Alaska is the eastern, subaerial part of a large subcontinent of distinctive tectonic character that serves as an isthmus between nuclear North America, with its fringing belt of allochthonous terranes, and the accreted terranes and volcanic belts that constitute northeastern Russia. Physiographically, this subcontinent, which we name Denalia, is a bulge in the continental platform in the vicinity of Alaska, the Chukotsk Peninsula, and the broad continental shelf of the Bering Sea. The bulge is convex to the south and is bounded on the east and west by constrictions in the width of the continental platform and on the north and south by the edge of the continental shelf (Fig. 1). Tectonically, Denalia is characterized by geologic youthfulness and complexity, an abundance of convergent and transcurrent faults, and absence of autochthonous cratonic rocks. It contains a profusion of lithotectonic terranes of diverse origin and age that were emplaced in late Mesozoic and Cenozoic time. In addition, it includes the superimposed Cenozoic Aleutian arc and subduction zone and the Queen Charlotte-Fairweather transform fault system. Parts of Denalia were created by pre-middle Mesozoic tectonic events, but these took place elsewhere, before the affected rocks were tectonically transported and incorporated into the landmass of Denalia. Except for a small area in the Porcupine Plateau region along the Alaska-Yukon boundary, the only Precambrian rocks that have been recognized in the subcontinent are in tectonically emplaced fragments, the largest of which is the Arctic Alaska terrane in the Brooks Range, Arctic Foothills, and Arctic Foothills.
","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Phanerozoic evolution of North American continent ocean transitions","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":15,"text":"Monograph"},"language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","publisherLocation":"Boulder, CO","doi":"10.1130/DNAG-COT-PEN.399","usgsCitation":"Moore, T.E., Grantz, A., and Roeske, S.M., 1994, Continent-ocean transition in Alaska: The tectonic assembly of eastern Denalia, chap. of Phanerozoic evolution of North American continent ocean transitions, p. 399-441, https://doi.org/10.1130/DNAG-COT-PEN.399.","productDescription":"43 p.","startPage":"399","endPage":"441","costCenters":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":354536,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Canada, United States, Russia","state":"Alaska","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -135,\n 75\n ],\n [\n -179.9,\n 75\n ],\n [\n -179.9,\n 50\n ],\n [\n -135,\n 50\n ],\n [\n -135,\n 75\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n },\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n 179.9,\n 75\n ],\n [\n 160,\n 75\n ],\n [\n 160,\n 50\n ],\n [\n 179.9,\n 50\n ],\n [\n 179.9,\n 75\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5b15a001e4b092d9651e228c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Moore, Thomas E. 0000-0002-0878-0457 tmoore@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0878-0457","contributorId":1033,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Moore","given":"Thomas","email":"tmoore@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":736649,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Grantz, Arthur agrantz@usgs.gov","contributorId":2585,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Grantz","given":"Arthur","email":"agrantz@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":736650,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Roeske, S. M.","contributorId":96865,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Roeske","given":"S.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":736651,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70182997,"text":"70182997 - 1994 - Geology of Seward Peninsula and Saint Lawrence Island","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-05-07T21:11:28","indexId":"70182997","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"chapter":"4","title":"Geology of Seward Peninsula and Saint Lawrence Island","docAbstract":"Seward Peninsula (Fig. 1) may be divided into two geologic terranes (Fig. 2) on the basis of stratigraphy, structure, and metamorphic history. The Seward terrane, an area 150 by 150 km in the central and eastern peninsula, is dominated by Precambrian(?) and early Paleozoic blueschist-, greenschist-, and amphibolite-facies schist and marble, and intruded by three suites of granitic rocks. The York terrane, roughly 100 by 75 km, occupies western Seward Peninsula and the Bering Straits region; it is composed of Ordovician, Silurian, Devonian, Mississippian, and possibly older limestone, argillaceous limestone, dolostone, and phyllite, which are cut by a suite of Late Cretaceous tin-bearing granites. The boundary between the Seward and York terranes is poorly exposed but is thought to be a major thrust fault because of its sinuous map trace, a discontinuity in metamorphic grade, and differences in stratigraphy across the boundary (Travis Hudson, oral communication, 1984). The boundary between the Seward terrane and the Yukon-Koyukuk province to the east is complicated by vertical faults (the Kugruk fault Zone of Sainsbury, 1974) and obscured by Cretaceous and Tertiary cover.
The Seward Peninsula heretofore was thought to consist largely of rocks of Precambrian age (Sainsbury, 1972, 1974, 1975; Hudson, 1977), Microfossil data, however, indicate that many of the rocks considered to be Precambrian are early Paleozoic in age (Till and others, 1986; Dumoulin and Harris, 1984; Dumoulin and Till, 1985; Till and others, 1983; Wandervoort, 1985). It is likely that Precambrian rocks are a minor part of the stratigraphy of the Seward Peninsula.
","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"The geology of Alaska: Volume G-1 of Decade of North American Geology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":15,"text":"Monograph"},"language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","usgsCitation":"Till, A.B., and Dumoulin, J.A., 1994, Geology of Seward Peninsula and Saint Lawrence Island, chap. 4 of The geology of Alaska: Volume G-1 of Decade of North American Geology, v. G-1, p. 141-152.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"141","endPage":"152","costCenters":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":336410,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"Saint Lawrence Island, Seward Peninsula","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -161,\n 64\n ],\n [\n -161,\n 67\n ],\n [\n -169,\n 67\n ],\n [\n -169,\n 64\n ],\n [\n -161,\n 64\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n },\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -172.3974609375,\n 62.85514553774182\n ],\n [\n -168.134765625,\n 62.85514553774182\n ],\n [\n -168.134765625,\n 63.93737246791484\n ],\n [\n -172.3974609375,\n 63.93737246791484\n ],\n [\n -172.3974609375,\n 62.85514553774182\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"G-1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58b69a44e4b01ccd54ff3fd4","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Till, Alison B. atill@usgs.gov","contributorId":2482,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Till","given":"Alison","email":"atill@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[{"id":119,"text":"Alaska Science Center Geology Minerals","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":674743,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Dumoulin, Julie A. 0000-0003-1754-1287 dumoulin@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1754-1287","contributorId":203209,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dumoulin","given":"Julie","email":"dumoulin@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":119,"text":"Alaska Science Center Geology Minerals","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":674744,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":29477,"text":"wri924107 - 1993 - Hydrogeology and simulation of ground-water flow near the Lantana Landfill, Palm Beach County, Florida","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-12-13T12:09:41.49876","indexId":"wri924107","displayToPublicDate":"2021-12-12T21:05:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"92-4107","title":"Hydrogeology and simulation of ground-water flow near the Lantana Landfill, Palm Beach County, Florida","docAbstract":"The Lantana landfill in Palm Beach County has a surface that is 40 to 50 feet above original ground level and consists of about 250 acres of compacted garbage and trash. Parts of the landfill are below the water table. Surface-resistivity measurements and water-quality analyses indicate that leachate-enriched ground water along the eastern perimeter of the landfill has moved about 500 feet eastward toward an adjacent lake. Concentrations of chloride and nutrients within the leachate-enriched ground water were greater than background concentrations. The surficial aquifer system in the area of the landfill consists primarily of sand of moderate permeability, from land surface to a depth of about 68 feet deep, and consists of sand interbedded with sandstone and limestone of high permeability from a depth of about 68 feet to a depth of 200 feet. The potentiometric surface in the landfill is higher than that in adjacent areas to the east, indicating ground-water movement from the landfill toward a lake to the east. \r\n\r\nSteady-state simulation of ground-water flow was made using a telescoping-grid technique where a model covering a large area is used to determine boundaries and fluxes for a finer scale model. A regional flow model encompassing a 500-square mile area in southeastern Palm Beach County was used to calculate ground-water fluxes in a 126.5-square mile subregional area. Boundary fluxes calculated by the subregional model were then used to calculate boundary fluxes for a local model of the 3.75-square mile area representing the Lantana landfill site and vicinity. Input data required for simulating ground-water flow in the study area were obtained from the regional flow models, thus, effectively coupling the models. Additional simulations were made using the local flow model to predict effects of possible remedial actions on the movement of solutes in the ground-water system. Possible remedial actions simulated included capping the landfill with an impermeable layer and pumping five leachate recovery wells. Results of the flow analysis indicate that the telescoping grid modeling approach can be used to simulate ground-water flow in small areas such as the Lantana landfill site and to simulate the effects of possible remedial actions. \r\n\r\nWater-quality data indicate the leachate-enriched ground water is divided vertically into two parts by a fine sand layer at about 40 to 50 feet below land surface. Data also indicate the extent of the leachate-enriched ground-water contamination and concentrations of constituents seem to be decreasing over time.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/wri924107","usgsCitation":"Russell, G., and Wexler, E.J., 1993, Hydrogeology and simulation of ground-water flow near the Lantana Landfill, Palm Beach County, Florida: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 92-4107, v, 55 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri924107.","productDescription":"v, 55 p.","costCenters":[{"id":27821,"text":"Caribbean-Florida Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":124674,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1992/4107/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":58322,"rank":299,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1992/4107/wri924107.pdf","text":"Report","size":"14.3 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Florida","county":"Palm Beach County","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -80.4913330078125,\n 26.367263860129366\n ],\n [\n -79.84588623046874,\n 26.367263860129366\n ],\n [\n -79.84588623046874,\n 26.990618722964737\n ],\n [\n -80.4913330078125,\n 26.990618722964737\n ],\n [\n -80.4913330078125,\n 26.367263860129366\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","contact":"Caribbean-Florida Water Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
3321 College Avenue
Davie, FL 33314
Similarities in geology and potential field data that have in the past been noted among the regions of southern Alaska, southern Vancouver Island, and central California are now seen to be accompanied by similarities in deep crustal structure. A number of tectonic elements have been identified in the deep structure along transects in these three regions, although not all elements are present along each transect. These elements are (A) an actively subducting oceanic plate and (B) an overriding continental plate that consists of (1) a Cenozoic accretionary prism, (2) a Mesozoic accretionary prism, (3) a backstop to the Mesozoic prism, (4) a tectonically underplated body of oceanic rocks, and (5) a crustal root. The Mesozoic prism is in some cases an underthrust body (type 2a) but in other cases forms the principal component of a landward verging tectonic wedge (type 2b). The technically underplated body of oceanic rocks extends landward from the fault contact between the Cenozoic and Mesozoic prisms to a point beneath the backstop. The crustal root lies beneath the backstop and landward of the underplated body. All of these elements are interpreted to be present along the Alaskan and Vancouver Island transects. In Alaska the underplated body is interpreted to be fragments of the Kula plate; the same may be true at Vancouver Island. These two transects appear to differ in that, in Alaska, the Mesozoic prism, in one interpretation, is the principal component of a tectonic wedge (type 2b), whereas at Vancouver Island, it is an underthrust body (type 2a). Along the central California transect, active subduction is no longer taking place, and the San Andreas fault has removed the Cenozoic prism from this region of the North American plate. On the North American plate (i.e., east of the San Andreas fault), the Mesozoic prism, interpreted as the main component of a tectonic wedge (type 2b), and the backstop to the Mesozoic prism are present. There is, however, no clear evidence of tectonically underplated oceanic rocks, and the crust is thin (no root). In both Alaska and Vancouver Island, the Mesozoic prisms above the underplated bodies experienced low-pressure/high-temperature metamorphism at about the time of tectonic underplating; no such metamorphism is currently exposed in California. The metamorphism may have been caused by the underplating of young, hot oceanic crust, or, alternatively, by subduction of an oceanic ridge. The presence of a tectonic wedge (type 2b) in Alaska and California and the absence of such a wedge at Vancouver Island could arise either from the fact that in the former two locations the Mesozoic prisms were more voluminous, owing to either more rapid trench sedimentation or more rapid convergence, or to the possibility that at the latter location the Mesozoic prism was juxtaposed with the backstop primarily by strike-slip faulting.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/93TC01063","issn":"02787407","usgsCitation":"Fuis, G.S., and Clowes, R., 1993, Comparison of deep structure along three transects of the western North American continental margin: Tectonics, v. 12, no. 6, p. 1420-1435, https://doi.org/10.1029/93TC01063.","productDescription":"16 p.","startPage":"1420","endPage":"1435","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":228681,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Canada, United States","state":"Alaska, California","otherGeospatial":"southern Vancouver Island","volume":"12","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2010-07-26","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f859e4b0c8380cd4d03f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Fuis, Gary S. 0000-0002-3078-1544 fuis@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3078-1544","contributorId":2639,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fuis","given":"Gary","email":"fuis@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":377820,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Clowes, R.M.","contributorId":72545,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Clowes","given":"R.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":377819,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70017451,"text":"70017451 - 1993 - Reconciling deep seismic refraction and reflection data from the Grenvillian-Appalachian boundary in western New England","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-08-18T15:48:07.513683","indexId":"70017451","displayToPublicDate":"2003-04-09T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3525,"text":"Tectonophysics","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Reconciling deep seismic refraction and reflection data from the Grenvillian-Appalachian boundary in western New England","docAbstract":"Mineral resources of the Greenville 1° x 2° quadrangle, South Carolina, Georgia, and North Carolina, were assessed between 1984 and 1990 under the Conterminuous United States Mineral Assessment Program (CUSMAP) of the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS). The mineral resource assessments were made on the basis of geologic, geochemical, and geophysical investigations and the presence of mines, prospects, and mineral occurrences from the literature.
This report is an assessment of the rare-earth elements (REE), thorium, titanium, and uranium resources in the Greenville quadrangle and is based on heavy mineral concentrates collected in 1951-54 by the USGS (Overstreet and others, 1968; Caldwell and White, 1973; Cuppels and White, 1973); on the results of the U.S. Department of Energy, National Uranium Resource Evaluation (NURE) sampling program (Ferguson, 1978, 1979); on analyses of stream-sediment and heavy-mineral-concentrate samples (Jackson and Moore, 1992, G.C Cullin, USGS, unpub. data, 1992) on maps showing aerial gamma radiation in the Greenville quadrangle (D.L. Daniels, USGS, unpub. data, 1992); and on the geology as mapped by Nelson and others (1987, 1989).
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Denver, CO","doi":"10.3133/mf2198E","usgsCitation":"Lesure, F.G., Curtin, G.C., Daniels, D.L., and Jackson, J.C., 1993, Mineral resource assessment of rare-earth elements, thorium, titanium, and uranium in the Greenville 1° x 2° quadrangle, South Carolina, Georgia, and North Carolina: U.S. Geological Survey Miscellaneous Field Studies Map 2198, 1 Plate: 47.48 x 40.79 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/mf2198E.","productDescription":"1 Plate: 47.48 x 40.79 inches","costCenters":[{"id":243,"text":"Eastern Geology and Paleoclimate Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":245,"text":"Eastern Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":390914,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_5830.htm"},{"id":180670,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/mf2198e.jpg"},{"id":283688,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/mf/2198-E/plate-1.pdf"}],"scale":"250000","country":"United States","state":"Georgia, North Carolina, South Carolina","otherGeospatial":"Greenville 1° x 2° quadrangle","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -84.0,34.0 ], [ -84.0,35.0 ], [ -82.0,35.0 ], [ -82.0,34.0 ], [ -84.0,34.0 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4aafe4b07f02db66d049","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lesure, Frank G.","contributorId":20068,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lesure","given":"Frank","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":259781,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Curtin, Gary C.","contributorId":89109,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Curtin","given":"Gary","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":259782,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Daniels, David L. 0000-0003-0599-8036 dave@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0599-8036","contributorId":1792,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Daniels","given":"David","email":"dave@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":243,"text":"Eastern Geology and Paleoclimate Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":259779,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Jackson, John C. jjackson@usgs.gov","contributorId":2652,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jackson","given":"John","email":"jjackson@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":245,"text":"Eastern Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":259780,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":42132,"text":"ofr93520 - 1993 - Aeromagnetic map of the southern California borderland east of the Patton Escarpment","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-09-14T21:16:08.896487","indexId":"ofr93520","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"93-520","title":"Aeromagnetic map of the southern California borderland east of the Patton Escarpment","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr93520","usgsCitation":"Langenheim, V., 1993, Aeromagnetic map of the southern California borderland east of the Patton Escarpment: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 93-520, 1 Plate: 44.21 × 34.17 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr93520.","productDescription":"1 Plate: 44.21 × 34.17 inches","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":168689,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":406730,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_12760.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":79865,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1993/0520/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"California","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -122,\n 32\n ],\n [\n -117,\n 32\n ],\n [\n -117,\n 35\n ],\n [\n -122,\n 35\n ],\n [\n -122,\n 32\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ae6e4b07f02db68b4de","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Langenheim, Victoria E. 0000-0003-2170-5213 zulanger@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2170-5213","contributorId":1526,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Langenheim","given":"Victoria E.","email":"zulanger@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":225980,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":44764,"text":"wri934071 - 1993 - Properties and chemical constituents in ground water from the lower Wilcox Aquifer, Mississippi Embayment Aquifer System, south-central United States","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:05:00","indexId":"wri934071","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"93-4071","title":"Properties and chemical constituents in ground water from the lower Wilcox Aquifer, Mississippi Embayment Aquifer System, south-central United States","docAbstract":"The Gulf Coast Regional Aquifer-System Analysis is a study of regional aquifers composed of sediments of mostly Cenozoic age that underlie about 230,000 sq mi of the Gulf Coastal Plain. These regional aquifers are part of three aquifer systems: (1) the Mississippi Embayment Aquifer System, (2) the Texas Coastal Uplands Aquifer System, and (3) the Coastal Lowlands Aquifer System. The water chemistry of the Lower Wilcox Aquifer, which is part of the Mississippi Embayment Aquifer System is presented by a series of maps. These maps show the areal distribution of (1) the concentration of dissolved solids and temperature, (2) the primary water types and pH, (3) the concentration of major ions and silica, and (4) the milliequivalent ratios of selected ions. Dissolved constituents, pH, temperature, and ratios are based on the median values of all samples in each 100-sq-mi area. The concentration of dissolved solids in water from the Lower Wilcox Aquifer ranges from 18 mg/L near the outcrop in western Tennessee to 122,000 mg/L in a down-dip area in southern Mississippi. The primary water type is calcium bicarbonate in the outcrop area and sodium bicarbonate in all other areas of the aquifer within the limits of available data. The concentrations of major ions generally increase from the outcrop area to the down-dip limit of the data in the southern part of the aquifer area east of the Mississippi River. The milliequivalent ratio maps of selected ions in water from the Lower Wilcox Aquifer indicate some trends. The milliequivalent ratio of magnesium plus calcium to bicarbonate ranges from less than 0.1 to 40.4 and generally decreases from outcrop to down-dip limit of the data in the southern part of the aquifer area east of the Mississippi River. The milliequivalent ratio of bicarbonate to chloride ranges from 0.01 in southern Mississippi to 52.3 in northwestern Mississippi. This ratio increases from the outcrop toward the Mississippi River and from north to south in the northern part of the aquifer area east of the Mississippi River whereas the ratio increases from outcrop to mid-dip and decreases from mid-dip to down-dip limit of the data in the southern part east of the Mississippi River.","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/wri934071","usgsCitation":"Pettijohn, R.A., Busby, J., and Beckman, J.D., 1993, Properties and chemical constituents in ground water from the lower Wilcox Aquifer, Mississippi Embayment Aquifer System, south-central United States: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 93-4071, 15 maps on 5 sheets : some col. ; 38 x 41 cm., sheets 97 x 97 cm. or smaller, folded in envelope 31 x 24 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri934071.","productDescription":"15 maps on 5 sheets : some col. ; 38 x 41 cm., sheets 97 x 97 cm. or smaller, folded in envelope 31 x 24 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":135746,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":82067,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1993/4071/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":82068,"rank":401,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1993/4071/plate-2.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":82069,"rank":402,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1993/4071/plate-3.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":82070,"rank":403,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1993/4071/plate-4.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":82071,"rank":404,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1993/4071/plate-5.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a7ee4b07f02db6485bb","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Pettijohn, Robert A.","contributorId":77502,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pettijohn","given":"Robert","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":230385,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Busby, John F.","contributorId":42186,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Busby","given":"John F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":230384,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Beckman, Jeffery D.","contributorId":92644,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Beckman","given":"Jeffery","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":230386,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":44763,"text":"wri934070 - 1993 - Properties and chemical constituents in ground water from the middle Wilcox aquifer, Gulf Coast regional aquifer systems, south-central United States","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-01-03T20:44:24.149199","indexId":"wri934070","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"93-4070","title":"Properties and chemical constituents in ground water from the middle Wilcox aquifer, Gulf Coast regional aquifer systems, south-central United States","docAbstract":"The Gulf Coast Regional Aquifer-System Analysis is a study of regional aquifers composed of sediments of mostly Cenozoic age that underlie about 230,000 sq mi of the Gulf Coastal Plain. These regional aquifers are part of three aquifer systems: (1) the Mississippi Embayment Aquifer System, (2) the Texas Coastal Uplands Aquifer System, and (3) the Coastal Lowlands Aquifer System. The water chemistry of the Middle Wilcox Aquifer, which is part of the Mississippi Embayment Aquifer System and the Texas Coastal Uplands Aquifer System is presented by a series of maps. These maps show the area1 distribution of (1) the concentration of dissolved solids and temperature, (2) the primary water types and pH, (3) the concentration of major ions and silica, and (4) the milliequivalent ratios of selected ions. Dissolved constituents, pH, temperature, and ratios are based on the median values of all samples in each 100-sq-mi area. The concentration of dissolved solids in water from the Middle Wilcox Aquifer ranges from 26 mg/L in the northern part of the Mississippi Embayment Aquifer System to 125,500 mg/L in a down-dip area in southeastern Texas. The primary water types, which are based on the most frequently observed type in each 100-sq-mi area, are calcium bicarbonate in the outcrop in Missouri, Kentucky, Mississippi, and southern Texas; sodium bicarbonate in the remaining outcrop areas and all areas from outcrop to mid-dip; and sodium chloride in all down-dip areas. The concentrations of major ions in water from the Middle Wilcox Aquifer generally increase from the outcrop area to the down-dip limit of the data. The milliequivalent ratio of magnesium plus calcium to bicarbonate ranges from less than 0.01 to 158 and generally decreases from outcrop to mid-dip and increases from mid-dip to the down-dip limit of the data. From the Sabine Uplift eastward to southwestern Alabama the ratio of bicarbonate to chloride generally decreases from outcrop to down-dip in the area west of the Mississippi River and shows localized trends east of the Mississippi River.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri934070","usgsCitation":"Pettijohn, R.A., Busby, J., and Beckman, J.D., 1993, Properties and chemical constituents in ground water from the middle Wilcox aquifer, Gulf Coast regional aquifer systems, south-central United States: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 93-4070, 5 Plates: 37.94 × 38.07 inches or smaller, https://doi.org/10.3133/wri934070.","productDescription":"5 Plates: 37.94 × 38.07 inches or smaller","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":393795,"rank":8,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_47792.htm"},{"id":258711,"rank":404,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1993/4070/plate-5.pdf","size":"8712","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":258710,"rank":403,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1993/4070/plate-4.pdf","size":"9635","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":258709,"rank":402,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1993/4070/plate-3.pdf","size":"9552","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":258708,"rank":401,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1993/4070/plate-2.pdf","size":"9873","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":258713,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1993/4070/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":258712,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1993/4070/report.pdf","size":"533","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":258707,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1993/4070/plate-1.pdf","size":"5747","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Alabama, Arkansas, Kentucky, Louisiana, Mississippi, Tennessee, Texas","otherGeospatial":"middle Wilcox aquifer","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -100.2833,\n 26.8333\n ],\n [\n -87.250,\n 26.8333\n ],\n [\n -87.250,\n 37.25\n ],\n [\n -100.2833,\n 37.25\n ],\n [\n -100.2833,\n 26.8333\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49f9e4b07f02db5f3a34","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Pettijohn, Robert A.","contributorId":77502,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pettijohn","given":"Robert","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":230382,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Busby, John F.","contributorId":42186,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Busby","given":"John F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":230381,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Beckman, Jeffery D.","contributorId":92644,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Beckman","given":"Jeffery","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":230383,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":20391,"text":"ofr92642 - 1993 - Ground-water-quality assessment of the Central Oklahoma Aquifer, Oklahoma: Geochemical and geohydrologic investigations","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":20391,"text":"ofr92642 - 1993 - Ground-water-quality assessment of the Central Oklahoma Aquifer, Oklahoma: Geochemical and geohydrologic investigations","indexId":"ofr92642","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"title":"Ground-water-quality assessment of the Central Oklahoma Aquifer, Oklahoma: Geochemical and geohydrologic investigations"},"predicate":"SUPERSEDED_BY","object":{"id":2440,"text":"wsp2357C - 1996 - Ground-water-quality assessment of the central Oklahoma Aquifer, Oklahoma — Geochemical and geohydrologic investigations","indexId":"wsp2357C","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"chapter":"C","title":"Ground-water-quality assessment of the central Oklahoma Aquifer, Oklahoma — Geochemical and geohydrologic investigations"},"id":1}],"supersededBy":{"id":2440,"text":"wsp2357C - 1996 - Ground-water-quality assessment of the central Oklahoma Aquifer, Oklahoma — Geochemical and geohydrologic investigations","indexId":"wsp2357C","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"title":"Ground-water-quality assessment of the central Oklahoma Aquifer, Oklahoma — Geochemical and geohydrologic investigations"},"lastModifiedDate":"2019-12-08T14:25:15","indexId":"ofr92642","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"92-642","title":"Ground-water-quality assessment of the Central Oklahoma Aquifer, Oklahoma: Geochemical and geohydrologic investigations","docAbstract":"The National Water-Quality Assessment pilot project for the Central Oklahoma aquifer examined the chemical and isotopic composition of ground water, the abundances and textures of minerals in core samples, and water levels and hydraulic properties in the flow system to identify geochemical reactions occurring in the aquifer and rates and directions of ground-water flow. The aquifer underlies 3,000 square miles of central Oklahoma and consists of Permian red beds, including parts of the Permian Garber Sandstone, Wellington Formation, and Chase, Council Grove, and Admire Groups, and Quaternary alluvium and terrace deposits.
In the part of the Garber Sandstone and Wellington Formation that is not confined by the Permian Hennessey Group, calcium, magnesium, and bicarbonate are the dominant ions in ground water; in the confined part of the Garber Sandstone and Wellington Formation and in the Chase, Council Grove, and Admire Groups, sodium and bicarbonate are the dominant ions in ground water. Nearly all of the Central Oklahoma aquifer has an oxic or post-oxic environment as indicated by the large dissolved concentrations of oxygen, nitrate, arsenic(V), chromium(VI), selenium(VI), vanadium, and uranium. Sulfidic and methanic environments are virtually absent.
Petrographic textures indicate dolomite, calcite, sodic plagioclase, potassium feldspars, chlorite, rock fragments, and micas are dissolving, and iron oxides, manganese oxides, kaolinite, and quartz are precipitating. Variations in the quantity of exchangeable sodium in clays indicate that cation exchange is occurring within the aquifer. Gypsum may dissolve locally within the aquifer, as indicated by ground water with large concentra-tions of sulfate, but gypsum was not observed in core samples. Rainwater is not a major source for most elements in ground water, but evapotranspiration could cause rainwater to be a significant source of potassium, sulfate, phosphate and nitrogen species. Brines derived from seawater are the most likely source of bromide and chloride in the aquifer.
The dominant reaction in recharge is the uptake of carbon dioxide gas from the unsaturated zone (about 2.0 to 4.0 millimoles per liter) and the dissolution of dolomite (about 0.3 to 1.0 millimoles per liter). This reaction generates calcium, magnesium, and bicarbonate water composition. If dolomite does not dissolve to equilibrium, pH values range from 6.0 to 7.3; if dolomite dissolves to equilibrium, pH values are about 7.5. By the time recharge enters the deeper flow system, all ground water is saturated or supersaturated with dolomite and calcite.
After carbonate-mineral equilibration has occurred, cation exchange of calcium and magnesium for sodium is the dominant geochemical reaction, which occurs to a substantial extent only in parts of the aquifer. Mass transfers of cation exchange greater than 2.0 millimoles per liter occur in the confined part of the Garber Sandstone and Wellington Formation and in parts of the Chase, Council Grove, and Admire Groups. Associated with cation exchange is dissolution of small quantities of dolomite, calcite, biotite, chlorite, plagioclase, or potassium feldspar, which produces pH values that range from 8.6 to 9.1.
Large tritium concentrations indicate ground-water ages of less than about 40 years for most samples of recharge. Carbon-14 ages for samples from the unconfined aquifer generally are less than 10,000 years. Carbon-14 ages of ground water in the confined part of the aquifer range from about 10,000 to 30,000 years or older. These ages produce a time trend in deuterium values that qualitatively is consistent with the timing of the transition from the last glacial maximum to the present interglacial period.
The most transmissive geologic units in the Central Oklahoma aquifer are the Garber Sandstone and Wellington Formation and the alluvium and terrace deposits; the Chase, Council Grove, and Admire Groups are less transmissive on the basis of available specific-capacity data. The transmissivities of the Permian geologic units depend largely on the percentage of sandstone; the percentage is greatest in the central part of the aquifer and decreases in all directions from this central part. Because of large mudstone and siltstone contents, the Hennessey Group and the Vanoss Formation are assumed to be confining units above and below the aquifer. The Cimarron and Canadian Rivers are defined to be the northern and southern extent of the aquifer because of decreases in transmissivity beyond the rivers and because there is no indication of ground-water underflow at these rivers. The eastern boundary of the aquifer is the limit of the outcrop of the Chase, Council Grove, and Admire Groups. The presence of brines in the western part of the study unit and below the aquifer indicate the extent of the freshwater flow system in these directions.
Regional ground-water flow is west to east; the Deep Fork is a major discharge area for the regional flow system. Local flow systems are present within the unconfined part of the study unit. Most streams are gaining streams, and very few losing streams are evident.
Median values of aquifer properties were estimated as follows: recharge to the saturated zone, 1.6 inches per year; evapotranspiration of water that never reaches the saturated zone, 25 to 30 inches per year; porosity, 0.22; storage coefficient, 0.0002; transmissivity, 260 to 450 feet squared per day; horizontal hydraulic conductivity, 4.5 feet per day; and the ratio of horizontal to vertical hydraulic conductivity, 10,000. Reported ground-water withdrawals peaked in 1985 at 13,900 million gallons but had decreased to 7,860 million gallons by 1989. Unreported domestic withdrawals were estimated to be 1,685 million gallons in 1980.
The flow system in the aquifer can be considered to have three major components: (1) A shallow, local flow system in the unconfined part of the aquifer, (2) a deep, regional flow system in the unconfined part of the aquifer, and (3) a deep, regional flow system in the confined part of the aquifer. In the shallow, local flow system, water flows relatively quickly along short flowlines from the point of recharge to the point of discharge at the nearest stream. Many water samples from shallow wells contain large concentrations of tritium, which indicate ground-water ages of less than 40 years. In the deep, regional flow system in the unconfined part of the aquifer, water takes more time to flow along longer flowlines than in the shallow, local flow system. Much of the water in this flow system is recharged along ridges that correspond to ground-water divides between drainage basins. Transit times for water recharging the aquifer along ridges is greater than 5,000 years, computed using a numerical flow model in conjunction with a particle-tracking model. The deep, regional flow system in the confined part of the Garber Sandstone and Wellington Formation is recharged from a small part of the outcrop area of the Garber Sandstone. From the recharge area, water flows west under the confining unit to discharge to streams as far away as the Cimarron River. Flowpaths are relatively long, as much as 50 miles. The transit times in this flow system range from thousands to tens of thousands of years.
The long-term hydrogeochemical process occurring in the Central Oklahoma aquifer is removal of unstable minerals, including dolomite, calcite, biotite, chlorite, and feldspars, and the replacement of exchangeable sodium on clays with calcium and magnesium. Over geologic time, the flux of water through the rapidly moving, local flow system has been sufficient to remove most of the dolomite, calcite, and exchangeable sodium. In places, chlorite and feldspars have been removed. In the deep, regional flow system of the unconfined part of the Garber Sandstone and Wellington Formation, the flux of water has been sufficient to remove most of the exchangeable sodium, but carbonate minerals remain sufficiently abundant to maintain dolomite and calcite equilibrium. In the confined part of the Garber Sandstone and Wellington Formation and in the less transmissive parts of the unconfined aquifer, including the Chase, Council Grove, and Admire Groups, ground-water flow is slowest, and the flux of water and extent of reaction have been insufficient to remove either the carbonate minerals or the exchangeable sodium on clays.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr92642","usgsCitation":"Parkhurst, D.L., Christenson, S.C., and Breit, G.N., 1993, Ground-water-quality assessment of the Central Oklahoma Aquifer, Oklahoma: Geochemical and geohydrologic investigations: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 92-642, viii, 113 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr92642.","productDescription":"viii, 113 p.","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":153649,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1992/0642/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":359239,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1992/0642/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Oklahoma","otherGeospatial":"Central Oklahoma Aquifer","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -97.75,\n 34.75\n ],\n [\n -96.75,\n 34.75\n ],\n [\n -96.75,\n 36\n ],\n [\n -97.75,\n 36\n ],\n [\n -97.75,\n 34.75\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a96e4b07f02db65a11a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Parkhurst, David L. 0000-0003-3348-1544 dlpark@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3348-1544","contributorId":1088,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Parkhurst","given":"David","email":"dlpark@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":5044,"text":"National Research Program - Central Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":182572,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Christenson, Scott C. schris@usgs.gov","contributorId":980,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Christenson","given":"Scott","email":"schris@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":516,"text":"Oklahoma Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":182574,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Breit, George N. 0000-0003-2188-6798 gbreit@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2188-6798","contributorId":1480,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Breit","given":"George","email":"gbreit@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"N.","affiliations":[{"id":211,"text":"Crustal Geophysics and Geochemistry Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":171,"text":"Central Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":182573,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":19723,"text":"ofr93440 - 1993 - Diazinon concentrations in the Sacramento and San Joaquin Rivers and San Francisco Bay, California, February 1993","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-12-08T14:36:51","indexId":"ofr93440","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"93-440","title":"Diazinon concentrations in the Sacramento and San Joaquin Rivers and San Francisco Bay, California, February 1993","docAbstract":"The distribution and possible biological effects of a dormant spray pesticide, diazinon, were examined by measuring pesticide concentrations and estimating toxicity using bioassays at a series of sites in the Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta and San Francisco Bay. Pulses of diazinon were observed in early February 1993 in the Sacramento and San Joaquin Rivers after heavy rains, with elevated concentrations measured for a few days to weeks at a time. The pulse of diazinon in the Sacramento River was followed from Sacramento through Suisun Bay, the eastward embayment of San Francisco Bay. In the central delta, well-defined pulses of diazinon were not observed at the Old and Middle River sites; instead, the concentrations steadily increased throughout February. Ceriodaphnia dubia mortality was 100% in water samples collected for 12 consecutive days (February 8-19) from the San Joaquin River at Vernalis. The bioassay mortality corresponded with the peak diazinon concentrations. Conversely, no toxicity was observed in water collected before or after peaks of diazinon concentration. Other pesticides present also could contribute to the toxicity.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr93440","usgsCitation":"Kuivila, K., 1993, Diazinon concentrations in the Sacramento and San Joaquin Rivers and San Francisco Bay, California, February 1993: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 93-440, 2 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr93440.","productDescription":"2 p.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":49197,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1993/0440/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":154056,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1993/0440/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"Sacramento River, San Francisco Bay, San Joaquin River","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -122.24212646484375,\n 37.71207219310847\n ],\n [\n -122.24212646484375,\n 38.56105262446978\n ],\n [\n -121.25885009765625,\n 38.56105262446978\n ],\n [\n -121.25885009765625,\n 37.71207219310847\n ],\n [\n -122.24212646484375,\n 37.71207219310847\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a9ae4b07f02db65da61","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kuivila, Kathryn 0000-0001-7940-489X kkuivila@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7940-489X","contributorId":1367,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kuivila","given":"Kathryn ","email":"kkuivila@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":518,"text":"Oregon Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":181396,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":19484,"text":"ofr89245 - 1993 - Hydrologic and water-quality data for the East River Basin in northeastern Wisconsin","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-10-08T13:05:53","indexId":"ofr89245","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"89-245","title":"Hydrologic and water-quality data for the East River Basin in northeastern Wisconsin","docAbstract":"Hydrologic and precipitation data and water-quality samples were collected by the U.S. Geological Survey from rivers in the East River basin in northeastern Wisconsin during 1985-86. The Fox Valley Water Quality Planning Agency suspected that agricultural and urban nonpoint-source discharges were contributing significantly to the degradation of water quality in the basin.
\nTwo continuous record streamflow and waterquality gaging stations were established: one on the East River at Monroe Street in Green Bay and the other on Bower Creek at Sunnyview Road near De Pere. Streamflow for the 1986 water year was greater than twice the long-term (1967-86) average and precipitation was 33 percent greater than the long-term (1951-80) average. Average daily streamflow at the East River during the 1986 water year was 185 cubic feet per second. Average daily streamflow at Bower Creek was 6 cubic feet per second.
\nSuspended-sediment yields were greatest in Bower Creek 264 tons per square mile per year; yields were 125 tons per square mile per year at the East River site. Total-phosphorus yields at the Bower Creek gage were 2,680 pounds per square mile per year yields were 1,130 pounds per square mile per year at the East River site. The measured yields of suspended sediment and total phosphorus from the East River site, during the 1986 water year, were significantly larger than the estimated average yields for the Fox River at Wrightstown. During a year of normal streamflow, the East River would probably contribute a maximum of 10 percent of the total suspended sediment and 9 percent of the total-phosphorus load transported to the mouth of the Fox River.
\nDissolved-oxygen concentrations tended to decrease upstream from the mouth of the East River. The daily mean dissolved-oxygen concentration was often less than 5 milligrams per liter at all three of the East River monitoring locations. Minimum dissolved-oxygen concentrations of 1 to 2 milligrams per liter were recorded at all sites.
\nThe acceptable fecal coliform level for recreational water quality of 200 counts per 100 milliliters was exceeded at the three East River sites and Bower Creek in more than half of the samples. More samples collected at the downstream sites on the East River at Monroe Street in Green Bay and at the Allouez Avenue bridge at Allouez contained fecal-coliform/fecal-streptococcus ratios that exceeded 4.0, indicating that the bacteria was of human origin rather than of animal.
\nMean concentrations for 5-day biochemical oxygen demand, total-phosphorus concentration, fecal-coliform counts, and fecal-streptococcus counts were higher at Bower Creek than any of the other sites monitored during 1985-86. Mean chlorophyll a concentrations were highest at the East River sites at Monroe Street in Green Bay and at Allouez Avenue bridge at Allouez.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr89245","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Fox Valley Water Quality Planning Agency","usgsCitation":"Hughes, P., 1993, Hydrologic and water-quality data for the East River Basin in northeastern Wisconsin: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 89-245, vi, 91 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr89245.","productDescription":"vi, 91 p.","numberOfPages":"97","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":677,"text":"Wisconsin Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":151880,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1989/0245/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":48954,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1989/0245/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Wisconsin","county":"Brown County","otherGeospatial":"East River, Fox River, Green Bay,","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -88.20991516113281,\n 44.327286564583844\n ],\n [\n -88.13369750976561,\n 44.415145243110786\n ],\n [\n -88.04649353027344,\n 44.5063000997406\n ],\n [\n -88.01078796386719,\n 44.53420616251736\n ],\n [\n -87.91740417480469,\n 44.54448397425687\n ],\n [\n -87.8741455078125,\n 44.54693080488455\n ],\n [\n -87.84049987792969,\n 44.53910058484966\n ],\n [\n -87.80410766601562,\n 44.482789890501586\n ],\n [\n -87.79449462890625,\n 44.464170919586834\n ],\n [\n -87.85491943359375,\n 44.44652641501047\n ],\n [\n -87.89131164550781,\n 44.4092593975669\n ],\n [\n -88.00804138183594,\n 44.342511749598444\n ],\n [\n -88.00666809082031,\n 44.3292513267062\n ],\n [\n -88.01353454589844,\n 44.32335684289977\n ],\n [\n -88.04718017578125,\n 44.28257044667387\n ],\n [\n -88.05816650390625,\n 44.260445494302466\n ],\n [\n -88.05198669433594,\n 44.22896454897114\n ],\n [\n -88.07395935058594,\n 44.201897151875094\n ],\n [\n -88.11927795410156,\n 44.199928128583025\n ],\n [\n -88.23463439941405,\n 44.218139083121855\n ],\n [\n -88.28681945800781,\n 44.24175571484553\n ],\n [\n -88.28475952148438,\n 44.269788156801084\n ],\n [\n -88.20991516113281,\n 44.327286564583844\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a29e4b07f02db611732","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hughes, P.E.","contributorId":104083,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hughes","given":"P.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":180990,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":25384,"text":"wri934054 - 1993 - Age dating ground water by use of chlorofluorocarbons (CCl3F and CCl2F2), and distribution of chlorofluorocarbons in the unsaturated zone, Snake River Plain Aquifer, Idaho National Engineering Laboratory, Idaho","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-01-21T19:51:26.562864","indexId":"wri934054","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"93-4054","displayTitle":"Age dating ground water by use of chlorofluorocarbons (CCl3F and CCl2F2), and distribution of chlorofluorocarbons in the unsaturated zone, Snake River Plain Aquifer, Idaho National Engineering Laboratory, Idaho","title":"Age dating ground water by use of chlorofluorocarbons (CCl3F and CCl2F2), and distribution of chlorofluorocarbons in the unsaturated zone, Snake River Plain Aquifer, Idaho National Engineering Laboratory, Idaho","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri934054","usgsCitation":"Busenberg, E., Weeks, E., Plummer, N., and Bartholomay, R.C., 1993, Age dating ground water by use of chlorofluorocarbons (CCl3F and CCl2F2), and distribution of chlorofluorocarbons in the unsaturated zone, Snake River Plain Aquifer, Idaho National Engineering Laboratory, Idaho: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 93-4054, v, 47 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri934054.","productDescription":"v, 47 p.","costCenters":[{"id":436,"text":"National Research Program - Eastern Branch","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":394684,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_47780.htm"},{"id":54118,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1993/4054/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":118832,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1993/4054/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Idaho","otherGeospatial":"Idaho National Engineering Laboratory","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -113.7139892578125,\n 43.11902898139767\n ],\n [\n -112.225341796875,\n 43.11902898139767\n ],\n [\n -112.225341796875,\n 44.19598988458207\n ],\n [\n -113.7139892578125,\n 44.19598988458207\n ],\n [\n -113.7139892578125,\n 43.11902898139767\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ae3e4b07f02db689670","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Busenberg, Eurybiades ebusenbe@usgs.gov","contributorId":2271,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Busenberg","given":"Eurybiades","email":"ebusenbe@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":436,"text":"National Research Program - Eastern Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":193469,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Weeks, E.P.","contributorId":38514,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Weeks","given":"E.P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":193470,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Plummer, Niel 0000-0002-4020-1013 nplummer@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4020-1013","contributorId":190100,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Plummer","given":"Niel","email":"nplummer@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":436,"text":"National Research Program - Eastern Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":193472,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Bartholomay, R. C.","contributorId":66271,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bartholomay","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":193471,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":19483,"text":"ofr93494 - 1993 - Saltwater in shallow aquifers in east-central and northeastern Louisiana and southeastern Arkansas","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:07:29","indexId":"ofr93494","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"93-494","title":"Saltwater in shallow aquifers in east-central and northeastern Louisiana and southeastern Arkansas","docAbstract":"The chemistry of water from irrigation and monitor wells in east-central Louisiana indicates the presence of saltwater in the Mississippi River alluvial aquifer and the uppermost part of the Jasper aquifer system. The salinity of this groundwater makes it unsuitable for use in irrigation of salt-sensitive crops. The geochemistry of bromide (Br) and chloride (Cl) ions and strontium (Sr) isotopes indicated that this saltwater could have originated from the mixing of freshwater with briny water originating from the Carrizo-Wilcox aquifer at altitudes from 5,800 to 6,800 feet below sea level. However, in the absence of data on the concentrations of Br and Cl ions and the values of (87)Sr/(86)Sr in water from the Catahoula, Cockfield, and Sparta aquifers within the study area, no conclusive statement can be made on the origin of saltwater in the alluvial aquifer and the uppermost part of the Jasper aquifer system. Analyses of water from irrigation wells in northeastern Louisiana and southeastern Arkansas indicated the presence of saltwater in the Mississippi River alluvial aquifer. Saltwater probably moves from southern Chicot County, Arkansas, into northeastern Louisiana by flowing to the southwest along a fluvial channel eroded into the Cockfield Formation. Saltwater in the Mississippi River alluvial aquifer in northeastern Louisiana and southeastern Arkansas can be hazardous to salt-sensitive crops, such as rice, when used for irrigation. The geochemistry of Br and Cl ions indicated that saltwater in the Mississippi River alluvial aquifer of southern Chicot County in southeastern Arkansas has two geochemically distinct sources. One source, which has Br/Cl ratios less than that of modern seawater, could be derived from saltwater present in aquifers of Tertiary age; this saltwater could enter the alluvial aquifer by upward flow from below as part of the natural regional groundwater flow pattern. The other source, which has Br/Cl ratios greater than that of modern sea- water, could be derived, in part, from briny water present in the Smackover Formation at altitudes from 5,500 to 6,500 feet below sea level. This briny water could enter the alluvial aquifer by upward migration along a fault that penetrates from near land surface into the Smackover Formation.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nU.S. Geological Survey, Earth Science Information Center, Open-File Reports Section [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/ofr93494","usgsCitation":"Huff, G.F., and Bonck, J., 1993, Saltwater in shallow aquifers in east-central and northeastern Louisiana and southeastern Arkansas: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 93-494, v, 54 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr93494.","productDescription":"v, 54 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":151863,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1993/0494/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":48953,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1993/0494/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a81e4b07f02db649eb3","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Huff, G. F.","contributorId":11229,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Huff","given":"G.","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":180988,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bonck, J.P.","contributorId":14443,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bonck","given":"J.P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":180989,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":18120,"text":"ofr93478 - 1993 - National Water Quality Assessment Program; preliminary assessment of nitrate distribution in ground water in the Georgia-Florida Coastal Plain study unit, 1972-90","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-01-04T10:35:35","indexId":"ofr93478","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"93-478","title":"National Water Quality Assessment Program; preliminary assessment of nitrate distribution in ground water in the Georgia-Florida Coastal Plain study unit, 1972-90","docAbstract":"The U.S. Geological Survey has implemented the National Water Quality Assessment program to describe the quality of the surface- and ground- water resources in 60 large areas or study units in the Nation. The Georgia-Florida Coastal Plain study unit was one of the first 20 selected for study when the full-scale program was implemented in 1991. The study unit has an area of about 54,000 square miles and is located on the south- eastern coast of the United States. The primary source of water supply in this study unit is ground-water from the Upper Floridan aquifer of the Floridan aquifer system. The Upper Floridan aquifer is unconfined or semiconfined in some parts of the study unit, but in other parts is confined by the overlying surficial aquifer system and other confining units. The surficial aquifer system is also used for water supply in some parts of the study unit. Three land-resource areas have been delineated in the study unit on the basis of generalized soil classifications: the Central Florida Ridge, Coastal Flatwoods, and Southern Coastal Plain. Predominant land use and land cover as classified in the 1970's, are forest, agriculture, wetlands, and urban. Nitrate data for water from the Upper Floridan aquifer and the surficial aquifer system were obtained from the National Water Information System data base of the U.S. Geological Survey for the years 1972- 90. In the Upper Floridan aquifer, the highest median nitrate (as nitrogen) concentrations (0.43 and 0.26 milligrams per liter) were in water samples from wells in agricultural and urban areas where the aquifer was unconfined or semiconfined. The maximum contaminant level for nitrate (as nitrogen) in drinking water of 10 milligrams per liter was exceeded in 25 of the 726 water samples from this aquifer. These 25 samples were from wells in urban areas. In water samples from the surficial aquifer system, the highest median nitrate concentration, 8.7 milligrams per liter, was for water samples from agricultural areas in the Central Florida Ridge area. Nitrate (as nitrogen) concentrations exceeded 10 milligrams per liter in 50 of the 421 water samples from wells completed in the surficial aquifer system. Most of these 50 water samples were from wells in agricultural and urban areas (sewage spraying areas) in the Central Florida Ridge area.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/ofr93478","usgsCitation":"Berndt, M.P., 1993, National Water Quality Assessment Program; preliminary assessment of nitrate distribution in ground water in the Georgia-Florida Coastal Plain study unit, 1972-90: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 93-478, 8 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr93478.","productDescription":"8 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[{"id":13634,"text":"South Atlantic Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":149217,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1993/0478/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":1067,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index 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P.","contributorId":74761,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Berndt","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":178584,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":17765,"text":"ofr93517 - 1993 - Surficial geology, geomorphology, and erosion of archeologic sites along the Colorado River, eastern Grand Canyon, Grand Canyon National Park, Arizona","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-09-13T16:27:26.620139","indexId":"ofr93517","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"93-517","title":"Surficial geology, geomorphology, and erosion of archeologic sites along the Colorado River, eastern Grand Canyon, Grand Canyon National Park, Arizona","docAbstract":"The average number of archeologic sites along the Colorado River in eastern Grand Canyon between River Miles 65-72 exceeds 12 km-1; the largest concentration from Glen Canyon Dam to the mouth of Grand Canyon. The sites are mostly of Anasazi affiliation, dating from the Pueblo Ito Pueblo II periods (A.D. 800-1200), although older sites of Basketmaker II affinity (about 200 B.C. to A.D. 400) and younger sites of Native American and Anglo affiliation are also present. All of the sites are closely associated with late-Holocene alluvial, debris-flow, and eolian deposits that accumulated in the river corridor during the past 2,500 years. The majority of sites occur on or beneath the surface of ancient alluvial deposits of the Colorado River, which form distinctive high terraces. Lateral shifts of the river extensively eroded these deposits and associated archeologic sites twice in prehistoric times, between A.D.300700 and between A.D. 1200-1400.
In late historic times, numerous sites have been damaged or destroyed by erosion, which has accelerated since 1965-73. The daily operation of Glen Canyon Dam probably did not cause accelerated erosion in eastern Grand Canyon, although the presence of the dam indirectly effects erosion. Generally, sites are eroded by arroyo cutting in the short, ephemeral streams that drain the terraces of the river corridor. These streams are small; 90 percent have catchment area less than 20,000-30,000 m2 and channel length of less than 300-400 m. Driven by excessive rainfall, arroyo cutting deepens, widens, and expands the channel system. The extent of arroyo cutting is related to past and present depositional levels of the river, which are local baselevels of erosion. The post-dam level is 3-4 m below the lowest pre-dam level; this decrease resulted from elimination of the annual flood and a six-fold reduction of sediment load. Eighty percent of tributary streams end above or on the post-dam depositional level, but during large runoff the channels are free to extend upslope as well as downslope toward the river. These channels will eventually extend downslope to the river, where the channel gradient will be lowered 3-4 m. Arroyo cutting will be intensified until channel gradients adjust to the post-dam baselevel.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr93517","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the U.S. Bureau of Reclamation, Glen Canyon Environmental Studies","usgsCitation":"Hereford, R., Fairley, H., Thompson, K.S., and Balsom, J., 1993, Surficial geology, geomorphology, and erosion of archeologic sites along the Colorado River, eastern Grand Canyon, Grand Canyon National Park, Arizona: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 93-517, Report: ii, 46 p.; 4 Plates: 35.47 x 26.24 inches or smaller, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr93517.","productDescription":"Report: ii, 46 p.; 4 Plates: 35.47 x 26.24 inches or smaller","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":433464,"rank":6,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1993/0517/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":46998,"rank":5,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1993/0517/plate-4.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":46996,"rank":3,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1993/0517/plate-2.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":150599,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1993/0517/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":46995,"rank":2,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1993/0517/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":46997,"rank":4,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1993/0517/plate-3.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"scale":"2000","country":"United States","state":"Arizona","otherGeospatial":"Colorado River, Grand Canyon","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -114.88181945339456,\n 37.10030339349302\n ],\n [\n -114.88181945339456,\n 34.78312512646238\n ],\n [\n -109.90948320168309,\n 34.78312512646238\n ],\n [\n -109.90948320168309,\n 37.10030339349302\n ],\n [\n -114.88181945339456,\n 37.10030339349302\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ae1e4b07f02db6888e7","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hereford, Richard 0000-0002-0892-7367 rhereford@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0892-7367","contributorId":3620,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hereford","given":"Richard","email":"rhereford@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":177740,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Fairley, H.C.","contributorId":72400,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fairley","given":"H.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":177742,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Thompson, K. 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","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"Evolution of sedimentary basins, Uinta and Piceance basins","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/b1787II","usgsCitation":"Lawton, T.F., Talling, P.J., Hobbs, R.S., Trexler, J.H., Weiss, M.P., and Burbank, D.W., 1993, Structure and stratigraphy of Upper Cretaceous and Paleogene strata (North Horn Formation), eastern San Pitch Mountains, Utah — Sedimentation at the front of the Sevier orogenic belt: U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin 1787, Report: iv, 33 p.; 2 Plates: 30.50 × 53.50 inches and 26.00 × 43.00 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/b1787II.","productDescription":"Report: iv, 33 p.; 2 Plates: 30.50 × 53.50 inches and 26.00 × 43.00 inches","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":109795,"rank":700,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_21922.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"},"description":"21922"},{"id":100052,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/bul/1787ii/report.pdf","size":"10386","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":84536,"rank":401,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/bul/1787ii/plate-2.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":84535,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/bul/1787ii/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":168418,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/bul/1787ii/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Utah","otherGeospatial":"eastern San Pitch Mountains","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -111.69147491455078,\n 39.39799959542146\n ],\n [\n -111.61766052246094,\n 39.39799959542146\n ],\n [\n -111.61766052246094,\n 39.49317892102692\n ],\n [\n -111.69147491455078,\n 39.49317892102692\n ],\n [\n -111.69147491455078,\n 39.39799959542146\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b13e4b07f02db6a3737","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lawton, Timothy F.","contributorId":63866,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lawton","given":"Timothy","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":235768,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Talling, Peter J.","contributorId":44213,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Talling","given":"Peter","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":235766,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Hobbs, Robert S.","contributorId":14879,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hobbs","given":"Robert","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":235764,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Trexler, James H. Jr.","contributorId":37399,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Trexler","given":"James","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":235765,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Weiss, Malcolm P.","contributorId":98378,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Weiss","given":"Malcolm","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":235769,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Burbank, Douglas W.","contributorId":44214,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Burbank","given":"Douglas","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":235767,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":17585,"text":"ofr93273 - 1993 - Progress report on chronostratigraphic and paleoclimatic studies, Middle Mississippi River Valley, eastern Arkansas and western Tennessee","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-08-30T20:08:24.257501","indexId":"ofr93273","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"93-273","title":"Progress report on chronostratigraphic and paleoclimatic studies, Middle Mississippi River Valley, eastern Arkansas and western Tennessee","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr93273","usgsCitation":"1993, Progress report on chronostratigraphic and paleoclimatic studies, Middle Mississippi River Valley, eastern Arkansas and western Tennessee: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 93-273, iii, 61 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr93273.","productDescription":"iii, 61 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":405944,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_12666.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":150009,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1993/0273/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":46783,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1993/0273/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Arkansas, Tennessee","otherGeospatial":"middle Mississippi River Valley","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -90.54931640625,\n 34.985003130171066\n ],\n [\n -89.09912109375,\n 34.985003130171066\n ],\n [\n -89.09912109375,\n 36.474306755095235\n ],\n [\n -90.54931640625,\n 36.474306755095235\n ],\n [\n -90.54931640625,\n 34.985003130171066\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a9be4b07f02db65deff","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Markewich, H. 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The geologic map was originally published as U.S. Geological Survey Miscellaneous Investigations Series Map I-1803-H. This website directory contains ARC/INFO format files that can be used to query or display the geology of USGS Map I-1803-H with GIS software.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/i1803H","usgsCitation":"Ruppel, E.T., Lopez, D.A., and O’Neill, J., 1993, Geologic map of the Dillon 1° x 2° quadrangle, Idaho and Montana (Version 1.0): U.S. Geological Survey IMAP 1803, HTML Document, https://doi.org/10.3133/i1803H.","productDescription":"HTML Document","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":438920,"rank":701,"type":{"id":30,"text":"Data Release"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5066/P9E0IPJR","text":"USGS data release","linkHelpText":"GIS Data for Geologic Map of the Dillon 1 x 2 Degrees Quadrangle, Idaho and Montana"},{"id":190090,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":6098,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/imap/i-1803-h/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":107138,"rank":700,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_9931.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"},"description":"9931"}],"scale":"250000","country":"United States","state":"Montana","otherGeospatial":"Dillon 1° x 2° quadrangle","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -114,45 ], [ -114,46 ], [ -112,46 ], [ -112,45 ], [ -114,45 ] ] ] } } ] }","edition":"Version 1.0","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4affe4b07f02db697be1","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ruppel, E. T.","contributorId":6041,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ruppel","given":"E.","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":275415,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Lopez, D. A.","contributorId":99983,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lopez","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":275417,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"O’Neill, J.M.","contributorId":85562,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"O’Neill","given":"J.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":275416,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":17468,"text":"ofr93522 - 1993 - Petroleum exploration plays and resource estimates, 1989, onshore United States; Region 5, West Texas and eastern New Mexico","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-10-22T19:45:39","indexId":"ofr93522","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"93-522","title":"Petroleum exploration plays and resource estimates, 1989, onshore United States; Region 5, West Texas and eastern New Mexico","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/ofr93522","usgsCitation":"1993, Petroleum exploration plays and resource estimates, 1989, onshore United States; Region 5, West Texas and eastern New Mexico: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 93-522, iii, 84 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr93522.","productDescription":"iii, 84 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":150924,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1993/0522/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":46622,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1993/0522/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ae0e4b07f02db687eca","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Powers, R.B.","contributorId":34160,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Powers","given":"R.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":749331,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":26108,"text":"wri924077 - 1993 - Hydrogeology of glacial deposits in a preglacial bedrock valley, Waukesha County, Wisconsin","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-10-26T13:40:36","indexId":"wri924077","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"92-4077","title":"Hydrogeology of glacial deposits in a preglacial bedrock valley, Waukesha County, Wisconsin","docAbstract":"This report describes the areal extent, thickness, and hydraulic properties of glacial deposits in a preglacial bedrock valley south of the city of Waukesha in southeastern Wisconsin. In the 40- square-mile study area, the preglacial bedrock valley underlies an area across which the Fox River flows. A previous regional study of the area indicated that extensive glacial sand and gravel deposits may exist in the preglacial bedrock valley. New test-hole, well-construction, and seismic data collected from 1986 through 1991 showed that the preglacial bedrock valley immediately south of the city of Waukesha is narrower and shallower than previously thought. However, these data indicate that thicknesses of saturated glacial deposits in excess of 250 feet exist in a 1- to 2-mile-wide part of the valley in the southern part of the study area. Test-hole logs indicate that clean sand and gravel deposits are present in a shallow part of the preglacial bedrock valley. Fifty to sixty feet of silty and clayey sand and gravel deposits appear to underlie varying thicknesses of relatively impermeable clay till in the center of the study area. Ground water flows from upland areas on the eastern and western sides of the Fox River and discharges to the Fox River and wetlands adjacent to the river.
\nResults of a 6.5-hour aquifer test indicate that the silty sand and gravel deposits have an average transmissivity of about 140 feet squared per day and an average storage coefficient of about 1.2x10\"3 at one location. The horizontal hydraulic conductivity of these deposits averages about 4 feet per day. Analysis of drawdown indicates that these deposits are part of a leaky confined-aquifer system and that some water is derived from storage in an overlying clay layer. The transmissivity value determined from this aquifer test and a lack of clean sand and gravel encountered in other test holes indicate that glacial deposits at these sites may not yield enough water for a large municipal water supply. Sand and gravel deposits, capable of development as a municipal supply, may be present in the southern part of the study area. However, additional test holes are needed to determine whether adequate sand and gravel deposits underlie this area.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri924077","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Waukesha Water Utility","usgsCitation":"Batten, W.G., and Conlon, T., 1993, Hydrogeology of glacial deposits in a preglacial bedrock valley, Waukesha County, Wisconsin: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 92-4077, iv, 15 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri924077.","productDescription":"iv, 15 p.","numberOfPages":"19","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":677,"text":"Wisconsin Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":121942,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1992/4077/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":54904,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1992/4077/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Wisconsin","county":"Waukesha County","geographicExtents":"{\"type\":\"FeatureCollection\",\"features\":[{\"type\":\"Feature\",\"geometry\":{\"type\":\"Polygon\",\"coordinates\":[[[-88.5401,43.1978],[-88.4183,43.1964],[-88.3027,43.1954],[-88.1827,43.1948],[-88.0639,43.194],[-88.0664,43.1076],[-88.0682,43.0202],[-88.0692,42.9725],[-88.0675,42.9334],[-88.0699,42.8447],[-88.1868,42.8451],[-88.3044,42.8444],[-88.5413,42.8445],[-88.5413,42.9341],[-88.5407,43.0232],[-88.5407,43.111],[-88.5401,43.1978]]]},\"properties\":{\"name\":\"Waukesha\",\"state\":\"WI\"}}]}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a49e4b07f02db62460a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Batten, W. G.","contributorId":89504,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Batten","given":"W.","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":195820,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Conlon, T.D. 0000-0002-5899-7187","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5899-7187","contributorId":97947,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Conlon","given":"T.D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":195821,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":47890,"text":"b1988D - 1993 - Paleozoic and Mesozoic rocks of Mount Ichabod and Dorsey Canyon, Elko County, Nevada: Evidence for post-Early Triassic emplacement of the Roberts Mountains and Golconda allochthons","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":47890,"text":"b1988D - 1993 - Paleozoic and Mesozoic rocks of Mount Ichabod and Dorsey Canyon, Elko County, Nevada: Evidence for post-Early Triassic emplacement of the Roberts Mountains and Golconda allochthons","indexId":"b1988D","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"chapter":"D","title":"Paleozoic and Mesozoic rocks of Mount Ichabod and Dorsey Canyon, Elko County, Nevada: Evidence for post-Early Triassic emplacement of the Roberts Mountains and Golconda allochthons"},"predicate":"IS_PART_OF","object":{"id":33239,"text":"b1988 - 1992 - Evolution of sedimentary basins: Eastern Great Basin","indexId":"b1988","publicationYear":"1992","noYear":false,"title":"Evolution of sedimentary basins: Eastern Great Basin"},"id":1}],"isPartOf":{"id":33239,"text":"b1988 - 1992 - Evolution of sedimentary basins: Eastern Great Basin","indexId":"b1988","publicationYear":"1992","noYear":false,"title":"Evolution of sedimentary basins: Eastern Great Basin"},"lastModifiedDate":"2022-12-21T22:20:34.991519","indexId":"b1988D","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":306,"text":"Bulletin","code":"B","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1988","chapter":"D","title":"Paleozoic and Mesozoic rocks of Mount Ichabod and Dorsey Canyon, Elko County, Nevada: Evidence for post-Early Triassic emplacement of the Roberts Mountains and Golconda allochthons","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/b1988D","usgsCitation":"Ketner, K.B., Murchey, B.L., Stamm, R.G., and Wardlaw, B.R., 1993, Paleozoic and Mesozoic rocks of Mount Ichabod and Dorsey Canyon, Elko County, Nevada: Evidence for post-Early Triassic emplacement of the Roberts Mountains and Golconda allochthons: U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin 1988, iii, 12 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/b1988D.","productDescription":"iii, 12 p.","costCenters":[{"id":243,"text":"Eastern Geology and Paleoclimate Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":40020,"text":"Florence Bascom Geoscience Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":169555,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/bul/1988d/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":100058,"rank":1,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/bul/1988d/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":410903,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_22210.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Nevada","county":"Elko County","otherGeospatial":"Dorsey Canyon, Mount Ichabod","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -115.75,\n 41.633\n ],\n [\n -115.75,\n 41.458\n ],\n [\n -115.542,\n 41.458\n ],\n [\n -115.542,\n 41.633\n ],\n [\n -115.75,\n 41.633\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ae4e4b07f02db6899b7","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ketner, Keith B.","contributorId":957,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ketner","given":"Keith","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":236456,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Murchey, Benita L. bmurchey@usgs.gov","contributorId":504,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Murchey","given":"Benita","email":"bmurchey@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":236455,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Stamm, Robert G. 0000-0001-9141-5364 rstamm@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9141-5364","contributorId":4702,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stamm","given":"Robert","email":"rstamm@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[{"id":40020,"text":"Florence Bascom Geoscience Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":236457,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Wardlaw, Bruce R. bwardlaw@usgs.gov","contributorId":266,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wardlaw","given":"Bruce","email":"bwardlaw@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":243,"text":"Eastern Geology and Paleoclimate Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":236454,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":26497,"text":"wri924186 - 1993 - Reconnaissance of quality of water from farmstead wells in Tennessee, 1989-90","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:32","indexId":"wri924186","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"92-4186","title":"Reconnaissance of quality of water from farmstead wells in Tennessee, 1989-90","docAbstract":"Data for fecal bacteria, nitrate, organic compounds, iron, manganese, and pH were collected during 1989-90 as part of a statewide reconnaissance of ground-water quality in 150 domestic farm wells in Tennessee. The biological and chemical data for each well were grouped according to eight of the nine principal aquifers in the State and analyzed for local and regional variation within and among these aquifers. Water samples from 45 percent of the wells statewide tested positive for fecal cot[form or streptococci bacteria. Regionally, samples from 20 percent of the wells in the primarily unconsoli- dated sedimentary aquifers in western Tennessee tested positive for either or both bacteria, compared with samples from 54 percent of the wells in the consolidated bedrock aquifers in the central and eastern parts of the State. Although nitrate nitrogen equaled or exceeded the 10.0 milligrams per liter primary drinking-water standard in only 3 percent of the wells sampled statewide, samples from 20 percent of the wells had nitrate nitrogen concentrations that exceeded 3.00 milligrams per liter possibly indicating human influence on ground-water quality. Estimated total concentrations of organic compounds were less than 5 micrograms per liter in samples from 92 percent of the wells statewide. Concentrations of iron and manganese equaled or exceeded their secondary standards of 300 and 50 micrograms per liter in samples from 35 and 25 percent of the wells, respectively, with the largest concentrations identified in samples from the alluvial and Pennsylvanian sandstone aquifers. Samples from 25 percent of the wells, had a pH below the lower secondary standard of 6.5 units, with most of these samples from the unconsolidated sedimentary aquifers in western Tennessee.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nBooks and Open-File Reports Section [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/wri924186","usgsCitation":"Carmichael, J.K., and Bennett, M.W., 1993, Reconnaissance of quality of water from farmstead wells in Tennessee, 1989-90: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 92-4186, iv, 43 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm. [PGS - 44 p.], https://doi.org/10.3133/wri924186.","productDescription":"iv, 43 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm. [PGS - 44 p.]","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":158125,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1992/4186/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":55320,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1992/4186/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b32e4b07f02db6b4924","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Carmichael, J. K.","contributorId":90276,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Carmichael","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":196497,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bennett, M. W.","contributorId":53358,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bennett","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":196496,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":3423,"text":"cir1081 - 1993 - Estimated use of water in the United States in 1990","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-02-22T12:16:04","indexId":"cir1081","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":307,"text":"Circular","code":"CIR","onlineIssn":"2330-5703","printIssn":"1067-084X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1081","title":"Estimated use of water in the United States in 1990","docAbstract":"Water withdrawals in the United States during 1990 were estimated to average 408,000 million gallons per day (Mgal/d) of freshwater and saline water for offstream uses--2 percent more than the 1985 estimate. Total freshwater withdrawals were an estimated 339,000 Mgal/d during 1990, about the same as during 1985. Average per-capita use for all offstream uses was 1,620 gallons per day (gal/d) of freshwater and saline water combined and 1,340 gal/d of freshwater.
Offstream water-use categories are classified in this report as public supply, domestic, commercial, irrigation, livestock, industrial, mining, and thermoelectric power. During 1990, public-supply withdrawals were an estimated 38,500 Mgal/d, and self-supplied withdrawals were estimated as follows: domestic, 3,390 Mgal/d; commercial, 2,390 Mgal/d; irrigation, 137,000 Mgal/d; livestock, 4,500 Mgal/d; industrial, 22,600 Mgal/d, of which 3,270 Mgal/d was saline water; mining, 4,960 Mgal/d, of which 1,650 Mgal/d was saline; and thermoelectric power, 195,000 Mgal/d, of which 64,500 Mgal/d was saline.
Water use for hydroelectric power generation, the only instream use compiled in this report, was estimated to be 3,290,000 Mgal/d during 1990, or 8 percent more than during 1985 and about the same as estimated for 1975 and 1980.
Estimates of withdrawals by source indicate that during 1990, total surface-water withdrawals were 327,000 Mgal/d, or 1 percent more than during 1985, and total ground-water withdrawals were 80,600 Mgal/d, or 9 percent more than during 1985. Total saline-water withdrawals during 1990 were 69,400 Mgal/d, or 15 percent more than during 1985, most of which was saline surface water. Reclaimed wastewater averaged about 750 Mgal/d during 1990, or 30 percent more than during 1985.
Total freshwater consumptive use was an estimated 94,000 Mgal/d during 1990, or 2 percent more than during 1985. Consumptive use by irrigation accounted for the largest part of total consumptive use, and was an estimated 76,200 Mgal/d. Freshwater consumptive use in the East (water-resources regions east of and including the Mississippi regions) was about 12 percent of freshwater withdrawn in the East and accounted for only 21 percent of the Nation's total consumptive use. By comparison, freshwater consumptive use in the West was about 44 percent of the freshwater withdrawn in the West.
The 1990 estimates of total freshwater withdrawals and consumptive use were just slightly more than the 1985 estimates but substantially less than the 1980 estimates; this is consistent with the general trend indicated by a slackening in the rate of increase of total withdrawals from 1970 to 1975 and again from 1975 to 1980, and a decrease in total withdrawals from 1980 to 1985. Public-supply withdrawals during 1990 were 5 percent more than during 1985, and self-supplied withdrawals during 1990 compared to 1985 were as follows: domestic, 2 percent more; commercial, 95 percent more; irrigation, 0.3 percent less; livestock, 0.8 percent more; industrial, 13 percent less; mining, 44 percent more; and thermoelectric power, 4 percent more.
A comparison of total withdrawals (fresh, saline) by State indicates that 20 States and the District of Columbia had less water withdrawn for offstream uses during 1990 than during 1985. California accounted for the most water withdrawn for offstream use, 46,800 Mgal/d, more than the total of water withdrawn in both Texas or Idaho, the next largest users. A similar comparison by water-resources regions indicates that the coastal regions (New England, Mid Atlantic, South Atlantic-Gulf, Pacific Northwest, California) accounted for nearly one-half of the total water withdrawn in the United States. Total withdrawals in the East accounted for 54 percent of the Nation's total withdrawals, the same as during 1985.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Government Printing Office","publisherLocation":"Washington, D.C.","doi":"10.3133/cir1081","usgsCitation":"Solley, W.B., Pierce, R.R., and Perlman, H.A., 1993, Estimated use of water in the United States in 1990: U.S. Geological Survey Circular 1081, vii, 76 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/cir1081.","productDescription":"vii, 76 p.","numberOfPages":"86","costCenters":[{"id":610,"text":"Utah Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":124556,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1993/1081/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":30438,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1993/1081/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e47dce4b07f02db4b77ce","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Solley, Wayne B.","contributorId":61409,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Solley","given":"Wayne","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":146878,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Pierce, Robert R.","contributorId":62578,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pierce","given":"Robert","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":146879,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Perlman, Howard A.","contributorId":86323,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Perlman","given":"Howard","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":146880,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ]}