Hydrologic and precipitation data and water-quality samples were collected by the U.S. Geological Survey from rivers in the East River basin in northeastern Wisconsin during 1985-86. The Fox Valley Water Quality Planning Agency suspected that agricultural and urban nonpoint-source discharges were contributing significantly to the degradation of water quality in the basin.
\nTwo continuous record streamflow and waterquality gaging stations were established: one on the East River at Monroe Street in Green Bay and the other on Bower Creek at Sunnyview Road near De Pere. Streamflow for the 1986 water year was greater than twice the long-term (1967-86) average and precipitation was 33 percent greater than the long-term (1951-80) average. Average daily streamflow at the East River during the 1986 water year was 185 cubic feet per second. Average daily streamflow at Bower Creek was 6 cubic feet per second.
\nSuspended-sediment yields were greatest in Bower Creek 264 tons per square mile per year; yields were 125 tons per square mile per year at the East River site. Total-phosphorus yields at the Bower Creek gage were 2,680 pounds per square mile per year yields were 1,130 pounds per square mile per year at the East River site. The measured yields of suspended sediment and total phosphorus from the East River site, during the 1986 water year, were significantly larger than the estimated average yields for the Fox River at Wrightstown. During a year of normal streamflow, the East River would probably contribute a maximum of 10 percent of the total suspended sediment and 9 percent of the total-phosphorus load transported to the mouth of the Fox River.
\nDissolved-oxygen concentrations tended to decrease upstream from the mouth of the East River. The daily mean dissolved-oxygen concentration was often less than 5 milligrams per liter at all three of the East River monitoring locations. Minimum dissolved-oxygen concentrations of 1 to 2 milligrams per liter were recorded at all sites.
\nThe acceptable fecal coliform level for recreational water quality of 200 counts per 100 milliliters was exceeded at the three East River sites and Bower Creek in more than half of the samples. More samples collected at the downstream sites on the East River at Monroe Street in Green Bay and at the Allouez Avenue bridge at Allouez contained fecal-coliform/fecal-streptococcus ratios that exceeded 4.0, indicating that the bacteria was of human origin rather than of animal.
\nMean concentrations for 5-day biochemical oxygen demand, total-phosphorus concentration, fecal-coliform counts, and fecal-streptococcus counts were higher at Bower Creek than any of the other sites monitored during 1985-86. Mean chlorophyll a concentrations were highest at the East River sites at Monroe Street in Green Bay and at Allouez Avenue bridge at Allouez.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr89245","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Fox Valley Water Quality Planning Agency","usgsCitation":"Hughes, P., 1993, Hydrologic and water-quality data for the East River Basin in northeastern Wisconsin: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 89-245, vi, 91 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr89245.","productDescription":"vi, 91 p.","numberOfPages":"97","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":677,"text":"Wisconsin Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":151880,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1989/0245/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":48954,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1989/0245/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Wisconsin","county":"Brown County","otherGeospatial":"East River, Fox River, Green Bay,","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -88.20991516113281,\n 44.327286564583844\n ],\n [\n -88.13369750976561,\n 44.415145243110786\n ],\n [\n -88.04649353027344,\n 44.5063000997406\n ],\n [\n -88.01078796386719,\n 44.53420616251736\n ],\n [\n -87.91740417480469,\n 44.54448397425687\n ],\n [\n -87.8741455078125,\n 44.54693080488455\n ],\n [\n -87.84049987792969,\n 44.53910058484966\n ],\n [\n -87.80410766601562,\n 44.482789890501586\n ],\n [\n -87.79449462890625,\n 44.464170919586834\n ],\n [\n -87.85491943359375,\n 44.44652641501047\n ],\n [\n -87.89131164550781,\n 44.4092593975669\n ],\n [\n -88.00804138183594,\n 44.342511749598444\n ],\n [\n -88.00666809082031,\n 44.3292513267062\n ],\n [\n -88.01353454589844,\n 44.32335684289977\n ],\n [\n -88.04718017578125,\n 44.28257044667387\n ],\n [\n -88.05816650390625,\n 44.260445494302466\n ],\n [\n -88.05198669433594,\n 44.22896454897114\n ],\n [\n -88.07395935058594,\n 44.201897151875094\n ],\n [\n -88.11927795410156,\n 44.199928128583025\n ],\n [\n -88.23463439941405,\n 44.218139083121855\n ],\n [\n -88.28681945800781,\n 44.24175571484553\n ],\n [\n -88.28475952148438,\n 44.269788156801084\n ],\n [\n -88.20991516113281,\n 44.327286564583844\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a29e4b07f02db611732","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hughes, P.E.","contributorId":104083,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hughes","given":"P.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":180990,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":19483,"text":"ofr93494 - 1993 - Saltwater in shallow aquifers in east-central and northeastern Louisiana and southeastern Arkansas","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:07:29","indexId":"ofr93494","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"93-494","title":"Saltwater in shallow aquifers in east-central and northeastern Louisiana and southeastern Arkansas","docAbstract":"The chemistry of water from irrigation and monitor wells in east-central Louisiana indicates the presence of saltwater in the Mississippi River alluvial aquifer and the uppermost part of the Jasper aquifer system. The salinity of this groundwater makes it unsuitable for use in irrigation of salt-sensitive crops. The geochemistry of bromide (Br) and chloride (Cl) ions and strontium (Sr) isotopes indicated that this saltwater could have originated from the mixing of freshwater with briny water originating from the Carrizo-Wilcox aquifer at altitudes from 5,800 to 6,800 feet below sea level. However, in the absence of data on the concentrations of Br and Cl ions and the values of (87)Sr/(86)Sr in water from the Catahoula, Cockfield, and Sparta aquifers within the study area, no conclusive statement can be made on the origin of saltwater in the alluvial aquifer and the uppermost part of the Jasper aquifer system. Analyses of water from irrigation wells in northeastern Louisiana and southeastern Arkansas indicated the presence of saltwater in the Mississippi River alluvial aquifer. Saltwater probably moves from southern Chicot County, Arkansas, into northeastern Louisiana by flowing to the southwest along a fluvial channel eroded into the Cockfield Formation. Saltwater in the Mississippi River alluvial aquifer in northeastern Louisiana and southeastern Arkansas can be hazardous to salt-sensitive crops, such as rice, when used for irrigation. The geochemistry of Br and Cl ions indicated that saltwater in the Mississippi River alluvial aquifer of southern Chicot County in southeastern Arkansas has two geochemically distinct sources. One source, which has Br/Cl ratios less than that of modern seawater, could be derived from saltwater present in aquifers of Tertiary age; this saltwater could enter the alluvial aquifer by upward flow from below as part of the natural regional groundwater flow pattern. The other source, which has Br/Cl ratios greater than that of modern sea- water, could be derived, in part, from briny water present in the Smackover Formation at altitudes from 5,500 to 6,500 feet below sea level. This briny water could enter the alluvial aquifer by upward migration along a fault that penetrates from near land surface into the Smackover Formation.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nU.S. Geological Survey, Earth Science Information Center, Open-File Reports Section [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/ofr93494","usgsCitation":"Huff, G.F., and Bonck, J., 1993, Saltwater in shallow aquifers in east-central and northeastern Louisiana and southeastern Arkansas: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 93-494, v, 54 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr93494.","productDescription":"v, 54 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":151863,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1993/0494/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":48953,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1993/0494/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a81e4b07f02db649eb3","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Huff, G. F.","contributorId":11229,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Huff","given":"G.","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":180988,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bonck, J.P.","contributorId":14443,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bonck","given":"J.P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":180989,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":19191,"text":"ofr9357 - 1993 - Dissolved nutrient and suspended particulate matter data for the San Francisco Bay estuary, California, October 1988 through September 1991","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-04-13T11:25:28.313346","indexId":"ofr9357","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"93-57","title":"Dissolved nutrient and suspended particulate matter data for the San Francisco Bay estuary, California, October 1988 through September 1991","docAbstract":"The U.S. Geological Survey conducted hydrologic investigations in San Francisco Bay during Water Years 1988, 1989, 1990 and 1991. Dissolved inorganic plant nutrients, nitrate, nitrite, ammonium, silica, and reactive phosphorus were measured in surface and in near-bottom waters at previously established locations in both northern and southern reaches of the bay. Salinity, turbidity, and concentrations of suspended particulate matter also were measured. Additionally, in Water Year 1991, concentrations of dissolved organic nitrogen and phosphorus were measured. From November 1990 through April 1991, surface waters were sampled near the end of the old Dumbarton Bridge (east span). Salinity, dissolved inorganic nutrients, and alkalinity were measured for these samples. This report presents the sampling and analytical methods, and the data for these studies.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr9357","usgsCitation":"Hager, S.W., 1993, Dissolved nutrient and suspended particulate matter data for the San Francisco Bay estuary, California, October 1988 through September 1991: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 93-57, 52 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr9357.","productDescription":"52 p.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":552,"text":"San Francisco Bay-Delta","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":48656,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1993/0057/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":152614,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1993/0057/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"San Francisco Bay","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -122.56622314453124,\n 37.42688834526727\n ],\n [\n -122.56622314453124,\n 38.15291731872143\n ],\n [\n -121.71066284179688,\n 38.15291731872143\n ],\n [\n -121.71066284179688,\n 37.42688834526727\n ],\n [\n -122.56622314453124,\n 37.42688834526727\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a81e4b07f02db64a25e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hager, Stephen W.","contributorId":48935,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hager","given":"Stephen","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":180470,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":17765,"text":"ofr93517 - 1993 - Surficial geology, geomorphology, and erosion of archeologic sites along the Colorado River, eastern Grand Canyon, Grand Canyon National Park, Arizona","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-09-13T16:27:26.620139","indexId":"ofr93517","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"93-517","title":"Surficial geology, geomorphology, and erosion of archeologic sites along the Colorado River, eastern Grand Canyon, Grand Canyon National Park, Arizona","docAbstract":"The average number of archeologic sites along the Colorado River in eastern Grand Canyon between River Miles 65-72 exceeds 12 km-1; the largest concentration from Glen Canyon Dam to the mouth of Grand Canyon. The sites are mostly of Anasazi affiliation, dating from the Pueblo Ito Pueblo II periods (A.D. 800-1200), although older sites of Basketmaker II affinity (about 200 B.C. to A.D. 400) and younger sites of Native American and Anglo affiliation are also present. All of the sites are closely associated with late-Holocene alluvial, debris-flow, and eolian deposits that accumulated in the river corridor during the past 2,500 years. The majority of sites occur on or beneath the surface of ancient alluvial deposits of the Colorado River, which form distinctive high terraces. Lateral shifts of the river extensively eroded these deposits and associated archeologic sites twice in prehistoric times, between A.D.300700 and between A.D. 1200-1400.
In late historic times, numerous sites have been damaged or destroyed by erosion, which has accelerated since 1965-73. The daily operation of Glen Canyon Dam probably did not cause accelerated erosion in eastern Grand Canyon, although the presence of the dam indirectly effects erosion. Generally, sites are eroded by arroyo cutting in the short, ephemeral streams that drain the terraces of the river corridor. These streams are small; 90 percent have catchment area less than 20,000-30,000 m2 and channel length of less than 300-400 m. Driven by excessive rainfall, arroyo cutting deepens, widens, and expands the channel system. The extent of arroyo cutting is related to past and present depositional levels of the river, which are local baselevels of erosion. The post-dam level is 3-4 m below the lowest pre-dam level; this decrease resulted from elimination of the annual flood and a six-fold reduction of sediment load. Eighty percent of tributary streams end above or on the post-dam depositional level, but during large runoff the channels are free to extend upslope as well as downslope toward the river. These channels will eventually extend downslope to the river, where the channel gradient will be lowered 3-4 m. Arroyo cutting will be intensified until channel gradients adjust to the post-dam baselevel.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr93517","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the U.S. Bureau of Reclamation, Glen Canyon Environmental Studies","usgsCitation":"Hereford, R., Fairley, H., Thompson, K.S., and Balsom, J., 1993, Surficial geology, geomorphology, and erosion of archeologic sites along the Colorado River, eastern Grand Canyon, Grand Canyon National Park, Arizona: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 93-517, Report: ii, 46 p.; 4 Plates: 35.47 x 26.24 inches or smaller, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr93517.","productDescription":"Report: ii, 46 p.; 4 Plates: 35.47 x 26.24 inches or smaller","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":433464,"rank":6,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1993/0517/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":46998,"rank":5,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1993/0517/plate-4.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":46996,"rank":3,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1993/0517/plate-2.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":150599,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1993/0517/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":46995,"rank":2,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1993/0517/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":46997,"rank":4,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1993/0517/plate-3.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"scale":"2000","country":"United States","state":"Arizona","otherGeospatial":"Colorado River, Grand Canyon","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -114.88181945339456,\n 37.10030339349302\n ],\n [\n -114.88181945339456,\n 34.78312512646238\n ],\n [\n -109.90948320168309,\n 34.78312512646238\n ],\n [\n -109.90948320168309,\n 37.10030339349302\n ],\n [\n -114.88181945339456,\n 37.10030339349302\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ae1e4b07f02db6888e7","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hereford, Richard 0000-0002-0892-7367 rhereford@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0892-7367","contributorId":3620,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hereford","given":"Richard","email":"rhereford@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":177740,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Fairley, H.C.","contributorId":72400,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fairley","given":"H.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":177742,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Thompson, K. S.","contributorId":106142,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thompson","given":"K.","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":177743,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Balsom, J.R.","contributorId":61057,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Balsom","given":"J.R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":177741,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":17468,"text":"ofr93522 - 1993 - Petroleum exploration plays and resource estimates, 1989, onshore United States; Region 5, West Texas and eastern New Mexico","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-10-22T19:45:39","indexId":"ofr93522","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"93-522","title":"Petroleum exploration plays and resource estimates, 1989, onshore United States; Region 5, West Texas and eastern New Mexico","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/ofr93522","usgsCitation":"1993, Petroleum exploration plays and resource estimates, 1989, onshore United States; Region 5, West Texas and eastern New Mexico: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 93-522, iii, 84 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr93522.","productDescription":"iii, 84 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":150924,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1993/0522/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":46622,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1993/0522/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ae0e4b07f02db687eca","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Powers, R.B.","contributorId":34160,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Powers","given":"R.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":749331,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":17078,"text":"ofr93309 - 1993 - Earthquake locations determined by the Southern Alaska seismograph network for October 1971 through May 1989","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-09-07T16:09:19","indexId":"ofr93309","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"93-309","title":"Earthquake locations determined by the Southern Alaska seismograph network for October 1971 through May 1989","docAbstract":"This report describes the instrumentation and evolution of the U.S. Geological Survey’s regional seismograph network in southern Alaska, provides phase and hypocenter data for seismic events from October 1971 through May 1989, reviews the location methods used, and discusses the completeness of the catalog and the accuracy of the computed hypocenters. Included are arrival time data for explosions detonated under the Trans-Alaska Crustal Transect (TACT) in 1984 and 1985.
The U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) operated a regional network of seismographs in southern Alaska from 1971 to the mid 1990s. The principal purpose of this network was to record seismic data to be used to precisely locate earthquakes in the seismic zones of southern Alaska, delineate seismically active faults, assess seismic risks, document potential premonitory earthquake phenomena, investigate current tectonic deformation, and study the structure and physical properties of the crust and upper mantle. A task fundamental to all of these goals was the routine cataloging of parameters for earthquakes located within and adjacent to the seismograph network.
The initial network of 10 stations, 7 around Cook Inlet and 3 near Valdez, was installed in 1971. In subsequent summers additions or modifications to the network were made. By the fall of 1973, 26 stations extended from western Cook Inlet to eastern Prince William Sound, and 4 stations were located to the east between Cordova and Yakutat. A year later 20 additional stations were installed. Thirteen of these were placed along the eastern Gulf of Alaska with support from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) under the Outer Continental Shelf Environmental Assessment Program to investigate the seismicity of the outer continental shelf, a region of interest for oil exploration. Since then the region covered by the network remained relatively fixed while efforts were made to make the stations more reliable through improved electronic instrumentation and strengthened antenna systems. The majority of the stations installed since 1980 were operated only temporarily (from one to several years) for special studies in various areas within the network. Due to reduced funding, the network was trimmed substantially in the summer of 1985 with the closure of 15 stations, 13 of which were located in and around the Yakataga seismic gap. To further reduce costs, two telephone circuits were dropped and multiple radio relays were installed in their place. This economy reduced the reliability of these telemetry links. In addition, data collection from the areas around Cordova and Yakutat was compromised by the necessity of relying on triggered event recording using PC-based systems (Rogers, 1993) that were not fully developed and which proved to be less reliable than anticipated.
The principal means of recording throughout the time period of this catalog was 20-channel oscillographs on 16-mm film (Teledyne Geotech Develocorder, Model RF400 and 4000D). Initially one Develocorder was operated at the USGS Alaskan headquarters in Anchorage, but in 1972 recording was shifted to the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) Palmer Observatory (currently the West Coast and Alaska Tsunami Warning Center). The Develocorders were turned off at the end of May 1989, and after that time recording was done in digital format at the Geophysical Institute of the University of Alaska in Fairbanks (GIUA). Thus, this catalog covers the entire period of film recording.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr93309","usgsCitation":"Fogleman, K.A., Lahr, J.C., Stephens, C.D., and Page, R.A., 1993, Earthquake locations determined by the Southern Alaska seismograph network for October 1971 through May 1989 (Version 1.1, Revised 2012): U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 93-309, HTML Document, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr93309.","productDescription":"HTML Document","onlineOnly":"Y","temporalStart":"1971-10-01","temporalEnd":"1989-05-31","costCenters":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":379,"text":"Menlo Park Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":262844,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr_93_309.gif"},{"id":257476,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1993/0309/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"Augustine Volcano, Chugach-st. Elias Fault, Copper River Delta, Icy Bay, Iliamna Volcano, Iditarod-nixon Fault, Knight Island, Kayak Island Zone, Pamplona Zone, Prince William Sound, Queen Charlotte Fault, Redoubt Volcano, Waxell Ridge, Yakutat Bay","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -156.75,57 ], [ -156.75,65 ], [ -133.5,65 ], [ -133.5,57 ], [ -156.75,57 ] ] ] } } ] }","edition":"Version 1.1, Revised 2012","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a51e4b07f02db62980e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Fogleman, Kent A.","contributorId":71427,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fogleman","given":"Kent","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":174850,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Lahr, John C.","contributorId":20328,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lahr","given":"John","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":174849,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Stephens, Christopher D. 0000-0003-0858-3709 cdstephens@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0858-3709","contributorId":2788,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stephens","given":"Christopher","email":"cdstephens@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":174847,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Page, Robert A.","contributorId":17207,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Page","given":"Robert","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":174848,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":57064,"text":"b2034A - 1993 - Petroleum exploration plays and resource estimates, 1989, onshore United States; Region 1, Alaska; Region 2, Pacific Coast","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":57064,"text":"b2034A - 1993 - Petroleum exploration plays and resource estimates, 1989, onshore United States; Region 1, Alaska; Region 2, Pacific Coast","indexId":"b2034A","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"chapter":"A","title":"Petroleum exploration plays and resource estimates, 1989, onshore United States; Region 1, Alaska; Region 2, Pacific Coast"},"predicate":"IS_PART_OF","object":{"id":33514,"text":"b2034 - 1993 - Petroleum exploration plays and resource estimates, 1989, onshore United States","indexId":"b2034","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"title":"Petroleum exploration plays and resource estimates, 1989, onshore United States"},"id":1}],"isPartOf":{"id":33514,"text":"b2034 - 1993 - Petroleum exploration plays and resource estimates, 1989, onshore United States","indexId":"b2034","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"title":"Petroleum exploration plays and resource estimates, 1989, onshore United States"},"lastModifiedDate":"2018-06-13T14:50:47","indexId":"b2034A","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":306,"text":"Bulletin","code":"B","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2034","chapter":"A","title":"Petroleum exploration plays and resource estimates, 1989, onshore United States; Region 1, Alaska; Region 2, Pacific Coast","docAbstract":"This study provides brief discussions of the petroleum geology, play descriptions, and resource estimates of 220 individually assessed exploration plays in all 80 onshore geologic provinces within nine assessment regions of the continental United States in 1989; these 80 onshore provinces were assessed in connection with the determination of the Nation's estimated undiscovered resources of oil and gas. The present report covers the 25 provinces that make up Region 1, Alaska, and Region 2, Pacific Coast. It is our intention to issue Region 3, Colorado Plateau and Basin and Range, and Region 4, Rocky Mountains and Northern Great Plains, in book form as well. Regions 5 through 9 (West Texas and Eastern New Mexico, Gulf Coast, Midcontinent, Eastern Interior and Atlantic Coast) will be released individually, as Open-File Reports.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Government Printing Office","publisherLocation":"Washington, D.C.","doi":"10.3133/b2034A","usgsCitation":"1993, Petroleum exploration plays and resource estimates, 1989, onshore United States; Region 1, Alaska; Region 2, Pacific Coast: U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin 2034, p. A1-A138, https://doi.org/10.3133/b2034A.","productDescription":"p. A1-A138","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":181255,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/bul/2034a/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":88240,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/bul/2034a/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ae0e4b07f02db687ed7","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Powers, Richard B.","contributorId":52248,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Powers","given":"Richard","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":737938,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":26902,"text":"wri924025 - 1993 - Hydrologic data and hydrologic budget for Summit Lake Reservoir, Henry County, East-Central Indiana, water years 1989 and 1990","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-05-16T07:45:42","indexId":"wri924025","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"92-4025","title":"Hydrologic data and hydrologic budget for Summit Lake Reservoir, Henry County, East-Central Indiana, water years 1989 and 1990","docAbstract":"Hydrologic data were collected near Summit Lake Reservoir for 2 years beginning October 1, 1988, and ending September 30, 1990. The data-collection network consisted of 1 reservoir-stage gage, 2 precipitation gages, 1 evaporation pan, 2 streamflow gages, and 13 observation wells. Stage-area and stage-storage relations for the reservoir were used in combination with the hydrologic data to determine the reservoir's annual hydrologic budgets for water years 1989 and 1990.
\nComponents of the hydrologic budget are considered either as inflow or outflow. Differences between inflow and outflow result in a change in reservoir storage. Components of inflow are direct precipitation, surface-water flow, and ground-water flow. Components of outflow are evaporation and ground-water flow. There was no surface-water outflow during the study.
\nThe hydrologic budget was calculated by use of daily, monthly, and yearly values of precipitation and surface-water flow, monthly values of ground-water flow, and yearly values of evaporation and reservoir storage. Comparison of results from different time intervals indicates there is little difference between annual volumes for components calculated from daily and monthly values. Annual volumes calculated from yearly values differ by less than 5 percent from those calculated from daily and monthly values.
\nThe total inflow to Summit Lake Reservoir was nearly identical for water years 1989 and 1990-about 10,360 acre-feet per year. Surface water was about 72 percent of the total inflow in water year 1989 and about 70 percent in water year 1990. Direct precipitation was about 18 percent of the total inflow in water year 1989 and about 23 percent in water year 1990. Ground-water inflow was about 10 percent of the total inflow in water year 1989 and about 7 percent in water year 1990.
\nThe total outflow from evaporation and ground-water flow was 5,700 acre-feet in water year 1989 and 7,710 acre-feet in water year 1990--about 19 percent evaporation and 81 percent ground-water outflow for both water years. Reservoir storage increased during both years; the change in storage was about 4,330 acre-feet in water year 1989 and about 2,890 acre-feet in water year 1990. Discrepancies between inflow, outflow, and reservoir storage reflect errors in the budget resulting from regionalization or interpretation of hydrologic data and from errors inherent in all hydrologic measurements.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Indianapolis, IN","doi":"10.3133/wri924025","collaboration":"Indiana Department of Natural Resources","usgsCitation":"Duwelius, R., 1993, Hydrologic data and hydrologic budget for Summit Lake Reservoir, Henry County, East-Central Indiana, water years 1989 and 1990: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 92-4025, iv, 24 p. :ill. ;28 cm. 47 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri924025.","productDescription":"iv, 24 p. :ill. ;28 cm. 47 p.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":346,"text":"Indiana Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":121572,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1992/4025/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":55783,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1992/4025/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Indiana","county":"Henry","otherGeospatial":"Summit Lake Reservoir","geographicExtents":"{\"type\":\"FeatureCollection\",\"features\":[{\"type\":\"Feature\",\"geometry\":{\"type\":\"Polygon\",\"coordinates\":[[[-85.2157,40.0765],[-85.2152,40.0044],[-85.2014,40.0042],[-85.2013,39.875],[-85.2133,39.8751],[-85.2205,39.8748],[-85.2214,39.7895],[-85.243,39.7902],[-85.3017,39.789],[-85.3519,39.7894],[-85.4651,39.7886],[-85.5765,39.7858],[-85.5968,39.786],[-85.5969,39.8735],[-85.5759,39.8738],[-85.5774,39.9459],[-85.5763,40.0769],[-85.2157,40.0765]]]},\"properties\":{\"name\":\"Henry\",\"state\":\"IN\"}}]}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a26e4b07f02db60fc78","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Duwelius, R.F.","contributorId":28250,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Duwelius","given":"R.F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":197218,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70207413,"text":"70207413 - 1993 - Emplacement and differentiation of the york haven diabase sheet, Pennsylvania","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-12-19T08:07:06","indexId":"70207413","displayToPublicDate":"1993-12-31T08:00:18","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2420,"text":"Journal of Petrology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Emplacement and differentiation of the york haven diabase sheet, Pennsylvania","docAbstract":"Many of the high-Ti quartz-normative tholeiitic intrusive sheets in the early Mesozoic rift basins of the Eastern USA exhibit lateral differentiation from mafic cumulate units, through diabase, to relatively evolved iron-rich rock types. We have investigated a representative example in detail, the York Haven sheet in the Gettysburg basin of south-central Pennsylvania. It ranges in thickness from 330 m to 675 m, and we have sampled it from base to top along four separate stratigraphic sections evenly spaced over the extent of the intrusion. The easternmost section (York Haven) is entirely basaltic bronzite cumulate (average 15 vol. % bronzite), whereas the westernmost (Reesers Summit) consists of diabase and low-MgO diabase with a middle to upper 'sandwich zone' of ferrogabbro. The intervening sections feature rock types transitional between the two end-member sequences. Chemically, the rock series shows a gradual east to west depletion of compatible elements (Mg, Ca, Ni, and Cr), and enrichment of incompatible elements [Ti, Fe, Na, K, P, Cu, Zr, Th, Ta, Hf, Sb, Cs, As, platinum group elements (PGEs), and rare earth elements (REEs)].We suggest two main processes for the trends observed in the York Haven sheet. First, flow differentiation during ascent and lateral injection of the parental magma produced a tongue of basaltic bronzite cumulate that thins from southeast to northwest and passes laterally into diabase, and, at the distal end of the intrusion, into low-MgO diabase. Then, in the latter stages of crystallization, densitydriven hydrothermal fluids transported incompatible elements westward, into structurally higher parts of the intrusion. Reaction of this residual aqueous fluid with partly crystallized low-MgO diabase produced a zone of ferrogabbro rich in hydrothermal replacement products (e.g., Cl-amphibole, biotite, ferrohypersthene, and skeletal ilmenite) and precipitates (e.g., quartz, fayalite, Cl-apatite, sulfides, and PGE minerals). © 1993 Oxford University Press.
","language":"English","publisher":"Oxford University Press ","doi":"10.1093/petrology/34.6.1271","issn":"00223530","usgsCitation":"Mangan, M.T., Marsh, B., Froelich, A., and Gottfried, D., 1993, Emplacement and differentiation of the york haven diabase sheet, Pennsylvania: Journal of Petrology, v. 34, no. 6, p. 1271-1302, https://doi.org/10.1093/petrology/34.6.1271.","productDescription":"32 p. 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\"}}]}","volume":"34","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Mangan, M. T.","contributorId":10438,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mangan","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":777920,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Marsh, B.D.","contributorId":221356,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Marsh","given":"B.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":777921,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Froelich, A.J.","contributorId":13593,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Froelich","given":"A.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":777922,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Gottfried, D.","contributorId":92346,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gottfried","given":"D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":777923,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70196850,"text":"70196850 - 1993 - Deep Sea Drilling Project Site 612 bolide event: New evidence of a late Eocene impact-wave deposit and a possible impact site, U.S. east coast: Comment and reply","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-05-04T11:55:42","indexId":"70196850","displayToPublicDate":"1993-12-31T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1796,"text":"Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Deep Sea Drilling Project Site 612 bolide event: New evidence of a late Eocene impact-wave deposit and a possible impact site, U.S. east coast: Comment and reply","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","doi":"10.1130/0091-7613(1993)021<0478:DSDPSB>2.3.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Wei, W., Poag, C.W., Poppe, L., Folger, D.W., Powars, D.S., Mixon, R.B., Edwards, L.E., and Bruce, S., 1993, Deep Sea Drilling Project Site 612 bolide event: New evidence of a late Eocene impact-wave deposit and a possible impact site, U.S. east coast: Comment and reply: Geology, v. 21, no. 5, p. 478-479, https://doi.org/10.1130/0091-7613(1993)021<0478:DSDPSB>2.3.CO;2.","productDescription":"2 p.","startPage":"478","endPage":"479","costCenters":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":353965,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","volume":"21","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5aff2596e4b0da30c1bfd6b8","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wei, Wuchang","contributorId":204693,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Wei","given":"Wuchang","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":734721,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Poag, C. Wylie 0000-0002-6240-4065 wpoag@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6240-4065","contributorId":2565,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Poag","given":"C.","email":"wpoag@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"Wylie","affiliations":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":734722,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Poppe, Lawrence J. lpoppe@usgs.gov","contributorId":2149,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Poppe","given":"Lawrence J.","email":"lpoppe@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":734723,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Folger, David W.","contributorId":96663,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Folger","given":"David","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":734724,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Powars, David S. 0000-0002-6787-8964 dspowars@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6787-8964","contributorId":1181,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Powars","given":"David","email":"dspowars@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":40020,"text":"Florence Bascom Geoscience Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":243,"text":"Eastern Geology and Paleoclimate Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":734725,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Mixon, Robert B.","contributorId":50517,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mixon","given":"Robert","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":734726,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Edwards, Lucy E. 0000-0003-4075-3317 leedward@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4075-3317","contributorId":2647,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Edwards","given":"Lucy","email":"leedward@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":40020,"text":"Florence Bascom Geoscience Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":243,"text":"Eastern Geology and Paleoclimate Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":734727,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Bruce, Scott","contributorId":195837,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Bruce","given":"Scott","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":734728,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8}]}} ,{"id":70207076,"text":"70207076 - 1993 - Deformation from 1973 to 1987 in the epicentral area of the 1959 Hebgen Lake, Montana, earthquake (Ms = 7.5)","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-05-28T13:56:39.62053","indexId":"70207076","displayToPublicDate":"1993-12-05T12:58:02","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2314,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Deformation from 1973 to 1987 in the epicentral area of the 1959 Hebgen Lake, Montana, earthquake (Ms = 7.5)","docAbstract":"A 40‐km aperture trilateration network centered on the 1959 Hebgen Lake earthquake epicenter has been surveyed in 1973, 1974, 1976, 1978, 1981, 1984, and 1987. The deformation inferred from those surveys is described roughly by a uniaxial, 0.266 ± 0.014 μstrain/yr, N15°E ± 1°extension that is uniform in both time and space. That extension is orthogonal to the strike (N78°W ± 5°) of the 1959 rupture plane inferred from focal mechanism solutions. The absence of strain accumulation in the N75°W direction suggests that the source of deformation must be greatly elongated in that direction. Looked at in greater detail, the deformation is found to be concentrated in the northern part of the network. The zone of concentrated deformation coincides with a part of a well‐defined trend in seismicity that extends at least 100 km N75°W from the Sour Creek resurgent dome in the Yellowstone caldera. Extension perpendicular to that trend is indicated by focal mechanism solutions. Thus, the zone of rifting identified within the Hebgen Lake network apparently extends east southeast to the Yellowstone caldera. About 8 mm/yr extension is observed across a 20‐km width within the zone.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/92JB02410","usgsCitation":"Savage, J.C., Lisowski, M., Prescott, W., and Pitt, A., 1993, Deformation from 1973 to 1987 in the epicentral area of the 1959 Hebgen Lake, Montana, earthquake (Ms = 7.5): Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth, v. 98, no. B2, p. 2145-2153, https://doi.org/10.1029/92JB02410.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"2145","endPage":"2153","costCenters":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":615,"text":"Volcano Hazards Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":370002,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Montana, Wyoming","otherGeospatial":"Yellowstone-Hebgen Lake Region","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -111.357421875,\n 44.457309801319305\n ],\n [\n -110.23681640625,\n 44.457309801319305\n ],\n [\n -110.23681640625,\n 44.98811302615805\n ],\n [\n -111.357421875,\n 44.98811302615805\n ],\n [\n -111.357421875,\n 44.457309801319305\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"98","issue":"B2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2012-09-20","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Savage, James C. 0000-0002-5114-7673 jasavage@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5114-7673","contributorId":2412,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Savage","given":"James","email":"jasavage@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":776767,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Lisowski, Michael 0000-0003-4818-2504 mlisowski@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4818-2504","contributorId":637,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lisowski","given":"Michael","email":"mlisowski@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":615,"text":"Volcano Hazards Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":776768,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Prescott, W.H.","contributorId":96337,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Prescott","given":"W.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":776769,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Pitt, A.D.","contributorId":41440,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pitt","given":"A.D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":776770,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70207075,"text":"70207075 - 1993 - Deformation from 1973 through 1991 in the epicentral area of the 1992 Landers, California, Earthquake (Ms = 7.5)","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-05-28T13:52:07.17653","indexId":"70207075","displayToPublicDate":"1993-12-05T12:39:07","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2314,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Deformation from 1973 through 1991 in the epicentral area of the 1992 Landers, California, Earthquake (Ms = 7.5)","docAbstract":"Deformation of a 50 × 60 km trilateration network that spans the epicenter of the 1992 Landers earthquake(Ms = 7.5) was measured by seven surveys over the 19 years preceding the earthquake. Three moderate earthquakes (1979 Homestead Valley, Ms = 5.6; 1986 North Palm Springs, Ms = 6.0; and 1992 Joshua Tree, Ms = 6.1) occurred within the network during those 19 years. Here we use geodetic and seismic data to construct a dislocation model for each of the three moderate earthquakes. Coseismic changes due to these three moderate earthquakes as predicted by the dislocation models are then removed from the trilateration data. The residual geodetic changes appear to be uniform in time. We take those changes to represent secular strain accumulation. This strain accumulation clearly shows right‐lateral shear across the San Andreas fault but also suggests a northwest‐southeast extension northeast of the eastern end of the “Big Bend” of the San Andreas fault. The Landers earthquake ruptured along a north‐northwest trend across this region of northwest‐southeast extension.
Selected herbicides, atrazine (2-chloro-4-ethylamino-6-isopropylamino-s-triazine) metabolites, and NO−3 were examined in near-surface unconsolidated and bedrock aquifers in the midcontinental USA to study the hydrogeologic, spatial, and seasonal distribution of these contaminants. Groundwater samples were collected from 303 wells during the spring and late summer of 1991. At least one herbicide or atrazine metabolite was detected in 24% of the samples collected for herbicide analysis (reporting limit 0.05 µg/L). No herbicide concentration exceeded the USEPA's maximum contaminant level (MCL) or health advisory level. The most frequently detected compound was the at razine metabolite deethylatrazine [2-amino-4-chloro-6-(isopropylamino)-s-triazine] followed by atrazine, deisopropylatrazine [2-amino-4-chloro-6-(ethylamino)-s-triazine], prometon (2,4-bis(isopropylamino)-6-methyoxy-s-triazine), metolachlor [2-chloro-N-(2-ethyl-6-methylphenyl)-N-(2-methoxy-1methylethyl)acetamide], alachlor [2-chloro-N-(2,6-diethylphenyl)-N-(methoxymethyl)acetamide], metribuzin [4-amino-6-(tert-butyl)-3-methylthio-as-triazine-5(4H)-one], simazine [2-chloro-4,6-bis(ethylamino)-s-triazine], and cyanazine [2-[[4-chloro-6-(ethylamino)-1,3,5-triazin-2-yl]amino]-2-methylpropionitrile]. Nitrite plus nitrate, as nitrogen (N), exceeding 3.0 mg/L (excess NO−3), was found in 29% of the samples, and 6% had −3exceeding the MCL of 10 mg/L. Ammonium as N was detected in excess of 0.01 mg/L in 78% of the samples. A nonlinear increase in the frequency of atrazine detection occurred with decreases in reporting limit. The frequency of atrazine residue detection (atrazine + deethylatrazine + deisopropylatrazine) was 25% greater than for atrazine alone. Herbicide detections and excess NO−3 were notably lacking in the eastern part of the study region where it was estimated that herbicide and fertilizer use were among the largest in the region. Prometon, the second most frequently detected herbicide, was associated with non-agricultural land use. Herbicide and excess NO−3 were more frequent in unconsolidated aquifers than in bedrock aquifers. Aquifer depth, as direct measurement of proximity to recharge sources, was inversely related to frequency of herbicide detection and excess NO−3.
","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Environmental Quality","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"American Society of Agronomy, Crop Science Society of America, and Soil Science Society of America","publisherLocation":"Madison, WI","doi":"10.2134/jeq1993.00472425002200040002x","usgsCitation":"Burkart, M.R., and Kolpin, D.W., 1993, Hydrologic and land-use factors associated with herbicides and nitrate in near-surface aquifers: Journal of Environmental Quality, v. 22, no. 4, p. 646-656, https://doi.org/10.2134/jeq1993.00472425002200040002x.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"646","endPage":"656","numberOfPages":"11","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":351,"text":"Iowa Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":318847,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United 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\"}}]}","volume":"22","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"56e7e0b9e4b0f59b85d6aa75","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Burkart, Michael R.","contributorId":75512,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Burkart","given":"Michael","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":622683,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Kolpin, Dana W. 0000-0002-3529-6505 dwkolpin@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3529-6505","contributorId":1239,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kolpin","given":"Dana","email":"dwkolpin@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":351,"text":"Iowa Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":622684,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70230760,"text":"70230760 - 1993 - Klamath Falls earthquakes, September 20, 1993 — Including the strongest quake ever measured in Oregon","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-04-25T15:28:01.877244","indexId":"70230760","displayToPublicDate":"1993-11-01T10:14:34","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2956,"text":"Oregon Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Klamath Falls earthquakes, September 20, 1993 — Including the strongest quake ever measured in Oregon","docAbstract":"Earthquakes struck the Klamath Falls area on Monday night, September 20, 1993, resulting in two deaths and extensive damage. The quakes were felt as far away as Coos Bay to the west, Eugene to the north, Lakeview to the east, and Chico, California, to the south.
A foreshock recorded at 8:16 p.m. had a Richter magnitude of 3.9. The first of two main shocks, measuring 5.9 on the Richter scale, rumbled through Klamath Falls at 8:28 p.m. Following 16 smaller jolts with magnitudes between 2.2 and 3.8, the largest quake struck at 10:45 p.m. This earthquake, measuring 6.0 on the Richter scale, is the largest to hit Oregon since the 1873 Port Orford/Crescent City earthquake (Jacobson, 1986). Oregon has been shaken by stronger quakes, but those quakes originated beneath the Pacific Ocean west of Port Orford.
","language":"English","publisher":"Oregon Department of Geology and Mineral Industries","usgsCitation":"Wiley, T.J., Sherrod, D.R., Keefer, D.K., Qamar, A., Schuster, R.L., Dewey, J.W., Mabey, M.A., Black, G.L., and Wells, R.E., 1993, Klamath Falls earthquakes, September 20, 1993 — Including the strongest quake ever measured in Oregon: Oregon Geology, v. 55, no. 6, p. 127-134.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"127","endPage":"134","costCenters":[{"id":300,"text":"Geologic Hazards Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":399587,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":399586,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://www.oregongeology.org/pubs/pubsearch.htm"}],"country":"United States","state":"California, Nevada, Oregon, Washington","city":"Klamath Falls","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -124.18945312500001,\n 39.977120098439634\n ],\n [\n -118.21289062499999,\n 39.977120098439634\n ],\n [\n -118.21289062499999,\n 47.040182144806664\n ],\n [\n -124.18945312500001,\n 47.040182144806664\n ],\n [\n -124.18945312500001,\n 39.977120098439634\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"55","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wiley, T. J.","contributorId":92226,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Wiley","given":"T.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":841299,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Sherrod, David R. 0000-0001-9460-0434 dsherrod@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9460-0434","contributorId":527,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sherrod","given":"David","email":"dsherrod@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":841300,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Keefer, David K.","contributorId":77930,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Keefer","given":"David","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":841301,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Qamar, Anthony","contributorId":290580,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Qamar","given":"Anthony","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":841302,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Schuster, Robert L.","contributorId":19162,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schuster","given":"Robert","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":841303,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Dewey, James W. 0000-0001-8838-2450 jdewey@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8838-2450","contributorId":5819,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dewey","given":"James","email":"jdewey@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":300,"text":"Geologic Hazards Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":841304,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Mabey, Matthew A.","contributorId":290581,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Mabey","given":"Matthew","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":841305,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Black, Gerald L.","contributorId":290582,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Black","given":"Gerald","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":841306,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Wells, Ray E. 0000-0002-7796-0160 rwells@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7796-0160","contributorId":149772,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wells","given":"Ray","email":"rwells@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":841307,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9}]}} ,{"id":70210407,"text":"70210407 - 1993 - The Manson Impact Structure: 40Ar/39Ar age and its distal impact ejecta in the Pierre Shale in southeastern South Dakota","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-09-15T17:00:55.837453","indexId":"70210407","displayToPublicDate":"1993-10-29T13:16:55","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3338,"text":"Science","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The Manson Impact Structure: 40Ar/39Ar age and its distal impact ejecta in the Pierre Shale in southeastern South Dakota","docAbstract":"The 40Ar/39Ar ages of a sanidine clast from a melt-matrix breccia of the Manson, Iowa, impact structure (MIS) indicate that the MIS formed 73.8 ± 0.3 million years ago (Ma) and is not coincident with the Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary (64.43 ± 0.05 Ma). The MIS sanidine is 9 million years older than 40Ar/39Ar age spectra of MIS shock-metamorphosed microcline and melt-matrix breccia interpreted earlier to be 64 to 65 Ma. Grains of shock-metamorphosed quartz, feldspar, and zircon were found in the Crow Creek Member (upper Campanian) at a biostratigraphic level constrained by radiometric ages in the Pierre Shale of South Dakota that are consistent with the 40Ar/39Ar age of 73.8 ± 0.3 Ma for MIS reported herein.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Association for the Advancement of Science","doi":"10.1126/science.262.5134.729","usgsCitation":"Izett, G., Cobban, W.A., Obradovich, J., and Kunk, M.J., 1993, The Manson Impact Structure: 40Ar/39Ar age and its distal impact ejecta in the Pierre Shale in southeastern South Dakota: Science, v. 262, no. 5134, p. 729-732, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.262.5134.729.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"729","endPage":"732","costCenters":[{"id":243,"text":"Eastern Geology and Paleoclimate Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":495735,"rank":2,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"https://zenodo.org/record/1231026","text":"External Repository"},{"id":375252,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"South 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A.","contributorId":118300,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Izett","given":"G. A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":790223,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Cobban, W. A.","contributorId":21577,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cobban","given":"W.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":790224,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Obradovich, J.","contributorId":53953,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Obradovich","given":"J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":790225,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Kunk, Michael J. 0000-0003-4424-7825 mkunk@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4424-7825","contributorId":200968,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kunk","given":"Michael","email":"mkunk@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":40020,"text":"Florence Bascom Geoscience Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":243,"text":"Eastern Geology and Paleoclimate Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":790226,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70200704,"text":"70200704 - 1993 - Economics and the national oil and gas assessment: The case of onshore northern Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-01-23T18:02:25.657144","indexId":"70200704","displayToPublicDate":"1993-10-16T13:49:30","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":701,"text":"American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Economics and the national oil and gas assessment: The case of onshore northern Alaska","docAbstract":"The National Oil and Gas Assessment of undiscovered recoverable conventional oil and gas resources assigned nearly 36% of the undiscovered U.S. onshore oil resources and 28% of the commercially developable undiscovered oil resources to onshore northern Alaska. Economic screening models were applied to the geologic play assessment to estimate the commercially developable resources. This paper presents the geologic and economic assessment methodology and results; it also focuses on the robustness of estimates of the commercially developable onshore resources to changes in economic assumptions.
With the economic assumptions used in the national assessment, about 60% or 6.49 billion bbl of oil of the recoverable undiscovered resources of 10.76 billion bbl of oil assessed in fields larger than 1 million bbl of oil are estimated to be commercially developable. Changes in facilities costs induced the most significant cost-related response in the commercially developable resource estimates. Price increases or cost reductions that reduce the minimum commercially developable field size to 250 million bbl from the base case size of 380 million bbl added 1 billion bbl of oil to the commercially developable resources. If, through facilities sharing or satellite-field development, the minimum commercial field size is reduced to just below 100 million bbl, estimated developable oil woul increase to 9.17 billion bbl of oil or more than 85% of the assessed recoverable oil in onshore plays.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Association of Petroleum Geologists","doi":"10.1306/BDFF8C72-1718-11D7-8645000102C1865D","usgsCitation":"Attanasi, E., Bird, K.J., and Mast, R.F., 1993, Economics and the national oil and gas assessment: The case of onshore northern Alaska: American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin, v. 77, no. 3, p. 491-504, https://doi.org/10.1306/BDFF8C72-1718-11D7-8645000102C1865D.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"491","endPage":"504","costCenters":[{"id":241,"text":"Eastern Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":255,"text":"Energy Resources Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":358906,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -145.48080420268553,\n 72.71391257340173\n ],\n [\n -170.8889081934487,\n 72.71391257340173\n ],\n [\n -170.8889081934487,\n 66.46646934602157\n ],\n [\n -145.48080420268553,\n 66.46646934602157\n ],\n [\n -145.48080420268553,\n 72.71391257340173\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"77","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5c111a1ce4b034bf6a8194de","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Attanasi, Emil D. 0000-0001-6845-7160 attanasi@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6845-7160","contributorId":198728,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Attanasi","given":"Emil D.","email":"attanasi@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":241,"text":"Eastern Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":750176,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bird, Kenneth J. kbird@usgs.gov","contributorId":1015,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bird","given":"Kenneth","email":"kbird@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":255,"text":"Energy Resources Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":750177,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Mast, R. F.","contributorId":210210,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Mast","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":750178,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70128749,"text":"70128749 - 1993 - The influence of mountain meteorology on precipitation chemistry at low and high elevations of the Colorado Front Range, USA","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-10-14T12:52:28","indexId":"70128749","displayToPublicDate":"1993-10-01T12:49:12","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":924,"text":"Atmospheric Environment","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The influence of mountain meteorology on precipitation chemistry at low and high elevations of the Colorado Front Range, USA","docAbstract":"We explored the seasonal characteristics in wet deposition chemistry for two sites located at different elevations along the east slope of the Colorado Front Range in Rocky Mountain National Park. Seasonally separated precipitation was stratified into highly concentrated (high salt), dilute (low salt), or acid-dominated precipitation groups. These groups and unstratified precipitation data were related to mean easterly or westerly zonal winds to determine direction of local transport. Strong acid anion associations were also determined for the stratified and unstratified precipitation data sets. We found that strong acid anions, acidity, ammonium, and high salt concentrations originate to the east of Rocky Mountain National Park, and are transported via up-valley funneling winds or convective instability from differential heating of the mountains and the plains to the east. These influence the composition of precipitation at Beaver Meadows, the low elevation site, throughout the year, while their effect on precipitation at Loch Vale, the high elevation site, is felt most strongly during the summer. During the winter, Loch Vale precipitation is very dilute, and occurs in conjunction with westerly winds resulting from the southerly location of the jet stream.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Atmospheric Environment","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Pergamon Press","publisherLocation":"New York, NY","doi":"10.1016/0960-1686(93)90402-K","usgsCitation":"Denning, A.S., 1993, The influence of mountain meteorology on precipitation chemistry at low and high elevations of the Colorado Front Range, USA: Atmospheric Environment, v. 27, no. 15, p. 2337-2349, https://doi.org/10.1016/0960-1686(93)90402-K.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"2337","endPage":"2349","numberOfPages":"13","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":295294,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":295293,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0960-1686(93)90402-K"}],"country":"United States","state":"Colorado","otherGeospatial":"Rocky Mountain National Park","volume":"27","issue":"15","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"543e3b32e4b0fd76af69cf38","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Denning, A. Scott","contributorId":70710,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Denning","given":"A.","email":"","middleInitial":"Scott","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":503198,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70113765,"text":"70113765 - 1993 - Analysis of urban regions using AVHRR thermal infrared data","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-06-20T14:13:00","indexId":"70113765","displayToPublicDate":"1993-08-24T14:05:55","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3018,"text":"Pecora 12 Symposium","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Analysis of urban regions using AVHRR thermal infrared data","docAbstract":"Using 1-km AVHRR satellite data, relative temperature difference caused by conductivity and inertia were used to distinguish urban and non urban land covers. AVHRR data that were composited on a biweekly basis and distributed by the EROS Data Center in Sioux Falls, South Dakota, were used for the classification process. These composited images are based on the maximum normalized different vegetation index (NDVI) of each pixel during the 2-week period using channels 1 and 2. The resultant images are nearly cloud-free and reduce the need for extensive reclassification processing.
\nBecause of the physiographic differences between the Eastern and Western United States, the initial study was limited to the eastern half of the United States. In the East, the time of maximum difference between the urban surfaces and the vegetated non urban areas is the peak greenness period in late summer. A composite image of the Eastern United States for the 2-weel time period from August 30-Septmeber 16, 1991, was used for the extraction of the urban areas. Two channels of thermal data (channels 3 and 4) normalized for regional temperature differences and a composited NDVI image were classified using conventional image processing techniques. The results compare favorably with other large-scale urban area delineations.
","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Pecora 12 Symposium","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"American Society for Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing","publisherLocation":"Bethesda, MD","usgsCitation":"Wright, B., 1993, Analysis of urban regions using AVHRR thermal infrared data: Pecora 12 Symposium, p. 568-568.","productDescription":"1 p.","startPage":"568","endPage":"568","numberOfPages":"1","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":288989,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53ae7629e4b0abf75cf2beb2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wright, Bruce","contributorId":89929,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wright","given":"Bruce","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":495191,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70017427,"text":"70017427 - 1993 - Rock-eval pyrolysis and vitrinite reflectance trends in the Cleveland Shale Member of the Ohio Shale, eastern Kentucky","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-03-13T16:10:58.715426","indexId":"70017427","displayToPublicDate":"1993-08-06T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2958,"text":"Organic Geochemistry","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Rock-eval pyrolysis and vitrinite reflectance trends in the Cleveland Shale Member of the Ohio Shale, eastern Kentucky","docAbstract":"Within eastern Kentucky, organic petrographic and geochemical data indicate a southeastwards increase in maturation of the Cleveland Shale Member of the Ohio Shale (Devonian-Mississippian). Reflectance levels of dispersed organic material in the Cleveland Shale increase from 0.5% in the outcrop belt in central Kentucky, to slightly over 1.0% in Pike County, eastern Kentucky. A decrease in fluorescence intensity of liptinitic components, such as Tasmanites, accompanies this reflectance increase, as does a shift in fluorescence color of the alginite towards the red. In the highest rank areas, fluorescence is almost absent. Groundmass fluorescence is observed also, and follows trends similar to those shown by the alginite.
Kerogen in the Cleveland Shale is primarily Type II, as indicated by petrographic observations and Rock-Eval data. Total organic carbon contents of this shale decrease from over 12% in the outcrop belt, to less than 2% in the eastern-most part of the study area. Source rock potential ranges from good to very good, with the highest potentials occurring in the outcrop belt. Tmax values for this unit increase from under 430°C in the outcrop belt to over 450°C in the southeast, confirming the increase in maturation trends indicated by vitrinite reflectance data.
Both petrographic and geochemical maturation parameters place the Cleveland Shale of eastern Kentucky within the oil window. Comparison with maturation data for Pennsylvanian-age coals upsection suggests that maturation indices are retarded, or suppressed, in the Devonian shales. The level of maturation indicated for the Cleveland may be problematical considering that the Ohio Shale is a major gas-producer in this area.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0146-6380(93)90058-J","usgsCitation":"Rimmer, S.M., Cantrell, D., and Gooding, P., 1993, Rock-eval pyrolysis and vitrinite reflectance trends in the Cleveland Shale Member of the Ohio Shale, eastern Kentucky: Organic Geochemistry, v. 20, no. 6, p. 735-745, https://doi.org/10.1016/0146-6380(93)90058-J.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"735","endPage":"745","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":228750,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Kentucky","otherGeospatial":"eastern Kentucky","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -84.45589569619659,\n 39.05613296663111\n ],\n [\n -84.45589569619659,\n 36.585292266153374\n ],\n [\n -83.17531644388323,\n 36.6085497808004\n ],\n [\n -82.06585531164238,\n 37.415766136634026\n ],\n [\n -82.42075192240021,\n 38.03883851836075\n ],\n [\n -82.89289019863669,\n 38.74868039343522\n ],\n [\n -83.74465790803904,\n 38.81618867311012\n ],\n [\n -84.45589569619659,\n 39.05613296663111\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"20","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505aae07e4b0c8380cd86ff8","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Rimmer, Susan M.","contributorId":197806,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Rimmer","given":"Susan","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376423,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Cantrell, D.J.","contributorId":8630,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cantrell","given":"D.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376422,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Gooding, P.J.","contributorId":6608,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gooding","given":"P.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376421,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70017396,"text":"70017396 - 1993 - Factors affecting the geochemistry of a thick, subbituminous coal bed in the Powder River Basin: Volcanic, detrital, and peat-forming processes","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-03-13T16:35:55.671481","indexId":"70017396","displayToPublicDate":"1993-08-06T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2958,"text":"Organic Geochemistry","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Factors affecting the geochemistry of a thick, subbituminous coal bed in the Powder River Basin: Volcanic, detrital, and peat-forming processes","docAbstract":"The inorganic geochemistry and mineralogy of three cores from the Anderson-Dietz 1 coal bed, a 15.2-m-thick subbituminous coal bed in the Tongue River Member (Paleocene) of the Fort Union Formation, were examined (1) to determine if the cores could be correlated by geochemical composition alone over a total distance of 2 km and (2) to identify the major factors that influenced the geochemistry of the coal bed. Chemical data (46 elements on a coal-ash basis) for 81 coal samples and 4 carbonaceous rock samples, with most samples representing a 0.6-m-thick (2-ft) interval of core, were grouped into compositional clusters by means of cluster analysis. Seven major clusters were produced; two of these clusters can be used to correlate the coal bed throughout the study area. Data from scanning electron and optical microscope analyses indicate that several factors influenced the geochemistry of the Anderson-Dietz 1 coal bed. The majority of mineral grains in the coal bed are interpreted to be detrital (water borne); evidence includes the presence of rounded to subrounded quartz grains having two-phase, aqueous fluid inclusions characteristic of hydrothermal or low-to-moderate grade metamorphic quartz. These quartz grains are found throughout the coal bed but are most abundant in samples from the midpart of the bed, which was influenced by detrital input associated with the deposition of the clastic rocks that form the split between the Anderson and Dietz 1 coal beds 900 m to the east of the study area. In addition to the detrital minerals mentioned above, volcanic ash that was fluvially transported to the sites of peat deposition or possibly deposited as air-fall volcanic ash also affected the geochemistry of the coal bed. For example, crandallite(?), a mineral reported to form as an alteration product of volcanic ash, is found in seven samples from the coal bed. The presence of quartz grains containing silicate-melt inclusions in eight samples from the coal bed.provides further support for a volcanic ash component. Other factors that probably affected the geochemistry of the coal bed include (1) detrital input associated with the deposition of the roof rocks of the coal bed, (2) peat-forming processes and plant material, and (3) epigenetic ground-water flow.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0146-6380(93)90067-L","usgsCitation":"Crowley, S.S., Ruppert, L., Belkin, H.E., Stanton, R., and Moore, T., 1993, Factors affecting the geochemistry of a thick, subbituminous coal bed in the Powder River Basin: Volcanic, detrital, and peat-forming processes: Organic Geochemistry, v. 20, no. 6, p. 843-853, https://doi.org/10.1016/0146-6380(93)90067-L.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"843","endPage":"853","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":228973,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Montana, Wyoming","otherGeospatial":"Powder River basin","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -107.18328120738457,\n 45.184712018144495\n ],\n [\n -107.18328120738457,\n 44.80397957213873\n ],\n [\n -106.13642425027534,\n 44.80397957213873\n ],\n [\n -106.13642425027534,\n 45.184712018144495\n ],\n [\n -107.18328120738457,\n 45.184712018144495\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"20","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0eabe4b0c8380cd53577","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Crowley, Sharon S.","contributorId":78325,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Crowley","given":"Sharon","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376325,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Ruppert, Leslie F. 0000-0002-7453-1061","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7453-1061","contributorId":118763,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ruppert","given":"Leslie F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376326,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Belkin, Harvey E. 0000-0001-7879-6529 hbelkin@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7879-6529","contributorId":581,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Belkin","given":"Harvey","email":"hbelkin@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":241,"text":"Eastern Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":376324,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Stanton, R.W.","contributorId":19164,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stanton","given":"R.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376323,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Moore, T.A.","contributorId":91101,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Moore","given":"T.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376327,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70127918,"text":"70127918 - 1993 - Monitoring and research at Walnut Creek National Wildlife Refuge","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-10-02T13:55:52","indexId":"70127918","displayToPublicDate":"1993-08-01T13:41:11","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":9,"text":"Other Report"},"title":"Monitoring and research at Walnut Creek National Wildlife Refuge","docAbstract":"Walnut Creek National Wildlife Refuge-Prairie Learning Center (Walnut Creek or the Refuge) is one of the newest additions to the National Wildlife Refuge System, which consists of over 480 units throughout the United States operated by the U.S. Department of the Interior, Fish and Wildlife Service (the Service). Located about 20 miles east of Des Moines, Iowa, the Refuge has an approved acquisition boundary containing 8,654 acres (Figure 1). Acquisition is from willing sellers only, and to date the Service has purchased approximately 5,000 acres. The acquisition boundary encompasses about 43% of the watershed of Walnut Creek, which bisects the Refuge and drains into the Des Moines River to the southeast. Approximately 25%-30% of the Walnut Creek watershed is downstream of the Refuge.
\nAs authorized by Congress in 1990, the purposes of the Refuge are to (U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service 1992):
\n• restore native tallgrass pairie, wetland, and woodland habitats for breeding and migratory waterfowl and resident wildlife;
\n• serve as a major environmental education center providing opportunities for study;
\n• provide outdoor recreation benefits to the public; and
\n• provide assistance to local landowners to improve their lands for wildlife habitat.
\nTo implement these purposes authorized by Congress, the Refuge has established the goal of recreating as nearly as possible the natural communities that existed at the time of settlement by Euro-Americans (circa 1840). Current land use is largely agricultural, including 69% cropland, 17% grazed pasture, and 7.5% grassland (dominantly brome) enrolled in the Conservation Reserve Program). About 1,395 acres of relict native communities also exist on the Refuge, including prairie (725 acres), oak savanna and woodland (450 acres), and riparian or wetland areas (220 acres). Some of these relicts are highly restorable; others contain only a few prairie plants in a matrix of brome and will be more difficult to restore. When the process of restoration (management and enhancement of existing remnant communities) and reconstruction (reestablishment of native communities on agricultural sites) is completed, it is anticipated that the Refuge will consist of approximately 5,900 acres of prairie, 2,000 acres of oak savanna or woodland, and 750 acres of wetland and riparian communities. Ecological restoration and reconstruction at this scale in the tallgrass prairie ecosystem is unprecedented in the United States.
","language":"English","publisher":"Fish and Wildlife Service","publisherLocation":"Fort Collins, CO","usgsCitation":"Roelle, J.E., and Hamilton, D.B., 1993, Monitoring and research at Walnut Creek National Wildlife Refuge, 34 p.","productDescription":"34 p.","numberOfPages":"34","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":294861,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"542e6970e4b092f17df5a957","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Roelle, James E. roelleb@usgs.gov","contributorId":2330,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Roelle","given":"James","email":"roelleb@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":502683,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hamilton, David B. hamiltond@usgs.gov","contributorId":193,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hamilton","given":"David","email":"hamiltond@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":502682,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70210581,"text":"70210581 - 1993 - Mid‐Cretaceous extensional tectonics of the Yukon‐Tanana Terrane, Trans‐Alaska Crustal Transect (TACT), east‐central Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-06-10T18:08:54.019251","indexId":"70210581","displayToPublicDate":"1993-06-10T12:56:36","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3524,"text":"Tectonics","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Mid‐Cretaceous extensional tectonics of the Yukon‐Tanana Terrane, Trans‐Alaska Crustal Transect (TACT), east‐central Alaska","docAbstract":"Mid‐Cretaceous crustal extension played a fundamental role in the structural evolution of the Yukon‐Tanana terrane (YTT) in the northern Cordilleran interior. In the central portion of the YTT northwest of Delta Junction, Alaska, a mylonitic shear zone juxtaposes greenschist facies rocks in the upper plate against middle to upper amphibolite facies metamorphic rocks in the lower plate, a juxtaposition suggesting elimination of as much as 10 km of crustal section. The mylonites form a partial sheath enveloping a domal footwall structure and kinematic analysis of the mylonite zone yields a uniform transport direction of hanging wall to ESE. These relations suggest analogies to the metamorphic core complexes of the southern Cordillera. However, the YTT structures are entirely ductile, suggesting either a relatively deep erosional level or relatively high geothermal gradients during extension. In the study area remnants of an older preextensional thrusting event are preserved at the highest structural levels at the base of the Seventymile terrane and the leading edge of YTT in the Wickersham terrane. However, most areas display a regional, subhorizontal fabric that is superimposed on older fabrics, and in the study area this latest fabric is subparallel to the mylonitic sheath of the apparent extensional structure. Thus the conventional viewpoint that this latest fabric is related to thrusting needs to be reevaluated and this fabric may be entirely extensional in origin. Further evidence for extension is provided by clear similarities between YTT and characteristic features of other extensional terranes. Thus we suggest that the YTT is a deeply eroded view of highly extended continental crust. The tectonic mechanism for the extensional event and the magnitude of the extension is uncertain because of complications in regional timing relationships and in alternative interpretations of the reconstruction of the crustal section. Three end‐member models based on analogies with Neogene extensional systems are presented as working models to accommodate the alternative interpretations: (1) a Jurassic collision and Cretaceous extension model based on comparisons with the Neogene history of the Mediterranean region; (2) an Early to mid‐Cretaceous syncollisional model analogous to the Carpathian Mountains of eastern Europe; and (3) a syncollisional plateau uplift model with extension driven by gravity spreading.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1029/92TC00860","usgsCitation":"Pavlis, T.L., Sisson, V., Foster, H.L., Nokleberg, W.J., and Plafker, G., 1993, Mid‐Cretaceous extensional tectonics of the Yukon‐Tanana Terrane, Trans‐Alaska Crustal Transect (TACT), east‐central Alaska: Tectonics, v. 12, no. 1, p. 103-122, https://doi.org/10.1029/92TC00860.","productDescription":"20 p.","startPage":"103","endPage":"122","costCenters":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":375498,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"Eastern Central Alaska","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -151.78710937499997,\n 64.33990785750463\n ],\n [\n -141.0205078125,\n 64.33990785750463\n ],\n [\n -141.0205078125,\n 67.25505812564363\n ],\n [\n -151.78710937499997,\n 67.25505812564363\n ],\n [\n -151.78710937499997,\n 64.33990785750463\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"12","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2010-07-26","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Pavlis, Terry L.","contributorId":52682,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pavlis","given":"Terry","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":790672,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Sisson, V.B.","contributorId":101104,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Sisson","given":"V.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":790673,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Foster, Helen L.","contributorId":56195,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Foster","given":"Helen","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":790674,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Nokleberg, Warren J. 0000-0002-1574-8869 wnokleberg@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1574-8869","contributorId":2077,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nokleberg","given":"Warren","email":"wnokleberg@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":790675,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Plafker, George","contributorId":3920,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Plafker","given":"George","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":790676,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":5222834,"text":"5222834 - 1993 - Avian communities in riparian forests of different widths in Maryland and Delaware","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2026-04-27T17:27:19.927957","indexId":"5222834","displayToPublicDate":"1993-06-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3750,"text":"Wetlands","onlineIssn":"1943-6246","printIssn":"0277-5212","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Avian communities in riparian forests of different widths in Maryland and Delaware","docAbstract":"In agricultural landscapes, much of the remaining forest is in linear tracts along streams. These riparian forests provide habitat for forest birds, but their use by forest interior birds may depend on forest width. We conducted point-count surveys of birds in riparian forests on the Eastern shore of Maryland and Delaware to assess whether the presence of any species was dependent on corridor width. We surveyed 117 corridors that ranged from 25- to 800-m wide. Several area-sensitive neotropical migrants were encountered more frequently in wider riparian forests, and probabilities of occurrence increased most rapidly between 25 and 100 m. Based on these surveys, we recommend that riparian forests be at least 100-m wide to provide some nesting habitat for area-sensitive species. Wider riparian forests would be preferable and should be preserved.
","language":"English","publisher":"Springer Nature","doi":"10.1007/BF03160874","usgsCitation":"Keller, C., Robbins, C., and Hatfield, J., 1993, Avian communities in riparian forests of different widths in Maryland and Delaware: Wetlands, v. 13, no. 2, p. 137-144, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03160874.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"137","endPage":"144","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":199529,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Delaware, Maryland","otherGeospatial":"eastern shore","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -75.83714544806597,\n 39.790800560501\n ],\n [\n -75.83714544806597,\n 37.04504078682838\n ],\n [\n -74.82805814280428,\n 37.04504078682838\n ],\n [\n -74.82805814280428,\n 39.790800560501\n ],\n [\n -75.83714544806597,\n 39.790800560501\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"13","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a82e4b07f02db64afb5","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Keller, C.M.E.","contributorId":28332,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Keller","given":"C.M.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":337262,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Robbins, C.S.","contributorId":53907,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Robbins","given":"C.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":337264,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Hatfield, Jeff S.","contributorId":41372,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hatfield","given":"Jeff S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":337263,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70243548,"text":"70243548 - 1993 - Drilling successful from ROV Ventana","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-05-11T14:08:49.473306","indexId":"70243548","displayToPublicDate":"1993-05-04T08:35:06","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":7458,"text":"Eos Science News","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Drilling successful from ROV Ventana","docAbstract":"Cores of granite and deformed sediment from the walls of Monterey Canyon were successfully recovered from December 30 to 31, 1992, by Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute's (MBARI) Remotely Operated Vehicle (ROV) Ventana using a small-diameter, double-barrel drill with a diamond bit. This HSTR (Holloway-Stakes-Tengdin-Rajcula) drill was developed to drill cores horizontally from sulfide/sulfate walls of active black smokers. The drill was first successfully used by the submersible Alvin in October 1991 to drill into massive sulfide chimneys, on the Juan de Fuca Ridge (Eos, June 30, 1992, p. 273), and it was subsequently used with equal success on the chalcopyrite-rich chimneys from 21°N and 9°N on the East Pacific Rise. The recent December dives, however, marked the first time that drilling has ever been attempted from the smaller ROV and the first time coring into the harder igneous rock substrate has been attempted.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/93EO00275","usgsCitation":"Stakes, D., McFarlane, J.A., Holloway, G.L., and Greene, H., 1993, Drilling successful from ROV Ventana: Eos Science News, v. 74, no. 18, p. 210-211, https://doi.org/10.1029/93EO00275.","productDescription":"2 p.","startPage":"210","endPage":"211","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":416963,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"Monterey Bay, Monterey Canyon, Pacific Ocean","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -122.68098616166509,\n 36.92499203947433\n ],\n [\n -122.68098616166509,\n 36.681267810797536\n ],\n [\n -121.78252661713634,\n 36.681267810797536\n ],\n [\n -121.78252661713634,\n 36.92499203947433\n ],\n [\n -122.68098616166509,\n 36.92499203947433\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"74","issue":"18","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2011-06-03","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Stakes, D.S.","contributorId":103792,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stakes","given":"D.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":872305,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"McFarlane, James A. R.","contributorId":305317,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"McFarlane","given":"James","email":"","middleInitial":"A. R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":872306,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Holloway, G. Leon","contributorId":305318,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Holloway","given":"G.","email":"","middleInitial":"Leon","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":872307,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Greene, H. Gary","contributorId":78669,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Greene","given":"H. Gary","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":872308,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70243584,"text":"70243584 - 1993 - Sediment export by ice rafting from a coastal Polynya, Arctic Alaska, U.S.A.","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-05-12T16:42:49.176473","indexId":"70243584","displayToPublicDate":"1993-05-01T11:29:12","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":898,"text":"Arctic and Alpine Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Sediment export by ice rafting from a coastal Polynya, Arctic Alaska, U.S.A.","docAbstract":"Strong offshore winds in early 1989 produced a shore polynya that reached along the entire north coast of Alaska and eastward beyond the mouth of the Mackenzie River in Canada. From January through April, this open water periodically exposed the shelf to sediment entrainment by suspension freezing. This process requires turbulence and supercooled water, which results in the formation of frazil and anchor ice. The resulting granular, sediment-laden ice was observed to extend over 100 km seaward of the outer continental shelf after having been advected offshore. It was sampled to determine sediment type and to quantify the particle load. The particle size was mainly silt and clay, with local admixtures of as much as 27% sand and coarser clasts. Melted ice samples contained from 31 to nearly 600 mg L-1 of sediment. Combining these data with over 400 km of shipboard and aerial observations, photographs, and computer analysis of a summer Landsat image, we estimated the sediment load per unit area of sea ice. Seaward of the shelf, in regions of dense pack ice, a conservatively estimated sediment load was over 289 t km-2. Using a westward summer drift rate of 3 cm s-1, the sediment transport through a 1-km-long north-south segment is 67,418 t during 3 mo. In terms of regional sediment dynamics (littoral transport estimated at 10,000 t during the same period) and sediment budget (continental denudation estimated at 10 t km-2 during the same period), this number is very significant. Benthic microfossils indicate that bottom sediment incorporated in the ice came from water depths ranging from the inner neritic seaward to 50 m. The large load of shelf-derived sediment observed seaward of the continental shelf indicates that ice entrainment and transport cause shelf erosion. Nothing is known about sediment release over the Arctic Ocean Basin from these pulses of dirty ice that are periodically introduced into the Transpolar Drift.
","language":"English","publisher":"Taylor & Francis","doi":"10.2307/1551544","usgsCitation":"Reimnitz, E., McCormick, M., McDougall-Reid, K., and Brouwers, E.M., 1993, Sediment export by ice rafting from a coastal Polynya, Arctic Alaska, U.S.A.: Arctic and Alpine Research, v. 25, no. 2, p. 83-98, https://doi.org/10.2307/1551544.","productDescription":"16 p.","startPage":"83","endPage":"98","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":416994,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"Arctic Ocean","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -166.1893628235785,\n 68.8510799545711\n ],\n [\n -165.7927784937305,\n 68.60302294479024\n ],\n [\n -163.59571757549665,\n 68.45306559682152\n ],\n [\n -162.10797619040798,\n 69.25615394607448\n ],\n [\n -157.08199600571925,\n 70.07554650332517\n ],\n [\n -151.61365855031693,\n 69.51002606358901\n ],\n [\n -148.49371558067688,\n 69.28203829095418\n ],\n [\n -146.08719200955667,\n 69.23274785479458\n ],\n [\n -142.86278578656948,\n 69.5068404646222\n ],\n [\n -140.99468181589384,\n 69.07584879432568\n ],\n [\n -141.0126515770738,\n 69.62138774277821\n ],\n [\n -140.17191729737542,\n 71.55828011520083\n ],\n [\n -142.89846249283258,\n 71.71808353148506\n ],\n [\n -158.7712581652307,\n 73.17888787382822\n ],\n [\n -166.19595621130796,\n 71.98411374590395\n ],\n [\n -168.2196648555574,\n 69.9431467369302\n ],\n [\n -166.1893628235785,\n 68.8510799545711\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"25","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Reimnitz, Erk","contributorId":17963,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Reimnitz","given":"Erk","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":872450,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"McCormick, Michael","contributorId":18791,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McCormick","given":"Michael","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":872451,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"McDougall-Reid, Kristin 0000-0001-6026-0718 kris@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6026-0718","contributorId":1942,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McDougall-Reid","given":"Kristin","email":"kris@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":872452,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Brouwers, Elisabeth M. brouwers@usgs.gov","contributorId":190,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brouwers","given":"Elisabeth","email":"brouwers@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":501,"text":"Office of Science Quality and Integrity","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":872453,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ]}