During summer 2000, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) began an investigation of the Tremont City Landfill Site near Tremont City, Ohio. The site is about 1 mile west of Tremont City, just south of the Clark-Champaign County line. The closed site consists of three main areas: an 8.5-acre barrel fill, a 14-acre waste-transfer area, and a 58-acre landfill. The local hydrogeology is complex, and multiple ground-water-flow directions at the site have been described; however, offsite ground-water levels and flow directions were poorly defined, because they were based on static water levels reported over many years by well drillers. In October 2000, the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), in cooperation with the USEPA, measured water levels in residential and onsite monitoring wells to prepare a map of the potentiometric surface so that directions of regional ground-water flow could be better delineated in the vicinity of the site.
The topography of the study area (extent of map) is characterized by a nearly level till plain with minor relief along incised streams draining east-southeast to the Mad River. The Tremont City Landfill Site is in an upland area between two east-southeast-trending streams. Storms Creek is about 1 mile north of the site. The southern extent of the landfill is within about 500 feet of Chapman creek.
The surficial geology of the study area consists of unconsolidated glacial sediments that overlie Silurian-age Lockport Dolomite. These glacial sediments consist of fine-grained till interbedded with layers of silt, sands, and gravels. Sand and gravel layers are commonly found just above the bedrock surface. Onsite monitoring wells have been installed into several thin, permeable zones in the glacial sediments. Most residential wells in the area produce sufficient water for residential use (as much as 100 gallons per minute), from either sand and gravel layers in the glacial sediments or from the carbonate bedrock. The most productive aquifer in the area is the highly permeable glacial outwash in the buried bedrock valley beneath the Mad River. These outwash sands and gravels can yield more than 1,000 gallons per minute. If weathered, the Lockport Dolomite can be a productive source of water near the top of the unit.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/wri014224","usgsCitation":"Dumouchelle, D.H., 2001, Ground-water levels and flow directions in glacial sediments and carbonate bedrock near Tremont City, Ohio, October-November 2000: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 2001-4224, Report: 39.28 x 28.99 in., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri014224.","productDescription":"Report: 39.28 x 28.99 in.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":2949,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/2001/4224/wri20014224.pdf","text":"Report","size":"747 KB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"WRI 2001-4224"},{"id":159966,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/2001/4224/coverthb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Ohio","otherGeospatial":"Tremont City","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -83.8446307182312,\n 40.00634956420027\n ],\n [\n -83.82637023925781,\n 40.00634956420027\n ],\n [\n -83.82637023925781,\n 40.01803456129624\n ],\n [\n -83.8446307182312,\n 40.01803456129624\n ],\n [\n -83.8446307182312,\n 40.00634956420027\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","contact":"Director, Ohio Water Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
6460 Busch Blvd.
Columbus, OH 43229
Structural geology is an important component in regional-, district- and orebody-scale exploration and development of sedimentary rock-hosted Au deposits. Identification of timing of important structural events in an ore district allows analysis and classification of fluid conduits and construction of genetic models for ore formation. The most practical uses of structural geology deal with measurement and definition of various elements that comprise orebodies, which can then be directly applied to ore-reserve estimation, ground control, grade control, safety issues, and mine planning. District- and regional-scale structural studies are directly applicable to long-term strategic planning, economic analysis, and land ownership. Orebodies in sedimentary rock-hosted Au deposits are discrete, hypogene, epigenetic masses usually hosted in a fault zone, breccia mass, or lithologic bed or unit. These attributes allow structural geology to be directly applied to the mining and exploration of sedimentary rock-hosted Au deposits. Internal constituents in orebodies reflect unique episodes relating to ore formation. The main internal constituents in orebodies are ore minerals, gangue, and alteration minerals that usually are mixed with one another in complex patterns, the relations among which may be used to interpret the processes of orebody formation and control. Controls of orebody location and shape usually are due to structural dilatant zones caused by changes in attitude, splays, lithologic contacts, and intersections of the host conduit or unit. In addition, conceptual parameters such as district fabric, predictable distances, and stacking also are used to understand the geometry of orebodies. Controls in ore districts and location and geometry of orebodies in ore districts can be predicted to various degrees by using a number of qualitative concepts such as internal and external orebody plunges, district plunge, district stacking, conduit classification, geochemical, geobarometric and geothermal gradients, and tectonic warps. These concepts have practical and empirical application in most mining districts where they are of use in the exploration for ore, but are of such broad and general application that they may not represent known or inferred ore formation processes. Close spatial relation among some sedimentary rock- hosted Au deposits and their host structures suggests that the structures and the orebodies are genetically linked because they may have shared the same developmental history. Examples of probable syn-deformational genesis and structural control of sedimentary rock-hosted Au deposits are in the large Betze deposit in the Carlin trend, Nevada and in the Lannigou, Jinlongshan, and Maanqiao Au deposits, China.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr01151","usgsCitation":"Peters, S., 2001, Use of structural geology in exploration for and mining of sedimentary rock-hosted Au deposits: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2001-151, 39 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr01151.","productDescription":"39 p.","numberOfPages":"40","costCenters":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":163454,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr01151.jpg"},{"id":282431,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2001/0151/pdf/of01-151.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":3049,"rank":3,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2001/0151/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4af5e4b07f02db69220e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Peters, Stephen G. speters@usgs.gov","contributorId":2793,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Peters","given":"Stephen G.","email":"speters@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":596,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey National Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":205814,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":31368,"text":"ofr01132 - 2001 - Geologic map of the Fifteenmile Valley 7.5' quadrangle, San Bernardino County, California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-06-27T13:29:26.24823","indexId":"ofr01132","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2001-132","title":"Geologic map of the Fifteenmile Valley 7.5' quadrangle, San Bernardino County, California","docAbstract":"Open-File Report OF 01-132 contains a digital geologic map database of the Fifteenmile Valley 7.5’ quadrangle, San Bernardino County, California that includes:
\n1. ARC/INFO (Environmental Systems Research Institute, http://www.esri.com) version 7.2.1 coverages of the various elements of the geologic map.
\n\n2. A PostScript file to plot the geologic map on a topographic base, and containing a Correlation of Map Units diagram, a Description of Map Units, an index map, and a regional structure map.
\n\n3. Portable Document Format (.pdf) files of:
\n\na. This Readme; includes in Appendix I, data contained in fif_met.txt
\n\nb. The same graphic as plotted in 2 above. (Test plots have not produced 1:24,000-scale map sheets. Adobe Acrobat pagesize setting influences map scale.)
The Correlation of Map Units (CMU) and Description of Map Units (DMU) is in the editorial format of USGS Miscellaneous Investigations Series (I-series) maps. Within the geologic map data package, map units are identified by standard geologic map criteria such as formation-name, age, and lithology. Even though this is an author-prepared report, every attempt has been made to closely adhere to the stratigraphic nomenclature of the U. S. Geological Survey. Descriptions of units can be obtained by viewing or plotting the .pdf file (3b above) or plotting the postscript file (2 above). If roads in some areas, especially forest roads that parallel topographic contours, do not show well on plots of the geologic map, we recommend use of the USGS Fifteenmile Valley 7.5’ topographic quadrangle in conjunction with the geologic map.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr01132","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the U.S. Forest Service (San Bernardino National Forest) and the California Division of Mines and Geology","usgsCitation":"Miller, F.K., and Matti, J.C., 2001, Geologic map of the Fifteenmile Valley 7.5' quadrangle, San Bernardino County, California: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2001-132, Readme: 24 p.; Metadata; Database; Map: PDF, 43.85 x 32.44 inches; Map: PostScript file, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr01132.","productDescription":"Readme: 24 p.; Metadata; Database; Map: PDF, 43.85 x 32.44 inches; Map: PostScript file","numberOfPages":"24","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":160851,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr01132.gif"},{"id":3030,"rank":7,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2001/0132/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":282088,"rank":4,"type":{"id":16,"text":"Metadata"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2001/0132/fif_met.txt","linkFileType":{"id":2,"text":"txt"}},{"id":282090,"rank":5,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2001/0132/pdf/fif_map.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":282087,"rank":6,"type":{"id":20,"text":"Read Me"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2001/0132/pdf/readme.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":282089,"rank":3,"type":{"id":7,"text":"Companion Files"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2001/0132/fif.tar.gz","linkFileType":{"id":6,"text":"zip"}},{"id":282091,"rank":2,"type":{"id":7,"text":"Companion Files"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2001/0132/fif_map.ps.gz","linkFileType":{"id":6,"text":"zip"}}],"scale":"24000","projection":"Lambert conformal conic projection","country":"United States","state":"California","county":"San Bernardino County","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -117.125,34.375 ], [ -117.125,34.5 ], [ -117.0,34.5 ], [ -117.0,34.375 ], [ -117.125,34.375 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4afde4b07f02db696e0b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Miller, F. K.","contributorId":10803,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Miller","given":"F.","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":205802,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Matti, J. C.","contributorId":51712,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Matti","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":205803,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":30960,"text":"wri014184 - 2001 - Occurrence and distribution of organochlorine pesticides, polychlorinated biphenyls, and trace elements in fish tissue in the lower Tennessee River basin, 1980-98","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:09:00","indexId":"wri014184","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2001-4184","title":"Occurrence and distribution of organochlorine pesticides, polychlorinated biphenyls, and trace elements in fish tissue in the lower Tennessee River basin, 1980-98","docAbstract":"The U.S. Geological Survey, as part of the National Water-Quality Assessment Program, evaluated the occurrence and distribution of organochlorine pesticides, polychlorinated biphenyls, and trace elements in fish tissue in samples collected in the lower Tennessee River Basin study unit. Fish tissue analysis provides a time-averaged measurement of contaminants as well as a direct measurement of the contaminants that bioaccumulate in fish tissue. Bioaccumulation of contaminants in fish tissue may result in concentrations that can affect human, wildlife, or aquatic health. Data for two types of tissue analyses were evaluated to assess the occurrence and distribution of contaminants: whole fish for organochlorine pesticides and polychlorinated biphenyls and fish fillets for organochlorine pesticides, polychlorinated biphenyls, and trace elements. The fish tissue data analyzed for this study cover an 18-year span including data collected in 1998 by the U.S. Geological Survey as part of the National Water-Quality Assessment Program; data collected from 1980 through 1997 by the Tennessee Valley Authority; and data collected from 1992 through 1997 by the Tennessee Department of Environment and Conservation. Concentration data for constituents that are on the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Priority Pollutant List were summarized and compared against existing action levels or guidelines.From the list of organochlorine pesticide compounds analyzed, p,p'-dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene (p,p'-DDE), a breakdown product of dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT), was the most commonly detected compound with detections at 83 percent of the sites sampled. Eleven p,p'-DDE samples exceeded action levels or guidelines with concentrations ranging from 0.20 to 12.8 milligrams per kilogram. Five other organochlorine compounds, p,p'-dichlorodiphenyldichloroethane (p,p'-DDD), dieldrin, endrin, chlordane, and polychlorinated biphenyls, also exceeded action levels and guidelines, but the detection frequencies at sampling sites generally were less than 70 percent. Mercury, the only trace element to exceed a guideline, was detected at 51 of 102 sites sampled for trace elements. Selenium was detected in fish fillet samples from 70 of 102 sites sampled, which was more sites than for any other trace element; however, selenium did not exceed the 50 micrograms per gram U.S. Environmental Protection Agency screening criteria. Arsenic and cadmium also were detected at 44 and 54 percent of the sampling sites, respectively.","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/wri014184","usgsCitation":"Knight, R., and Powell, J., 2001, Occurrence and distribution of organochlorine pesticides, polychlorinated biphenyls, and trace elements in fish tissue in the lower Tennessee River basin, 1980-98: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 2001-4184, 32 p. , https://doi.org/10.3133/wri014184.","productDescription":"32 p. ","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":2942,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.water.usgs.gov/wri014184","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":159931,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4afbe4b07f02db69632e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Knight, R.R.","contributorId":59063,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Knight","given":"R.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":204454,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Powell, J.R.","contributorId":85134,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Powell","given":"J.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":204455,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":31406,"text":"ofr01293 - 2001 - Geologic map of the Telegraph Peak 7.5' quadrangle, San Bernardino County, California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-06-27T13:15:00.600212","indexId":"ofr01293","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2001-293","title":"Geologic map of the Telegraph Peak 7.5' quadrangle, San Bernardino County, California","docAbstract":"Open-File Report OF 01-293 contains a digital geologic map database of the Telegraph Peak 7.5’ quadrangle, San Bernardino County, California that includes:\n\nARC/INFO (Environmental Systems Research Institute, http://www.esri.com) version 7.2.1 double precision coverages of the various elements of the geologic map.\nA PostScript file to plot the geologic map on a topographic base, and containing a Correlation of Map Units diagram, a Description of Map Units, an index map, and a regional structure map.\nPortable Document Format (.pdf) files of:\na. This Readme; includes in Appendix I, data contained in fif_met.txt\n\nb. The same graphic as plotted in 2 above. Test plots have not produced 1:24,000-scale map sheets. Adobe Acrobat pagesize setting influences map scale.\n\nThe Correlation of Map Units and Description of Map Units is in the editorial format of USGS Miscellaneous Investigations Series (I-series) maps but has not been edited to comply with I-map standards. Within the geologic map data package, map units are identified by standard geologic map criteria such as formation-name, age, and lithology. Even though this is an author-prepared report, every attempt has been made to closely adhere to the stratigraphic nomenclature of the U. S. Geological Survey. Descriptions of units can be obtained by viewing or plotting the .pdf file (3b above) or plotting the postscript file (2 above). If roads in some areas, especially forest roads that parallel topographic contours, do not show well on plots of the geologic map, we recommend use of the USGS Telegraph Peak 7.5’ topographic quadrangle in conjunction with the geologic map.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr01293","usgsCitation":"Morton, D.M., Woodburne, M., Foster, J.H., Morton, G., and Cossette, P., 2001, Geologic map of the Telegraph Peak 7.5' quadrangle, San Bernardino County, California: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2001-293, Report: 21 p.; 1 Plate: 41.36 x 30.57 inches; Metadata: TXT file; Database: TAR.GZ file; Map: PS.GZ file, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr01293.","productDescription":"Report: 21 p.; 1 Plate: 41.36 x 30.57 inches; Metadata: TXT file; Database: TAR.GZ file; Map: PS.GZ file","numberOfPages":"21","costCenters":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":160364,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr01293.jpg"},{"id":282694,"rank":3,"type":{"id":7,"text":"Companion Files"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2001/0293/tel.tar.gz","linkFileType":{"id":6,"text":"zip"}},{"id":282691,"rank":4,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2001/0293/pdf/TelReadme.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":282693,"rank":5,"type":{"id":16,"text":"Metadata"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2001/0293/tel_met.txt","linkFileType":{"id":2,"text":"txt"}},{"id":282692,"rank":6,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2001/0293/pdf/tel_map.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":2523,"rank":7,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2001/0293/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":282695,"rank":2,"type":{"id":7,"text":"Companion Files"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2001/0293/tel_map.ps.gz","linkFileType":{"id":6,"text":"zip"}}],"scale":"24000","projection":"Lambert conformal conic projection","country":"United States","state":"California","county":"San Bernardino County","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -117.5,34.125 ], [ -117.5,35.25 ], [ -117.375,35.25 ], [ -117.375,34.125 ], [ -117.5,34.125 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ae4e4b07f02db68a19f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Morton, D. M.","contributorId":54608,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Morton","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":205905,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Woodburne, M.O.","contributorId":63228,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Woodburne","given":"M.O.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":205906,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Foster, J. H.","contributorId":52786,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Foster","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":205904,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Morton, Gregory","contributorId":103356,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Morton","given":"Gregory","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":205907,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Cossette, P. M. 0000-0002-9608-6595","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9608-6595","contributorId":36586,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cossette","given":"P. M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":205903,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":31409,"text":"ofr01311 - 2001 - Geologic map of the Cucamonga Peak 7.5' quadrangle, San Bernardino County, California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-06-26T19:00:33.990191","indexId":"ofr01311","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2001-311","title":"Geologic map of the Cucamonga Peak 7.5' quadrangle, San Bernardino County, California","docAbstract":"Open-File Report OF 01-311 contains a digital geologic map database of the Cucamonga Peak 7.5’ quadrangle, San Bernardino County, California that includes:
\n1. ARC/INFO (Environmental Systems Research Institute, http://www.esri.com) version 7.2.1 coverages of the various elements of the geologic map
\n2. A PostScript file to plot the geologic map on a topographic base, and containing a Correlation of Map Units diagram, a Description of Map Units, an index map, and a regional structure map
\n3. Portable Document Format (.pdf) files of:
\na. This Readme; includes in Appendix I, data contained in fif_met.txt
\n\nb. The same graphic as plotted in 2 above. (Test plots have not produced 1:24,000-scale map sheets. Adobe Acrobat pagesize setting influences map scale.)
The Correlation of Map Units and Description of Map Units is in the editorial format of USGS Miscellaneous Investigations Series (I-series) maps but has not been edited to comply with I-map standards. Within the geologic map data package, map units are identified by standard geologic map criteria such as formation-name, age, and lithology. Even though this is an author-prepared report, every attempt has been made to closely adhere to the stratigraphic nomenclature of the U. S. Geological Survey. Descriptions of units can be obtained by viewing or plotting the .pdf file (3b above) or plotting the postscript file (2 above). If roads in some areas, especially forest roads that parallel topographic contours, do not show well on plots of the geologic map, we recommend use of the USGS Cucamonga Peak 7.5’ topographic quadrangle in conjunction with the geologic map.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr01311","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the U.S. Forest Service (San Bernardino National Forest) and the California Division of Mines and Geology","usgsCitation":"Morton, D.M., Matti, J.C., Koukladas, C., and Cossette, P., 2001, Geologic map of the Cucamonga Peak 7.5' quadrangle, San Bernardino County, California: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2001-311, Map: 41.31 x 20.50 inches; Readme: 22 p.; Metadata, Database package; Map: PostScript file, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr01311.","productDescription":"Map: 41.31 x 20.50 inches; Readme: 22 p.; Metadata, Database package; Map: PostScript file","numberOfPages":"22","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":160380,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr01311.jpg"},{"id":282745,"rank":2,"type":{"id":7,"text":"Companion Files"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2001/0311/cuc_map.ps.gz","linkFileType":{"id":4,"text":"shapefile"}},{"id":2525,"rank":7,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2001/0311/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":282741,"rank":6,"type":{"id":20,"text":"Read Me"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2001/0311/pdf/CucReadme.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":282744,"rank":5,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2001/0311/pdf/cuc_map.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":282742,"rank":4,"type":{"id":16,"text":"Metadata"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2001/0311/cuc_met.txt","linkFileType":{"id":2,"text":"txt"}},{"id":282743,"rank":3,"type":{"id":7,"text":"Companion Files"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2001/0311/cuc.tar.gz","linkFileType":{"id":4,"text":"shapefile"}}],"scale":"24000","projection":"Lambert conformal conic projection","country":"United States","state":"California","county":"San Bernardino County","otherGeospatial":"Cucamonga Peak","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -117.625,34.125 ], [ -117.625,34.25 ], [ -117.5,34.25 ], [ -117.5,34.125 ], [ -117.625,34.125 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b01e4b07f02db69895d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Morton, D. M.","contributorId":54608,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Morton","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":205916,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Matti, J. C.","contributorId":51712,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Matti","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":205915,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Koukladas, Catherine","contributorId":6759,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Koukladas","given":"Catherine","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":205913,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Cossette, P. M. 0000-0002-9608-6595","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9608-6595","contributorId":36586,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cossette","given":"P. M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":205914,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":31379,"text":"ofr01164 - 2001 - Earthquake ground-motion amplification in Southern California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:09:18","indexId":"ofr01164","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2001-164","title":"Earthquake ground-motion amplification in Southern California","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/ofr01164","usgsCitation":"Field, E.H., 2001, Earthquake ground-motion amplification in Southern California (Online version 1.0; last modified 7/16/01.): U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2001-164, 1 sheet, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr01164.","productDescription":"1 sheet","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":164189,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":3054,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2001/of01-164/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"edition":"Online version 1.0; last modified 7/16/01.","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a51e4b07f02db6297c7","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Field, Edward H. 0000-0001-8172-7882 field@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8172-7882","contributorId":52242,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Field","given":"Edward","email":"field@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[{"id":300,"text":"Geologic Hazards Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":205831,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":30950,"text":"wri014000 - 2001 - Shallow ground-water quality beneath rice areas in the Sacramento Valley, California, 1997","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:09:12","indexId":"wri014000","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2001-4000","title":"Shallow ground-water quality beneath rice areas in the Sacramento Valley, California, 1997","docAbstract":"In 1997, the U.S. Geological Survey installed and sampled 28 wells in rice areas in the Sacramento Valley as part of the National Water-Quality Assessment Program. The purpose of the study was to assess the shallow ground-water quality and to determine whether any effects on water quality could be related to human activities and particularly rice agriculture. The wells installed and sampled were between 8.8 and 15.2 meters deep, and water levels were between 0.4 and 8.0 meters below land surface. Ground-water samples were analyzed for 6 field measurements, 29 inorganic constituents, 6 nutrient constituents, dissolved organic carbon, 86 pesticides, tritium (hydrogen- 3), deuterium (hydrogen-2), and oxygen-18. At least one health-related state or federal drinking-water standard (maximum contaminant or long-term health advisory level) was exceeded in 25 percent of the wells for barium, boron, cadmium, molybdenum, or sulfate. At least one state or federal secondary maximum contaminant level was exceeded in 79 percent of the wells for chloride, iron, manganese, specific conductance, or dissolved solids. Nitrate and nitrite were detected at concentrations below state and federal 2000 drinking-water standards; three wells had nitrate concentrations greater than 3 milligrams per liter, a level that may indicate impact from human activities. Ground-water redox conditions were anoxic in 26 out of 28 wells sampled (93 percent). Eleven pesticides and one pesticide degradation product were detected in ground-water samples. Four of the detected pesticides are or have been used on rice crops in the Sacramento Valley (bentazon, carbofuran, molinate, and thiobencarb). Pesticides were detected in 89 percent of the wells sampled, and rice pesticides were detected in 82 percent of the wells sampled. The most frequently detected pesticide was the rice herbicide bentazon, detected in 20 out of 28 wells (71 percent); the other pesticides detected have been used for rice, agricultural, and non-agricultural purposes. All pesticide concentrations were below state and federal 2000 drinking-water standards. The relation of the ground-water quality to natural processes and human activities was tested using statistical methods (Spearman rank correlation, Kruskal?Wallis, or rank-sum tests) to determine whether an influence from rice land-use or other human activities on ground-water chemistry could be identified. The detection of pesticides in 89 percent of the wells sampled indicates that human activities have affected shallow ground-water quality. Concentrations of dissolved solids and inorganic constituents that exceeded state or federal 2000 drinking-water standards showed a statistical relation to geomorphic unit. This is interpreted as a relation to natural processes and variations in geology in the Sacramento River Basin; the high concentrations of dissolved solids and most inorganic constituents did not appear to be related to rice land use. No correlation was found between nitrate concentration and pesticide occurrence, indicating that an absence of high nitrate concentrations is not a predictor of an absence of pesticide contamination in areas with reducing ground-water conditions in the Sacramento Valley. Tritium concentrations, pesticide detections, stable isotope data, and dissolved-solids concentrations suggest that shallow ground water in the ricegrowing areas of the Sacramento Valley is a mix of recently recharged ground water containing pesticides, nitrate, and tritium, and unknown sources of water that contains high concentrations of dissolved solids and some inorganic constituents and is enriched in oxygen-18. Evaporation of applied irrigation water, which leaves behind salt, accounts for some of the elevated concentrations of dissolved solids. More work needs to be done to understand the connections between the land surface, shallow ground water, deep ground water, and the drinking-water supplies in the Sacramento Valley. ","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/wri014000","usgsCitation":"Dawson, B.J., 2001, Shallow ground-water quality beneath rice areas in the Sacramento Valley, California, 1997: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 2001-4000, 33 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri014000.","productDescription":"33 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":2917,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://ca.water.usgs.gov/archive/reports/wrir014000/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":161178,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49fbe4b07f02db5f46fd","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Dawson, Barbara J. 0000-0002-0209-8158 bjdawson@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0209-8158","contributorId":1102,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dawson","given":"Barbara","email":"bjdawson@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":204426,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":25768,"text":"wri014002 - 2001 - Simulation of ground-water flow in the Mojave River basin, California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-09-12T15:55:39.9397","indexId":"wri014002","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2001-4002","title":"Simulation of ground-water flow in the Mojave River basin, California","docAbstract":"The proximity of the Mojave River ground-water basin to the highly urbanized Los Angeles region has led to rapid growth in population and, consequently, to an increase in the demand for water. The Mojave River, the primary source of surface water for the region, normally is dry-except for a small stretch of perennial flow and periods of flow after intense storms. Thus, the region relies almost entirely on ground water to meet its agricultural and municipal needs. Ground-water withdrawal since the late 1800's has resulted in discharge, primarily from pumping wells, that exceeds natural recharge. To better understand the relation between the regional and the floodplain aquifer systems and to develop a management tool that could be used to estimate the effects that future stresses may have on the ground-water system, a numerical ground-water flow model of the Mojave River ground-water basin was developed, in part, on the basis of a previously developed analog model. The ground-water flow model has two horizontal layers; the top layer (layer 1) corresponds to the floodplain aquifer and the bottom layer (layer 2) corresponds to the regional aquifer. There are 161 rows and 200 columns with a horizontal grid spacing of 2,000 by 2,000 feet. Two stress periods (wet and dry) per year are used where the duration of each stress period is a function of the occurrence, quantity of discharge, and length of stormflow from the headwaters each year. A steady-state model provided initial conditions for the transient-state simulation. The model was calibrated to transient-state conditions (1931-94) using a trial-and-error approach. The transient-state simulation results are in good agreement with measured data. Under transient-state conditions, the simulated floodplain aquifer and regional aquifer hydrographs matched the general trends observed for the measured water levels. The simulated streamflow hydrographs matched wet stress period average flow rates and times of no flow at the Barstow and Afton Canyon gages. Steady-state particle-tracking was used to estimate travel times for mountain-front and streamflow recharge. The simulated travel times for mountain-front recharge to reach the area west of Victorville were about 5,000 to 6,000 years; this result is in reasonable agreement with published results. Steady-state particle-tracking results for streamflow recharge indicate that in most subareas along the river, the particles quickly leave and reenter the river. The complaint that resulted in the adjudication of the Mojave River ground-water basin alleged that the cumulative water production upstream of the city of Barstow had overdrafted the ground-water basin. In order to ascertain the effect of pumping on ground-water and surface-water relations along the Mojave River, two pumping simulations were compared with the 1931-90 transient-state simulation (base case). The first simulation assumed 1931-90 pumping in the upper region (Este, Oeste, Alto, and Transition zone model subareas) but with no pumping in the remainder of the basin, and the second assumed 1931-90 pumping in the lower region (Centro, Harper Lake, Baja, Coyote Lake, and Afton Canyon model subareas) but with no pumping in remainder of the basin. In the upper region, assuming pumping only in the upper region, there was no change in storage, recharge from the Mojave River, ground-water discharge to the Mojave River, or evapotranspiration when compared with the base case. In the lower region, assuming pumping only in the upper region, there was storage accretion, decreased recharge from the Mojave River, increased ground-water discharge to the Mojave River, and increased evapotranspiration when compared with the base case. In the upper region, assuming pumping only in the lower region, there was storage accretion, decreased recharge from the Mojave River, increased ground-water discharge to the Mojave River, and increased evapotranspiration when compared with the base case. In the
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri014002","usgsCitation":"Stamos, C., Martin, P., Nishikawa, T., and Cox, B.F., 2001, Simulation of ground-water flow in the Mojave River basin, California: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 2001-4002, Report: viii, 129 p.; Errata; 2 video files, https://doi.org/10.3133/wri014002.","productDescription":"Report: viii, 129 p.; Errata; 2 video files","numberOfPages":"137","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":157028,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/thumbnails/wri014002.JPG"},{"id":299437,"rank":3,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/wri014002/pdf/wrir014002.pdf","text":"PDF Version 1","size":"5 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":1846,"rank":2,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.water.usgs.gov/wri014002","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":299443,"rank":9,"type":{"id":7,"text":"Companion Files"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/wri014002/video/wrir014002.m4v","text":"A two-dimensional view of the model simulation--simulation period 1931-99 (.m4v)","size":"1.9 MB"},{"id":299442,"rank":8,"type":{"id":7,"text":"Companion Files"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/wri014002/video/wrir014002.mov","text":"A two-dimensional view of the model simulation--simulation period 1931-99 (.mov)","size":"3.1 MB"},{"id":299441,"rank":7,"type":{"id":7,"text":"Companion Files"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/wri014002/pdf/cover.pdf","text":"Cover","size":"7.2 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":299440,"rank":6,"type":{"id":12,"text":"Errata"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/wri014002/errata/wrir014002.errata.html","text":"Errata sheet"},{"id":299439,"rank":5,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/wri014002/pdf/wrir014002_ver3.pdf","text":"PDF Version 3","size":"5.9 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":299438,"rank":4,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/wri014002/pdf/wrir014002_ver2.pdf","text":"PDF Version 2","size":"5.1 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"Mojave Basin","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -118.05908203124999,\n 34.14363482031264\n ],\n [\n -118.05908203124999,\n 36.05798104702501\n ],\n [\n -115.59814453125001,\n 36.05798104702501\n ],\n [\n -115.59814453125001,\n 34.14363482031264\n ],\n [\n -118.05908203124999,\n 34.14363482031264\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49f8e4b07f02db5f298b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Stamos, Christina L. 0000-0002-1007-9352","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1007-9352","contributorId":19593,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stamos","given":"Christina L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":194993,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Martin, Peter pmmartin@usgs.gov","contributorId":799,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Martin","given":"Peter","email":"pmmartin@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":194990,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Nishikawa, Tracy 0000-0002-7348-3838 tnish@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7348-3838","contributorId":1515,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nishikawa","given":"Tracy","email":"tnish@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":194991,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Cox, Brett F. bcox@usgs.gov","contributorId":5793,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cox","given":"Brett","email":"bcox@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":194992,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":30966,"text":"wri014206 - 2001 - Relation between selected well-construction characteristics and occurrence of bacteria in private household-supply wells, south-central and southeastern Pennsylvania","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-09-14T21:30:13.697945","indexId":"wri014206","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2001-4206","title":"Relation between selected well-construction characteristics and occurrence of bacteria in private household-supply wells, south-central and southeastern Pennsylvania","docAbstract":"Total coliform and Escherichia coli (E. coli) bacteria were analyzed in ground water sampled from 78 private household-supply wells as part of a study by the U.S. Geological Survey in cooperation with the Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Protection to evaluate the relation between well construction characteristics and the occurrence of bacteria in ground water. Sampling was done in eight counties in south-central and southeastern Pennsylvania from September 2000 to March 2001. All samples were collected from wells in close proximity to agricultural land-use areas.
Total coliform bacteria were found in water from 62 percent (48 of 78) of the wells, and bacteria were just as likely to be found in sanitary wells (grouted/loose-fitting well cap or grouted/sanitary sealed well cap) as in nonsanitary wells (nongrouted/ loose-fitting well cap). The areas underlain by carbonate bedrock had the highest percentages of total coliform detected (about 75 percent). Nearly half of the samples collected in the areas underlain by noncarbonate bedrock also were found to have total coliform present. E. coli bacteria were found in water from 10 percent of the wells. Seventeen percent of the samples that were positive for total coliform also were positive for E. coli. The presence of E. coli bacteria was more likely in water from nonsanitary wells. Additionally, the presence of E. coli bacteria was more likely in ground water from wells underlain by carbonate bedrock. A further breakdown of the data into four groups on the basis of sanitary construction and bedrock type indicated the presence of E. coli was more likely in water from nonsanitary wells in areas underlain by carbonate bedrock.
Statistical analysis of other well-construction characteristics that might relate to occurrence of bacteria showed that the presence of total coliform bacteria was related to the depth to water-bearing zone in both sanitary and nonsanitary wells in areas underlain by carbonate bedrock. Relations also are present between the presence of total coliform bacteria and casing length in nonsanitary wells in areas underlain by noncarbonate bedrock. Bacteria were found in wells both with and without insects observed on the underside of the well cap. Because of the small number of wells sampled that had sanitary sealed caps, it is uncertain whether installation of sanitary sealed well caps would reduce the incidence of bacteria in ground water from wells or if the presence of bacteria is because of a combination of well-construction characteristics or aquifer-wide contamination of limited or broad areal extent.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/wri014206","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Protection Bureau of Water Supply and Wastewater Management","usgsCitation":"Zimmerman, T.M., Zimmerman, M.L., and Lindsey, B., 2001, Relation between selected well-construction characteristics and occurrence of bacteria in private household-supply wells, south-central and southeastern Pennsylvania: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 2001-4206, iv, 22 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri014206.","productDescription":"iv, 22 p.","onlineOnly":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":532,"text":"Pennsylvania Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":420809,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_44621.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":2947,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/2001/4206/wri20014206.pdf","text":"Report","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"WRI 2001-4206"},{"id":159955,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/2001/4206/coverthb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Pennsylvania","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -77.5,\n 40.75\n ],\n [\n -77.5,\n 39.708\n ],\n [\n -75.25,\n 39.708\n ],\n [\n -75.25,\n 40.75\n ],\n [\n -77.5,\n 40.75\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","contact":"Director, Pennsylvania Water Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
215 Limekiln Road
New Cumberland, PA 17070
Potential errors were derived for individual discharge measurements and stage-discharge relations for 17 streamflow-gaging stations in Maricopa County. Information presented primarily consists of stage and discharge data that were used to develop the stage-discharge relations that were in effect for water year 1998. Accuracy of the discharge measurements directly relate to accuracy of the stage-discharge relation developed for each site. Stage-discharge relations generally are developed using direct measurements of stage and discharge, indirect measurements of peak discharge, and theoretical weir and culvert computations. Accuracy of current-meter measurements of discharge (direct measurements) depends on factors such as the number of subsections in the measurement, stability of the channel, changes in flow conditions, and accuracy of the equipment. Accuracy of indirect measurements of peak discharge is determined by the accuracy of discharge coefficients and flow type selected for the computations. The accuracy of indirect peak-discharge computations generally is less than the accuracy associated with current-meter measurements.
\nCurrent-meter measurements, indirect measurements of discharge, weir and culvert computations, and step-backwater computations are graphically represented on plots of the stage-discharge relations. Potential errors associated with the discharge measurements at selected sites are depicted as error bars on the plots.
\nPotential errors derived for discharge measurements at 17 sites range from 5 to 25 percent. Errors generally are greater for measurements of large flows in channels having unstable controls using indirect methods.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Tucson, AZ","doi":"10.3133/wri004224","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Flood Control District of Maricopa County","usgsCitation":"Tillery, A.C., Phillips, J.V., and Capesius, J.P., 2001, Potential errors associated with stage-discharge relations for selected streamflow-gaging stations, Maricopa County, Arizona: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 2000-4224, vi, 47 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri004224.","productDescription":"vi, 47 p.","numberOfPages":"54","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":288400,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":288399,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/2000/4224/report.pdf"}],"scale":"100000","projection":"Lambert Conformal Conic projection","country":"United States","state":"Arizona","county":"Maricopa County","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -113.0,32.5 ], [ -113.0,34.0 ], [ -111.5,34.0 ], [ -111.5,32.5 ], [ -113.0,32.5 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ad5e4b07f02db683860","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Tillery, Anne C. 0000-0002-9508-7908 atillery@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9508-7908","contributorId":2549,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tillery","given":"Anne","email":"atillery@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":472,"text":"New Mexico Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":204424,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Phillips, Jeff V.","contributorId":50510,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Phillips","given":"Jeff","email":"","middleInitial":"V.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":204425,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Capesius, Joseph P. capesius@usgs.gov","contributorId":698,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Capesius","given":"Joseph","email":"capesius@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":204423,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":30965,"text":"wri014203 - 2001 - Trends in peak flows of selected streams in Kansas","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-06-09T13:27:50.577402","indexId":"wri014203","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2001-4203","displayTitle":"Trends in Peak Flows of Selected Streams in Kansas","title":"Trends in peak flows of selected streams in Kansas","docAbstract":"The possibility of a systematic change in flood potential led to an investigation of trends in the magnitude of annual peak flows in Kansas. Efficient design of highway bridges and other flood-plain structures depends on accurate understanding of flood characteristics. The Kendall's tau test was used to identify trends at 40 stream-gaging stations during the 40-year period 1958–97. Records from 13 (32 percent) of the stations showed significant trends at the 95-percent confidence level. Only three of the records (8 percent) analyzed had increasing trends, whereas 10 records (25 percent) had decreasing trends, all of which were for stations located in the western one-half of the State. An analysis of flow volume using mean annual discharge at 29 stations in Kansas resulted in 6 stations (21 percent) with significant trends in flow volumes. All six trends were decreasing and occurred in the western one-half of the State.
The Kendall's tau test also was used to identify peak-flow trends over the entire period of record for 54 stream-gaging stations in Kansas. Of the 23 records (43 percent) showing significant trends, 16 (30 percent) were decreasing, and 7 (13 percent) were increasing. The trend test then was applied to 30-year periods moving in 5-year increments to identify time periods within each station record when trends were occurring.
Systematic changes in precipitation patterns and long-term declines in ground-water levels in some stream basins may be contributing to peak-flow trends. To help explain the cause of the streamflow trends, the Kendall's tau test was applied to total annual precipitation and ground-water levels in Kansas. In western Kansas, the lack of precipitation and presence of decreasing trends in ground-water levels indicated that declining water tables are contributing to decreasing trends in peak streamflow. Declining water tables are caused by ground-water withdrawals and other factors such as construction of ponds and terraces.
Peak-flow records containing trends introduce statistical error into flood-frequency analysis. To examine the effect of trends on flood-frequency analysis, statistically significant trends were added systematically to four nontrending station records. Flood magnitudes estimated on the basis of each data series were compared. The added trends resulted in changes in the 100-year flood magnitudes of as much as 70 percent.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/wri014203","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Kansas Department of Transportation","usgsCitation":"Rasmussen, T.J., and Perry, C.A., 2001, Trends in peak flows of selected streams in Kansas: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 2001-4203, Report: vi, 62 p.; 2 Additional Report Pieces, https://doi.org/10.3133/wri014203.","productDescription":"Report: vi, 62 p.; 2 Additional Report Pieces","costCenters":[{"id":353,"text":"Kansas Water Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":159954,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/2001/4203/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":401972,"rank":6,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/2001/4203/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":362181,"rank":5,"type":{"id":2,"text":"Additional Report 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\"}}]}","contact":"Director, Kansas Water Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
1217 Biltmore Drive
Lawrence, KS 66049
Changes in the capacity of the Brazos River to transport sand can be identified within the context of Lane’s relation through changes in channel geometry, changes in the characteristics of suspended loads, and changes in discharge. The Brazos River channel has been undergoing continual adjustment since the 1940s. For a discharge of 5,000 cubic feet per second, the watersurface altitude has decreased 2 to 4 feet at the Hempstead and Richmond streamflow-gaging stations between 1940 and 1995. The characteristics of suspended-sediment samples at the Richmond streamflow-gaging station have changed between the periods 1969–81 and 1982– 95. The amount of sand-size sediment transported in suspension has decreased. The distribution of both daily and annual-peak discharges has changed. However, the computed annual loads of suspended sand indicate no statistically significant change in the median annual load.
The transport of sand in the Brazos River depends on a complex set of factors, most of which are continually changing. Potential sources of change in sand transport in the Brazos River include the effects of reservoir construction, changes in land use, and instream sand and gravel mining. Extensive reservoir construction in the Brazos River Basin has reduced sand transport by trapping sediment and by reducing the magnitude of peak discharges. However, reductions in sand transport associated with reservoir construction apparently are compensated for by increases associated with tributary sediment inflow and localized bank erosion. The total area of harvested acres of non-hay crops in the lower Brazos River Basin during 1924–92 decreased more than 75 percent from about 32 percent to about 8 percent of the total area. Correspondingly, erosion potential has decreased substantially. Several sand and gravel mining sites are located on the Brazos River between Hempstead and Rosharon. The quantity of sediment extracted by instream sand and gravel mining operations could represent from 11 to 25 percent of the total sand transported by the Brazos River. The effects of mining on sand transport could not be quantified.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri014057","collaboration":"In cooperation with the Texas Parks and Wildlife Department and the University of Texas Bureau of Economic Geology","usgsCitation":"Dunn, D., and Raines, T.H., 2001, Indications and potential sources of change in sand transport in the Brazos River, Texas: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 2001-4057, HTML Document; Report: iv, 32 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri014057.","productDescription":"HTML Document; Report: iv, 32 p.","costCenters":[{"id":583,"text":"Texas Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":161230,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/wri014057.JPG"},{"id":2920,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.water.usgs.gov/wri014057/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":333136,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/wri014057/pdf/wri01-4057.pdf","text":"Report","size":"3.4 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Report"}],"country":"United States","state":"Texas","otherGeospatial":"Brazos River","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -103.38134765625,\n 34.72355492704221\n ],\n [\n -102.98583984374999,\n 34.72355492704221\n ],\n [\n -102.3486328125,\n 34.74161249883172\n ],\n [\n -101.84326171875,\n 34.56085936708384\n ],\n [\n -101.513671875,\n 34.361576287484176\n ],\n [\n -100.34912109375,\n 34.30714385628804\n ],\n [\n -99.2724609375,\n 34.05265942137599\n ],\n [\n -98.02001953125,\n 33.211116472416855\n ],\n [\n -97.44873046875,\n 32.565333160841035\n ],\n [\n -96.78955078125,\n 31.914867503276223\n ],\n [\n -95.8447265625,\n 30.619004797647808\n ],\n [\n -95.09765625,\n 29.99300228455108\n ],\n [\n -94.9658203125,\n 29.209713225868185\n ],\n [\n -95.20751953125,\n 28.729130483430154\n ],\n [\n -95.625,\n 28.786918085420226\n ],\n [\n -96.08642578125,\n 29.36302703778376\n ],\n [\n -96.6357421875,\n 29.99300228455108\n ],\n [\n -97.62451171875,\n 30.80791068136646\n ],\n [\n -98.15185546874999,\n 31.44741029142872\n ],\n [\n -98.7890625,\n 32.1570124860701\n ],\n [\n -99.47021484375,\n 32.76880048488168\n ],\n [\n -100.12939453125,\n 32.65787573695528\n ],\n [\n -100.72265625,\n 32.63937487360669\n ],\n [\n -101.27197265625,\n 32.69486597787505\n ],\n [\n -101.71142578125,\n 32.84267363195431\n ],\n [\n -102.23876953125,\n 33.02708758002874\n ],\n [\n -102.67822265625,\n 33.100745405144245\n ],\n [\n -103.22753906249999,\n 33.43144133557529\n ],\n [\n -103.5791015625,\n 34.30714385628804\n ],\n [\n -103.38134765625,\n 34.72355492704221\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49abe4b07f02db5c5d40","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Dunn, David D.","contributorId":8461,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dunn","given":"David D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":204433,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Raines, Timothy H. thraines@usgs.gov","contributorId":3862,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Raines","given":"Timothy","email":"thraines@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":204432,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":30962,"text":"wri014189 - 2001 - Water-quality conditions during low flow in the lower Youghiogheny River basin, Pennsylvania, October 5-7, 1998","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-02-26T15:52:55","indexId":"wri014189","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2001-4189","title":"Water-quality conditions during low flow in the lower Youghiogheny River basin, Pennsylvania, October 5-7, 1998","docAbstract":"In October 1998, a chemical synoptic survey was conducted by the U.S. Geological Survey, in cooperation with the U.S. Department of Energy, National Energy Technology Laboratory, in the Lower Youghiogheny River Basin in Pennsylvania to give a snapshot of present (1998) water quality during low-flow conditions. Water samples from 38 sites—12 mainstem sites, 22 tributaries, and 4 mine discharges that discharge directly to the Youghiogheny River—were used to identify sources of contaminants from mining operations. Specific conductance, water temperature, pH, and dissolved oxygen were measured in the field at each site and concentrations of major ions and trace elements were measured in the laboratory.z
Unaccounted for gains and losses in streamflow were measured during the study. Unaccounted for losses in streamflow might be attributed to water loss through streambed fractures. Extensive mine tunnels are present in the basin and loss of water to these tunnels seems likely. Unaccounted for gains in streamflow may be from unmeasured tributaries or surface seeps, but most of the gains are suspected to come from artesian flow through fractures in the streambed from underground mine pools. Influent flows of rust-colored water were noted in some river sections.
The pH values for all the samples collected during this survey were above 5.8, and most (33 of 38 samples) were above 7.0. Samples from the four mine-discharge sites also had pH values between 6.3 and 6.7. The lowest pH (5.8) was in a tributary, Galley Run. All 38 sampling sites had net alkalinity.
The alkalinity load in the Youghiogheny River increased between Connellsville and McKeesport from 35 to 79 tons per day. Above Smithton, the measured alkalinity load in the Lower Youghiogheny River agreed well with the estimated alkalinity load. Below Smithton, measured alkalinity loads in the Lower Youghiogheny River are greater than calculated loads, resulting in unaccounted for gains in alkalinity. These gains are believed to be from seeps in the streambed. Approximately one-third of the load of total alkalinity in the Youghiogheny River at McKeesport is attributed to Sewickley Creek, which contributes 14 tons per day.
Sulfate concentrations in the Youghiogheny River steadily increase from 33 milligrams per liter at Connellsville to 77 milligrams per liter near McKeesport. The measured concentrations of sulfate exceeded Pennsylvania water-quality standards at four tributary sites (Galley Run, Hickman Run, Sewickley Creek, and Gillespie Run) and all four mine-discharge sites but not at any main-stem sites. A large increase in sulfate load between West Newton and Sutersville can be attributed almost entirely to the contribution from Sewickley Creek (49 tons per day). Approximately 25 percent of the load measured between Connellsville and McKeesport is unaccounted for. These gains are believed to be from seeps in the streambed from underground mine pools.
Similar patterns also were observed for loads of sodium, calcium, and magnesium. Unmeasured inputs from mine drainage are believed to be the source of these loads. Elevated concentrations (above background levels) of chemicals associated with drainage from coal-mining operations were measured in samples from tributaries, especially from Galley Run, Gillespie Run, and Sewickley Creek, and from the mine-discharge sites. The synoptic survey conducted for this study was successful in identifying generalized reaches of the Youghiogheny River where unaccounted for loads of constituents associated with mining activities are entering the river. However, the survey was not able to pinpoint the location of these loads. Remote-sensing techniques, such as thermal infrared imaging by the National Energy Technology Laboratory, could be useful for determining the precise locations of these inputs.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/wri014189","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the U.S. Department of Energy, National Energy Technology Laboratory","usgsCitation":"Sams, J.I., Schroeder, K.T., Ackman, T.E., Crawford, J.K., and Otto, K.L., 2001, Water-quality conditions during low flow in the lower Youghiogheny River basin, Pennsylvania, October 5-7, 1998: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 2001-4189, v, 32 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri014189.","productDescription":"v, 32 p.","costCenters":[{"id":532,"text":"Pennsylvania Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":159943,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/2001/4189/coverthb.jpg"},{"id":351023,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/2001/4189/wri20014189.pdf","text":"Report","size":"1.22 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"WRI 2001-4189"}],"contact":"Director, Pennsylvania Water Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
215 Limekiln Road
New Cumberland, PA 17070
Three borehole flowmeters and hydrophysical logging were used to measure ground-water flow in carbonate bedrock at sites in southeastern Indiana and on the west-central border of Kentucky and Tennessee. The three flowmeters make point measurements of the direction and magnitude of horizontal flow, and hydrophysical logging measures the magnitude of horizontal flowover an interval. The directional flowmeters evaluated include a horizontal heat-pulse flowmeter, an acoustic Doppler velocimeter, and a colloidal borescope flowmeter. Each method was used to measure flow in selected zones where previous geophysical logging had indicated water-producing beds, bedding planes, or other permeable features that made conditions favorable for horizontal-flow measurements.
Background geophysical logging indicated that ground-water production from the Indiana test wells was characterized by inflow from a single, 20-foot-thick limestone bed. The Kentucky/Tennessee test wells produced water from one or more bedding planes where geophysical logs indicated the bedding planes had been enlarged by dissolution. Two of the three test wells at the latter site contained measurable vertical flow between two or more bedding planes under ambient hydraulic head conditions.
Field measurements and data analyses for each flow-measurement technique were completed by a developer of the technology or by a contractor with extensive experience in the application of that specific technology. Comparison of the horizontal-flow measurements indicated that the three point-measurement techniques rarely measured the same velocities and flow directions at the same measurement stations. Repeat measurements at selected depth stations also failed to consistently reproduce either flow direction, flow magnitude, or both. At a few test stations, two of the techniques provided similar flow magnitude or direction but usually not both. Some of this variability may be attributed to naturally occurring changes in hydraulic conditions during the 1-month study period in August and September 1999. The actual velocities and flow directions are unknown; therefore, it is uncertain which technique provided the most accurate measurements of horizontal flow in the boreholes and which measurements were most representative of flow in the aquifers.
The horizontal heat-pulse flowmeter consistently yielded flow magnitudes considerably less than those provided by the acoustic Doppler velocimeter and colloidal borescope. The design of the horizontal heat-pulse flowmeter compensates for the local acceleration of ground-water velocity in the open borehole. The magnitude of the velocities estimated from the hydrophysical logging were comparable to those of the horizontal heat-pulse flowmeter, presumably because the hydrophysical logging also effectively compensates for the effect of the borehole on the flow field and averages velocity over a length of borehole rather than at a point. The acoustic Doppler velocimeter and colloidal borescope have discrete sampling points that allow for measuring preferential flow velocities that can be substantially higher than the average velocity through a length of borehole. The acoustic Doppler velocimeter and colloidal borescope also measure flow at the center of the borehole where the acceleration of the flow field should be greatest.
Of the three techniques capable of measuring direction and magnitude of horizontal flow, only the acoustic Doppler velocimeter measured vertical flow. The acoustic Doppler velocimeter consistently measured downward velocity in all test wells. This apparent downward flow was attributed, in part, to particles falling through the water column as a result of mechanical disturbance during logging. Hydrophysical logging yielded estimates of vertical flow in the Kentucky/Tennessee test wells. In two of the test wells, the hydrophysical logging involved deliberate isolation of water-producing bedding planes with a packer to ensure that small horizontal flow could be quantified without the presence of vertical flow. The presence of vertical flow in the Kentucky/Tennessee test wells may preclude the definitive measurement of horizontal flow without the use of effective packer devices. None of the point-measurement techniques used a packer, but each technique used baffle devices to help suppress the vertical flow. The effectiveness of these baffle devices is not known; therefore, the effect of vertical flow on the measurements cannot be quantified.
The general lack of agreement among the point-measurement techniques in this study highlights the difficulty of using measurements at a single depth point in a borehole to characterize the average horizontal flow in a heterogeneous aquifer. The effective measurement of horizontal flow may depend on the precise depth at which measurements are made, and the measurements at a given depth may vary over time as hydraulic head conditions change. The various measurements also demonstrate that the magnitude and possibly the direction of horizontal flow are affected by the presence of the open borehole. Although there is a lack of agreement among the measurement techniques, these results could mean that effective characterization of horizontal flow in heterogeneous aquifers might be possible if data from many depth stations and from repeat measurements can be averaged over an extended time period. Complications related to vertical flow in the borehole highlights the importance of using background logging methods like vertical flowmeters or hydrophysical logging to characterize the borehole environment before horizontal-flow measurements are attempted. If vertical flow is present, a packer device may be needed to acquire definitive measurements of horizontal flow.
Because hydrophysical logging provides a complete depth profile of the borehole, a strength of this technique is in identifying horizontal- and vertical-flow zones in a well. Hydrophysical logging may be most applicable as a screening method. Horizontal- flow zones identified with the hydrophysical logging then could be evaluated with one of the point-measurement techniques for quantifying preferential flow zones and flow directions.
Additional research is needed to determine how measurements of flow in boreholes relate to flow in bedrock aquifers. The flowmeters may need to be evaluated under controlled laboratory conditions to determine which of the methods accurately measure ground-water velocities and flow directions. Additional research also is needed to investigate variations in flow direction with time, daily changes in velocity, velocity corrections for fractured bedrock aquifers and unconsolidated aquifers, and directional differences in individual wells for hydraulically separated flow zones.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/wri014139","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the U.S. Army Environmental Center, Environmental Restoration Division","usgsCitation":"Wilson, J.T., Mandell, W.A., Paillet, F.L., Bayless, E.R., Hanson, R.T., Kearl, P.M., Kerfoot, W.B., Newhouse, M.W., and Pedler, W.H., 2001, An evaluation of borehole flowmeters used to measure horizontal ground-water flow in limestones of Indiana, Kentucky, and Tennessee, 1999: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 2001-4139, Report: ix, 129 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri014139.","productDescription":"Report: ix, 129 p.","numberOfPages":"139","costCenters":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":346,"text":"Indiana Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":2922,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/2001/4139","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":161477,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/2001/4139/coverthb.jpg"},{"id":358653,"rank":3,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/2001/4139/wri20014139.pdf","text":"Report","size":"5.03 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"WRI 2001-4139"}],"country":"United States","state":"Indiana, Kentucky, Tennessee","contact":"Director, Indiana Water Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
5957 Lakeside Blvd.
Indianapolis, IN 46278
Ground-water flow in the Potomac-Raritan- Magothy aquifer system (PRM) in south Philadelphia and adjacent southwestern New Jersey was simulated by use of a three-dimensional, seven-layer finite-difference numerical flow model. The simulation was run from 1900, which was prior to groundwater development, through 1995 with 21 stress periods. The focus of the modeling was on a smaller area of concern in south Philadelphia in the vicinity of the Defense Supply Center Philadelphia (DSCP) and the Point Breeze Refinery (PBR). In order to adequately simulate the ground-water flow system in the area of concern, a much larger area was modeled that included parts of New Jersey where significant ground-water withdrawals, which affect water levels in southern Philadelphia, had occurred in the past. At issue in the area of concern is a hydrocarbon plume of unknown origin and time of release.
The ground-water-flow system was simulated to estimate past water-level altitudes in and near the area of concern and to determine the effect of the Packer Avenue sewer, which lies south of the DSCP, on the ground-water-flow system. Simulated water-level altitudes for the lower sand unit of the PRM on the DSCP prior to 1945 ranged from pre-development, unstressed altitudes to 3 feet below sea level. Simulated water-level altitudes for the lower sand unit ranged from 3 to 7 feet below sea level from 1946 to 1954, from 6 to 10 feet below sea level from 1955 to 1968, and from 9 to 11 feet below sea level from 1969 to 1978. The lowest simulated water-level altitude on the DSCP was 10.69 feet below sea level near the end of 1974. Model simulations indicate ground water was infiltrating the Packer Avenue sewer prior to approximately 1947 or 1948. Subsequent to that time, simulated ground-water-level altitudes were lower than the bottom of the sewer.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/wri014218","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency","usgsCitation":"Schreffler, C.L., 2001, Simulation of ground-water flow in the Potomac-Raritan-Magothy aquifer system near the Defense Supply Center Philadelphia, and the Point Breeze Refinery, southern Philadelphia County, Pennsylvania: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 2001-4218, vi, 48 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri014218.","productDescription":"vi, 48 p.","onlineOnly":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":532,"text":"Pennsylvania Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":159965,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/2001/4218/coverthb.jpg"},{"id":351041,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/2001/4218/wri20014218.pdf","text":"Report","size":"2.16 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"WRI 2001-4218"}],"contact":"Director, Pennsylvania Water Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
215 Limekiln Road
New Cumberland, PA 17070
Three-dimensional velocity models for the basins along the coast of Washington and in Puget Lowland provide a means for better understanding the lateral variations in strong ground motions recorded there. We have compiled 16 sonic and 18 density logs from 22 oil test wells to help us determine the geometry and physical properties of the Cenozoic basins along coastal Washington. The depth ranges sampled by the test-well logs fall between 0.3 and 2.1 km. These well logs sample Quaternary to middle Eocene sedimentary rocks of the Quinault Formation, Montesano Formation, and Hoh rock assemblage. Most (18 or 82%) of the wells are from Grays Harbor County, and many of these are from the Ocean City area. These Grays Harbor County wells sample the Quinault Formation, Montesano Formation, and frequently bottom in the Hoh rock assemblage. These wells show that the sonic velocity and density normally increase significantly across the contacts between the Quinault or the Montesano Formations and the Hoh rock assemblage. Reflection coefficients calculated for vertically traveling compressional waves from the average velocities and densities for these units suggest that the top of the Hoh rock assemblage is a strong reflector of downward-propagating seismic waves: these reflection coefficients lie between 11 and 20%. Thus, this boundary may reflect seismic energy upward and trap a substantial portion of the seismic energy generated by future earthquakes within the Miocene and younger sedimentary basins found along the Washington coast.
Three wells from Jefferson County provide data for the Hoh rock assemblage for the entire length of the logs. One well (Eastern Petroleum Sniffer Forks #1), from the Forks area in Clallam County, also exclusively samples the Hoh rock assemblage. This report presents the locations, elevations, depths, stratigraphic, and other information for all the oil test wells, and provides plots showing the density and sonic velocities as a function of depth for each well log. We also present two-way traveltimes for 15 of the wells calculated from the sonic velocities. Average velocities and densities for the wells having both logs can be reasonably well related using a modified Gardner’s rule, with p=1825v(1/4), where p is the density (in kg/m3) and v is the sonic velocity (in km/s). In contrast, a similar analysis of published well logs from Puget Lowland is best matched by a Gardner’s rule of p=1730v(1/4), close to the p=1740v(1/4) proposed by Gardner et al. (1974).
Finally, we present laboratory measurements of compressional-wave velocity, shear-wave velocity, and density for 11 greywackes and 29 mafic rocks from the Olympic Peninsula and Puget Lowland. These units have significance for earthquake-hazard investigations in Puget Lowland as they dip eastward beneath the Lowland, forming the “bedrock” beneath much of the lowland. Average Vp/Vs ratios for the mafic rocks, mainly Crescent Formation volcanics, lie between 1.81 and 1.86. Average Vp/Vs ratios for the greywackes from the accretionary core complex in the Olympic Peninsula show greater scatter but lie between 1.77 and 1.88. Both the Olympic Peninsula mafic rocks and greywackes have lower shear-wave velocities than would be expected for a Poisson solid (Vp/Vs=1.732). Although the P-wave velocities and densities in the greywackes can be related by a Gardner’s rule of p=1720v(1/4), close to the p=1740v(1/4) proposed by Gardner et al. (1974), the velocities and densities of the mafic rocks are best related by a Gardner’s rule of p=1840v(1/4). Thus, the density/velocity relations are similar for the Puget Lowland well logs and greywackes from the Olympic Peninsula. Density/velocity relations are similar for the Washington coastal well logs and mafic rocks from the Olympic Peninsula, but differ from those of the Puget Lowland well logs and greywackes from the Olympic Peninsula.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr01264","usgsCitation":"Brocher, T.M., and Christensen, N.I., 2001, Density and velocity relationships for digital sonic and density logs from coastal Washington and laboratory measurements of Olympic Peninsula mafic rocks and greywackes: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2001-264, 39 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr01264.","productDescription":"39 p.","numberOfPages":"40","costCenters":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":59772,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2001/0264/pdf/of01-264.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":160343,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2001/0264/images/coverthb.jpg"},{"id":2518,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2001/0264/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Washington","otherGeospatial":"Olympic Peninsula","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -124.87,46.83 ], [ -124.87,48.42 ], [ -122.14,48.42 ], [ -122.14,46.83 ], [ -124.87,46.83 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49fce4b07f02db5f5b00","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Brocher, Thomas M. 0000-0002-9740-839X brocher@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9740-839X","contributorId":262,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brocher","given":"Thomas","email":"brocher@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":205884,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Christensen, Nikolas I.","contributorId":95927,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Christensen","given":"Nikolas","email":"","middleInitial":"I.","affiliations":[{"id":7001,"text":"Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Purdue University","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":205885,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70162163,"text":"70162163 - 2001 - Our evolving conceptual model of the coastal eutrophication problem","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-12-03T08:33:30","indexId":"70162163","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2663,"text":"Marine Ecology Progress Series","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Our evolving conceptual model of the coastal eutrophication problem","docAbstract":"A primary focus of coastal science during the past 3 decades has been the question: How does anthropogenic nutrient enrichment cause change in the structure or function of nearshore coastal ecosystems? This theme of environmental science is recent, so our conceptual model of the coastal eutrophication problem continues to change rapidly. In this review, I suggest that the early (Phase I) conceptual model was strongly influenced by limnologists, who began intense study of lake eutrophication by the 1960s. The Phase I model emphasized changing nutrient input as a signal, and responses to that signal as increased phytoplankton biomass and primary production, decomposition of phytoplankton-derived organic matter, and enhanced depletion of oxygen from bottom waters. Coastal research in recent decades has identified key differences in the responses of lakes and coastal-estuarine ecosystems to nutrient enrichment. The contemporary (Phase II) conceptual model reflects those differences and includes explicit recognition of (1) system-specific attributes that act as a filter to modulate the responses to enrichment (leading to large differences among estuarine-coastal systems in their sensitivity to nutrient enrichment); and (2) a complex suite of direct and indirect responses including linked changes in: water transparency, distribution of vascular plants and biomass of macroalgae, sediment biogeochemistry and nutrient cycling, nutrient ratios and their regulation of phytoplankton community composition, frequency of toxic/harmful algal blooms, habitat quality for metazoans, reproduction/growth/survival of pelagic and benthic invertebrates, and subtle changes such as shifts in the seasonality of ecosystem functions. Each aspect of the Phase II model is illustrated here with examples from coastal ecosystems around the world. In the last section of this review I present one vision of the next (Phase III) stage in the evolution of our conceptual model, organized around 5 questions that will guide coastal science in the early 21st century: (1) How do system-specific attributes constrain or amplify the responses of coastal ecosystems to nutrient enrichment? (2) How does nutrient enrichment interact with other stressors (toxic contaminants, fishing harvest, aquaculture, nonindigenous species, habitat loss, climate change, hydrologic manipulations) to change coastal ecosystems? (3) How are responses to multiple stressors linked? (4) How does human-induced change in the coastal zone impact the Earth system as habitat for humanity and other species? (5) How can a deeper scientific understanding of the coastal eutrophication problem be applied to develop tools for building strategies at ecosystem restoration or rehabilitation?
","language":"English","publisher":"Inter-Research","doi":"10.3354/meps210223","usgsCitation":"Cloern, J.E., 2001, Our evolving conceptual model of the coastal eutrophication problem: Marine Ecology Progress Series, v. 210, p. 223-253, https://doi.org/10.3354/meps210223.","productDescription":"31 p.","startPage":"223","endPage":"253","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":552,"text":"San Francisco Bay-Delta","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":5079,"text":"Pacific Regional Director's Office","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":478817,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.3354/meps210223","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":314342,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"210","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5698d4cfe4b0fbd3f7fa4c55","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Cloern, James E. 0000-0002-5880-6862 jecloern@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5880-6862","contributorId":1488,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cloern","given":"James","email":"jecloern@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":37277,"text":"WMA - Earth System Processes Division","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":588722,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ]}