The methods documented in this report are utilized by the Wisconsin District Mercury Lab for analysis of total mercury in solids (soils and sediments) and suspended solids (isolated on filters). Separate procedures are required for the different sample types. For solids, samples are prepared by room-temperature acid digestion and oxidation with aqua regia. The samples are brought up to volume with a 5 percent bromine monochloride solution to ensure complete oxidation and heated at 50C in an oven overnight. Samples are then analyzed with an automated flow injection system incorporating a cold vapor atomic fluorescence spectrometer. A method detection limit of 0.3 ng of mercury per digestion bomb was established using multiple analyses of an environmental sample. Based on the range of masses processed, the minimum sample reporting limit varies from 0.6 ng/g to 6 ng/g. Suspended solids samples are oxidized with a 5 percent bromine monochloride solution and held at 50?C in an oven for 5 days. The samples are then analyzed with an automated flow injection system incorporating a cold vapor atomic fluorescence spectrometer. Using a certified reference material as a surrogate for an environmental sample, a method detection limit of 0.059 ng of mercury per filter was established. The minimum sample reporting limit varies from 0.059 ng/L to 1.18 ng/L, depending on the volume of water filtered.
","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"Book 5. Laboratory Analysis, Section A. Water Analysis","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/tm5A8","usgsCitation":"Olund, S.D., DeWild, J.F., Olson, M.L., and Tate, M., 2004, Methods for the preparation and analysis of solids and suspended solids for total mercury: U.S. Geological Survey Techniques and Methods 5-A8, 23 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/tm5A8.","productDescription":"23 p.","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":180745,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":5899,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/tm/2005/tm5A8/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a53e4b07f02db62baf2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Olund, Shane D.","contributorId":94352,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Olund","given":"Shane","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":258726,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"DeWild, John F. 0000-0003-4097-2798 jfdewild@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4097-2798","contributorId":2525,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"DeWild","given":"John","email":"jfdewild@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[{"id":37947,"text":"Upper Midwest Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":677,"text":"Wisconsin Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":258724,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Olson, Mark L.","contributorId":101693,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Olson","given":"Mark","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":258727,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Tate, Michael T. 0000-0003-1525-1219 mttate@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1525-1219","contributorId":3144,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tate","given":"Michael T.","email":"mttate@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":37947,"text":"Upper Midwest Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":677,"text":"Wisconsin Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":258725,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":54252,"text":"ofr03442 - 2004 - Chester County ground-water atlas, Chester County, Pennsylvania","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-02-12T09:39:19","indexId":"ofr03442","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2003-442","title":"Chester County ground-water atlas, Chester County, Pennsylvania","docAbstract":"Chester County encompasses 760 square miles in southeastern Pennsylvania. Groundwater-quality studies have been conducted in the county over several decades to address specific hydrologic issues. This report compiles and describes water-quality data collected during studies conducted mostly after 1990 and summarizes the data in a county-wide perspective.
In this report, water-quality constituents are described in regard to what they are, why the constituents are important, and where constituent concentrations vary relative to geology or land use. Water-quality constituents are grouped into logical units to aid presentation: water-quality constituents measured in the field (pH, alkalinity, specific conductance, and dissolved oxygen), common ions, metals, radionuclides, bacteria, nutrients, pesticides, and volatile organic compounds. Water-quality constituents measured in the field, common ions (except chloride), metals, and radionuclides are discussed relative to geology. Bacteria, nutrients, pesticides, and volatile organic compounds are discussed relative to land use. If the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) or Chester County Health Department has drinking water standards for a constituent, the standards are included. Tables and maps are included to assist Chester County residents in understanding the water-quality constituents and their distribution in the county.
Ground water in Chester County generally is of good quality and is mostly acidic except in the carbonate rocks and serpentinite, where it is neutral to strongly basic. Calcium carbonate and magnesium carbonate are major constituents of these rocks. Both compounds have high solubility, and, as such, both are major contributors to elevated pH, alkalinity, specific conductance, and the common ions. Elevated pH and alkalinity in carbonate rocks and serpentinite can indicate a potential for scaling in water heaters and household plumbing. Low pH and low alkalinity in the schist, quartzite, and gneiss rocks can indicate a potential for corrosive water. The only constituent measured in the field that has a USEPA Secondary Maximum Contaminant Level (SMCL) is pH. The SMCL for pH is 6.5-8.5; 64 percent of samples analyzed for pH were acidic (below pH 6.5). Only 1 percent of samples were basic (above pH 8.5).
Of the common ions, the USEPA has SMCLs for chloride, sulfate, and total dissolved solids. The USEPA has a SMCL and a Primary Maximum Contaminant Level (PMCL) for fluoride. Chloride is more closely related to land use than geology. In Chester County, chloride exceeded the SMCL (250 mg/L) only in 5 percent of the services (commercial services, community services, and military) land-use areas. No samples analyzed for sulfate exceeded the SMCL (250 mg/L). Only 3 percent of samples analyzed for total dissolved solids exceeded the SMCL (500 milligrams per liter) (mg/L). No samples analyzed for fluoride equaled or exceeded the SMCL (2.0 mg/L) or PMCL (4.0 mg/L).
Iron concentrations exceeded the USEPA SMCL in 11 percent of samples and were highest in schist (14 percent) and gneiss (13 percent). Manganese concentrations exceeded the SMCL in 19 percent of samples and were highest in quartzite and schist (both 28 percent). Lead and arsenic were present in low concentrations: the highest concentrations of lead occurred in water from quartzite (8 percent exceeded the USEPA Action Level), and arsenic was detected mostly in Triassic sedimentary rocks (9 percent exceeded the USEPA PMCL). The highest concentrations of copper occurred more frequently in quartzite rocks, and to a lesser extent were evenly distributed between ground water in gneiss, schist, and Triassic sedimentary rocks.
Elevated concentrations of radon-222 and the combined radium-226/radium-228 radionuclides were common in water from quartzite and schist. Gross alpha and gross beta particle activities were elevated in water from quartzite and carbonate rocks. In contrast, elevated concentrations of uranium primarily were measured in water from Triassic sedimentary and carbonate rocks.
Despite a sampling bias towards agricultural land use, only two samples indicated the presence of fecal coliforms.
Samples analyzed for nutrients generally exhibited low concentrations, but about 11 percent of samples collected for nitrate exceeded the USEPA PMCL. Only one nitrite sample (less than 1 percent) exceeded the respective USEPA PMCL.
Approximately 190 samples were collected for each of the three pesticides in this report: lindane, dieldrin, and diazinon. Sampling was biased towards agricultural, low-medium density residential, and wooded land uses. Approximately 95 percent of samples for each pesticide were below minimum reporting levels (MRL). Only lindane has a USEPA PMCL, and only one sample exceeded the standard. Results for dieldrin and diazinon were similar, except results for two diazinon samples where concentrations were 57.0 and 490 micrograms per liter (μg/L).
Volatile organic compounds in this report were analyzed in water from 198 samples. Sampling was biased towards agricultural, low-medium density residential, and wooded land uses. Two percent of samples analyzed for trichloroethylene and less than 1 percent of samples analyzed for tetrachloroethylene exceeded their respective USEPA PMCLs (each 5.0 μg/L). No samples analyzed for 1,1,1-trichloroethane exceeded the USEPA PMCL (200 μg/L). No samples analyzed for methyl tert-butyl ether exceeded the USEPA Drinking Water Advisory (20μg/L).
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr03442","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Chester County Water Resources Authority and the Chester County Health Department","usgsCitation":"Ludlow, R.A., and Loper, C.A., 2004, Chester County ground-water atlas, Chester County, Pennsylvania: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2003-442, viii, 85 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr03442.","productDescription":"viii, 85 p.","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":532,"text":"Pennsylvania Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":5357,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2003/0442/ofr20030442.pdf","text":"Report","size":"13.3 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"OFR 2003-0442"},{"id":182119,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2003/0442/coverthb.jpg"}],"contact":"Director, Pennsylvania Water Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
215 Limekiln Road
New Cumberland, PA 17070
The Boulder River watershed is one of many watersheds in the western United States where historical mining has left a legacy of acid mine drainage and elevated concentrations of potentially toxic trace elements. Abandoned mine lands commonly are located on or affect Federal land. Cleaning up these Federal lands will require substantial investment of resources. As part of a cooperative effort with Federal land-management agencies, the U.S. Geological Survey implemented an Abandoned Mine Lands Initiative in 1997. The goal of the initiative was to use the watershed approach to develop a strategy for gathering and communicating the scientific information needed to formulate effective and cost-efficient remediation of affected lands in a watershed. The watershed approach is based on the premise that contaminated sites that have the most profound effect on water and ecosystem quality within an entire watershed should be identified, characterized, and ranked for remediation.
The watershed approach provides an effective means to evaluate the overall status of affected resources and helps to focus remediation at sites where the most benefit will be gained in the watershed. Such a large-scale approach can result in the collection of extensive information on the geology and geochemistry of rocks and sediment, the hydrology and water chemistry of streams and ground water, and the diversity and health of aquatic and terrestrial organisms. During the assessment of the Boulder River watershed, we inventoried historical mines, defined geological conditions, assessed fish habitat, collected and chemically analyzed hundreds of water and sediment samples, conducted toxicity tests, analyzed fish tissue and indicators of physiological malfunction, examined invertebrates and biofilm, and defined hydrological regimes. Land- and resource-management agencies are faced with evaluating risks associated with thousands of potentially harmful mine sites, and this level of effort is not always feasible for every affected watershed. The detailed work described in this report can help Federal land-management agencies decide which characterization efforts would be most useful in characterization of other affected watersheds.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/pp1652","isbn":"0607943440","collaboration":"Prepared cooperation with the USDA Forest Service and U.S. Environmental Protection Agency","usgsCitation":"2004, Integrated investigations of environmental effects of historical mining in the Basin and Boulder Mining Districts, Boulder River watershed, Jefferson County, Montana (Version 1.0): U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1652, iv, 523 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/pp1652.","productDescription":"iv, 523 p.","numberOfPages":"529","costCenters":[{"id":192,"text":"Columbia Environmental Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":87129,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1652/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":4758,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/2004/1652/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":401717,"rank":4,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_73669.htm"},{"id":120681,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1652/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Montana","county":"Jefferson County","otherGeospatial":"Basin Mining District, Boulder Mining District, Boulder River watershed","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -112.55218505859374,\n 46.23685258143992\n ],\n [\n -112.55218505859374,\n 46.55130547880643\n ],\n [\n -112.05230712890624,\n 46.55130547880643\n ],\n [\n -112.05230712890624,\n 46.23685258143992\n ],\n [\n -112.55218505859374,\n 46.23685258143992\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","edition":"Version 1.0","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49e2e4b07f02db5e4d8f","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Nimick, David A. dnimick@usgs.gov","contributorId":421,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nimick","given":"David","email":"dnimick@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":5050,"text":"WY-MT Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":573,"text":"Special Applications Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":657135,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Church, Stan E. schurch@usgs.gov","contributorId":803,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Church","given":"Stan","email":"schurch@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":657136,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Finger, Susan E. sfinger@usgs.gov","contributorId":1317,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Finger","given":"Susan","email":"sfinger@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":657137,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":58127,"text":"ofr20041341 - 2004 - Questa baseline and pre-mining ground-water-quality investigation. 16. Quality assurance and quality control for water analyses","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-02-09T16:19:45","indexId":"ofr20041341","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2004-1341","title":"Questa baseline and pre-mining ground-water-quality investigation. 16. Quality assurance and quality control for water analyses","docAbstract":"The Questa baseline and pre-mining ground-water quality investigation has the main objective of inferring the ground-water chemistry at an active mine site. Hence, existing ground-water chemistry and its quality assurance and quality control is of crucial importance to this study and a substantial effort was spent on this activity. Analyses of seventy-two blanks demonstrated that contamination from processing, handling, and analyses were minimal. Blanks collected using water deionized with anion and cation exchange resins contained elevated concentrations of boron (0.17 milligrams per liter (mg/L)) and silica (3.90 mg/L), whereas double-distilled water did not. Boron and silica were not completely retained by the resins because they can exist as uncharged species in water. Chloride was detected in ten blanks, the highest being 3.9 mg/L, probably as the result of washing bottles, filter apparatuses, and tubing with hydrochloric acid. Sulfate was detected in seven blanks; the highest value was 3.0 mg/L, most likely because of carryover from the high sulfate waters sampled. With only a few exceptions, the remaining blank analyses were near or below method detection limits. Analyses of standard reference water samples by cold-vapor atomic fluorescence spectrometry, ion chromatography, inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectrometry, inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry, FerroZine, graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry, hydride generation atomic spectrometry, and titration provided an accuracy check. For constituents greater than 10 times the detection limit, 95 percent of the samples had a percent error of less than 8.5. For constituents within 10 percent of the detection limit, the percent error often increased as a result of measurement imprecision. Charge imbalance was calculated using WATEQ4F and 251 out of 257 samples had a charge imbalance less than 11.8 percent. The charge imbalance for all samples ranged from -16 to 16 percent. Spike recoveries were performed by spiking ground-water samples from SC2B, SC3A, SC3B, CC2A, and Hottentot with a mixed-element standard and then analyzing them by ICP-OES. The mean recovery for all the constituents by ICP-OES was 103 percent with a standard deviation of 16 percent. Fifteen surface- and ground-water sequential duplicates were collected from Straight Creek, Hottentot, and the Red River from 2002 to 2003. Except for chloride from well SC5B and low concentrations of iron (<0.05 mg/L) and aluminum (<0.01 mg/L), constituents of sequential duplicates are generally within 10 percent of each other. Analytical results from different methods and different laboratories, with rare exceptions, were within 10 percent. Chromium analyses were in poor agreement when comparing analyses from the USGS and a contract laboratory, but USGS analyses by ICP-OES and ICP-MS were usually within 10 percent for chromium concentrations above 0.03 mg/L and analyses by ICP-OES and GFAAS were usually within 15 percent for chromium concentrations as much as 0.1 mg/L.
Filtration studies also were performed to study the effects of filtration apparatuses (Minitan, plate, capsule, and syringe), pore sizes, and timing on dissolved metal concentrations. Except for iron and aluminum, constituents with concentrations greater than about 0.05 mg/L were generally not affected by the filtration apparatus, membrane pore-size, and filtration delays. Iron, aluminum, and some dissolved metals concentrations less than about 0.05 mg/L, especially copper, were generally lowest in filtrates from the tangential flow Minitan system containing a filter membrane with a pore size of 10,000 Daltons. As part of a filtration timing study, grab samples were collected from two sites along the Red River and were processed immediately and then again 1 to 3 hours later. Aluminum and iron colloids formed during the delay in the sample collected at the USGS gaging station and, after the delay, 0.1-ìm filtrate aluminum and iron concentrations approached the ultrafiltrate (Minitan) concentrations. In the upstream site below Fawn Lakes, aluminum in the 0.1-ìm filtrate decreased but did not decrease in the 0.45-ìm filtrate, signifying that the colloids formed during the delay are between 0.1 and 0.45 ìm. Dissolved nickel and pH also decreased in both samples during the delay. Except for ferrous iron and barium, a sequential filtration study 2 demonstrated that water collected from the Red River at the gage did not affect dissolved metal concentrations with increasing sample volume passing through a plate filter with 0.45- or 0.1-ìm membranes. Barium and ferrous iron both slightly decreased in the filtrate from the 0.45-ìm filter.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20041341","usgsCitation":"McCleskey, R.B., Nordstrom, D.K., and Naus, C.A., 2004, Questa baseline and pre-mining ground-water-quality investigation. 16. Quality assurance and quality control for water analyses: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2004-1341, 115 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20041341.","productDescription":"115 p.","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":185258,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":353002,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2004/1341/pdf/ofr2004-1341b.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":5747,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.water.usgs.gov/ofr2004-1341/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"scale":"48","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a81e4b07f02db64a065","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"McCleskey, R. Blaine 0000-0002-2521-8052 rbmccles@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2521-8052","contributorId":147399,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McCleskey","given":"R.","email":"rbmccles@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"Blaine","affiliations":[{"id":5044,"text":"National Research Program - Central Branch","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":503,"text":"Office of Water Quality","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":258381,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Nordstrom, D. Kirk 0000-0003-3283-5136 dkn@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3283-5136","contributorId":749,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nordstrom","given":"D.","email":"dkn@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"Kirk","affiliations":[{"id":37277,"text":"WMA - Earth System Processes Division","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":5044,"text":"National Research Program - Central Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":258383,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Naus, Cheryl A.","contributorId":82749,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Naus","given":"Cheryl","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":258382,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":55665,"text":"ofr03448 - 2004 - Comparison of Estimated Areas Contributing Recharge to Selected Springs in North-Central Florida by Using Multiple Ground-Water Flow Models","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:11:51","indexId":"ofr03448","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2003-448","title":"Comparison of Estimated Areas Contributing Recharge to Selected Springs in North-Central Florida by Using Multiple Ground-Water Flow Models","docAbstract":"Areas contributing recharge to springs are defined in this report as the land-surface area wherein water entering the ground-water system at the water table eventually discharges to a spring. These areas were delineated for Blue Spring, Silver Springs, Alexander Springs, and Silver Glen Springs in north-central Florida using four regional ground-water flow models and particle tracking. As expected, different models predicted different areas contributing recharge. In general, the differences were due to different hydrologic stresses, subsurface permeability properties, and boundary conditions that were used to calibrate each model, all of which are considered to be equally feasible because each model matched its respective calibration data reasonably well. To evaluate the agreement of the models and to summarize results, areas contributing recharge to springs from each model were combined into composite areas. During 1993-98, the composite areas contributing recharge to Blue Spring, Silver Springs, Alexander Springs, and Silver Glen Springs were about 130, 730, 110, and 120 square miles, respectively. The composite areas for all springs remained about the same when using projected 2020 ground-water withdrawals.","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/ofr03448","usgsCitation":"Shoemaker, W., O’Reilly, A.M., Sepulveda, N., Williams, S.A., Motz, L.H., and Sun, Q., 2004, Comparison of Estimated Areas Contributing Recharge to Selected Springs in North-Central Florida by Using Multiple Ground-Water Flow Models: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2003-448, 31 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr03448.","productDescription":"31 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":5429,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://fl.water.usgs.gov/Abstracts/ofr03_448_shoemaker.html","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":174181,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b24e4b07f02db6aeca9","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Shoemaker, W. Barclay bshoemak@usgs.gov","contributorId":1495,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Shoemaker","given":"W. Barclay","email":"bshoemak@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":269,"text":"FLWSC-Ft. Lauderdale","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":156,"text":"Caribbean Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":253930,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"O’Reilly, Andrew M. 0000-0003-3220-1248 aoreilly@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3220-1248","contributorId":2184,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"O’Reilly","given":"Andrew","email":"aoreilly@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":5051,"text":"FLWSC-Orlando","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":253931,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Sepulveda, Nicasio 0000-0002-6333-1865 nsepul@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6333-1865","contributorId":1454,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sepulveda","given":"Nicasio","email":"nsepul@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":5051,"text":"FLWSC-Orlando","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":253929,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Williams, Stanley A.","contributorId":24421,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Williams","given":"Stanley","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":253934,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Motz, Louis H.","contributorId":6934,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Motz","given":"Louis","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":253932,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Sun, Qing","contributorId":8921,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sun","given":"Qing","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":253933,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":53270,"text":"ofr03285 - 2004 - SutraGUI, a graphical-user interface for SUTRA, a model for ground-water flow with solute or energy transport","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-02-16T11:11:58","indexId":"ofr03285","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2003-285","title":"SutraGUI, a graphical-user interface for SUTRA, a model for ground-water flow with solute or energy transport","docAbstract":"This report describes SutraGUI, a flexible graphical user-interface (GUI) that supports two-dimensional (2D) and three-dimensional (3D) simulation with the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) SUTRA ground-water-flow and transport model (Voss and Provost, 2002). SutraGUI allows the user to create SUTRA ground-water models graphically. SutraGUI provides all of the graphical functionality required for setting up and running SUTRA simulations that range from basic to sophisticated, but it is also possible for advanced users to apply programmable features within Argus ONE to meet the unique demands of particular ground-water modeling projects. SutraGUI is a public-domain computer program designed to run with the proprietary Argus ONE? package, which provides 2D Geographic Information System (GIS) and meshing support. For 3D simulation, GIS and meshing support is provided by programming contained within SutraGUI. When preparing a 3D SUTRA model, the model and all of its features are viewed within Argus 1 in 2D projection. For 2D models, SutraGUI is only slightly changed in functionality from the previous 2D-only version (Voss and others, 1997) and it provides visualization of simulation results. In 3D, only model preparation is supported by SutraGUI, and 3D simulation results may be viewed in SutraPlot (Souza, 1999) or Model Viewer (Hsieh and Winston, 2002). A comprehensive online Help system is included in SutraGUI. For 3D SUTRA models, the 3D model domain is conceptualized as bounded on the top and bottom by 2D surfaces. The 3D domain may also contain internal surfaces extending across the model that divide the domain into tabular units, which can represent hydrogeologic strata or other features intended by the user. These surfaces can be non-planar and non-horizontal. The 3D mesh is defined by one or more 2D meshes at different elevations that coincide with these surfaces. If the nodes in the 3D mesh are vertically aligned, only a single 2D mesh is needed. For nonaligned meshes, two or more 2D meshes of similar connectivity are used. Between each set of 2D meshes (and model surfaces), the vertical space in the 3D mesh is evenly divided into a user-specified number of layers of finite elements. Boundary conditions may be specified for 3D models in SutraGUI using a variety of geometric shapes that may be located freely within the 3D model domain. These shapes include points, lines, sheets, and solids. These are represented by 2D contours (within the vertically-projected Argus ONE view) with user-defined elevations. In addition, boundary conditions may be specified for 3D models as points, lines, and areas that are located exactly within the surfaces that define the model top and the bottoms of the tabular units. Aquifer properties may be specified separately for each tabular unit. If the aquifer properties vary vertically within a unit, SutraGUI provides the Sutra_Z function that can be used to specify such variation.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr03285","usgsCitation":"Winston, R.B., and Voss, C.I., 2004, SutraGUI, a graphical-user interface for SUTRA, a model for ground-water flow with solute or energy transport: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2003-285, 114 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr03285.","productDescription":"114 p.","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":177832,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":4976,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://water.usgs.gov/nrp/gwsoftware/sutra-gui/SutraGUI.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ae0e4b07f02db687f10","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Winston, Richard B. 0000-0002-6287-8834 rbwinst@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6287-8834","contributorId":3567,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Winston","given":"Richard","email":"rbwinst@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[{"id":37778,"text":"WMA - Integrated Modeling and Prediction Division","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":436,"text":"National Research Program - Eastern Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":247133,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Voss, Clifford I. 0000-0001-5923-2752 cvoss@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5923-2752","contributorId":1559,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Voss","given":"Clifford","email":"cvoss@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"I.","affiliations":[{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":247132,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":49695,"text":"ofr93360 - 2004 - Organic contaminants associated with suspended sediment collected during five cruises of the Mississippi River and its principal tributaries, May 1988 to June 1990","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-02-05T19:44:39","indexId":"ofr93360","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"93-360","title":"Organic contaminants associated with suspended sediment collected during five cruises of the Mississippi River and its principal tributaries, May 1988 to June 1990","docAbstract":"Suspended-sediment samples were obtained from sites along the Mississippi River and its principal tributaries to determine the presence of halogenated hydrophobic organic compounds on the suspended sediment smaller than 63 micrometers. Sample collection involved pumping discharge-weighted volumes of river water along a cross section of the river into a continuous-flow centrifuge to isolate the suspended sediment. The suspended sediment was analyzed by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry for pentachlorobenzene, hexachlorobenzene, pentachloroanisole, chlorothalonil, pentachlorophenol, dachthal, chlordane, nonachlor, and penta-, hexa-, hepta-, and octachlorobiphenyls. Samples collected during June 1989 and February-March 1990 also were analyzed for U.S. Environmental Protection Agency priority pollutants, including polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, phthalate esters, and triazines. Samples were collected at sites on the Mississippi River from above St. Louis, Missouri to below New Orleans, Louisiana, and on the Illinois, Missouri, Ohio, Wabash, Cumberland, Tennessee, White, Arkansas, and Yazoo Rivers. Masses of selected halogenated hydrophobic organic compounds associated with the suspended sediment at each site are presented in this report in tabular format, along with suspended-sediment concentration, water discharge, and organic-carbon content.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr93360","usgsCitation":"Rostad, C.E., Bishop, L.M., Ellis, G.S., Leiker, T.J., Monsterleet, S.G., and Pereira, W.E., 2004, Organic contaminants associated with suspended sediment collected during five cruises of the Mississippi River and its principal tributaries, May 1988 to June 1990: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 93-360, 62 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr93360.","productDescription":"62 p.","onlineOnly":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":175720,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":4323,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.water.usgs.gov/ofr93360/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","otherGeospatial":"Mississippi River","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -94.74609375,\n 46.70973594407157\n ],\n [\n -96.591796875,\n 46.58906908309182\n ],\n [\n -96.0205078125,\n 45.27488643704891\n ],\n [\n -94.306640625,\n 43.389081939117496\n ],\n [\n -92.46093749999999,\n 39.33429742980725\n ],\n [\n -92.0654296875,\n 37.71859032558816\n ],\n [\n -93.2958984375,\n 34.66935854524543\n ],\n [\n -92.7685546875,\n 31.765537409484374\n ],\n [\n -92.5048828125,\n 29.036960648558267\n ],\n [\n -90.4833984375,\n 28.34306490482549\n ],\n [\n -88.3740234375,\n 28.497660832963472\n ],\n [\n -89.384765625,\n 30.486550842588485\n ],\n [\n -89.4287109375,\n 32.95336814579932\n ],\n [\n -88.72558593749999,\n 38.993572058209466\n ],\n [\n -89.47265625,\n 43.13306116240612\n ],\n [\n -94.74609375,\n 46.70973594407157\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ae6e4b07f02db68b8b9","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Rostad, Colleen E. cerostad@usgs.gov","contributorId":833,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rostad","given":"Colleen","email":"cerostad@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":240117,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bishop, LaDonna M.","contributorId":55508,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bishop","given":"LaDonna","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":240121,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Ellis, Geoffrey S. 0000-0003-4519-3320 gsellis@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4519-3320","contributorId":1058,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ellis","given":"Geoffrey","email":"gsellis@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":164,"text":"Central Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":240118,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Leiker, Thomas J.","contributorId":47805,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Leiker","given":"Thomas","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":240120,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Monsterleet, Stephanie G.","contributorId":27925,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Monsterleet","given":"Stephanie","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":240119,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Pereira, Wilfred E.","contributorId":95552,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pereira","given":"Wilfred","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":240122,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":54157,"text":"ofr20041214 - 2004 - Dissolved pesticide and organic carbon concentrations detected in surface waters, northern Central Valley, California, 2001-2002","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-02-09T15:12:37","indexId":"ofr20041214","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2004-1214","displayTitle":"Dissolved Pesticide and Organic Carbon Concentrations Detected in Surface Waters, Northern Central Valley, California, 2001-2002","title":"Dissolved pesticide and organic carbon concentrations detected in surface waters, northern Central Valley, California, 2001-2002","docAbstract":"Field and laboratory studies were conducted to determine the effects of pesticide mixtures on Chinook salmon under various environmental conditions in surface waters of the northern Central Valley of California. This project was a collaborative effort between the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) and the University of California. The project focused on understanding the environmental factors that influence the toxicity of pesticides to juvenile salmon and their prey. During the periods January through March 2001 and January through May 2002, water samples were collected at eight surface water sites in the northern Central Valley of California and analyzed by the USGS for dissolved pesticide and dissolved organic carbon concentrations. Water samples were also collected by the USGS at the same sites for aquatic toxicity testing by the Aquatic Toxicity Laboratory at the University of California Davis; however, presentation of the results of these toxicity tests is beyond the scope of this report. Samples were collected to characterize dissolved pesticide and dissolved organic carbon concentrations, and aquatic toxicity, associated with winter storm runoff concurrent with winter run Chinook salmon out-migration. Sites were selected that represented the primary habitat of juvenile Chinook salmon and included major tributaries within the Sacramento and San Joaquin River Basins and the Sacramento?San Joaquin Delta. Water samples were collected daily for a period of seven days during two winter storm events in each year. Additional samples were collected weekly during January through April or May in both years. Concentrations of 31 currently used pesticides were measured in filtered water samples using solid-phase extraction and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry at the U.S. Geological Survey's organic chemistry laboratory in Sacramento, California. Dissolved organic carbon concentrations were analyzed in filtered water samples using a Shimadzu TOC-5000A total organic carbon analyzer.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr20041214","usgsCitation":"Orlando, J., Jacobson, L.A., and Kuivila, K., 2004, Dissolved pesticide and organic carbon concentrations detected in surface waters, northern Central Valley, California, 2001-2002: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2004-1214, 40 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20041214.","productDescription":"40 p.","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":184052,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":5603,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.water.usgs.gov/ofr2004-1214/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"California ","otherGeospatial":"Northern Central Valley","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -122.34374999999999,\n 40.68063802521456\n ],\n [\n -122.87109375,\n 40.38002840251183\n ],\n [\n -122.4755859375,\n 39.027718840211605\n ],\n [\n -121.46484375,\n 37.37015718405753\n ],\n [\n -119.35546875000001,\n 35.10193405724606\n ],\n [\n -118.47656249999999,\n 35.10193405724606\n ],\n [\n -119.794921875,\n 36.84446074079564\n ],\n [\n -122.34374999999999,\n 40.68063802521456\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a81e4b07f02db64a189","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Orlando, James L. 0000-0002-0099-7221","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0099-7221","contributorId":95954,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Orlando","given":"James L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":249352,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Jacobson, Lisa A.","contributorId":17694,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jacobson","given":"Lisa","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":249351,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Kuivila, Kathryn 0000-0001-7940-489X kkuivila@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7940-489X","contributorId":1367,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kuivila","given":"Kathryn ","email":"kkuivila@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":518,"text":"Oregon Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":249350,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":53862,"text":"bsr030002 - 2003 - Physical stream habitat dynamics in Lower Bear Creek, northern Arkansas","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-11-11T13:00:04.432684","indexId":"bsr030002","displayToPublicDate":"2020-11-10T09:05:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":1,"text":"Federal Government Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":9,"text":"Biological Science Report","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":1}},"seriesNumber":"2003-0002","title":"Physical stream habitat dynamics in Lower Bear Creek, northern Arkansas","docAbstract":"We evaluated the roles of geomorphic and hydrologic dynamics in determining physical stream habitat in Bear Creek, a stream with a 239 km2 drainage basin in the Ozark Plateaus (Ozarks) in northern Arkansas. During a relatively wet 12-month monitoring period, the geomorphology of Bear Creek was altered by a series of floods, including at least four floods with peak discharges exceeding a 1-year recurrence interval and another flood with an estimated 2- to 4-year recurrence interval. These floods resulted in a net erosion of sediment from the study reach at Crane Bottom at rates far in excess of other sites previously studied in the Ozarks. The riffle-pool framework of the study reach at Crane Bottom was not substantially altered by these floods, but volumes of habitat in riffles and pools changed. The 2- to 4-year flood scoured gravel from pools and deposited it in riffles, increasing the diversity of available stream habitat. In contract, the smaller floods eroded gravel from the riffles and deposited it in pools, possibly flushing fine sediment from the substrate but also decreasing habitat diversity.\r\n\r\nChannel geometry measured at the beginning of the study was use to develop a two-dimensional, finite-element hydraulic model at assess how habitat varies with hydrologic dynamics. Distributions of depth and velocity simulated over the range of discharges observed during the study (0.1 to 556 cubic meters per second, cms) were classified into habitat units based on limiting depths and Froude number criteria. The results indicate that the areas of habitats are especially sensitive to change to low to medium flows. Races (areas of swift, relatively deep water downstream from riffles) disappear completely at the lowest flows, and riffles (areas of swift, relatively shallow water) contract substantially in area. Pools also contract in area during low flow, but deep scours associated with bedrock outcrops sustain some pool area even at the lowest modeled flows. Modeled boundary shear stresses were used to evaluate which flows are responsible for the most mobilization of the bed, and therefore, habitat maintenance. Evaluation of the magnitude and frequency of bed-sediment entrainment shows that most of the habitat maintenance results from flows that occur on average about 4 to 7 days a year.\r\n\r\nOur analysis documents the geomorphic and hydrologic dynamics that form and maintain habitats in a warmwater stream in the Ozarks. The range of flows that occurs on this stream can be partitioned into those that sustain habitat by providing the combinations of depth and velocity that stream organisms live with most of the time, and those flows that surpass sediment entrainment thresholds, alter stream geomorphology, and therefore maintain habitat. The quantitative relations show sensitivity of habitats to flow variation, but do not address how flow may vary in the future, or the extent to which stream geomorphology may be affected by variations in sediment supply.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S.Geological Survey","usgsCitation":"Reuter, J.M., Jacobson, R.B., and Elliott, C.M., 2003, Physical stream habitat dynamics in Lower Bear Creek, northern Arkansas: Biological Science Report 2003-0002, iv, 49 p.","productDescription":"iv, 49 p.","costCenters":[{"id":192,"text":"Columbia Environmental Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":177936,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/bsr/2003/0002/coverthb.jpg"},{"id":4695,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/bsr/2003/0002/bsr20030002.pdf","text":"Report","size":"48.7 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Arkansas","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -94.39453125,\n 35.33529320309328\n ],\n [\n -92.46093749999999,\n 35.10193405724606\n ],\n [\n -91.845703125,\n 35.15584570226544\n ],\n [\n -91.29638671875,\n 35.746512259918504\n ],\n [\n -90.41748046874999,\n 36.36822190085111\n ],\n [\n -90.46142578125,\n 36.50963615733049\n ],\n [\n -94.68017578125,\n 36.50963615733049\n ],\n [\n -94.39453125,\n 35.33529320309328\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4adbe4b07f02db685cab","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Reuter, Joanna M.","contributorId":50179,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Reuter","given":"Joanna","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":248516,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Jacobson, Robert B. 0000-0002-8368-2064 rjacobson@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8368-2064","contributorId":1289,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jacobson","given":"Robert","email":"rjacobson@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[{"id":192,"text":"Columbia Environmental Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":248514,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Elliott, Caroline M. 0000-0002-9190-7462 celliott@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9190-7462","contributorId":2380,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Elliott","given":"Caroline","email":"celliott@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":192,"text":"Columbia Environmental Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":248515,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70179117,"text":"70179117 - 2003 - Hydrology and simulation of ground-water flow in Kamas Valley, Summit County, Utah","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-12-16T13:20:58","indexId":"70179117","displayToPublicDate":"2016-11-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":4,"text":"Other Government Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":294,"text":"Technical Publication","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":4}},"seriesNumber":"117","title":"Hydrology and simulation of ground-water flow in Kamas Valley, Summit County, Utah","docAbstract":"Kamas Valley, Utah, is located about 50 miles east of Salt Lake City and is undergoing residential development. The increasing number of wells and septic systems raised concerns of water managers and prompted this hydrologic study. About 350,000 acre-feet per year of surface water flows through Kamas Valley in the Weber River, Beaver Creek, and Provo River, which originate in the Uinta Mountains east of the study area. The ground-water system in this area consists of water in unconsolidated deposits and consolidated rock; water budgets indicate very little interaction between consolidated rock and unconsolidated deposits. Most recharge to consolidated rock occurs at higher altitudes in the mountains and discharges to streams and springs upgradient of Kamas Valley. About 38,000 acre-feet per year of water flows through the unconsolidated deposits in Kamas Valley. Most recharge is from irrigation and seepage from major streams; most discharge is to Beaver Creek in the middle part of the valley. Long-term water-level fluctuations range from about 3 to 17 feet. Seasonal fluctuations exceed 50 feet. Transmissivity varies over four orders of magnitude in both the unconsolidated deposits and consolidated rock and is typically 1,000 to 10,000 feet squared per day in unconsolidated deposits and 100 feet squared per day in consolidated rock as determined from specific capacity. Water samples collected from wells, streams, and springs had nitrate plus nitrite concentrations (as N) substantially less than 10 mg/L. Total and fecal coliform bacteria were detected in some surface-water samples and probably originate from livestock. Septic systems do not appear to be degrading water quality. A numerical ground-water flow model developed to test the conceptual understanding of the ground-water system adequately simulates water levels and flow in the unconsolidated deposits. Analyses of model fit and sensitivity were used to refine the conceptual and numerical models.
","language":"English","publisher":"Utah Department of Natural Resources, Division of Water Rights","publisherLocation":"Salt Lake City, UT","collaboration":"Prepared by the United States Geological Survey in cooperation with the Utah Department of Natural Resources, Division of Water Rights; Utah Department of Environmental Quality, Division of Water Quality; Weber Basin Water Conservancy District; Davis and Weber Counties Canal Company; and Weber River Water Users Association","usgsCitation":"Brooks, L., Stolp, B., and Spangler, L., 2003, Hydrology and simulation of ground-water flow in Kamas Valley, Summit County, Utah: Technical Publication 117, x, 74 p.","productDescription":"x, 74 p.","numberOfPages":"101","costCenters":[{"id":610,"text":"Utah Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":332243,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":332240,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://www.waterrights.utah.gov/cgi-bin/libview.exe?Modinfo=Viewpub&LIBNUM=50-1-311"},{"id":332241,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://waterrights.utah.gov/techinfo/wwwpub/tp_117.pdf"},{"id":332242,"rank":3,"type":{"id":28,"text":"Dataset"},"url":"https://waterrights.utah.gov/groundwater/gwmodelsview.asp#Kamas","text":"MODFLOW 2000 Model Data"}],"country":"United States","state":"Utah","county":"Summit County","otherGeospatial":"Kamas Valley","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -111.38214111328124,\n 40.753499070431374\n ],\n [\n -111.36566162109375,\n 40.75245875985305\n ],\n [\n -111.34437561035156,\n 40.730608477796636\n ],\n [\n -111.28875732421874,\n 40.742574997542924\n ],\n [\n -111.25373840332031,\n 40.73216945026674\n ],\n [\n -111.23588562011719,\n 40.67126439151552\n ],\n [\n -111.24893188476561,\n 40.65355504328839\n ],\n [\n -111.25373840332031,\n 40.632714496550626\n ],\n [\n -111.22558593749999,\n 40.605090749765786\n ],\n [\n -111.20429992675781,\n 40.57954165275019\n ],\n [\n -111.15211486816406,\n 40.551895925961105\n ],\n [\n -111.192626953125,\n 40.54876550151149\n ],\n [\n -111.27433776855469,\n 40.56963223359563\n ],\n [\n -111.33476257324217,\n 40.61343119773193\n ],\n [\n -111.32514953613281,\n 40.660326819865354\n ],\n [\n -111.3581085205078,\n 40.701984159668676\n ],\n [\n -111.35879516601561,\n 40.72176227543699\n ],\n [\n -111.37321472167969,\n 40.737892702684064\n ],\n [\n -111.38214111328124,\n 40.753499070431374\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58550b89e4b02bdf681568c1","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Brooks, L.E.","contributorId":41852,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brooks","given":"L.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":656084,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Stolp, Bernard J. 0000-0003-3803-1497","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3803-1497","contributorId":71942,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stolp","given":"Bernard J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":656085,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Spangler, L.E.","contributorId":54230,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Spangler","given":"L.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":656086,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70174857,"text":"70174857 - 2003 - Phytoplankton fuels Delta food web","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-11-16T10:22:15","indexId":"70174857","displayToPublicDate":"2016-02-15T06:30:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1150,"text":"California Agriculture","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Phytoplankton fuels Delta food web","docAbstract":"Populations of certain fishes and invertebrates in the Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta have declined in abundance in recent decades and there is evidence that food supply is partly responsible. While many sources of organic matter in the Delta could be supporting fish populations indirectly through the food web (including aquatic vegetation and decaying organic matter from agricultural drainage), a careful accounting shows that phytoplankton is the dominant food source. Phytoplankton, communities of microscopic free-floating algae, are the most important food source on a Delta-wide scale when both food quantity and quality are taken into account. These microscopic algae have declined since the late 1960s. Fertilizer and pesticide runoff do not appear to be playing a direct role in long-term phytoplankton changes; rather, species invasions, increasing water transparency and fluctuations in water transport are responsible. Although the potential toxicity of herbicides and pesticides to plank- ton in the Delta is well documented, the ecological significance remains speculative. Nutrient inputs from agricultural runoff at current levels, in combination with increasing transparency, could result in harmful algal blooms.
As part of ongoing research conducted at one of the U.S. Geological Survey's Water, Energy, and Biogeochem-ical Budgets sites, work was undertaken to describe the spatial and temporal variability of stream and ground water isotopic composition and cation chemistry in the Trout Lake watershed, to relate the variability to the watershed flow system, and to identify the linkages of geochemical evolution and source of water in the watershed. The results are based on periodic sampling of sites at two scales along Allequash Creek, a small headwater stream in northern Wisconsin. Based on this sampling, there are distinct water isotopic and geochemical differences observed at a smaller hillslope scale and the larger Allequash Creek scale. The variability was larger than expected for this simple watershed, and is likely to be seen in more complex basins. Based on evidence from multiple isotopes and stream chemistry, the flow system arises from three main source waters (terrestrial-, lake-, or wetland-derived recharge) that can be identified along any flowpath using water isotopes together with geochemical characteristics such as iron concentrations. The ground water chemistry demonstrates considerable spatial variability that depends mainly on the flow-path length and water mobility through the aquifer. Calcium concentrations increase with increasing flowpath length, whereas strontium isotope ratios increase with increasing extent of stagnation in either the unsaturated or saturated zones as waters move from source to sink. The flowpath distribution we identify provides important constraints on the calibration of ground water flow models such as that undertaken by Pint et al. (this issue).
","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1111/j.1745-6584.2003.tb02431.x","usgsCitation":"Walker, J.F., Hunt, R.J., Bullen, T.D., Krabbenhoft, D.P., and Kendall, C., 2003, Variability of isotope and major ion chemistry in the Allequash Basin, Wisconsin: Ground Water, v. 41, no. 7, p. 883-894, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6584.2003.tb02431.x.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"883","endPage":"894","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":308354,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Wisconsin","otherGeospatial":"Allequash Creek, Northern Highlands, Trout Lake","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -89.75933074951172,\n 45.97453759512536\n ],\n [\n -89.75933074951172,\n 46.103470710854594\n ],\n [\n -89.53514099121094,\n 46.103470710854594\n ],\n [\n -89.53514099121094,\n 45.97453759512536\n ],\n [\n -89.75933074951172,\n 45.97453759512536\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"41","issue":"7","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2006-03-24","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"56027c2ce4b03bc34f544894","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Walker, John F. jfwalker@usgs.gov","contributorId":1081,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Walker","given":"John","email":"jfwalker@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[{"id":677,"text":"Wisconsin Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":572876,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hunt, Randall J. 0000-0001-6465-9304 rjhunt@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6465-9304","contributorId":1129,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hunt","given":"Randall","email":"rjhunt@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":677,"text":"Wisconsin Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":572877,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Bullen, Thomas D. 0000-0003-2281-1691 tdbullen@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2281-1691","contributorId":1969,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bullen","given":"Thomas","email":"tdbullen@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":572878,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Krabbenhoft, David P. 0000-0003-1964-5020 dpkrabbe@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1964-5020","contributorId":1658,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Krabbenhoft","given":"David","email":"dpkrabbe@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[{"id":5044,"text":"National Research Program - Central Branch","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":37947,"text":"Upper Midwest Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":37464,"text":"WMA - Laboratory & Analytical Services Division","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":677,"text":"Wisconsin Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":572879,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Kendall, Carol 0000-0002-0247-3405 ckendall@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0247-3405","contributorId":1462,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kendall","given":"Carol","email":"ckendall@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":572880,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70120644,"text":"70120644 - 2003 - A proposed international watershed research network","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-08-15T13:06:59","indexId":"70120644","displayToPublicDate":"2013-08-15T11:51:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"A proposed international watershed research network","docAbstract":"An “International Watershed Research Network” is to be an initial project of the Sino-U. S. Centers for Soil and Water Conservation and Environmental Protection. The Network will provide a fundamental database for research personnel of the Centers, as well as of the global research community, and is viewed as an important resource for their successful operation. Efforts are under way to (a) identify and select candidate watersheds, (b) develop standards and protocols for data collection and dissemination, and (c) specify other data sources on erosion, sediment transport, hydrology, and ancillary information of probable interest and use to participants of the Centers.
The initial focus of the Network will be on water-deficient areas. Candidate watersheds for the Network are yet to be determined although likely selections include the Ansai Research Station, northern China, and the Walnut Gulch Experimental Watershed, Arizona, USA. The Network is to be patterned after the Vigil Network, an open-ended group of global sites and small drainage basins for which Internet-accessible geomorphic, hydrologic, and biological data are periodically collected or updated. Some types of data, using similar instruments and observation methods, will be collected at all watersheds selected for the Network. Other data from the watersheds that may reflect individual watershed characteristics and research objectives will be collected as well.
","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"First Interagency Conference on Research in the Watersheds: October 27-30, 2003","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":12,"text":"Conference publication"},"language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service","usgsCitation":"Osterkamp, W.R., and Gray, J.R., 2003, A proposed international watershed research network, in First Interagency Conference on Research in the Watersheds: October 27-30, 2003, p. 292-295.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"292","endPage":"295","costCenters":[{"id":502,"text":"Office of Surface Water","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":292291,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":292296,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://www.tucson.ars.ag.gov/ICRW/Proceedings/Osterkamp.pdf"},{"id":292297,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://www.tucson.ars.ag.gov/ICRW/Proceedings.htm"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53ef1ec0e4b0bfa1f993eec7","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Osterkamp, W. R.","contributorId":46044,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Osterkamp","given":"W.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":498356,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Gray, J. R.","contributorId":63372,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gray","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":498357,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":5211239,"text":"5211239 - 2003 - Synergy of agroforestry and bottomland hardwood afforestation","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:15:28","indexId":"5211239","displayToPublicDate":"2009-06-09T09:23:19","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"title":"Synergy of agroforestry and bottomland hardwood afforestation","docAbstract":"Afforestation of bottomland hardwood forests has historically emphasized planting heavy-seeded tree species such as oak (Quercus spp.) and pecan (Caryaillinoensis) with little or no silvicultural management during stand development. Slow growth of these tree species, herbivory, competing vegetation, and limited seed dispersal, often result in restored sites that are slow to develop vertical vegetation structure and have limited tree diversity. Where soils and hydrology permit, agroforestry can provide transitional management that mitigates these historical limitations on converting cropland to forests. Planting short-rotation woody crops and intercropping using wide alleyways are two agroforestry practices that are well suited for transitional management. Weed control associated with agroforestry systems benefits planted trees by reducing competition. The resultant decrease in herbaceous cover suppresses small mammal populations and associated herbivory of trees and seeds. As a result, rapid vertical growth is possible that can 'train' under-planted, slower-growing, species and provide favorable environmental conditions for naturally invading trees. Finally, annual cropping of alleyways or rotational pulpwood harvest of woody crops provides income more rapidly than reliance on future revenue from traditional silviculture. Because of increased forest diversity, enhanced growth and development, and improved economic returns, we believe that using agroforestry as a transitional management strategy during afforestation provides greater benefits to landowners and to the environment than does traditional bottomland hardwood afforestation. ","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Land-use management for the future: proceedings of the 6th North American Agroforestry Conference, June 12-16, 1999, the Arlington Resort Hotel and Spa, Hot Springs, Arkansas","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":4,"text":"Other Government Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"Association for Temperate Agroforestry","publisherLocation":"Columbia, Missouri","collaboration":"OCLC: 53364328 PDF on file: 6095 Twedt.pdf ","usgsCitation":"Twedt, D., and Portwood, J., 2003, Synergy of agroforestry and bottomland hardwood afforestation, chap. of Land-use management for the future: proceedings of the 6th North American Agroforestry Conference, June 12-16, 1999, the Arlington Resort Hotel and Spa, Hot Springs, Arkansas, p. 85-89.","productDescription":"iii, 231","startPage":"85","endPage":"89","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":202835,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4adfe4b07f02db687cf8","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Clason, Terry R.","contributorId":113244,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Clason","given":"Terry","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":507841,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1}],"authors":[{"text":"Twedt, D.J. 0000-0003-1223-5045","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1223-5045","contributorId":105009,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Twedt","given":"D.J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":330471,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Portwood, J.","contributorId":63503,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Portwood","given":"J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":330470,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70216681,"text":"70216681 - 2003 - Coupling ice-sheet and climate models for simulation of former ice sheets","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-11-27T20:32:16.20279","indexId":"70216681","displayToPublicDate":"2007-09-02T14:28:15","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":5919,"text":"Developments in Quaternary Sciences","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Coupling ice-sheet and climate models for simulation of former ice sheets","docAbstract":"This chapter explores the development of coupled climate and ice-sheet models over the past two decades, discusses the current technical and physical capabilities of models, and identifies future work for developing a better understanding of ice-climate events that have punctuated Earth history. The chapter also illustrates the complex behavior of the climate system and the modeling challenges posed by the observations. Climate and ice-sheet models continue to improve, both in terms of model physics and technical capabilities. Regional climate model simulations should be carried out for each temporal snapshot or matrix element for improved mass–balance calculation over the ice sheets. Fully coupled atmosphere-ocean-cryosphere-land surface models are required for addressing a number of paleoclimatic puzzles, particularly with respect to millennial climate variability. The concerted effort to better understand West Antarctic Ice Sheet dynamics, and the development of subglacial hydrological models should lead to improvements in the next generation of ice-sheet models and help to address millennial-scale variability in ice-sheet/climate models.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/S1571-0866(03)01006-6","usgsCitation":"Marshall, S.J., Pollard, D., Hostetler, S.W., and Clark, P., 2003, Coupling ice-sheet and climate models for simulation of former ice sheets: Developments in Quaternary Sciences, v. 1, p. 105-126, https://doi.org/10.1016/S1571-0866(03)01006-6.","productDescription":"22 p.","startPage":"105","endPage":"126","costCenters":[{"id":481,"text":"Northern Rocky Mountain Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":380865,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Marshall, Shawn J.","contributorId":75368,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Marshall","given":"Shawn","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":805875,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Pollard, David","contributorId":245306,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Pollard","given":"David","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":805876,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Hostetler, Steven W. 0000-0003-2272-8302 swhostet@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2272-8302","contributorId":3249,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hostetler","given":"Steven","email":"swhostet@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":200,"text":"Coop Res Unit Seattle","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":805877,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Clark, Peter U.","contributorId":68994,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Clark","given":"Peter U.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":805878,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":72241,"text":"ofr03467 - 2003 - Summary of synoptic sampling and tracer-injection tests in the Alamosa River basin during high-flow conditions, June 1999: A sampling analysis report for modeling reactive transport of metals for the Summitville Mine, Colorado","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-02-17T06:25:58","indexId":"ofr03467","displayToPublicDate":"2005-09-19T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2003-467","title":"Summary of synoptic sampling and tracer-injection tests in the Alamosa River basin during high-flow conditions, June 1999: A sampling analysis report for modeling reactive transport of metals for the Summitville Mine, Colorado","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr03467","usgsCitation":"Ortiz, R.F., and Ball, J.W., 2003, Summary of synoptic sampling and tracer-injection tests in the Alamosa River basin during high-flow conditions, June 1999: A sampling analysis report for modeling reactive transport of metals for the Summitville Mine, Colorado: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2003-467, 54 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr03467.","productDescription":"54 p.","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":192607,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Colorado","county":"Rio Grande County","otherGeospatial":"Summitville Mine","geographicExtents":"{\"type\":\"FeatureCollection\",\"features\":[{\"type\":\"Feature\",\"geometry\":{\"type\":\"Polygon\",\"coordinates\":[[[-106.6963,37.833],[-106.5868,37.8344],[-106.585,37.7483],[-106.585,37.7465],[-106.4784,37.7475],[-106.3644,37.7474],[-106.3149,37.748],[-106.2963,37.748],[-106.277,37.7481],[-106.2584,37.7481],[-106.149,37.7483],[-106.0384,37.7479],[-106.0389,37.66],[-106.0383,37.5761],[-106.0383,37.5199],[-106.0383,37.4905],[-106.0377,37.3998],[-106.1634,37.3992],[-106.1848,37.3992],[-106.2561,37.3991],[-106.3545,37.3988],[-106.3632,37.3983],[-106.3806,37.3983],[-106.4582,37.3976],[-106.4872,37.397],[-106.6013,37.3965],[-106.6673,37.3957],[-106.6755,37.3957],[-106.7079,37.3946],[-106.7082,37.4218],[-106.7084,37.4435],[-106.7084,37.4476],[-106.7087,37.4843],[-106.7107,37.5732],[-106.7128,37.662],[-106.6918,37.6621],[-106.6932,37.7509],[-106.6963,37.833]]]},\"properties\":{\"name\":\"Rio Grande\",\"state\":\"CO\"}}]}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b01e4b07f02db69896e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ortiz, Roderick F. rfortiz@usgs.gov","contributorId":1126,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ortiz","given":"Roderick","email":"rfortiz@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[{"id":191,"text":"Colorado Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":285229,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Ball, James W.","contributorId":38946,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ball","given":"James","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":285230,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":72240,"text":"ofr03466 - 2003 - Summary of synoptic sampling and tracer-injection tests in the Alamosa River Basin during low-flow conditions, October 1998: A sampling analysis report for modeling reactive transport of metals for the Summitville Mine, Colorado","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-02-17T06:27:10","indexId":"ofr03466","displayToPublicDate":"2005-09-19T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2003-466","title":"Summary of synoptic sampling and tracer-injection tests in the Alamosa River Basin during low-flow conditions, October 1998: A sampling analysis report for modeling reactive transport of metals for the Summitville Mine, Colorado","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr03466","usgsCitation":"Ortiz, R.F., and Ball, J.W., 2003, Summary of synoptic sampling and tracer-injection tests in the Alamosa River Basin during low-flow conditions, October 1998: A sampling analysis report for modeling reactive transport of metals for the Summitville Mine, Colorado: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2003-466, 48 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr03466.","productDescription":"48 p.","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":192606,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Colorado","county":"Rio Grande County","otherGeospatial":"Summitville Mine","geographicExtents":"{\"type\":\"FeatureCollection\",\"features\":[{\"type\":\"Feature\",\"geometry\":{\"type\":\"Polygon\",\"coordinates\":[[[-106.6963,37.833],[-106.5868,37.8344],[-106.585,37.7483],[-106.585,37.7465],[-106.4784,37.7475],[-106.3644,37.7474],[-106.3149,37.748],[-106.2963,37.748],[-106.277,37.7481],[-106.2584,37.7481],[-106.149,37.7483],[-106.0384,37.7479],[-106.0389,37.66],[-106.0383,37.5761],[-106.0383,37.5199],[-106.0383,37.4905],[-106.0377,37.3998],[-106.1634,37.3992],[-106.1848,37.3992],[-106.2561,37.3991],[-106.3545,37.3988],[-106.3632,37.3983],[-106.3806,37.3983],[-106.4582,37.3976],[-106.4872,37.397],[-106.6013,37.3965],[-106.6673,37.3957],[-106.6755,37.3957],[-106.7079,37.3946],[-106.7082,37.4218],[-106.7084,37.4435],[-106.7084,37.4476],[-106.7087,37.4843],[-106.7107,37.5732],[-106.7128,37.662],[-106.6918,37.6621],[-106.6932,37.7509],[-106.6963,37.833]]]},\"properties\":{\"name\":\"Rio Grande\",\"state\":\"CO\"}}]}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b01e4b07f02db698963","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ortiz, Roderick F. rfortiz@usgs.gov","contributorId":1126,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ortiz","given":"Roderick","email":"rfortiz@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[{"id":191,"text":"Colorado Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":285227,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Ball, James W.","contributorId":38946,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ball","given":"James","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":285228,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":53712,"text":"ofr03242 - 2003 - Geohydrology of the Valley-Fill aquifer in the Norwich-Oxford-Brisben area, Chenango County, New York","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-12-04T19:16:37.145165","indexId":"ofr03242","displayToPublicDate":"2004-11-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2003-242","title":"Geohydrology of the Valley-Fill aquifer in the Norwich-Oxford-Brisben area, Chenango County, New York","docAbstract":"This set of maps and geohydrologic sections depicts the geology and hydrology of aquifers in the 21.9-square-mile reach of the Chenango River valley between Brisben and North Norwich, N.Y. This report depicts the principal geographic features of the study area; locations of domestic, commercial, and municipal wells from which data were obtained to construct water-table and saturated-thickness maps and five geohydrologic sections; surficial geology; water-table altitude; generalized saturated thickness of the unconfined (water-table) aquifer; generalized thickness of the discontinuous series of confined aquifers; and five geohydrologic sections, all of which are in the northern part of the study area.
The unconsolidated material in the Chenango River valley consists primarily of three types of deposits: (1) glaciofluvial material consisting of stratified coarse-grained sediment (sand and gravel) that was deposited by meltwater streams flowing above, below, or next to a glacier; (2) glaciolacustrine material consisting of stratified fine-grained sediment (very fine sand, silt, and clay) that was deposited in lakes that formed at the front of a glacier; and (3) recent alluvial material consisting of stratified fine-to-medium grained sediment (fine-to-medium sand and silt) that was deposited on flood plains.
The water-table map was compiled from water-level data obtained from wells completed in the unconfined aquifer, and from altitudes of stream and river surfaces indicated on 1:24,000-scale topographic maps. Depth to the water table ranged from less than 5 feet below land surface near major streams to more than 75 feet on some of the kame terraces along the valley walls. Saturated thickness of the unconfined aquifer ranged from less than 1 foot near Norwich to more than 200 feet at a kame delta north of Oxford.
A discontinuous series of confined aquifers is present throughout much of the Chenango River valley north of Oxford. These aquifers consist of kame deposits, eskers, and subglacial outwash sand and gravel deposits that are overlain and confined by lacustrine fine sand, silt, and clay. The saturated thickness of these aquifers is as much as 150 feet near North Norwich.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr03242","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the New York State Department of Environmental Conservation","usgsCitation":"Hetcher, K.K., Miller, T.S., Garry, J.D., and Reynolds, R.J., 2003, Geohydrology of the Valley-Fill aquifer in the Norwich-Oxford-Brisben area, Chenango County, New York: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2003-242, 7 Plates: 20.00 x 30.00 iinches, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr03242.","productDescription":"7 Plates: 20.00 x 30.00 iinches","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":474,"text":"New York Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":323224,"rank":6,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2003/0242/ofr20030242_plate5.pdf","text":"Plate 5 - Generalized saturated thickness of the unconfined aquifer","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"OFR 2003-0242"},{"id":323216,"rank":5,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2003/0242/ofr20030242_plate4.pdf","text":"Plate 4 - Generalized water-table altitude","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"OFR 2003-0242"},{"id":323223,"rank":4,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2003/0242/ofr20030242_plate3.pdf","text":"Plate 3 - Surficial geology, orig","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"OFR 2003-0242"},{"id":323222,"rank":3,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2003/0242/ofr20030242_plate2.pdf","text":"Plate 2 - Wells and test borings","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"OFR 2003-0242"},{"id":5054,"rank":2,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2003/0242/ofr20030242_plate1.pdf","text":"Plate 1 - Introduction","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"OFR 2003-0242"},{"id":323218,"rank":7,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2003/0242/ofr20030242_plate6.pdf","text":"Plate 6 - Generalized thickness of the confined aquifers","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"OFR 2003-0242"},{"id":323225,"rank":8,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2003/0242/ofr20030242_plate7.pdf","text":"Plate 7 - 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U.S. Geological Survey
425 Jordan Rd
Troy, NY 12180
(518) 285-5695
http://ny.water.usgs.gov/