An assemblage of 46 fossil pollen and spore types is described from a core drilled through the middle Eocene Saramaguacán Formation, Camagüey Province, eastern Cuba. Many of the specimens represent unidentified or extinct taxa but several can be identified to family (Palmae, Bombacaceae, Gramineae, Moraceae, Myrtaceae) and some to genus (Pteris, Crudia, Lymingtonia?). The paleoclimate was warm-temperate to subtropical which is consistent with other floras in the region of comparable age and with the global paleotemperature curve. Older plate tectonic models show a variety of locations for proto-Cuba during Late Cretaceous and later times, including along the norther coast of South America. More recent models depict western and central Cuba as two separate parts until the Eocene, and eastern Cuba (joined to northern Hispaniola) docking to central Cuba also in the Eocene. All fragments are part of the North American Plate and none were directly connected with northern South America in late Mesozoic or Cenozoic time. The Saramaguacán flora supports this model because the assemblage is distinctly North American in affinities, with only one type (Retimonocolpites type 1) found elsewhere only in South America.
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A palynoflora from the middle Eocene Saramaguacán formation of Cuba: American Journal of Botany, v. 87, no. 10, p. 1526-1539, https://doi.org/10.2307/2656879.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"1526","endPage":"1539","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":498959,"rank":1,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.2307/2656879","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":230747,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Cuba","state":"Camagüey Province","otherGeospatial":"Saramaguacán Formation","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -77.44400024414062,\n 21.083218727590673\n ],\n [\n -77.41790771484375,\n 21.049899597274234\n ],\n [\n -77.42752075195312,\n 21.031955437049724\n ],\n [\n -77.37258911132812,\n 21.00503514510042\n ],\n [\n -77.38082885742188,\n 20.993496389857583\n ],\n [\n -77.36434936523438,\n 20.964004409178308\n ],\n [\n -77.34237670898438,\n 20.964004409178308\n ],\n [\n -77.34237670898438,\n 20.99477851781938\n ],\n [\n -77.3272705078125,\n 20.99477851781938\n ],\n [\n -77.3052978515625,\n 20.97554544262713\n ],\n [\n -77.29843139648438,\n 20.99477851781938\n ],\n [\n -77.28607177734375,\n 21.008881198605163\n ],\n [\n -77.2833251953125,\n 21.025546284581797\n ],\n [\n -77.25723266601562,\n 21.04861794324536\n ],\n [\n -77.25311279296875,\n 21.066560095381984\n ],\n [\n -77.16659545898438,\n 21.09218798704055\n ],\n [\n -77.16522216796875,\n 21.116530389515244\n ],\n [\n -77.1240234375,\n 21.18441176237681\n ],\n [\n -77.12814331054688,\n 21.235622362422877\n ],\n [\n -77.09793090820312,\n 21.250982076868247\n ],\n [\n -77.08969116210938,\n 21.285535578704255\n ],\n [\n -77.0745849609375,\n 21.29705160950195\n ],\n [\n -77.07321166992188,\n 21.307287323905406\n ],\n [\n -77.13775634765625,\n 21.307287323905406\n ],\n [\n -77.12814331054688,\n 21.34310670643389\n ],\n [\n -77.12814331054688,\n 21.354618222131514\n ],\n [\n -77.09518432617188,\n 21.36868662446068\n ],\n [\n -77.0965576171875,\n 21.423668314313243\n ],\n [\n -77.10479736328125,\n 21.450512318828103\n ],\n [\n -77.255859375,\n 21.458181127146066\n ],\n [\n -77.28057861328125,\n 21.49396356306447\n ],\n [\n -77.28057861328125,\n 21.52207216281314\n ],\n [\n -77.33001708984375,\n 21.570610571132665\n ],\n [\n -77.376708984375,\n 21.59998118873847\n ],\n [\n -77.36709594726561,\n 21.635728678548105\n ],\n [\n -77.43850708007812,\n 21.64849349639199\n ],\n [\n -77.6513671875,\n 21.48757448727133\n ],\n [\n -77.72415161132812,\n 21.323918838669897\n ],\n [\n -77.783203125,\n 21.116530389515244\n ],\n [\n -77.69943237304688,\n 21.007599191785744\n ],\n [\n -77.53738403320312,\n 21.008881198605163\n ],\n [\n -77.47421264648438,\n 20.99477851781938\n ],\n [\n -77.48245239257812,\n 21.00503514510042\n ],\n [\n -77.46871948242188,\n 21.031955437049724\n ],\n [\n -77.46871948242188,\n 21.060152432245324\n ],\n [\n -77.4481201171875,\n 21.061433986951034\n ],\n [\n -77.44400024414062,\n 21.083218727590673\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"87","issue":"10","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b9c89e4b08c986b31d428","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Graham, A.","contributorId":24517,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Graham","given":"A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":392889,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Cozadd, D.","contributorId":79660,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cozadd","given":"D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":392891,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Areces-Mallea, A.","contributorId":15367,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Areces-Mallea","given":"A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":392888,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Frederiksen, N. O.","contributorId":78356,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Frederiksen","given":"N.","email":"","middleInitial":"O.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":392890,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70023226,"text":"70023226 - 2000 - Rhyolite thermobarometry and the shallowing of the magma reservoir, Coso volcanic field, California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-08-30T15:40:34.437012","indexId":"70023226","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2420,"text":"Journal of Petrology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Rhyolite thermobarometry and the shallowing of the magma reservoir, Coso volcanic field, California","docAbstract":"The compositionally bimodal Pleistocene Coso volcanic field is located at the western margin of the Basin and Range province ∼60 km north of the Garlock fault. Thirty-nine nearly aphyric high-silica rhyolite domes were emplaced in the past million years: one at 1 Ma from a transient magma reservoir, one at ∼0·6 Ma, and the rest since ∼0·3 Ma. Over the past 0·6 My, the depth from which the rhyolites erupted has decreased and their temperatures have become slightly higher. Pre-eruptive conditions of the rhyolite magmas, calculated from phenocryst compositions using the two-oxide thermometer and the Al-in-hornblende barometer, ranged from 740°C and 270 MPa (2·7 kbar; ∼10 km depth) for the ∼0·6 Ma magma, to 770°C and 140 MPa (1·4 kbar; ∼5·5 km) for the youngest (∼0·04 Ma) magma. Results are consistent with either a single rhyolitic reservoir moving upward through the crust, or a series of successively shallower reservoirs. As the reservoir has become closer to the surface, eruptions have become both more frequent and more voluminous.
","language":"English","publisher":"Oxford University Press","doi":"10.1093/petrology/41.1.149","issn":"00223530","usgsCitation":"Manley, C., and Bacon, C., 2000, Rhyolite thermobarometry and the shallowing of the magma reservoir, Coso volcanic field, California: Journal of Petrology, v. 41, no. 1, p. 149-174, https://doi.org/10.1093/petrology/41.1.149.","productDescription":"26 p.","startPage":"149","endPage":"174","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":232592,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"Coso volcanic field","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -118.01582336425781,\n 35.92075216811695\n ],\n [\n -117.81326293945312,\n 35.92075216811695\n ],\n [\n -117.81326293945312,\n 36.11846359074561\n ],\n [\n -118.01582336425781,\n 36.11846359074561\n ],\n [\n -118.01582336425781,\n 35.92075216811695\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"41","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505aad4de4b0c8380cd86e98","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Manley, C.R.","contributorId":68072,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Manley","given":"C.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":396920,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bacon, C. R. 0000-0002-2165-5618","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2165-5618","contributorId":21522,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bacon","given":"C. R.","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":396919,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70023224,"text":"70023224 - 2000 - Preliminary report on the 16 October 1999 M 7.1 Hector mine, California, earthquake","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-08-12T17:22:05.36156","indexId":"70023224","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3372,"text":"Seismological Research Letters","onlineIssn":"1938-2057","printIssn":"0895-0695","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Preliminary report on the 16 October 1999 M 7.1 Hector mine, California, earthquake","docAbstract":"The Mw 7.1 Hector Mine, California, earthquake occurred at 9:46 GMT on 16 October 1999. The event caused minimal damage because it was located in a remote, sparsely populated part of the Mojave Desert, approximately 47 miles east-southeast of Barstow, with epicentral coordinates 34.59°N 116.27°W and a hypocentral depth of 5 ± 3 km. Twelve foreshocks, M 1.9-3.8, preceded the mainshock during the previous twelve hours. All of these events were located close to the hypocenter of the mainshock.
The Hector Mine earthquake occurred within the Eastern California Shear Zone (ECSZ). By virtue of its remote location, the societal impact of the Hector Mine earthquake was, fortunately, minimal in spite of the event's appreciable size. The ECSZ is characterized by high seismicity, a high tectonic strain rate, and a broad, distributed zone of north-northwest-trending faults (ECSZ; Figure 1; Dokka and Travis, 1990; Sauber et al., 1986; Sauber et al., 1994; Sieh et al., 1993). Data regarding the slip rates of faults within the ECSZ suggest that on the order of 15% of the Pacific-North American plate motion occurs along this zone (Sauber et al., 1986; Wesnousky, 1986). Most of the faults in the ECSZ have low slip rates and long repeat times for major earthquakes, on the order of several thousands to tens of thousands of years. The occurrence of the Hector Mine earthquake within seven years and only about 30 km east of the 1992 Mw 7.3 Landers earthquake suggests that the closely spaced surface faults in the ECSZ are mechanically related.
The Hector Mine event involved rupture on two previously mapped fault zones—the Bullion Fault and an unnamed, more northerly-trending fault that is informally referred to in this paper as the Lavic Lake Fault (Dibblee, 1966, 1967a,b). Traces of the Bullion Fault exhibit evidence of Holocene displacement and were zoned as active in 1988 under California's Mquist-Priolo Earthquake Fault Zoning Act (Hart and Bryant, 1997). The pattern of rupture along more than one named fault was also observed from the 1992 Landers earthquake (Hauksson et al., 1993; Sieh et al., 1994).
Much of the fault zone that produced the Hector Mine earthquake had been buried by relatively young stream deposits, and the fault scarps in bedrock have a subdued morphology. It appears that these faults have not experienced significant offset for perhaps 10,000 years or more (Hart, 1987). Planned future investigations will refine the age of the last event on these faults. The portion of the Lavic Lake Fault that ruptured between the northern end of the Bullion Mountains and Lavic Lake had not previously been mapped. However, our field investigations have identified ancient, subdued fault scarps along portions of the 1999 rupture zone in this area. It thus appears that the entire segment of the Lavic Lake Fault that was involved in the 1999 event had ruptured in the past. As is typical for most faults within the Eastern California Shear Zone, the rate of movement along the Lavic Lake Fault may be quite slow (<1 mm/yr) and should produce earthquakes only infrequently. This event is a reminder that faults that have ruptured in late Quaternary time, but that lack evidence of Holocene displacement, can still produce earthquakes in this low-slip-rate tectonic setting.
Additionally, the Hector Mine earthquake is noteworthy for a couple of other reasons. First, it clearly produced triggered seismicity over much of southern California, from the rupture zone toward the south-southwest in particular. Second, as we will discuss, the event may provide new data and insight into recently developed paradigms concerning earthquake interactions and the role of static stress changes.
Questions such as these will, of course, be the subject of extensive detailed analyses in years to come. Fortunately, the Hector Mine sequence will provide one of the best data sets obtained to date for a significant earthquake in the United States. Because it occurred when major upgrades to both the regional seismic network (TriNet) and the regional geodetic network (SCIGN) were well underway, the Earth science community will have abundant high-quality data with which to explore the important and interesting questions that have been raised. In this paper, we present and discuss the basic data and preliminary results from the Hector Mine earthquake.
Hydrilla (Hydrilla verticillata (L.f.) Royle), an invasive aquatic weed, continues to spread to new regions in the United States. Two biotypes, one a female dioecious and the other monoecious have been identified. Management of the spread of hydrilla requires understanding the mechanisms of introduction and transport, an ability to map and make available information on distribution, and tools to distinguish the known U.S. biotypes as well as potential new introductions. Review of the literature and discussions with aquatic scientists and resource managers point to the aquarium and water garden plant trades as the primary past mechanism for the regional dispersal of hydrilla while local dispersal is primarily carried out by other mechanisms such as boat traffic, intentional introductions, and waterfowl. The Nonindigenous Aquatic Species (NAS) database is presented as a tool for assembling, geo-referencing, and making available information on the distribution of hydrilla. A map of the current range of dioecious and monoecious hydrilla by drainage is presented. Four hydrilla samples, taken from three discrete, non-contiguous regions (Pennsylvania, Connecticut, and Washington State) were examined using two RAPD assays. The first, generated using primer Operon G17, and capable of distinguishing the dioecious and monoecious U.S. biotypes, indicated all four samples were of the monoecious biotype. Results of the second assay using the Stoffel fragment and 5 primers, produced 111 markers, indicated that these samples do not represent new foreign introductions. The differences in the monoecious and dioecious growth habits and management are discussed.
","language":"English","publisher":"Aquatic Plant Management Society","issn":"01466623","usgsCitation":"Madeira, P.T., Jacono, C., and Van, T.K., 2000, Monitoring hydrilla using two RAPD procedures and the nonindigenous aquatic species database: Journal of Aquatic Plant Management, v. 38, p. 33-40.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"33","endPage":"40","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":232552,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":314600,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://apms.org/2000/12/journal-of-aquatic-plant-management-volume-38-2000-2/"}],"country":"United States","state":"Connecticut, Pennsylvania, Washington","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -73.49853515625,\n 42.0615286181226\n ],\n [\n -73.32275390625,\n 42.05337156043361\n ],\n [\n -71.78466796874999,\n 42.037054301883806\n ],\n [\n -71.7791748046875,\n 41.41389556467733\n ],\n [\n -71.817626953125,\n 41.36444153054222\n ],\n [\n -71.83959960937499,\n 41.3025710943056\n ],\n [\n -71.905517578125,\n 41.27367811566259\n ],\n [\n -72.0977783203125,\n 41.23238023874142\n ],\n [\n -72.652587890625,\n 41.23238023874142\n ],\n [\n -72.88330078125,\n 41.20345619205129\n ],\n [\n -73.1854248046875,\n 41.10005163093046\n ],\n [\n -73.388671875,\n 41.04621681452063\n ],\n [\n -73.5205078125,\n 40.97575093157534\n ],\n [\n -73.619384765625,\n 40.95915977213492\n ],\n [\n -73.685302734375,\n 41.05035951931887\n ],\n [\n -73.7347412109375,\n 41.12488359929119\n ],\n [\n -73.4600830078125,\n 41.21585377825921\n ],\n [\n -73.5919189453125,\n 41.3025710943056\n ],\n [\n -73.49853515625,\n 42.0615286181226\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n },\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -79.7607421875,\n 42.48830197960227\n ],\n [\n -79.716796875,\n 42.04929263868686\n ],\n [\n -75.2783203125,\n 42.09822241118974\n ],\n [\n -74.92675781249999,\n 41.86956082699455\n ],\n [\n -74.8828125,\n 41.60722821271717\n ],\n [\n -74.53125,\n 41.5579215778042\n ],\n [\n -74.64111328125,\n 41.343824581185686\n ],\n [\n -75.0146484375,\n 40.99648401437787\n ],\n [\n -75.05859375,\n 40.713955826286046\n ],\n [\n -74.92675781249999,\n 40.463666324587685\n ],\n [\n -74.64111328125,\n 40.212440718286466\n ],\n [\n -75.1025390625,\n 39.9602803542957\n ],\n [\n -75.56396484375,\n 39.774769485295465\n ],\n [\n -75.849609375,\n 39.707186656826565\n ],\n [\n -80.57373046875,\n 39.690280594818034\n ],\n [\n -80.595703125,\n 42.32606244456202\n ],\n [\n -80.068359375,\n 42.439674178149424\n ],\n [\n -79.7607421875,\n 42.48830197960227\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n },\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -123.33251953125,\n 49.03786794532644\n ],\n [\n -116.98242187499999,\n 49.009050809382046\n ],\n [\n -116.91650390625,\n 46.01222384063236\n ],\n [\n -118.91601562499999,\n 45.96642454131025\n ],\n [\n -119.39941406249999,\n 45.82879925192134\n ],\n [\n -120.95947265624999,\n 45.62940492064501\n ],\n [\n -121.6845703125,\n 45.598665689820656\n ],\n [\n -122.62939453125001,\n 45.42929873257377\n ],\n [\n -123.134765625,\n 45.90529985724796\n ],\n [\n -123.3544921875,\n 46.07323062540838\n ],\n [\n -123.81591796875,\n 46.118941506107056\n ],\n [\n -124.07958984375001,\n 46.118941506107056\n ],\n [\n -124.82666015624999,\n 47.931066347509784\n ],\n [\n -124.8486328125,\n 48.472921272487824\n ],\n [\n -123.68408203124999,\n 48.23930899024905\n ],\n [\n -123.134765625,\n 48.3416461723746\n ],\n [\n -123.0908203125,\n 48.472921272487824\n ],\n [\n -123.31054687499999,\n 48.748945343432936\n ],\n [\n -123.00292968749999,\n 48.777912755501845\n ],\n [\n -123.33251953125,\n 49.03786794532644\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"38","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a5db3e4b0c8380cd70539","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Madeira, Paul T.","contributorId":39743,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Madeira","given":"Paul","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":396889,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Jacono, C.C.","contributorId":32879,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jacono","given":"C.C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":396888,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Van, Thai K.","contributorId":83483,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Van","given":"Thai","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":396890,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70023220,"text":"70023220 - 2000 - The Midway sequence: A Timiskaming-type, pull-apart basin deposit in the western Wawa subprovince, Minnesota","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-06-13T14:10:21.271127","indexId":"70023220","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1168,"text":"Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The Midway sequence: A Timiskaming-type, pull-apart basin deposit in the western Wawa subprovince, Minnesota","docAbstract":"The Midway sequence is an assemblage of subaerially deposited clastic and volcanic rocks that forms a narrow wedge within Neoarchean greenstone of the western Wawa subprovince of the Superior Province. Volcanic conglomerate in the Midway sequence contains clasts of stratigraphically older greenstone, together with clasts of a distinctive hornblende-phyric trachyandesite that is not represented among the older greenstone flows. The trachyandesite forms flows and pyroclastic units that are interbedded with lenticular deposits of volcanic conglomerate in a manner interpreted to indicate approximately coeval volcanism and alluvial fan - fluvial sedimentation within a linear, restricted, and tectonically active depocentre. The Midway sequence unconformably overlies greenstone on one side and is bounded by a regional-scale, strike-slip fault on the other. Structural analyses show that the Midway sequence was deposited after an early, precleavage folding event (D1) in greenstone, but before the regional metamorphic cleavage-forming D2 deformation. Lithologic and structural attributes are consistent with deposition in a strike-slip \"pull-apart\" basin. The stratigraphic and structural characteristics of the Midway sequence are generally similar to those of the Timiskaming Group and Timiskaming-type rocks in Canada, and more specifically to those of the Shebandowan Group in the Thunder Bay district. This similarity implies that the latest Archean tectonic and magmatic history of the western Wawa subprovince may have been nearly synchronous over great distances.
","language":"English","publisher":"Canadian Science Publishing","doi":"10.1139/e99-111","issn":"00084077","usgsCitation":"Jirsa, M., 2000, The Midway sequence: A Timiskaming-type, pull-apart basin deposit in the western Wawa subprovince, Minnesota: Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, v. 37, no. 1, p. 1-15, https://doi.org/10.1139/e99-111.","productDescription":"15 p.","startPage":"1","endPage":"15","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":232513,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Minnesota","otherGeospatial":"Superior Province, Wawa Subprovince","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -93.724365234375,\n 47.27177506640828\n ],\n [\n -89.483642578125,\n 47.27177506640828\n ],\n [\n -89.483642578125,\n 49.17452151806784\n ],\n [\n -93.724365234375,\n 49.17452151806784\n ],\n [\n -93.724365234375,\n 47.27177506640828\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"37","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505ba7efe4b08c986b3218d7","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Jirsa, M.A.","contributorId":90932,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jirsa","given":"M.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":396877,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70023194,"text":"70023194 - 2000 - Interaction of infection with Renibacterium salmoninarum and physical stress in juvenile chinook salmon: Physiological responses, disease progression, and mortality","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-01-24T14:07:42","indexId":"70023194","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3624,"text":"Transactions of the American Fisheries Society","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Interaction of infection with Renibacterium salmoninarum and physical stress in juvenile chinook salmon: Physiological responses, disease progression, and mortality","docAbstract":"We experimentally infected juvenile spring chinook salmon Oncorhynchus tshawytscha with Renibacterium salmoninarum (Rs), the causative agent of bacterial kidney disease (BKD), in order to compare the physiological responses of Rs-infected and Rs-noninfected fish to a series of multiple, acute stressors and to determine whether exposure to these stressors worsens the infection and leads to increased mortality. After subjecting groups of fish to a waterborne challenge of Rs, we sampled them biweekly to monitor infection levels, mortality, and some stress-related physiological changes. As infections worsened, fish developed decreased hematocrits and blood glucose levels and increased levels of cortisol and lactate, indicating that BKD is stressful, particularly during the later stages. Eight weeks after the challenge, when fish had moderate to high infection levels, we subjected them, along with unchallenged control fish, to three 60-s bouts of hypoxia, struggling, and mild agitation that were separated by 48-72 h. Our results indicate that the imposition of these stressors on Rs-infected fish did not lead to higher infection levels or increased mortality when compared with diseased fish that did not receive the stressors. Furthermore, the kinetics of plasma cortisol, glucose, and lactate over a 24-h period following each application of the stressor were similar between fish with moderate to high Rs infections and those that had low or no detectable infection. Some differences in the stress responses of these two groups did exist, however. Most notably, fish with moderate to high Rs infections had higher titers of cortisol and lactate prior to each application of the stressor and also were unable to consistently elicit a significant hyperglycemia in response to the stressors. Collectively, our results should be important in understanding the impact that BKD has on the survival of juvenile salmonids, but we caution that our results represent the combined effects of one type of stressor and one disease only and probably cannot be applied to other scenarios.
","language":"English","publisher":"Taylor & Francis","doi":"10.1577/1548-8659(2000)129<0158:IOIWRS>2.0.CO;2","issn":"00028487","usgsCitation":"Mesa, M., Maule, A., and Schreck, C., 2000, Interaction of infection with Renibacterium salmoninarum and physical stress in juvenile chinook salmon: Physiological responses, disease progression, and mortality: Transactions of the American Fisheries Society, v. 129, no. 1, p. 158-173, https://doi.org/10.1577/1548-8659(2000)129<0158:IOIWRS>2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"16 p.","startPage":"158","endPage":"173","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":654,"text":"Western Fisheries Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":233920,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"129","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a3cb4e4b0c8380cd62f73","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Mesa, M.G.","contributorId":17386,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mesa","given":"M.G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":396792,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Maule, A.G.","contributorId":45067,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Maule","given":"A.G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":396793,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Schreck, C.B.","contributorId":11977,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schreck","given":"C.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":396791,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70022256,"text":"70022256 - 2000 - Modeling biotic habitat high risk areas","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-08-29T19:46:28.72432","indexId":"70022256","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2471,"text":"Journal of Sustainable Forestry","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Modeling biotic habitat high risk areas","docAbstract":"Fire, especially stand replacing fire, poses a threat to many threatened and endangered species as well as their habitat. On the other hand, fire is important in maintaining a variety of successional stages that can be important for approach risk assessment to assist in prioritizing areas for allocation of fire mitigation funds. One example looks at assessing risk to the species and biotic communities of concern followed by the Colorado Natural Heritage Program. One looks at the risk to Mexican spottled owls. Another looks at the risk to cutthroat trout, and a fourth considers the general effects of fire and elk.","language":"English","publisher":"Taylor & Francis","doi":"10.1300/J091v11n01_05","issn":"10549811","usgsCitation":"Despain, D.G., Beier, P., Tate, C., Durtsche, B., and Stephens, T., 2000, Modeling biotic habitat high risk areas: Journal of Sustainable Forestry, v. 11, no. 1-2, p. 89-117, https://doi.org/10.1300/J091v11n01_05.","productDescription":"29 p.","startPage":"89","endPage":"117","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":230637,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"11","issue":"1-2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a5be2e4b0c8380cd6f892","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Despain, Don G.","contributorId":31147,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Despain","given":"Don","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[{"id":481,"text":"Northern Rocky Mountain Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":392864,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Beier, P.","contributorId":84944,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Beier","given":"P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":392868,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Tate, C.","contributorId":48343,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tate","given":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":392865,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Durtsche, B.M.","contributorId":59976,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Durtsche","given":"B.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":392866,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Stephens, T.","contributorId":62367,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stephens","given":"T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":392867,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70023177,"text":"70023177 - 2000 - High-resolution seismic reflection surveys and modeling across an area of high damage from the 1994 Northridge earthquake, Sherman Oaks, California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-12-03T13:59:07","indexId":"70023177","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1135,"text":"Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America","onlineIssn":"1943-3573","printIssn":"0037-1106","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"High-resolution seismic reflection surveys and modeling across an area of high damage from the 1994 Northridge earthquake, Sherman Oaks, California","docAbstract":"Approximately 3.6 km of P-wave seismic-reflection data were acquired along two orthogonal profiles in Sherman Oaks, California to determine whether shallow (less than 1-km depth) geologic structures contributed to the dramatic localized damage resulting from the 1994 Northridge earthquake. Both lines, one along Matilija Avenue and one along Milbank Street, crossed areas of both high and low damage. We believe these data reveal a geologic structure in the upper 600 m that contributed to the increased earthquake ground shaking in the high-damage areas south of and along the Los Angeles River. Of interest in these data is a reflection interpreted to be from bedrock that can be traced to the north along the Matilija Avenue profile. This reflecting interface, dipping northward at 15°–22°, may be an important impedance boundary because it is the lower boundary of a wedge of overlying low-velocity sediments. The wedge thins and terminates in the area where we interpret down-warped reflections as evidence of a shallow subbasin. The low-velocity subbasin sediments (Vs of 200 m/sec Vp of 500 m/sec) may be up to 150 m thick beneath the channelized Los Angeles River. The area across the subbasin experienced greater earthquake damage from possible geometric focusing effects. Three-dimensional basin effects may be responsible for the variable damage pattern, but from these seismic profiles it is not possible to determine the regional structural trends. Two-dimensional elastic and SH-mode finite-difference modeling of the imaged structural geometry along Matilija Avenue suggests that a peak horizontal-velocity amplification factor of two-and-over can be explained in the high-damage area above the shallow subbasin and sediment wedge. Amplification factors up to 5 were previously observed in aftershock data, at frequencies of 2 to 6 Hz. Amplification in the elastic simulation at the Santa Monica Mountains range-front on the southern end of the Matilija profile, with the geologic layering and geometry interpreted from the seismic data, is also consistent with aftershock observations.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1785/0119990112","issn":"00371106","usgsCitation":"Stephenson, W.J., Williams, R., Odum, J.K., and Worley, D.M., 2000, High-resolution seismic reflection surveys and modeling across an area of high damage from the 1994 Northridge earthquake, Sherman Oaks, California: Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, v. 90, no. 3, p. 643-654, https://doi.org/10.1785/0119990112.","startPage":"643","endPage":"654","numberOfPages":"12","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":280158,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1785/0119990112"},{"id":233594,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"90","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a311fe4b0c8380cd5dc53","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Stephenson, William J. 0000-0001-8699-0786 wstephens@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8699-0786","contributorId":695,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stephenson","given":"William","email":"wstephens@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":300,"text":"Geologic Hazards Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":396587,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Williams, Robert A. rawilliams@usgs.gov","contributorId":1357,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Williams","given":"Robert A.","email":"rawilliams@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":301,"text":"Geologic Hazards Team","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":396589,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Odum, Jack K. 0000-0002-3162-0355","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3162-0355","contributorId":97900,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Odum","given":"Jack","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":396590,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Worley, David M. worley@usgs.gov","contributorId":947,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Worley","given":"David","email":"worley@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":396588,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70023164,"text":"70023164 - 2000 - Gas content and composition of gas hydrate from sediments of the southeastern North American continental margin","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:08","indexId":"70023164","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Gas content and composition of gas hydrate from sediments of the southeastern North American continental margin","docAbstract":"Gas hydrate samples were recovered from four sites (Sites 994, 995, 996, and 997) along the crest of the Blake Ridge during Ocean Drilling Program (ODP) Leg 164. At Site 996, an area of active gas venting, pockmarks, and chemosynthetic communities, vein-like gas hydrate was recovered from less than 1 meter below seafloor (mbsf) and intermittently through the maximum cored depth of 63 mbsf. In contrast, massive gas hydrate, probably fault filling and/or stratigraphically controlled, was recovered from depths of 260 mbsf at Site 994, and from 331 mbsf at Site 997. Downhole-logging data, along with geochemical and core temperature profiles, indicate that gas hydrate at Sites 994, 995, and 997 occurs from about 180 to 450 mbsf and is dispersed in sediment as 5- to 30-m-thick zones of up to about 15% bulk volume gas hydrate. Selected gas hydrate samples were placed in a sealed chamber and allowed to dissociate. Evolved gas to water volumetric ratios measured on seven samples from Site 996 ranged from 20 to 143 mL gas/mL water to 154 mL gas/mL water in one sample from Site 994, and to 139 mL gas/mL water in one sample from Site 997, which can be compared to the theoretical maximum gas to water ratio of 216. These ratios are minimum gas/water ratios for gas hydrate because of partial dissociation during core recovery and potential contamination with pore waters. Nonetheless, the maximum measured volumetric ratio indicates that at least 71% of the cages in this gas hydrate were filled with gas molecules. When corrections for pore-water contamination are made, these volumetric ratios range from 29 to 204, suggesting that cages in some natural gas hydrate are nearly filled. Methane comprises the bulk of the evolved gas from all sites (98.4%-99.9% methane and 0%-1.5% CO2). Site 996 hydrate contained little CO2 (0%-0.56%). Ethane concentrations differed significantly from Site 996, where they ranged from 720 to 1010 parts per million by volume (ppmv), to Sites 994 and 997, which contained much less ethane (up to 86 ppmv). Up to 19 ppmv propane and other higher homologues were noted; however, these gases are likely contaminants derived from sediment in some hydrate samples. CO2 concentrations are less in gas hydrate than in the surrounding sediment, likely an artifact of core depressurization, which released CO2 derived from dissolved organic carbon (DIC) into sediment. The isotopic composition of methane from gas hydrate ranges from ??13C of -62.5??? to -70.7??? and ??D of -175??? to -200??? and is identical to the isotopic composition of methane from surrounding sediment. Methane of this isotopic composition is mainly microbial in origin and likely produced by bacterial reduction of bicarbonate. The hydrocarbon gases here are likely the products of early microbial diagenesis. The isotopic composition of CO2 from gas hydrate ranges from ??13C of -5.7 to -6.9, about 15??? lighter than CO2 derived from nearby sediment.","largerWorkTitle":"Proceedings of the Ocean Drilling Program: Scientific Results","language":"English","issn":"08845891","usgsCitation":"Lorenson, T., and Collett, T.S., 2000, Gas content and composition of gas hydrate from sediments of the southeastern North American continental margin, in Proceedings of the Ocean Drilling Program: Scientific Results, v. 164, p. 37-46.","startPage":"37","endPage":"46","numberOfPages":"10","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":233408,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"164","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a14c7e4b0c8380cd54b6c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lorenson, T.D.","contributorId":7715,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lorenson","given":"T.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":396553,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Collett, T. S. 0000-0002-7598-4708","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7598-4708","contributorId":86342,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Collett","given":"T.","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":396554,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70023154,"text":"70023154 - 2000 - Modeling sand bank formation around tidal headlands","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-08-16T10:41:54","indexId":"70023154","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3160,"text":"Proceedings of the International Conference on Estuarine and Coastal Modeling","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Modeling sand bank formation around tidal headlands","docAbstract":"Sandbanks are often found in the vicinity of coastal headlands around which tidal flows are strong enough to generate significant tidally-forced residual eddies, typically with scales of 2-10 km. One popular hypothesis is that these sandbanks are generated by a 'tidal stirring' mechanism in which the inward-directed pressure gradient associated with these residual eddies produces an inward-directed movement of sand near the seabed. This hypothesis predicts asymmetric sandbank formation when planetary vorticity is significant compared to the relative vorticity of the residual eddies. This mechanism is tested with a numerical sediment transport model, using idealized symmetrical coastline geometry and tidal forcing that represents conditions similar to regions where these tidal headland sandbanks are known to occur. For both suspended and bedload simulations, we find that nearly symmetric sandbanks form, and that the sediment transport patterns that are responsible for building and maintaining the banks are due more the patterns of shear stress and sediment flux that occur over the course of the tidal cycle rather than to the characteristics of the tidally-averaged residual fields. We also find that sediment supply can be an important factor in controlling the nature of the resulting sandbanks.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Proceedings of the International Conference on Estuarine and Coastal Modeling","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"conferenceTitle":"Proceedings of the 6th International Conference on Estuarine Coastal Modeling","conferenceDate":"3 November 1999 through 5 November 1999","conferenceLocation":"New Orleans, LA, USA","language":"English","publisher":"ASCE","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA, United States","usgsCitation":"Signell, R.P., and Harris, C.K., 2000, Modeling sand bank formation around tidal headlands: Proceedings of the International Conference on Estuarine and Coastal Modeling, p. 209-222.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"209","endPage":"222","costCenters":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":233812,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a5c26e4b0c8380cd6fa96","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Signell, Richard P. rsignell@usgs.gov","contributorId":1435,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Signell","given":"Richard","email":"rsignell@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":396516,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Harris, Courtney K.","contributorId":19620,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Harris","given":"Courtney","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[{"id":6708,"text":"Virginia Institute of Marine Science","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":396517,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70023153,"text":"70023153 - 2000 - Environmental contaminants in Texas, USA, wetland reptiles: Evaluation using blood samples","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-09-28T17:47:04.995464","indexId":"70023153","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1571,"text":"Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Environmental contaminants in Texas, USA, wetland reptiles: Evaluation using blood samples","docAbstract":"Four species of reptiles (diamondback water snake [Nerodia rhombifer], blotched water snake [N. erythrogaster], cottonmouth [Agkistrodon piscivorus], and red-eared slider [Trachemys scripta]) were collected at two contaminated and three reference sites in Texas, USA. Old River Slough has received intensive applications of agricultural chemicals since the 1950s. Municipal Lake received industrial arsenic wastes continuously from 1940 to 1993. Blood samples were analyzed for organochlorines, potentially toxic elements, genetic damage, and plasma cholinesterase (ChE). Dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene (DDE) concentrations reached as high as 3.0 ppm (wet weight) in whole blood of a diamondback water snake at Old River Slough, a level probably roughly equivalent to the maximum concentration found in plasma of peregrine falcons (Falco peregrinus) in 1978 to 1979 when DDE peaked in this sensitive species. Possible impacts on diamondback water snakes are unknown, but at least one diamondback water snake was gravid when captured, indicating active reproduction. Arsenic was not found in red-eared sliders (only species sampled) from Municipal Lake. Red-eared sliders of both sexes at Old River Slough showed declining levels of ChE with increasing mass, suggesting a life-long decrease of ChE levels. Possible negative population consequences are unknown, but no evidence was found in body condition (mass relative to carapace length) that red-eared sliders at either contaminated site were harmed.
","language":"English","publisher":"Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry","doi":"10.1002/etc.5620190916","issn":"07307268","usgsCitation":"Clark, D.R., Bickham, J., Baker, D., and Cowman, D., 2000, Environmental contaminants in Texas, USA, wetland reptiles: Evaluation using blood samples: Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, v. 19, no. 9, p. 2259-2265, https://doi.org/10.1002/etc.5620190916.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"2259","endPage":"2265","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":233811,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Texas","otherGeospatial":"Municipal Lake, Navasota River, Old River Slough, Private Lake, Research Park 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D. R. Jr.","contributorId":40928,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Clark","given":"D.","suffix":"Jr.","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":396512,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bickham, J. W.","contributorId":87483,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bickham","given":"J. W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":396515,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Baker, D.L.","contributorId":56402,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Baker","given":"D.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":396514,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Cowman, D.F.","contributorId":55598,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cowman","given":"D.F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":396513,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70023148,"text":"70023148 - 2000 - Evidence for a previously unrecognized species of owlet-nightjar","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-05-09T16:01:57","indexId":"70023148","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3544,"text":"The Auk","onlineIssn":"1938-4254","printIssn":"0004-8038","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Evidence for a previously unrecognized species of owlet-nightjar","docAbstract":"I studied the systematic relationships of the three large owlet-nightjars (Aegothelidae) to determine the taxonomic status of a fawn-colored lowland form currently classified as Aegotheles insignis tatei. I examined most of the existing specimens of A. i. insignis (n = 158) and A. crinifrons (n = 23) and all known specimens of A. i. tatei (n = 4). I also examined specimens of A. albertisi (n = 70), A. archboldi (n = 25), A. bennettii (n = 55), A. cristatus (n = 50), A. savesi (n = 1), and A. wallacii (n = 21). Aegotheles i. tatei was distinguishable from A. i. insignis and A. crinifrons by its small size and in seven plumage characters. Aegotheles i. tatei was further distinguishable from one or the other of these taxa by four additional characters. Unique among owlet-nightjars, A. i. tatei has the shortest tarsi, does not have recurved filamentous tips on its facial feathers, and has stiffer feathers on the auricular area and throat. My search of museums revealed two new specimens of A. i. tatei, expanding the known geographic range of this taxon 1,000 km eastward along the southern coast of Papua New Guinea from the upper Fly River to Nunumai, near the Ulamanu River. Unlike the montane A. i. insignis, A. i. tatei inhabits lowland forests where rivers emerge from foothills of the main cordillera. I propose that tatei be elevated to species status and that the name Starry Owlet-Nightjar be adopted based on the bird's markings. Aegotheles crinifrons, A. insignis, and A. tatei pass through a previously unrecognized but distinctive rufous juvenal plumage. These are the only owlet-nightjars known to exhibit this plumage, which calls for reexamination of generic limits within the Aegothelidae.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Ornithological Society","doi":"10.1642/0004-8038(2000)117[0001:EFAPUS]2.0.CO;2","issn":"00048038","usgsCitation":"Pratt, T., 2000, Evidence for a previously unrecognized species of owlet-nightjar: The Auk, v. 117, no. 1, p. 1-11, https://doi.org/10.1642/0004-8038(2000)117[0001:EFAPUS]2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"1","endPage":"11","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":492041,"rank":1,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1642/0004-8038(2000)117[0001:efapus]2.0.co;2","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":233736,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"117","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0d31e4b0c8380cd52e82","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Pratt, T.K.","contributorId":13717,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pratt","given":"T.K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":396491,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70023147,"text":"70023147 - 2000 - Sediment-contact and survival of fingernail clams: Implications for conducting short-term laboratory tests","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:37","indexId":"70023147","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1570,"text":"Environmental Toxicology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Sediment-contact and survival of fingernail clams: Implications for conducting short-term laboratory tests","docAbstract":"Porewater toxicity tests have been used as indicators of whole sediment toxicity. However, many species commonly tested in porewater predominately reside in the water column and otherwise have little to no direct contact with sediment and associated porewater. We assessed the feasibility of porewater toxicity tests with fingernail clams Musculium transversum, a benthic macroinvertebrate that inhabits soft bottom sediments and feeds by filtering surface and porewater. Fingernail clams were exposed to water or sediment in a 96 h laboratory test with a 5 x 2 factorial experimental design. The five treatments included sediments from four sites in the Mississippi River and one sediment-free control (well water). In all treatments, clams were exposed to the sediments or water either directly (no enclosure) or indirectly (enclosure, suspended above the sediment surface). There were three replicates for each of the ten treatment combinations. Overall, survival of fingernail clams did not vary among the five treatments (p = 0.36). In treatments without enclosures, survival of clams in the sediment-free control was not significantly different (p = 0.34) from the sediment-containing treatments. Survival of clams in the sediment-free control averaged 85 - suggesting that direct sediment contact is not necessary for survival in short-term tests. In contrast, survival of clams in the sediment-containing treatments differed significantly (p = 0.03) between exposures with (mean, 77) and without (mean, 89) enclosures. Thus, fingernail clams may provide an alternative species for evaluating benthic macroinvertebrates in short-term laboratory porewater tests. However, more information on their physiological requirements and the development of sublethal endpoints is recommended before their use in tests of longer duration. (C) 2000 by John Wiley and Sons, Inc.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Environmental Toxicology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1002/(SICI)1522-7278(2000)15:1<23::AID-TOX4>3.0.CO;2-5","issn":"15204081","usgsCitation":"Naimo, T., Cope, W., and Bartsch, M., 2000, Sediment-contact and survival of fingernail clams: Implications for conducting short-term laboratory tests: Environmental Toxicology, v. 15, no. 1, p. 23-27, https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1522-7278(2000)15:1<23::AID-TOX4>3.0.CO;2-5.","startPage":"23","endPage":"27","numberOfPages":"5","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":233701,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":208177,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1522-7278(2000)15:1<23::AID-TOX4>3.0.CO;2-5"}],"volume":"15","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b8a02e4b08c986b316fa6","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Naimo, T.J.","contributorId":32870,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Naimo","given":"T.J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":396488,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Cope, W.G.","contributorId":71918,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cope","given":"W.G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":396490,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Bartsch, M.R.","contributorId":42908,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bartsch","given":"M.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":396489,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70023140,"text":"70023140 - 2000 - Pesticides in wells in agricultural and urban areas of the Hudson River basin","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:38","indexId":"70023140","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2897,"text":"Northeastern Geology and Environmental Sciences","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Pesticides in wells in agricultural and urban areas of the Hudson River basin","docAbstract":"Ground-water samples from four monitoring well networks in the Hudson River basin were analyzed for pesticides (detection limits from 0.001 to 0.018 ??g/L). The most frequent detections were in samples from shallow depths beneath agricultural areas. Concentrations of pesticides in samples from all four networks were generally below 0.10 ??g/L, and the concentration of only one (cyanazine) exceeded any maximum contaminant levels or health advisory levels set by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. The well networks represented two land-use and two well-depth categories as follows: 1. agricultural shallow wells - two springs and 14 wells finished less than 15 m below land surface in unconfined unconsolidated aquifers beneath agricultural land, 2. agricultural water-supply-wells - 31 wells finished 1.8 to 120 m below land surface in unconsolidated unconfined aquifers and bedrock aquifers beneath agricultural land 3. urban/residential shallow-wells - 17 wells finished less than 16 m below land surface in unconfined unconsolidated aquifers beneath urban or residential land; and 4. urban/residential water-supply-wells - 25 water-supply or observation wells finished 5 to 113 m below land surface in unconfined, unconsolidated aquifers and bedrock aquifers beneath urban or residential land. Pesticides were detected in 69 percent of the samples from the agricultural shallow wells, in 29 percent of the samples from the agricultural water-supply wells, in no samples from the urban/residential shallow wells, and in 16 percent of the samples from the urban/residential water-supply wells. At least half of the samples from the agricultural shallow-well network contained two herbicides (atrazine and metolachlor) and one herbicide metabolite (deethylatrazine); other pesticides detected in samples from this network included metribuzin, cyanazine, EPTC, and pendimethalin. Samples from the agricultural water-supply wells contained two insecticides (diazinon and malathion), two herbicides (atrazine and prometon), and one herbicide metabolite (deethylatrazine). Samples from the urban/residential water-supply well network contained two insecticides (diazinon and malathion), and three herbicides (atrazine, metolachlor, and prometon). Pesticides were detected in samples from depths of less than 2 to more than 70 m. Pesticides were detected in samples with nitrate concentrations ranging from less than the detection limit of 0.05 mg/L to 16 mg/L. These results indicate that pesticides are detected most frequently in shallow ground water beneath agricultural areas, and that pesticides can be detected in wells with a wide range of depths and nitrate concentrations.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Northeastern Geology and Environmental Sciences","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","issn":"01941453","usgsCitation":"Phillips, P.J., Wall, G.R., and Ryan, C., 2000, Pesticides in wells in agricultural and urban areas of the Hudson River basin: Northeastern Geology and Environmental Sciences, v. 22, no. 1, p. 1-9.","startPage":"1","endPage":"9","numberOfPages":"9","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":233626,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"22","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a7772e4b0c8380cd784cb","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Phillips, P. J.","contributorId":31728,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Phillips","given":"P.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":396454,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Wall, G. R.","contributorId":93652,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wall","given":"G.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":396456,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Ryan, C.M.","contributorId":44707,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ryan","given":"C.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":396455,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70023137,"text":"70023137 - 2000 - Intra- and inter-unit variation in fly ash petrography and mercury adsorption: Examples from a western Kentucky power station","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:38","indexId":"70023137","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1513,"text":"Energy and Fuels","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Intra- and inter-unit variation in fly ash petrography and mercury adsorption: Examples from a western Kentucky power station","docAbstract":"Fly ash was collected from eight mechanical and 10 baghouse hoppers at each of the twin 150-MW wall-fired units in a western Kentucky power station. The fuel burned at that time was a blend of many low-sulfur, high-volatile bituminous Central Appalachian coals. The baghouse ash showed less variation between units than the mechanical hoppers. The mechanical fly ash, coarser than the baghouse ash, showed significant differences in the amount of total carbon and in the ratio of isotropic coke to both total carbon and total coke - the latter excluding inertinite and other unburned, uncoked coal. There was no significant variation in proportions of inorganic fly ash constituents. The inter-unit differences in the amount and forms of mechanical fly ash carbon appear to be related to differences in pulverizer efficiency, leading to greater amounts of coarse coal, therefore unburned carbon, in one of the units. Mercury capture is a function of both the total carbon content and the gas temperature at the point of fly ash separation, mercury content increasing with an increase in carbon for a specific collection system. Mercury adsorption on fly ash carbon increases at lower flue-gas temperatures. Baghouse fly ash, collected at a lower temperature than the higher-carbon mechanically separated fly ash, contains a significantly greater amount of Hg.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Energy and Fuels","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"ACS","publisherLocation":"Washington, DC, United States","doi":"10.1021/ef9901488","issn":"08870624","usgsCitation":"Hower, J., Finkelman, R.B., Rathbone, R., and Goodman, J., 2000, Intra- and inter-unit variation in fly ash petrography and mercury adsorption: Examples from a western Kentucky power station: Energy and Fuels, v. 14, no. 1, p. 212-216, https://doi.org/10.1021/ef9901488.","startPage":"212","endPage":"216","numberOfPages":"5","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":208124,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ef9901488"},{"id":233590,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"14","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1999-12-07","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a3db9e4b0c8380cd637b4","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hower, J.C.","contributorId":100541,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hower","given":"J.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":396444,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Finkelman, R. B.","contributorId":20341,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Finkelman","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":396441,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Rathbone, R.F.","contributorId":51924,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rathbone","given":"R.F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":396443,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Goodman, J.","contributorId":21417,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Goodman","given":"J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":396442,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70023127,"text":"70023127 - 2000 - Vegetation associations in a rare community type - Coastal tallgrass prairie","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-01-13T15:02:46","indexId":"70023127","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3086,"text":"Plant Ecology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Vegetation associations in a rare community type - Coastal tallgrass prairie","docAbstract":"The coastal prairie ecoregion is located along the northwestern coastal plain of the Gulf of Mexico in North America. Because of agricultural and urban development, less than 1% of the original 3.4 million ha of this ecosystem type remains in native condition, making it one of the most endangered ecosystems in North America. The objective of this study was to characterize the vegetation and environmental relationships in a relatively pristine example of lowland coastal prairie in order to provide information for use in conservation and restoration. The study area was a small, isolated prairie located near the southern boundary of the coastal prairie region. Samples were taken along three parallel transects that spanned the prairie. Parameters measured included species composition, elevation, soil characteristics, indications of recent disturbance, above-ground biomass, and light penetration through the plant canopy. Fifty-four species were found in the 107 0.25-m2 plots and a total of 96 species were found at the site. Only two non-native species occurred in sample plots, both of which were uncommon. Cluster analysis was used to identify six vegetation groups, which were primarily dominated by members of the Poaceae or Asteraceae. A conspicuous, natural edaphic feature of the prairie was the presence of 'mima' mounds, which are raised areas approximately 0.5 to 1 m high and 5 to 10 m across. Indicator species analysis revealed a significant number of species that were largely restricted to mounds and these were predominately upland and colonizing species. Ordination was performed using nonmetric, multidimensional scaling. The dominant environmental influence on species composition was found to be elevation and a host of correlated factors including those associated with soil organic content. A secondary group of factors, consisting primarily of soil cations, was found to explain additional variance among plots. Overall, this prairie was found to contain plant associations that are now rare in the surrounding landscape. Within the prairie, plant groups were largely separated by a suite of environmental conditions associated with topography. These results suggest that conservation and restoration efforts will need to carefully consider local topographic influences in order to be successful.","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1023/A:1009812911286","usgsCitation":"Grace, J.B., Allain, L.K., and Allen, C., 2000, Vegetation associations in a rare community type - Coastal tallgrass prairie: Plant Ecology, v. 147, no. 1, p. 105-115, https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1009812911286.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"105","endPage":"115","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":233441,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"147","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bc1d0e4b08c986b32a790","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Grace, James B. 0000-0001-6374-4726 gracej@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6374-4726","contributorId":884,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Grace","given":"James","email":"gracej@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":455,"text":"National Wetlands Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":17705,"text":"Wetland and Aquatic Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":396398,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Allain, Larry K. 0000-0002-7717-9761 allainl@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7717-9761","contributorId":2414,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Allain","given":"Larry","email":"allainl@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[{"id":17705,"text":"Wetland and Aquatic Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":455,"text":"National Wetlands Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":396399,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Allen, Charles","contributorId":119821,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Allen","given":"Charles","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":396397,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70023111,"text":"70023111 - 2000 - Characterizing multiple timescales of stream and storage zone interaction that affect solute fate and transport in streams","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-12-10T08:53:37","indexId":"70023111","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3722,"text":"Water Resources Research","onlineIssn":"1944-7973","printIssn":"0043-1397","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Characterizing multiple timescales of stream and storage zone interaction that affect solute fate and transport in streams","docAbstract":"The fate of contaminants in streams and rivers is affected by exchange and biogeochemical transformation in slowly moving or stagnant flow zones that interact with rapid flow in the main channel. In a typical stream, there are multiple types of slowly moving flow zones in which exchange and transformation occur, such as stagnant or recirculating surface water as well as subsurface hyporheic zones. However, most investigators use transport models with just a single storage zone in their modeling studies, which assumes that the effects of multiple storage zones can be lumped together. Our study addressed the following question: Can a single‐storage zone model reliably characterize the effects of physical retention and biogeochemical reactions in multiple storage zones? We extended an existing stream transport model with a single storage zone to include a second storage zone. With the extended model we generated 500 data sets representing transport of nonreactive and reactive solutes in stream systems that have two different types of storage zones with variable hydrologic conditions. The one storage zone model was tested by optimizing the lumped storage parameters to achieve a best fit for each of the generated data sets. Multiple storage processes were categorized as possessing I, additive; II, competitive; or III, dominant storage zone characteristics. The classification was based on the goodness of fit of generated data sets, the degree of similarity in mean retention time of the two storage zones, and the relative distributions of exchange flux and storage capacity between the two storage zones. For most cases (>90%) the one storage zone model described either the effect of the sum of multiple storage processes (category I) or the dominant storage process (category III). Failure of the one storage zone model occurred mainly for category II, that is, when one of the storage zones had a much longer mean retention time (ts ratio > 5.0) and when the dominance of storage capacity and exchange flux occurred in different storage zones. We also used the one storage zone model to estimate a “single” lumped rate constant representing the net removal of a solute by biogeochemical reactions in multiple storage zones. For most cases the lumped rate constant that was optimized by one storage zone modeling estimated the flux‐weighted rate constant for multiple storage zones. Our results explain how the relative hydrologic properties of multiple storage zones (retention time, storage capacity, exchange flux, and biogeochemical reaction rate constant) affect the reliability of lumped parameters determined by a one storage zone transport model. We conclude that stream transport models with a single storage compartment will in most cases reliably characterize the dominant physical processes of solute retention and biogeochemical reactions in streams with multiple storage zones.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/2000WR900051","usgsCitation":"Choi, J., Harvey, J.W., and Conklin, M.H., 2000, Characterizing multiple timescales of stream and storage zone interaction that affect solute fate and transport in streams: Water Resources Research, v. 36, no. 6, p. 1511-1518, https://doi.org/10.1029/2000WR900051.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"1511","endPage":"1518","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":479285,"rank":1,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2000wr900051","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":233735,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"36","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f500e4b0c8380cd4c02a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Choi, Jungyill","contributorId":70792,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Choi","given":"Jungyill","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":396203,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Harvey, Judson W. 0000-0002-2654-9873 jwharvey@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2654-9873","contributorId":1796,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Harvey","given":"Judson","email":"jwharvey@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":436,"text":"National Research Program - Eastern Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":396202,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Conklin, Martha H.","contributorId":189395,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Conklin","given":"Martha","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":396204,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70022255,"text":"70022255 - 2000 - Chapter 4. Predicting post-fire erosion and sedimentation risk on a landscape scale","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-12-20T15:39:56.435368","indexId":"70022255","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2471,"text":"Journal of Sustainable Forestry","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Chapter 4. Predicting post-fire erosion and sedimentation risk on a landscape scale","docAbstract":"Historic fire suppression efforts have increased the likelihood of large wildfires in much of the western U.S. Post-fire soil erosion and sedimentation risks are important concerns to resource managers. In this paper we develop and apply procedures to predict post-fire erosion and sedimentation risks on a pixel-, catchment-, and landscape-scale in central and western Colorado.
Our model for predicting post-fire surface erosion risk is conceptually similar to the Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation (RUSLE). One key addition is the incorporation of a hydrophobicity risk index (HY-RISK) based on vegetation type, predicted fire severity, and soil texture. Post-fire surface erosion risk was assessed for each 90-m pixel by combining HYRISK, slope, soil erodibility, and a factor representing the likely increase in soil wetness due to removal of the vegetation. Sedimentation risk was a simple function of stream gradient. Composite surface erosion and sedimentation risk indices were calculated and compared across the 72 catchments in the study area.
When evaluated on a catchment scale, two-thirds of the catchments had relatively little post-fire erosion risk. Steeper catchments with higher fuel loadings typically had the highest post-fire surface erosion risk. These were generally located along the major north-south mountain chains and, to a lesser extent, in west-central Colorado. Sedimentation risks were usually highest in the eastern part of the study area where a higher proportion of streams had lower gradients. While data to validate the predicted erosion and sedimentation risks are lacking, the results appear reasonable and are consistent with our limited field observations. The models and analytic procedures can be readily adapted to other locations and should provide useful tools for planning and management at both the catchment and landscape scale.
","language":"English","publisher":"Taylor & Francis","doi":"10.1300/J091v11n01_04","usgsCitation":"MacDonald, L.H., Sampson, R., Brady, D., Juarros, L., and Martin, D.A., 2000, Chapter 4. Predicting post-fire erosion and sedimentation risk on a landscape scale: Journal of Sustainable Forestry, v. 11, no. 1-2, p. 57-87, https://doi.org/10.1300/J091v11n01_04.","productDescription":"31 p.","startPage":"57","endPage":"87","numberOfPages":"31","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":230636,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"11","issue":"1-2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a81c3e4b0c8380cd7b6f5","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"MacDonald, L. H.","contributorId":11791,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"MacDonald","given":"L.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":392859,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Sampson, R.","contributorId":22111,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sampson","given":"R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":392860,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Brady, D.","contributorId":52742,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brady","given":"D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":392861,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Juarros, L.","contributorId":55173,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Juarros","given":"L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":392862,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Martin, Deborah A. 0000-0001-8237-0838 damartin@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8237-0838","contributorId":168662,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Martin","given":"Deborah","email":"damartin@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":5044,"text":"National Research Program - Central Branch","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":37277,"text":"WMA - Earth System Processes Division","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":392863,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70022244,"text":"70022244 - 2000 - Testing methods to produce landscape-scale presettlement vegetation maps from the U.S. public land survey records","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:47","indexId":"70022244","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2602,"text":"Landscape Ecology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Testing methods to produce landscape-scale presettlement vegetation maps from the U.S. public land survey records","docAbstract":"The U.S. Public Land Survey (PLS) notebooks are one of the best records of the pre-European settlement landscape and are widely used to recreate presettlement vegetation maps. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the relative ability of several interpolation techniques to map this vegetation, as sampled by the PLS surveyors, at the landscape level. Field data from Sylvania Wilderness Area, MI (U.S.A.), sampled at the same scale as the PLS data, were used for this test. Sylvania is comprised of a forested landscape similar to that present during presettlement times. Data were analyzed using two Arc/Info interpolation processes and indicator kriging. The resulting maps were compared to a 'correct' map of Sylvania, which was classified from aerial photographs. We found that while the interpolation methods used accurately estimated the relative forest composition of the landscape and the order of dominance of different vegetation types, they were unable to accurately estimate the actual area occupied by each vegetation type. Nor were any of the methods we tested able to recreate the landscape patterns found in the natural landscape. The most likely cause for these inabilities is the scale at which the field data (and hence the PLS data) were recorded. Therefore, these interpolation methods should not be used with the PLS data to recreate pre-European settlement vegetation at small scales (e.g., less than several townships or areas < 104 ha). Recommendations are given for ways to increase the accuracy of these vegetation maps.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Landscape Ecology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1023/A:1008115200471","issn":"09212973","usgsCitation":"Manies, K., and Mladenoff, D., 2000, Testing methods to produce landscape-scale presettlement vegetation maps from the U.S. public land survey records: Landscape Ecology, v. 15, no. 8, p. 741-754, https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1008115200471.","startPage":"741","endPage":"754","numberOfPages":"14","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":206644,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1008115200471"},{"id":230449,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"15","issue":"8","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505ba5c9e4b08c986b320c9d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Manies, K.L.","contributorId":23228,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Manies","given":"K.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":392826,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Mladenoff, D.J.","contributorId":18881,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mladenoff","given":"D.J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":392825,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70022058,"text":"70022058 - 2000 - Water quality degradation effects on freshwater availability: Impacts of human activities","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-06-28T15:37:25.188589","indexId":"70022058","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3713,"text":"Water International","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"displayTitle":"Water quality degradation effects on freshwater availability: Impacts of human activities","title":"Water quality degradation effects on freshwater availability: Impacts of human activities","docAbstract":"The quality of freshwater at any point on the landscape reflects the combined effects of many processes along water pathways. Human activities on all spatial scales affect both water quality and quantity. Alteration of the landscape and associated vegetation has not only changed the water balance, but typically has altered processes that control water quality. Effects of human activities on a small scale are relevant to an entire drainage basin. Furthermore, local, regional, and global differences in climate and water flow are considerable, causing varying effects of human activities on land and water quality and quantity, depending on location within a watershed, geology, biology, physiographic characteristics, and climate. These natural characteristics also greatly control human activities, which will, in turn, modify (or affect) the natural composition of water. One of the most important issues for effective resource management is recognition of cyclical and cascading effects of human activities on the water quality and quantity along hydrologic pathways. The degradation of water quality in one part of a watershed can have negative effects on users downstream. Everyone lives downstream of the effects of some human activity. An extremely important factor is that substances added to the atmosphere, land, and water generally have relatively long time scales for removal or clean up. The nature of the substance, including its affinity for adhering to soil and its ability to be transformed, affects the mobility and the time scale for removal of the substance. Policy alone will not solve many of the degradation issues, but a combination of policy, education, scientific knowledge, planning, and enforcement of applicable laws can provide mechanisms for slowing the rate of degradation and provide human and environmental protection. Such an integrated approach is needed to effectively manage land and water resources.","language":"English","publisher":"Taylor & Francis","doi":"10.1080/02508060008686817","issn":"02508060","usgsCitation":"Peters, N.E., and Meybeck, M., 2000, Water quality degradation effects on freshwater availability: Impacts of human activities: Water International, v. 25, no. 2, p. 185-193, https://doi.org/10.1080/02508060008686817.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"185","endPage":"193","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":230775,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"25","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bc893e4b08c986b32c9d3","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Peters, Norman E. nepeters@usgs.gov","contributorId":1324,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Peters","given":"Norman","email":"nepeters@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":316,"text":"Georgia Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":392201,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Meybeck, Michel","contributorId":43521,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Meybeck","given":"Michel","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":392202,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70022234,"text":"70022234 - 2000 - Effects of a spring flushing flow on the distribution of radio-tagged juvenile rainbow trout in a Wyoming tailwater","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:48","indexId":"70022234","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2886,"text":"North American Journal of Fisheries Management","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Effects of a spring flushing flow on the distribution of radio-tagged juvenile rainbow trout in a Wyoming tailwater","docAbstract":"The controlled release of dammed water, designed to produce a flushing flow that would remove fine sediments from spawning habitat in a flow-regulated river, did not displace juvenile rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss (20-25 cm total length) downstream. Of eight naturally spawned (wild) and nine hatchery fish that were radio-tagged, only one wild fish and two hatchery fish were found in different locations after an eight-fold increase in flow. These three fish moved upstream and the greatest movement was 96 m. Cobble and boulder substrates in main-channel pools were thought to provide slow-water-velocity refuges during the flushing flow. Our findings and the findings of other researchers suggest that flushing flows can be conducted to enhance spawning habitat for rainbow trout without causing extensive downstream movements or habitat displacement of small fish in regulated rivers.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"North American Journal of Fisheries Management","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1577/1548-8675(2000)020<0546:EOASFF>2.3.CO;2","issn":"02755947","usgsCitation":"Simpkins, D., Hubert, W., and Wesche, T.A., 2000, Effects of a spring flushing flow on the distribution of radio-tagged juvenile rainbow trout in a Wyoming tailwater: North American Journal of Fisheries Management, v. 20, no. 2, p. 546-551, https://doi.org/10.1577/1548-8675(2000)020<0546:EOASFF>2.3.CO;2.","startPage":"546","endPage":"551","numberOfPages":"6","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":206581,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1577/1548-8675(2000)020<0546:EOASFF>2.3.CO;2"},{"id":230292,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"20","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0672e4b0c8380cd5124f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Simpkins, D.G.","contributorId":80027,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Simpkins","given":"D.G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":392796,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hubert, W.A.","contributorId":12822,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hubert","given":"W.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":392794,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Wesche, Thomas A.","contributorId":14595,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wesche","given":"Thomas","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":392795,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70022231,"text":"70022231 - 2000 - Katmai volcanic cluster and the great eruption of 1912","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-09-22T13:57:35.832482","indexId":"70022231","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1786,"text":"Geological Society of America Bulletin","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Katmai volcanic cluster and the great eruption of 1912","docAbstract":"In June 1912, the world's largest twentieth century eruption broke out through flat-lying sedimentary rocks of Jurassic age near the base of Trident volcano on the Alaska Peninsula. The 60 h ash-flow and Plinian eruptive sequence excavated and subsequently backfilled with ejecta a flaring funnel-shaped vent since called Novarupta. The vent is adjacent to a cluster of late Quaternary stratocones and domes that have released about 140 km3 of magma in the past 150 k.y. Although the 1912 vent is closest to the Trident group and is also close to Mageik and Griggs volcanoes, it was the summit of Mount Katmai, 10 km east of Novarupta, that collapsed during the eruption to form a 5.5 km3 caldera. Many earthquakes, including 14 in the range M 6−7, took place during and after the eruption, releasing 250 times more seismic energy than the 1991 caldera-forming eruption of the Philippine volcano, Pinatubo. The contrast in seismic behavior may reflect the absence of older caldera faults at Mount Katmai, lack of upward (subsidence opposing) magma flow owing to lateral magma withdrawal in 1912, and the horizontally stratified structure of the thick shale-rich Mesozoic basement. The Katmai caldera compensates for only 40% of the 13 km3 of 1912 magma erupted, which included 7–8 km3 of slightly zoned high-silica rhyolite and 4.5 km3 of crystal-rich dacite that grades continuously into 1 km3 of crystal-rich andesite. We have now mapped, sampled, and studied the products of all 20 components of the Katmai volcanic cluster. Pyroxene dacite and silicic andesite predominate at all of them, and olivine andesite is also common at Griggs, Katmai, and Trident volcanoes, but basalt and rhyodacite have erupted only at Mount Katmai. Rhyolite erupted only in 1912 and is otherwise absent among Quaternary products of the cluster. Pleistocene products of Mageik and Trident and all products of Griggs are compositionally distinguishable from those of 1912 at Novarupta. Holocene products of Mount Martin and Trident are closer in composition to the andesite-dacite array of 1912, but they reveal consistent differences. The affinity of the 1912 suite is closest with the array of products erupted by the Southwest Katmai cone, the edifice that had produced the only pre-1912 rhyodacite as well as the largest prehistoric Plinian eruption in the cluster. It is doubtful that any 1912 magma had been stored beneath Novarupta or Trident, and there is no evidence that more than one magma chamber erupted in 1912. Despite a compositional gap separating the aphyric rhyolite from the very crystal-rich andesite-dacite continuum, isotopic and chemical affinities linking all the 1912 ejecta and the continuity of all those ejecta in magmatic temperature and oxygen fugacity suggest that the rhyolite originated principally by incremental upward expulsion of interstitial melt from subjacent andesite-dacite mush. A large reservoir of such hot crystal mush is required both as the residue of rhyolitic melt separation and as a proximate heat source to thermally sustain the nearly aphyric condition of the overlying rhyolite. A model is presented for a unitary zoned chamber beneath Mount Katmai.
","language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","doi":"10.1130/0016-7606(2000)112<1594:KVCATG>2.0.CO;2","issn":"00167606","usgsCitation":"Hildreth, W., and Fierstein, J., 2000, Katmai volcanic cluster and the great eruption of 1912: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 112, no. 10, p. 1594-1620, https://doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(2000)112<1594:KVCATG>2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"27 p.","startPage":"1594","endPage":"1620","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":230861,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"Katmai volcanic cluster","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -165.0146484375,\n 54.380557368630654\n ],\n [\n -162.97119140625,\n 54.265224078605684\n ],\n [\n -159.58740234375,\n 54.635697306063854\n ],\n [\n -159.08203125,\n 54.6992335284814\n ],\n [\n -158.84033203125,\n 55.640398956687356\n ],\n [\n -158.203125,\n 56.04749958329888\n ],\n [\n -156.99462890624997,\n 56.49889156789072\n ],\n [\n -156.55517578125,\n 56.8249328650072\n ],\n [\n -155.93994140625,\n 57.350237477396824\n ],\n [\n -152.86376953125,\n 58.57398108438837\n ],\n [\n -151.94091796875,\n 58.722598828043374\n ],\n [\n -152.11669921875,\n 59.153403092050375\n ],\n [\n -152.02880859375,\n 59.77852198502987\n ],\n [\n -151.3916015625,\n 60.511343283202464\n ],\n [\n -151.5234375,\n 60.76989094827323\n ],\n [\n -150.97412109375,\n 61.18562468142281\n ],\n [\n -154.70947265625,\n 61.30190220337445\n ],\n [\n -154.75341796875,\n 60.27251459483244\n ],\n [\n -154.84130859375,\n 59.366793908532124\n ],\n [\n -155.91796874999997,\n 58.92733441827545\n ],\n [\n -156.24755859375,\n 58.33256713195789\n ],\n [\n -157.91748046875,\n 57.53941679447497\n ],\n [\n -158.73046875,\n 57.16007826737998\n ],\n [\n -159.14794921875,\n 56.8729956637964\n ],\n [\n -160.46630859375,\n 56.353077613860826\n ],\n [\n -160.64208984375,\n 56.108810038002154\n ],\n [\n -161.52099609375,\n 56.03522578369872\n ],\n [\n -162.24609375,\n 55.801280971180454\n ],\n [\n -162.70751953125,\n 55.441479359140686\n ],\n [\n -163.63037109375,\n 55.141209644495056\n ],\n [\n -164.64111328125,\n 54.95238569063361\n ],\n [\n -165.03662109375,\n 54.67383096593114\n ],\n [\n -165.0146484375,\n 54.380557368630654\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"112","issue":"10","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a406ae4b0c8380cd64d3e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hildreth, W. 0000-0002-7925-4251","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7925-4251","contributorId":100487,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hildreth","given":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":392780,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Fierstein, J.","contributorId":67666,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fierstein","given":"J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":392779,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70022203,"text":"70022203 - 2000 - Carbon dioxide from coal combustion: Variation with rank of US coal","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:47","indexId":"70022203","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1709,"text":"Fuel","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Carbon dioxide from coal combustion: Variation with rank of US coal","docAbstract":"Carbon dioxide from combustion of US coal systematically varies with ASTM rank indices, allowing the amount of CO2 produced per net unit of energy to be predicted for individual coals. No single predictive equation is applicable to all coals. Accordingly, we provide one equation for coals above high volatile bituminous rank and another for lower rank coals. When applied to public data for commercial coals from western US mines these equations show a 15% variation of kg CO2 (net GJ)-1. This range of variation suggests reduction of US CO2 emissions is possible by prudent selection of coal for combustion. Maceral and mineral content are shown to slightly affect CO2 emissions from US coal. We also suggest that CO2 emissions increased between 6 and 8% in instances where Midwestern US power plants stopped burning local, high-sulfur bituminous coal and started burning low-sulfur, subbituminous C rank coal from the western US.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Fuel","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier Science Ltd","publisherLocation":"Exeter, United Kingdom","doi":"10.1016/S0016-2361(99)00197-0","issn":"00162361","usgsCitation":"Quick, J., and Glick, D., 2000, Carbon dioxide from coal combustion: Variation with rank of US coal: Fuel, v. 79, no. 7, p. 803-812, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0016-2361(99)00197-0.","startPage":"803","endPage":"812","numberOfPages":"10","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":206643,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0016-2361(99)00197-0"},{"id":230447,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"79","issue":"7","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f360e4b0c8380cd4b76b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Quick, J.C.","contributorId":80848,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Quick","given":"J.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":392696,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Glick, D.C.","contributorId":78906,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Glick","given":"D.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":392695,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70022201,"text":"70022201 - 2000 - Fish remains from Homestead Cave and lake levels of the past 13,000 years in the Bonneville basin","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:52","indexId":"70022201","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3218,"text":"Quaternary Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Fish remains from Homestead Cave and lake levels of the past 13,000 years in the Bonneville basin","docAbstract":"A late Quaternary ichthyofauna from Homestead Cave, Utah, provides a new source of information on lake history in the Bonneville basin. The fish, represented by 11 freshwater species, were accumulated between ~11,200 and ~1000 14C yr B.P. by scavenging owls. The 87Sr/86Sr ratio of Lake Bonneville varied with its elevation; 87Sr/86Sr values of fish from the lowest stratum of the cave suggest they grew in a lake near the terminal Pleistocene Gilbert shoreline. In the lowest deposits, a decrease in fish size and an increase in species tolerant of higher salinities or temperatures suggest multiple die-offs associated with declining lake levels. An initial, catastrophic, post-Provo die-off occurred at 11,300-11,200 14C yr B.P. and was followed by at least one rebound or recolonization of fish populations, but fish were gone from Lake Bonneville sometime before ~10,400 14C yr B.P. This evidence is inconsistent with previous inferences of a near desiccation of Lake Bonneville between 13,000 and 12,000 14C yr B.P. Peaks in Gila atraria frequencies in the upper strata suggest the Great Salt Lake had highstands at ~3400 and ~1000 14C yr B.P. (C) 2000 University of Washington.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Quaternary Research","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1006/qres.2000.2133","issn":"00335894","usgsCitation":"Broughton, J., Madsen, D., and Quade, J., 2000, Fish remains from Homestead Cave and lake levels of the past 13,000 years in the Bonneville basin: Quaternary Research, v. 53, no. 3, p. 392-401, https://doi.org/10.1006/qres.2000.2133.","startPage":"392","endPage":"401","numberOfPages":"10","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":206626,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1006/qres.2000.2133"},{"id":230409,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"53","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2017-01-20","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a10a4e4b0c8380cd53d55","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Broughton, J.M.","contributorId":35496,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Broughton","given":"J.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":392691,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Madsen, D.B.","contributorId":65615,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Madsen","given":"D.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":392692,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Quade, Jay","contributorId":22108,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Quade","given":"Jay","affiliations":[{"id":7042,"text":"University of Arizona","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":392690,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70022192,"text":"70022192 - 2000 - Stable isotope systematics of sulfate minerals","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-09-25T19:03:02.20853","indexId":"70022192","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3281,"text":"Reviews in Mineralogy and Geochemistry","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Stable isotope systematics of sulfate minerals","docAbstract":"Stable isotope studies of sulfate minerals are especially useful for unraveling the geochemical history of geological systems. All sulfate minerals can yield sulfur and oxygen isotope data. Hydrous sulfate minerals, such as gypsum, also yield oxygen and hydrogen isotope data for the water of hydration, and more complex sulfate minerals, such as alunite and jarosite also yield oxygen and hydrogen isotope data from hydroxyl sites. Applications of stable isotope data can be divided into two broad categories: geothermometry and tracer studies. The equilibrium partitioning of stable isotopes between two substances, such as the isotopes of sulfur between barite and pyrite, is a function of temperature. Studies can also use stable isotopes as a tracer to fingerprint various sources of hydrogen, oxygen, and sulfur, and to identify physical and chemical processes such as evaporation of water, mixing of waters, and reduction of sulfate to sulfide.
Studies of sulfate minerals range from low-temperature surficial processes associated with the evaporation of seawater to form evaporite deposits to high-temperature magmatic-hydrothermal processes associated with the formation of base-and precious-metal deposits. Studies have been conducted on scales from submicroscopic chemical processes associated with the weathering of pyrite to global processes affecting the sulfur budget of the oceans. Sulfate isotope studies provide important information to investigations of energy and mineral resources, environmental geochemistry, paleoclimates, oceanography (past and present), sedimentary, igneous, and metamorphic processes, Earth systems, geomicrobiology, and hydrology.
One of the most important aspects of understanding and interpreting the stable isotope characteristics of sulfate minerals is the complex interplay between equilibrium and kinetic chemical and isotopic processes. With few exceptions, sulfate minerals are precipitated from water or have extensively interacted with water at some time in their history. Because of this nearly ubiquitous association with water, the kinetics of isotopic exchange reactions among dissolved species and solids are fundamental in dictating the isotopic composition of sulfate minerals. In general, the heavier isotope of sulfur is enriched in the higher oxidation state, such that under equilibrium conditions, sulfate minerals (e.g. barite, anhydrite) are expected to be enriched in the heavy isotope relative to disulfide minerals (e.g. pyrite, marcasite), which in turn are expected to be enriched relative to monosulfide minerals (e.g. pyrrhotite, sphalerite, galena) (Sakai 1968, Bachinski 1969). The kinetics of isotopic exchange among minerals with sulfur at the same oxidation state, such as sphalerite, and galena, are such that equilibrium is commonly observed. In contrast, isotopic equilibrium for exchange reactions between minerals of different oxidation states depends on factors such as the pH, time and temperature of reaction, the direction of reaction, fluid composition, and the presence or absence of catalysts (Ohmoto and Lasaga 1982). The kinetics of oxygen isotope exchange between dissolved sulfate and water are extremely sluggish. Extrapolation of the high-temperature (100 to 300°C) isotopic exchange kinetic data of Chiba and Sakai (1985) to ambient temperatures suggests that it would take several billions of years for dissolved sulfate and seawater to reach oxygen isotopic equilibrium. In contrast, the residence time of sulfate in the oceans is only 7.9 million years (Holland 1978). However, at higher temperatures (>200°C), oxygen isotopic exchange is sufficiently rapid to permit application of sulfate isotope geothermometry to geothermal systems and hydrothermal mineral deposits. In general, equilibrium prevails at low pH and high temperatures, whereas kinetic factors preclude equilibrium at low temperatures even at low pH. Thus, the sluggish kinetics of sulfur and oxygen isotope exchange reaction at low temperatures impair the use of these isotopes to understand the conditions of formation of sulfate minerals in these environments. However, because of these slow kinetics, the oxygen and sulfur isotopic compositions of sulfate minerals may preserve a record of the sources and processes that initially produced the dissolved sulfate, because the isotope ratios may not re-equilibrate during fluid transport and mineral precipitation.
The first part of this chapter is designed to provide the reader with a basic understanding of the principles that form the foundations of stable isotope geochemistry. Next, an overview of analytical methods used to determine the stable isotope composition of sulfate minerals is presented. This overview is followed by a discussion of geochemical processes that determine the stable isotope characteristics of sulfate minerals and related compounds. The chapter then concludes with an examination of the stable isotope systematics of sulfate minerals in a variety of geochemical environments.
","language":"English","publisher":"Mineralogical Society of America","doi":"10.2138/rmg.2000.40.12","issn":"15296466","usgsCitation":"Seal, R., Alpers, C.N., and Rye, R.O., 2000, Stable isotope systematics of sulfate minerals: Reviews in Mineralogy and Geochemistry, v. 40, no. 1, p. 541-602, https://doi.org/10.2138/rmg.2000.40.12.","productDescription":"62 p.","startPage":"541","endPage":"602","costCenters":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":230289,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"40","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b967fe4b08c986b31b54d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Seal, Robert R. II 0000-0003-0901-2529 rseal@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0901-2529","contributorId":149066,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Seal","given":"Robert R. ","suffix":"II","email":"rseal@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":245,"text":"Eastern Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":392667,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Alpers, Charles N. 0000-0001-6945-7365 cnalpers@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6945-7365","contributorId":411,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Alpers","given":"Charles","email":"cnalpers@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"N.","affiliations":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":392668,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Rye, Robert O. rrye@usgs.gov","contributorId":1486,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rye","given":"Robert","email":"rrye@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"O.","affiliations":[{"id":211,"text":"Crustal Geophysics and Geochemistry Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":392666,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ]}