><p>Geothermometry of the spring waters (maximum ~90°C) suggest an origin from as deep as 4.0 km. This depth is consistent with the depth of the core of a fault propagation anticline below the surface of the Rumsey Hills developed by active internal deformation of an east-tapering wedge beneath the southwestern Sacramento Valley. Active tectonic compression causes near-lithostatic fluid pressures in the shallow subsurface below the Rumsey Hills and volume strain within the core of the anticline that results in upward expulsion of the saline fluids from the indicated depths.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0016-7037(94)90530-4","issn":"00167037","usgsCitation":"Davisson, M., Presser, T.S., and Criss, R., 1994, Geochemistry of tectonically expelled fluids from the northern Coast ranges, Rumsey Hills, California, USA: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 58, no. 7, p. 1687-1699, https://doi.org/10.1016/0016-7037(94)90530-4.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"1687","endPage":"1699","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":224812,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"Capay Valley, Rumsey Hills","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -122.83116906852135,\n              40.11316663404756\n            ],\n            [\n              -122.83116906852135,\n              39.22739587633049\n            ],\n            [\n              -122.1748189799561,\n              39.22739587633049\n            ],\n            [\n              -122.1748189799561,\n              40.11316663404756\n            ],\n            [\n              -122.83116906852135,\n              40.11316663404756\n            ]\n          ]\n        ],\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"58","issue":"7","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a1718e4b0c8380cd5539d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Davisson, M.L.","contributorId":62277,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Davisson","given":"M.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":375020,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Presser, T. S.","contributorId":93875,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Presser","given":"T.","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":375021,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Criss, R.E.","contributorId":10075,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Criss","given":"R.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":375019,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":1014839,"text":"1014839 - 1994 - Loma sp. salmonids from the Eastern United States: Associated lesions rainbow trout","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-03-18T12:22:27.47276","indexId":"1014839","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2177,"text":"Journal of Aquatic Animal Health","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Loma sp. salmonids from the Eastern United States: Associated lesions rainbow trout","docAbstract":"<div class=\"\"><div class=\"article-section__content en main\"><p>A microsporidian of the genus Loma was noted in the gills of rainbow trout<span>&nbsp;</span><i>Oncorhynchus mykiss</i><span>&nbsp;</span>from a state hatchery (Buford Trout Hatchery) in Georgia. Mortalities of varying severity occur at this hatchery every fall, and the microsporidian was noted during an experiment from August 1991 to January 1992 to determine the effects of water source on disease. Infections first appeared to be systemic in the October sample; xenomas were observed in heart, spleen, and peripheral vessel walls. The presence of unidentified intracellular material preceded the appearance of xenomas in all tissues, but whether this material was associated with inflammation or represented immature stages of the parasite has yet to be determined. These structures were also noted in the intestine and liver, although xenomas were not noted in these organs. Mature xenomas did not elicit an inflammatory response but appeared to be short-lived. When the xenoma wall ruptured and released spores, an inflammatory response was again observed. The prevalence and severity of the infection were determined in fish maintained in troughs with well water, Chattahoochee River water, or hatchery (treated river) water. The infection tended to be more prevalent and more severe in fish maintained in the hatchery or river water than in those maintained in the well water. Stress induced by poor water quality may increase mortality from this parasite. This report extends the range of<span>&nbsp;</span><i>Loma</i><span>&nbsp;</span>sp. into the eastern United States.</p></div></div>","language":"English","publisher":"American Fisheries Society","doi":"10.1577/1548-8667(1994)006<0318:LSISFT>2.3.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Markey, P., Blazer, V., Ewing, M.S., and Kocan, K.M., 1994, Loma sp. salmonids from the Eastern United States: Associated lesions rainbow trout: Journal of Aquatic Animal Health, v. 6, no. 4, p. 318-328, https://doi.org/10.1577/1548-8667(1994)006<0318:LSISFT>2.3.CO;2.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"318","endPage":"328","numberOfPages":"11","costCenters":[{"id":365,"text":"Leetown Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":131604,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"6","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a69e4b07f02db63c2ee","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Markey, P.T.","contributorId":51254,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Markey","given":"P.T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":321328,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Blazer, V. S. 0000-0001-6647-9614","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6647-9614","contributorId":56991,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Blazer","given":"V. S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":321329,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Ewing, M. S.","contributorId":79842,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ewing","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":321330,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Kocan, K. M.","contributorId":41779,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kocan","given":"K.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":321327,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70018037,"text":"70018037 - 1994 - Late Mesozoic and possible early Tertiary accretion in western Washington State: The Helena-Haystack mélange and the Darrington-Devils Mountain fault zone","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-12-23T15:52:07.201679","indexId":"70018037","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1786,"text":"Geological Society of America Bulletin","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Late Mesozoic and possible early Tertiary accretion in western Washington State: The Helena-Haystack mélange and the Darrington-Devils Mountain fault zone","docAbstract":"<p>The Helena-Haystack mélange (HH mélange) and coincident Darrington-Devils Mountain fault zone (DDMFZ) in northwestern Washington separate two terranes, the Northwest Cascade System (NWCS) and the western and eastern mélange belts (WEMB). The two terranes of Paleozoic and Mesozoic rocks superficially resemble each other but record considerable differences in structural and metamorphic history. The HH mélange is a serpentinite-matrix mélange containing blocks of adjacent terranes but also exotic blocks of schistose metavolcanic rocks and Jurassic tonalite and associated amphibolite. The HH mélange must have formed between early Cretaceous and late middle Eocene time, because it contains tectonic clasts of early Cretaceous Shuksan Greenschist and is overlain by late middle Eocene sedimentary and volcanic rocks. Less certain constraints on its age are a tectonic clast of metarhyolite that yields 90 Ma metamorphic ages and the presumption that the mélange was emplaced before the outboard Olympic terrane arrived at about 50 Ma. The apparent continuity of the HH mélange and the Decatur terrane of the San Juan Islands suggests that the mélange is the strongly tectonized equivalent of the Fidalgo ophiolite. The out-crop pattern suggests that the HH mélange overlies rocks of the NWCS and it may have formed when the WEMB terranes were thrust over rocks of the NWCS.</p><p>Much of the exposed belt of the HH mélange is overlain by late middle Eocene feldspathic sandstone and volcanic rocks of the Barlow Pass Volcanics of Vance (1957a), which are cut by numerous faults of the DDMFZ paralleling the mélange. The Barlow Pass Volcanics appear to overlie the Straight Creek fault without large offset, but a displaced exotic block of amphibolite with attached early or early middle Eocene(?) sandstone in the mélange suggests that strike-slip movement along the DDMFZ was synchronous with movement on the Straight Creek fault, and stretched cobbles in the conglomerates of the Barlow Pass Volcanics suggest post-Straight Creek movement.</p><p>The possible continuation of the DDMFZ to the northwest as the San Juan and the West Coast faults on Vancouver Island suggests That the structure has had a major role in the emplacement of all the westernmost terranes in the Pacific Northwest. This major suture is strongly bowed to the northeast opposite the great oroclinal bend of the Olympic terrane, suggesting that the emplacement of that terrane may have deformed a once straighter strike-slip zone.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","doi":"10.1130/0016-7606(1994)106<0217:LMAPET>2.3.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Tabor, R.W., 1994, Late Mesozoic and possible early Tertiary accretion in western Washington State: The Helena-Haystack mélange and the Darrington-Devils Mountain fault zone: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 106, no. 2, p. 217-232, https://doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1994)106<0217:LMAPET>2.3.CO;2.","productDescription":"16 p.","startPage":"217","endPage":"232","numberOfPages":"16","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":228645,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Washington","volume":"106","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a44f3e4b0c8380cd66eea","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Tabor, R. W.","contributorId":16002,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tabor","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":378254,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":18062,"text":"ofr9478 - 1994 - Flood of June 17, 1990, in the Clear Creek Basin, east-central Iowa","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-03-16T14:19:03","indexId":"ofr9478","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"94-78","title":"Flood of June 17, 1990, in the Clear Creek Basin, east-central Iowa","docAbstract":"<p>A water-surface-elevation profile for the flood of June 17, 1990, in the Clear Creek Basin, east-central Iowa, is given in this report. The maximum flood-peak discharge of 10,200 cubic feet per second for the streamflow-gaging station on Clear Creek near Coralville, Iowa (station number 05454300), occurred on June 17, 1990. This discharge was approximately equal to the 80-year recurrence-interval discharge. A flood history describes rainfall conditions for floods that occurred during 1982, 1990, and 1993.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Iowa City, IA","doi":"10.3133/ofr9478","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Iowa Highway Research Board and the Highway Division of the Iowa Department of Transportation (Research Project HR-140)","usgsCitation":"Barnes, K., and Eash, D.A., 1994, Flood of June 17, 1990, in the Clear Creek Basin, east-central Iowa: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 94-78, iv, 16 p.: ill., map; 28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr9478.","productDescription":"iv, 16 p.: ill., map; 28 cm.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":351,"text":"Iowa Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":47415,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1994/0078/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":149984,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1994/0078/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Iowa","otherGeospatial":"Clear Creek basin","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -91.78665161132812,\n              41.665730935994\n            ],\n            [\n              -91.78665161132812,\n              41.73366078435096\n            ],\n            [\n              -91.56211853027344,\n              41.73366078435096\n            ],\n            [\n              -91.56211853027344,\n              41.665730935994\n            ],\n            [\n              -91.78665161132812,\n              41.665730935994\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49f2e4b07f02db5eed97","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Barnes, K.K.","contributorId":99164,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Barnes","given":"K.K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":178468,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Eash, D. A.","contributorId":60237,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Eash","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":178467,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":19737,"text":"ofr9454 - 1994 - Selected ground-water data for Yucca Mountain region, southern Nevada and eastern California, through December 1992","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-06-30T20:35:32.577105","indexId":"ofr9454","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"94-54","title":"Selected ground-water data for Yucca Mountain region, southern Nevada and eastern California, through December 1992","docAbstract":"Tne U.S. Geological Survey. in support of the U.S. Department of Energy, Yucca Mountain Site- Characterization Project, collects, compiles, and summarizes water-resource data in the Yucca Mountain region. The data are collected to document the historical and current condition of ground-water resources, to detect and document changes in those resources through time, and to allow assessments of ground-water resources during investigations to determine the potential suitability of Yucca Mountain for storing high-level nuclear waste. Data on ground-water levels at 36 sites, ground- water discharge at 6 sites, ground-water quality at 19 sites, and ground-water withdrawals within Crater Fiat, Jackass Flats, Mercury Valley, and the Amargosa Desert are presented. Data on ground-water levels, discharges, and withdrawals collected by other agencies or as part of other programs are included to further indicate variations through time. A statistical summary of ground-water levels and median annual ground-water withdrawals in Jackass Flats is presented. The statistical summary includes the number of measurements, the maximum, minimum, and median water-level altitudes, and the average deviation of a11 water-level altitudes for selected baseline periods and for calendar year 1992. Data on ground-water quality are compared to established, proposed, or tentative primary and secondary drinking-water standards, and measures which exceeded those standards are listed for 18 sites. Detected organic compounds for which established, proposed, or tentative drinking-water standards exist also are listed.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr9454","usgsCitation":"La Camera, R.J., and Westenburg, C.L., 1994, Selected ground-water data for Yucca Mountain region, southern Nevada and eastern California, through December 1992: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 94-54, Report: 161 p.; 1 Plate: 16.92 × 11.82 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr9454.","productDescription":"Report: 161 p.; 1 Plate: 16.92 × 11.82 inches","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":402788,"rank":4,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_12448.htm"},{"id":264551,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1994/0054/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":264550,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1994/0054/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":49211,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1994/0054/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"California, Nevada","otherGeospatial":"Yucca Mountain region","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -117,\n              36.267\n            ],\n            [\n              -116,\n              36.267\n            ],\n            [\n              -116,\n              37\n            ],\n            [\n              -117,\n              37\n            ],\n            [\n              -117,\n              36.267\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4adce4b07f02db68647a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"La Camera, Richard J.","contributorId":52212,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"La Camera","given":"Richard","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":181420,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Westenburg, Craig L.","contributorId":63831,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Westenburg","given":"Craig","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":181421,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":29082,"text":"wri934232 - 1994 - Sources and transport of sediment, nutrients, and oxygen-demanding substances in the Minnesota River basin, 1989-92","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-03-19T10:47:07","indexId":"wri934232","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"93-4232","title":"Sources and transport of sediment, nutrients, and oxygen-demanding substances in the Minnesota River basin, 1989-92","docAbstract":"<p>The Minnesota River, 10 major tributaries, and 21 springs were sampled to determine the sources and transport of sediment, nutrients, and oxygen- demanding substances. The study was part of a four-year assessment of non-point source pollution in the Minnesota River Basin. Runoff from tributary watersheds was identified as the primary source of suspended sediment and nutrients in the Minnesota River mainstem. Suspended-sediment, phosphorus, and nitrate concentrations were elevated in all major tributaries during runoff, but tributaries in the south-central and eastern part of the basin produce the highest annual loading to the mainstem because of higher annual precipitation and runoff in that part of the basin. Particle-size analyses showed that most of the suspended sediment in transport consisted of silt- and clay-size material. Phosphorus enrichment was indicated throughout the mainstem by total phosphorus concentrations that ranged from 0.04 to 0.48 mg/L with a median value of 0.22 mg/L, and an interquartile range of 0.15 to 0.29 mg/L. Nitrate concentrations periodically exceeded drinking water standards in tributaries draining the south-central and eastern part of the basin. Oxygen demand was most elevated during periods of summer low flow. Correlations between levels of biochemical oxygen demand and levels of algal productivity suggest that algal biomass comprises much of the oxygen-demanding material in the mainstem. Transport of sediment, nutrients, and organic carbon within the mainstem was found to be conservative, with nearly all tributary inputs being transported downstream. Uptake and utilization of nitrate and orthophosphorus was indicated during low flow, but at normal and high flow, inputs of these constituents greatly exceeded biological utilization.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Mounds View, MN","doi":"10.3133/wri934232","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Minnesota Pollution Control Agency and the Legislative Commission on Minnesota Resources","usgsCitation":"Payne, G.A., 1994, Sources and transport of sediment, nutrients, and oxygen-demanding substances in the Minnesota River basin, 1989-92: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 93-4232, vii, 71 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri934232.","productDescription":"vii, 71 p.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":392,"text":"Minnesota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":159459,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1993/4232/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":57938,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1993/4232/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Minnesota, South Dakota","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -97.1026611328125, 45.93969078234 ], [ -97.020263671875, 45.87853662114514 ], [ -96.9873046875, 45.79816953017265 ], [ -96.87744140625, 45.69850658738848 ], [ -96.75659179687499, 45.62940492064501 ], [ -96.591796875, 45.61403741135093 ], [ -96.5423583984375, 45.54483149242463 ], [ -96.45996093749999, 45.463983441272745 ], [ -96.317138671875, 45.471688258104614 ], [ -96.185302734375, 45.52944081525666 ], [ -96.075439453125, 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}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4abde4b07f02db673ec6","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Payne, G. A.","contributorId":62190,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Payne","given":"G.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":200921,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":19598,"text":"ofr94312 - 1994 - Streamflow and selected precipitation data for Yucca Mountain region, southern Nevada and eastern California, water years 1986-90","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-04-26T20:21:47.627153","indexId":"ofr94312","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"94-312","displayTitle":"Streamflow and Selected Precipitation Data for Yucca Mountain Region, Southern Nevada and Eastern California, Water Years 1986-90","title":"Streamflow and selected precipitation data for Yucca Mountain region, southern Nevada and eastern California, water years 1986-90","docAbstract":"Streamflow and precipitation data collected at and near Yucca Mountain, Nevada, during water years 1986-90 are presented in this report. The data were collected and compiled as part of the studies by the U.S. Geological Survey, in cooperation with the U.S. Department of Energy, to characterize surface-water hydrology in the Yucca Mountain area. Streamflow data include daily-mean discharges and peak discharges at 5 continuous-record gaging stations, and peak discharges at 10 crest-stage, partial-record stations and 2 miscellaneous sites. Precipitation data include cumulative totals at 20 stations maintained by the U.S. Geological Survey and daily totals at 15 stations maintained by the Weather Service Nuclear Support Office, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr94312","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Nevada Operations Office of the U.S. Department of Energy","usgsCitation":"Kane, T.G., Bauer, D.J., and Martinez, C.M., 1994, Streamflow and selected precipitation data for Yucca Mountain region, southern Nevada and eastern California, water years 1986-90: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 94-312, iv, 118 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr94312.","productDescription":"iv, 118 p.","temporalStart":"1985-10-01","temporalEnd":"1990-09-30","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":49065,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1994/0312/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":152675,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1994/0312/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California, Nevada","otherGeospatial":"Yucca Mountain","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -117,36 ], [ -117,37.5 ], [ -115.5,37.5 ], [ -115.5,36 ], [ -117,36 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b15e4b07f02db6a4f48","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kane, Thomas G. III","contributorId":16854,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kane","given":"Thomas","suffix":"III","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":181187,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bauer, David J.","contributorId":47811,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bauer","given":"David","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":181189,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Martinez, Clair M.","contributorId":41016,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Martinez","given":"Clair","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":181188,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":19584,"text":"ofr93627 - 1994 - Selected data on characteristics of glacial-deposit and carbonate-rock aquifers, Midwestern Basin and Arches region","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-07-18T19:03:36.403317","indexId":"ofr93627","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"93-627","title":"Selected data on characteristics of glacial-deposit and carbonate-rock aquifers, Midwestern Basin and Arches region","docAbstract":"In 1988, the Geological Survey (USGS) began study to examine the hydrogeologic framework, ground-water-flow systems, water chemistry, and withdrawal response of aquifers in glacial deposits and carbonate rock in the Midwestern Basins and Arches Region in western Ohio and eastern Indiana. As part of this study, data from pumped-well tests and instantaneous-rechange tests (slug tests) of wells completed in the glacial-deposit and carbonate-rock aquifers were compiled from reports and information on file with State agencies, environmental consulting firms, drilling firms, municipalities, universities, and the USGS. The data, from 73 counties in Ohio and Indiana, were entered into a computerized data base in a spreadsheet format and subsequently into a geographic information system (GIS).\r\n\r\nAquifer-characteristics data from this compilation include the results of 105 pumped-well tests and 39 slug tests in wells completed in glacial deposits, 174 pumped-well tests in wells completed in the carbonate-rock aquifer, and 4 slug tests in wells completed in limestones and shales of Ordovician age. Transmissivities from the pumped-well tests in wells completed in glacial till and glacial-deposit aquifers (sands and gravels) range from 1.54 to 69,700 feet squared per day. Storage coefficients or specific yields range from 0.00002 to 0.38 at these wells. Horizontal-hydraulic conductivities from the slug tests in wells completed in glacial-deposit aquifers range from 0.33 to 1,000 feet per day. Transmissivities from the pumped-well tests in wells completed in the carbonate-rock aquifer range from 70 to 52,000 feet squared per day. Storage coefficient or specific yields at these wells range from 0.00001 to 0.05. Horizontal hydraulic conductivities from the slug tests in wells completed in limestones and shales of Ordovician age range from 0.0016 to 12 feet per day. These data are summarized in tables and figures within this report.\r\n\r\nThe collection and compilation of selected aquifer-characteristic data for the glacial-deposit and carbonate-rock aquifers within the Midwestern Basin and Arches Region of Shaver (1985) are an essential part of the Midwestern Basins and Arches Regional Aquifer-Systems Analysis (Midwestern Basins and Arches RASA) project of the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS). Specifically, the data are needed to help describe ground-water flow in the regional aquifer system, which isone of the objectives of the Midwestern Basins and Arches RASA project (Bugliosi, 1990). To meet this objective, the Midwestern Basins and Arches RASA began subprojects in the Ohio and Indiana offices of the USGS to collect and compile available aquifer-characteristics data from aquifer tests of the glacial-deposit and carbonate-rock aquifers. The data were not reanalyzed to verify accuracy because of time constraints and insufficient data in many cases.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr93627","usgsCitation":"Joseph, R.L., and Eberts, S.M., 1994, Selected data on characteristics of glacial-deposit and carbonate-rock aquifers, Midwestern Basin and Arches region: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 93-627, vi, 43 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr93627.","productDescription":"vi, 43 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":403940,"rank":2,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_12784.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":49054,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1993/0627/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":152037,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1993/0627/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Illinois, Indiana, Kentucky, Ohio, West Virginia","otherGeospatial":"Midwestern Basin and Arches Region","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -88.092,\n              37.771\n            ],\n            [\n              -80.517,\n              37.771\n            ],\n            [\n              -80.517,\n              41.983\n            ],\n            [\n              -88.092,\n              41.983\n            ],\n            [\n              -88.092,\n              37.771\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a08e4b07f02db5fa539","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Joseph, R. L.","contributorId":63265,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Joseph","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":181164,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Eberts, S. M.","contributorId":28276,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Eberts","given":"S.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":181163,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":17471,"text":"ofr94211 - 1994 - Petroleum exploration plays and resource estimates, 1989, onshore United States; Region 8, Eastern Interior; Region 9, Atlantic Coast","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-10-22T19:43:34","indexId":"ofr94211","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"94-211","title":"Petroleum exploration plays and resource estimates, 1989, onshore United States; Region 8, Eastern Interior; Region 9, Atlantic Coast","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/ofr94211","usgsCitation":"Powers, R., 1994, Petroleum exploration plays and resource estimates, 1989, onshore United States; Region 8, Eastern Interior; Region 9, Atlantic Coast: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 94-211, iii, 113 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr94211.","productDescription":"iii, 113 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":150692,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1994/0211/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":46625,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1994/0211/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ae0e4b07f02db687f33","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Powers, R.B.","contributorId":34160,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Powers","given":"R.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":749328,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1}],"authors":[{"text":"Powers, R.B.","contributorId":34160,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Powers","given":"R.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":176504,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":43689,"text":"ofr93368 - 1994 - Hydrologic features of the Truckee and Carson River Basins and adjacent areas, western Nevada and eastern California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-08-30T18:17:55.921283","indexId":"ofr93368","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"93-368","title":"Hydrologic features of the Truckee and Carson River Basins and adjacent areas, western Nevada and eastern California","docAbstract":"<p>No abstract available.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr93368","usgsCitation":"Trionfante, J.V., and Peltz, L.A., 1994, Hydrologic features of the Truckee and Carson River Basins and adjacent areas, western Nevada and eastern California: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 93-368, 1 Plate: 14.79 x 22.67 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr93368.","productDescription":"1 Plate: 14.79 x 22.67 inches","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":420311,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_40305.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":81273,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1993/0368/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":161802,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1993/0368/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California, Nevada","otherGeospatial":"Truckee and Carson River Basins","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -120.5,\n              40.5\n            ],\n            [\n              -120.5,\n              38.25\n            ],\n            [\n              -118,\n              38.25\n            ],\n            [\n              -118,\n              40.5\n            ],\n            [\n              -120.5,\n              40.5\n            ]\n          ]\n        ],\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a1ae4b07f02db606ad9","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Trionfante, Jeffrey V.","contributorId":46577,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Trionfante","given":"Jeffrey","email":"","middleInitial":"V.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":228562,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Peltz, Lorri A.","contributorId":29401,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Peltz","given":"Lorri","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":12701,"text":"US Geological Survey","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":228561,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":1012838,"text":"1012838 - 1994 - Polar bear maternity denning in the Beaufort Sea","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-04-06T15:15:09.56482","indexId":"1012838","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2508,"text":"Journal of Wildlife Management","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Polar bear maternity denning in the Beaufort Sea","docAbstract":"<p>The distribution of polar bears (<i>Ursus maritimus</i>) is circumpolar in the Northern Hemisphere, but known locations of maternal dens are concentrated in relatively few, widely scattered locations. Denning is either uncommon or unknown within gaps. To understand effects of industrial development and propose increases in hunting, the temporal and spatial distribution of denning in the Beaufort Sea must be known. We caputred and radiocollared polar bears between 1981 and 1991 and determined tht denning in the Beaufort Sea region was sufficient to account for the estimated population there. Of 90 dens, 48 were on drifting pack ice, 38 on land, and 4 on land-fast ice. The portions of dens on land was higher (<i>P </i>= 0.029) in later compared with earlier years of the study. Bears denning on pack ice drifting as far as 997 km (<i>x </i>= 385 km) while in dens. there was no difference in cub production by bears denning on land and pack ice (<i>P</i> = 0.66). Mean entry and exit dates were 11 November and 5 April for land dens and 22 November and 26 March for pack-ice dens. Female polar bears captured in the Beaufort Sea appeared to be isolated from those caught east of Cape Bathurst in Canada. Of 35 polar bears that denned along the mainland coast of Alaska and Canada 80% denned between <span>137°00′W and 146°59′W</span>. Bears followed to &gt;1 den did not reuse sites and consecutive dens were 20-1,304 km apart. However radio-collared bears are largely faithful to substrate (pack-ice, land, and land-fast ice) and the general geographic area of previous dens. Bears denning on land may be vunerable to human activities such as hunting and industrial development. However, predictable denning chronology and lack of site fidelity indicate that many potential impacts on denning polar bears could be mitigated.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.2307/3809542","usgsCitation":"Amstrup, S.C., and Gardner, C.L., 1994, Polar bear maternity denning in the Beaufort Sea: Journal of Wildlife Management, v. 58, no. 1, p. 1-10, https://doi.org/10.2307/3809542.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"1","endPage":"10","numberOfPages":"10","costCenters":[{"id":106,"text":"Alaska Biological Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":129505,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Canada, United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"Beaufort Sea","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -160.83984375,\n              67.20403234340081\n            ],\n            [\n              -165.849609375,\n              68.97416358340674\n            ],\n            [\n              -157.32421875,\n              70.8446726342528\n            ],\n            [\n              -137.28515624999997,\n              68.65655498475735\n            ],\n            [\n              -120.234375,\n              68.8159271333607\n            ],\n            [\n              -112.5,\n              69.28725695167886\n            ],\n            [\n              -106.25976562499999,\n              73.09941313082075\n            ],\n            [\n              -107.841796875,\n              74.59010800882325\n            ],\n            [\n              -113.203125,\n              73.9710776393399\n            ],\n            [\n              -122.16796875,\n              74.79890566232942\n            ],\n            [\n              -158.291015625,\n              75.58493740869223\n            ],\n            [\n              -163.037109375,\n              73.12494524712693\n            ],\n            [\n              -169.892578125,\n              69.19379976461904\n            ],\n            [\n              -165.146484375,\n              66.37275500247455\n            ],\n            [\n              -158.994140625,\n              65.73062649311031\n            ],\n            [\n              -160.83984375,\n              67.20403234340081\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"58","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ad8e4b07f02db6849b6","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Amstrup, Steven C.","contributorId":67034,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Amstrup","given":"Steven","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":13182,"text":"Polar Bears International","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":318406,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Gardner, Craig L.","contributorId":65259,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Gardner","given":"Craig","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":318405,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70017085,"text":"70017085 - 1994 - Submerged and eroded drumlins off northeastern Massachusetts","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-11-05T10:16:45","indexId":"70017085","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1801,"text":"Geomorphology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Submerged and eroded drumlins off northeastern Massachusetts","docAbstract":"<p>Streamlined, oval-shaped, oriented topographic highs in Massachusetts Bay are identified as the erosional remnants of drumlins. The topographic highs correlate with outlines of lag gravel deposits on the sea floor and both the highs and lag gravel seafloor footprint have a distinct east-southeast long axis trend. This trend is similar to the preferred orientation of the long axes of drumlins in the Boston Basin and indicates the flow direction of the late Wisconsinan Laurentide Ice Sheet. Modification of the drumlins occurred during two passages of the shoreline, the first during the late Wisconsinan regression when the drumlins were only slightly eroded. The second passage of the shoreline occurred during the marine transgression, when erosion, in the form of cliff-face retreat, removed the upper part of the drumlins.&nbsp;</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0169-555X(94)90051-5","issn":"0169555X","usgsCitation":"Oldale, R.N., Knebel, H., and Bothner, M., 1994, Submerged and eroded drumlins off northeastern Massachusetts: Geomorphology, v. 9, no. 4, p. 301-309, https://doi.org/10.1016/0169-555X(94)90051-5.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"301","endPage":"309","costCenters":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":225202,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Massachusetts","otherGeospatial":"Massachusetts Bay","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -71.2,\n              42\n            ],\n            [\n              -70.5,\n              42\n            ],\n            [\n              -70.5,\n              42.6\n            ],\n            [\n              -71.2,\n              42.6\n            ],\n            [\n              -71.2,\n              42\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"9","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b9d3de4b08c986b31d70d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Oldale, R. N.","contributorId":92680,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Oldale","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"N.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":375346,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Knebel, H.J.","contributorId":79092,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Knebel","given":"H.J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":375345,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Bothner, Michael H. mbothner@usgs.gov","contributorId":139855,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bothner","given":"Michael H.","email":"mbothner@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":375344,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70017184,"text":"70017184 - 1994 - Chaotic deposition by a giant wave, Molokai, Hawaii","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-06-05T13:08:46","indexId":"70017184","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1786,"text":"Geological Society of America Bulletin","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Chaotic deposition by a giant wave, Molokai, Hawaii","docAbstract":"<p>A coral-basalt breccia-conglomerate is exposed &gt;60m above present sea level and nearly 2km inland from the present shoreline on the southwest side of East Molokai Volcano. This deposits was apparently laid down by a giant wave that broke over an outer reef, similar to the present fringing reef, and advanced as a turbulent bore over the back-reef flat, picking up a slurry of carbonate-rich debris and depositing it on the slopes inland as the wave advanced. U-series dating of coral fragments indicates that the age of this deposit is 240-200 ka. This giant wave was most likley caused by one of the many large submarine landslides that have been identified on the lower slopes of the major Hawaiian Islands.&nbsp;</p>","language":"English","publisher":"GeoScienceWorld","doi":"10.1130/0016-7606(1994)106<0962:CDBAGW>2.3.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Moore, J., Bryan, W., and Ludwig, K., 1994, Chaotic deposition by a giant wave, Molokai, Hawaii: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 106, no. 7, p. 962-967, https://doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1994)106<0962:CDBAGW>2.3.CO;2.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"962","endPage":"967","costCenters":[{"id":615,"text":"Volcano Hazards Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":224581,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United 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,{"id":54857,"text":"wdrNY931 - 1994 - Water Resources Data, New York, Water Year 1993; Volume 1. Eastern New York; Excluding Long Island","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-05-14T10:47:44","indexId":"wdrNY931","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":340,"text":"Water Data Report","code":"WDR","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"NY-93-1","title":"Water Resources Data, New York, Water Year 1993; Volume 1. Eastern New York; Excluding Long Island","docAbstract":"<p>Water resources data for the 1993 water year for New York consist of records of stage, discharge, and water quality of streams; stage, content, and water quality of lakes and reservoirs; and ground water levels. This volume contains records for water discharge at 114 gaging stations; stage only at 4 gaging stations; stage and contents at 4 gaging stations, and 19 other lakes and reservoirs; water quality at 40 gaging stations; and water levels at 24 observation wells. Also included are data for 39 crest-stage partial-record stations. Locations of all these sites are shown on figures 8A and 8B. Additional water data were collected at various sites not in the systematic data-collection program and are published as miscellaneous measurements and analyses. These data, together with the data in volumes 2 and 3, represent that part of the National Water Data System operated by the U.S. Geological Survey in cooperation with State, Municipal and Federal agencies in New York.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wdrNY931","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the State of New York and with other agencies","usgsCitation":"Firda, G.D., Lumia, R., Murray, P.M., and Freeman, W.O., 1994, Water Resources Data, New York, Water Year 1993; Volume 1. Eastern New York; Excluding Long Island: U.S. Geological Survey Water Data Report NY-93-1, xiv, 452 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wdrNY931.","productDescription":"xiv, 452 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":363751,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wdr/1993/ny-93-1/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":175141,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wdr/1993/ny-93-1/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"New York","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -76.25,\n              41\n            ],\n            [\n              -73.1,\n              41\n            ],\n            [\n              -73.1,\n              45\n            ],\n            [\n              -76.25,\n              45\n            ],\n            [\n              -76.25,\n              41\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a0ae4b07f02db5fb170","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Firda, Gary D. gfirda@usgs.gov","contributorId":1552,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Firda","given":"Gary","email":"gfirda@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":251787,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Lumia, Richard rlumia@usgs.gov","contributorId":4579,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lumia","given":"Richard","email":"rlumia@usgs.gov","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":251784,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Murray, Patricia M. pmurray@usgs.gov","contributorId":4863,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Murray","given":"Patricia","email":"pmurray@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":251786,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Freeman, Ward O. wfreeman@usgs.gov","contributorId":1999,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Freeman","given":"Ward","email":"wfreeman@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"O.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":251785,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
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