Kasei Valles (fig. 1) make up the largest system of outflow channels on Mars and were a major contributor of water to Chryse Planitia. The walls and floors of the Kasei channels are terraced and grooved, closely resembling the channeled scablands of eastern Washington State that were formed by catastrophic floods probably lasting no more than a few days (Baker and Milton, 1974; Baker and Kochel, 1979). Evidence obtained from previous geologic mapping of parts of Kasei Valles (Chapman and Scott, 1989) was not conclusive as to whether water levels varied markedly during single flood and erosional event or whether flooding was episodic and marked by intermittent periods of scouring. This problem – whether one or several flood episodes occurred within individual water courses – has been a continuing issue in studies of Martian channel formation (Greeley and others, 1977). Recent large-scale geologic mapping (Tanaka and Chapman, 1990) of Mangala Valles, another large outflow channel system in the Memnonia region of Mars, shows deposits of two periods of flooding; the deposits are separated stratigraphically by a lava flow. In areas around the Chryse basin, geologic studies (for example, Greeley and others, 1977) indicate that more than one episode of channel formation occurred or, less likely, that flooding was of very long duration. Evidence disclosed by the present mapping indicates that flooding was episodic in Kasei Valles and probably occurred over protracted time intervals throughout the Hesperian Periods and possibly in the Early to Middle Amazonian.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/i2208","usgsCitation":"Scott, D.H., 1993, Geologic map of the MTM 25057 and 25052 quadrangles, Kasei Valles region of Mars: U.S. Geological Survey IMAP 2208, 1 Plate: 77.33 × 56.00 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/i2208.","productDescription":"1 Plate: 77.33 × 56.00 inches","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":438925,"rank":3,"type":{"id":30,"text":"Data Release"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5066/P9IDCZ1Y","text":"USGS data release","linkHelpText":"Geologic map of the MTM 25057 and 25052 quadrangles, Kasei Valles region of Mars"},{"id":101395,"rank":2,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/imap/2208/plate-1.pdf","size":"17134","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":188677,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"scale":"502000","otherGeospatial":"Kasei Valles, Mars","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4afde4b07f02db696d2c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Scott, David H. 0000-0002-7925-7452 dscott@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7925-7452","contributorId":14415,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Scott","given":"David","email":"dscott@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":275527,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":66988,"text":"i1803H - 1993 - Geologic map of the Dillon 1° x 2° quadrangle, Idaho and Montana","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":41450,"text":"ofr83168 - 1983 - Preliminary geologic map of the Dillon 1? x 2? Quadrangle, Montana","indexId":"ofr83168","publicationYear":"1983","noYear":false,"title":"Preliminary geologic map of the Dillon 1? x 2? Quadrangle, Montana"},"predicate":"SUPERSEDED_BY","object":{"id":66988,"text":"i1803H - 1993 - Geologic map of the Dillon 1° x 2° quadrangle, Idaho and Montana","indexId":"i1803H","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"chapter":"H","title":"Geologic map of the Dillon 1° x 2° quadrangle, Idaho and Montana"},"id":1}],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-10-22T21:24:17.032723","indexId":"i1803H","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":320,"text":"IMAP","code":"I","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1803","chapter":"H","title":"Geologic map of the Dillon 1° x 2° quadrangle, Idaho and Montana","docAbstract":"The digital ARC/INFO databases included in this website provide a GIS database for the geologic map of the Dillon 1 degree by 2 degree quadrangle of southwest Montana and east-central Idaho. The geologic map was originally published as U.S. Geological Survey Miscellaneous Investigations Series Map I-1803-H. This website directory contains ARC/INFO format files that can be used to query or display the geology of USGS Map I-1803-H with GIS software.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/i1803H","usgsCitation":"Ruppel, E.T., Lopez, D.A., and O’Neill, J., 1993, Geologic map of the Dillon 1° x 2° quadrangle, Idaho and Montana (Version 1.0): U.S. Geological Survey IMAP 1803, HTML Document, https://doi.org/10.3133/i1803H.","productDescription":"HTML Document","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":438920,"rank":701,"type":{"id":30,"text":"Data Release"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5066/P9E0IPJR","text":"USGS data release","linkHelpText":"GIS Data for Geologic Map of the Dillon 1 x 2 Degrees Quadrangle, Idaho and Montana"},{"id":190090,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":6098,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/imap/i-1803-h/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":107138,"rank":700,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_9931.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"},"description":"9931"}],"scale":"250000","country":"United States","state":"Montana","otherGeospatial":"Dillon 1° x 2° quadrangle","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -114,45 ], [ -114,46 ], [ -112,46 ], [ -112,45 ], [ -114,45 ] ] ] } } ] }","edition":"Version 1.0","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4affe4b07f02db697be1","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ruppel, E. T.","contributorId":6041,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ruppel","given":"E.","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":275415,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Lopez, D. A.","contributorId":99983,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lopez","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":275417,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"O’Neill, J.M.","contributorId":85562,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"O’Neill","given":"J.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":275416,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":65685,"text":"i2371 - 1993 - Geologic map of the Palo Alto and part of the Redwood Point 7-1/2' quadrangles, San Mateo and Santa Clara Counties, California","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":46667,"text":"ofr70255 - 1970 - Geologic map of the southern part of the Redwood Point 7 1/2' quadrangle, San Mateo County, California","indexId":"ofr70255","publicationYear":"1970","noYear":false,"title":"Geologic map of the southern part of the Redwood Point 7 1/2' quadrangle, San Mateo County, California"},"predicate":"SUPERSEDED_BY","object":{"id":65685,"text":"i2371 - 1993 - Geologic map of the Palo Alto and part of the Redwood Point 7-1/2' quadrangles, San Mateo and Santa Clara Counties, California","indexId":"i2371","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"title":"Geologic map of the Palo Alto and part of the Redwood Point 7-1/2' quadrangles, San Mateo and Santa Clara Counties, California"},"id":1},{"subject":{"id":47218,"text":"ofr70254 - 1970 - Geologic map of the Palo Alto 7 1/2' quadrangle, San Mateo and Santa Clara Counties, California","indexId":"ofr70254","publicationYear":"1970","noYear":false,"title":"Geologic map of the Palo Alto 7 1/2' quadrangle, San Mateo and Santa Clara Counties, California"},"predicate":"SUPERSEDED_BY","object":{"id":65685,"text":"i2371 - 1993 - Geologic map of the Palo Alto and part of the Redwood Point 7-1/2' quadrangles, San Mateo and Santa Clara Counties, California","indexId":"i2371","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"title":"Geologic map of the Palo Alto and part of the Redwood Point 7-1/2' quadrangles, San Mateo and Santa Clara Counties, California"},"id":2}],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-09-14T20:43:07.550629","indexId":"i2371","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":320,"text":"IMAP","code":"I","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2371","title":"Geologic map of the Palo Alto and part of the Redwood Point 7-1/2' quadrangles, San Mateo and Santa Clara Counties, California","docAbstract":"The Palo Alto and southern part of the Redwood Point 7-1/2' quadrangles cover an area on the San Francisco peninsula between San Francisco Bay and the Santa Cruz Mountains. San Francisquito and Los Trancos Creeks, in the southeastern part of the map area, form the boundary between San Mateo and Santa Clara Counties. The area covered by the geologic map extends from tidal and marsh lands at the edge of the bay southward across a gently sloping alluvial plain to the foothills of the northern Santa Cruz Mountains. The foothills are separated from the main mass of the mountains by two northwest-striking faults, the San Andreas and Pilarcitos, that cross the southwest corner of the map area (fig. 1). The map and adjoining areas are here divided into three structural blocks juxtaposed along these faults, adopting the scheme of Nilsen and Brabb (1979): (1) the San Francisco Bay block lying east of the San Andreas Fault Zone; (2) the Pilarcitos block lying between the San Andreas and Pilarcitos Faults; and (3) the La Honda block that includes the main mass of the Santa Cruz Mountains lying west of the Pilarcitos Fault. The west boundary of the La Honda block is the Seal Cove-San Gregorio Fault.
Pre-late Pleistocene Cenozoic rocks of the foothills have been compressed into northwest-striking folds, which have been overridden by Mesozoic rocks along southwest-dipping low-angle faults. Coarse- to fine-grained upper Pleistocene and Holocene alluvial and estuarine deposits, eroded from the foothills and composing the alluvial plain, are essentially undeformed. Most of the alluvial plain, including some parts of the marsh land that borders the bay, has been covered by residential and commercial developments, and virtually all of the remaining marsh land has been diked off and used as salt evaporating ponds. The map area includes parts of the municipalities of San Carlos, Redwood City, Atherton, Woodside, Portola Valley, Menlo Park, and East Palo Alto in San Mateo County; and Palo Alto, Stanford University, Los Altos, and Los Altos Hills in Santa Clara County (fig. 2). Much of the university land remains as undeveloped open space surrounded by densely urbanized lands.
Geologic maps of all or part of the present map area have been prepared previously by Branner and others (1909), Thomas (1949), Dobbs and Forbes (1960), Dibblee (1966), Page and Tabor (1967), Pampeyan (1970a, 1970b), Beaulieu (1970), Helley and others (1979), and by numerous Stanford University students working on topical earth science problems. In addition, numerous engineering geologic studies have been conducted for site investigations relating to residential and commercial developments and, in particular, for construction of the Stanford Linear Accelerator Center (SLAC). The reports pertaining to SLAC are summarized in Skjei and others (1965) and more recently in a report by Earth Sciences Associates (1983). The interested reader is referred to Brabb and Pampeyan (1983), Brabb and others (1982), Wentworth and others (1985), Wieczorek and others (1985), Thomson and Evernden (1986), Brabb and Olson (1986), Youd and Perkins (1987), Perkins (1987), and Mark and Newman (1988) for information pertaining to geology, history, slope stability, seismic shaking, liquifaction potential, and faulting and seismicity in San Mateo County, some of which can be applied directly to northern Santa Clara County.
Field work for the present geologic map was done in 1962-1964 and 1966 when SLAC and Interstate 280 were in early stages of construction. Only minor additions and revisions have been made since this mapping was first released (Pampeyan, 1970a; 1970b) as it was impractical to keep pace with accelerating urban development of the area. Geologic units of the flatlands area are largely adapted from Helley and Lajoie (1979).
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/i2371","usgsCitation":"Pampeyan, E.H., 1993, Geologic map of the Palo Alto and part of the Redwood Point 7-1/2' quadrangles, San Mateo and Santa Clara Counties, California: U.S. Geological Survey IMAP 2371, Report: 26 p.; 1 Plate: 37.00 x 39.71 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/i2371.","productDescription":"Report: 26 p.; 1 Plate: 37.00 x 39.71 inches","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":345412,"rank":4,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/imap/2371/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":187096,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/imap/2371/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":102029,"rank":700,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_424.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"},"description":"424"},{"id":260785,"rank":900,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/imap/2371/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"scale":"24000","datum":"National Geodetic Vertical Datum of 1929","country":"United States","state":"California","county":"San Mateo County, Santa Clara County","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -122.25,\n 37.375\n ],\n [\n -122.125,\n 37.375\n ],\n [\n -122.125,\n 37.5417\n ],\n [\n -122.25,\n 37.5417\n ],\n [\n -122.25,\n 37.375\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4af4e4b07f02db6920fb","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Pampeyan, Earl H.","contributorId":54698,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pampeyan","given":"Earl","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":273394,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":47890,"text":"b1988D - 1993 - Paleozoic and Mesozoic rocks of Mount Ichabod and Dorsey Canyon, Elko County, Nevada: Evidence for post-Early Triassic emplacement of the Roberts Mountains and Golconda allochthons","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":47890,"text":"b1988D - 1993 - Paleozoic and Mesozoic rocks of Mount Ichabod and Dorsey Canyon, Elko County, Nevada: Evidence for post-Early Triassic emplacement of the Roberts Mountains and Golconda allochthons","indexId":"b1988D","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"chapter":"D","title":"Paleozoic and Mesozoic rocks of Mount Ichabod and Dorsey Canyon, Elko County, Nevada: Evidence for post-Early Triassic emplacement of the Roberts Mountains and Golconda allochthons"},"predicate":"IS_PART_OF","object":{"id":33239,"text":"b1988 - 1992 - Evolution of sedimentary basins: Eastern Great Basin","indexId":"b1988","publicationYear":"1992","noYear":false,"title":"Evolution of sedimentary basins: Eastern Great Basin"},"id":1}],"isPartOf":{"id":33239,"text":"b1988 - 1992 - Evolution of sedimentary basins: Eastern Great Basin","indexId":"b1988","publicationYear":"1992","noYear":false,"title":"Evolution of sedimentary basins: Eastern Great Basin"},"lastModifiedDate":"2022-12-21T22:20:34.991519","indexId":"b1988D","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":306,"text":"Bulletin","code":"B","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1988","chapter":"D","title":"Paleozoic and Mesozoic rocks of Mount Ichabod and Dorsey Canyon, Elko County, Nevada: Evidence for post-Early Triassic emplacement of the Roberts Mountains and Golconda allochthons","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/b1988D","usgsCitation":"Ketner, K.B., Murchey, B.L., Stamm, R.G., and Wardlaw, B.R., 1993, Paleozoic and Mesozoic rocks of Mount Ichabod and Dorsey Canyon, Elko County, Nevada: Evidence for post-Early Triassic emplacement of the Roberts Mountains and Golconda allochthons: U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin 1988, iii, 12 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/b1988D.","productDescription":"iii, 12 p.","costCenters":[{"id":243,"text":"Eastern Geology and Paleoclimate Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":40020,"text":"Florence Bascom Geoscience Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":169555,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/bul/1988d/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":100058,"rank":1,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/bul/1988d/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":410903,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_22210.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Nevada","county":"Elko County","otherGeospatial":"Dorsey Canyon, Mount Ichabod","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -115.75,\n 41.633\n ],\n [\n -115.75,\n 41.458\n ],\n [\n -115.542,\n 41.458\n ],\n [\n -115.542,\n 41.633\n ],\n [\n -115.75,\n 41.633\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ae4e4b07f02db6899b7","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ketner, Keith B.","contributorId":957,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ketner","given":"Keith","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":236456,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Murchey, Benita L. bmurchey@usgs.gov","contributorId":504,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Murchey","given":"Benita","email":"bmurchey@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":236455,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Stamm, Robert G. 0000-0001-9141-5364 rstamm@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9141-5364","contributorId":4702,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stamm","given":"Robert","email":"rstamm@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[{"id":40020,"text":"Florence Bascom Geoscience Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":236457,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Wardlaw, Bruce R. bwardlaw@usgs.gov","contributorId":266,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wardlaw","given":"Bruce","email":"bwardlaw@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":243,"text":"Eastern Geology and Paleoclimate Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":236454,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":49129,"text":"ofr89620 - 1993 - Water resources and the hydrologic effects of coal mining in Washington County, Pennsylvania","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-06-07T11:40:58","indexId":"ofr89620","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"89-620","title":"Water resources and the hydrologic effects of coal mining in Washington County, Pennsylvania","docAbstract":"Washington County occupies an area of 864 square miles in southwestern Pennsylvania and lies within the Pittsburgh Plateaus Section of the Appalachian Plateaus physiographic province. About 69 percent of the county population is served by public water-supply systems, and the Monongahela River is the source for 78 percent of the public-supply systems. The remaining 31 percent of the population depends on wells, springs, and cisterns for its domestic water supply. The sedimentary rocks of Pennsylvanian and Permian age that underlie the county include sandstone, siltstone, limestone, shale, and coal. The mean reported yield of bedrock wells ranges from 8.8 gallons per minute in the Pittsburgh .Formation to 46 gallons per minute in the Casselman Formation. Annual water-level fluctuations usually range from less than 3 ft (feet) beneath a valley to about 16 ft beneath a hilltop. Average hydraulic conductivity ranges from 0.01 to 18 ft per day. Water-level fluctuations and aquifer-test results suggest that most ground water circulates within 150 ft of land surface. A three-dimensional computer flow-model analysis indicates 96 percent of the total ground-water recharge remains in the upper 80 to 110 ft of bedrock (shallow aquifer system). The regional flow system (more than 250ft deep in the main valley) receives less than 0.1 percent of the total ground-water recharge from the Brush Run basin. The predominance of the shallow aquifer system is substantiated by driller's reports, which show almost all water bearing zones are less than 150ft below land surface. The modeling of an unmined basin showed that the hydrologic factors that govern regional groundwater flow can differ widely spatially but have little effect on the shallow aquifers that supply water to most domestic wells. However, the shallow aquifers are sensitive to hydrologic factors within this shallow aquifer system (such as ground-water recharge, hydraulic conductivity of the streamaquifer interface, and hydraulic conductivity of the aquifer). A vertical fracture zone would probably increase ground-water availability within the zone and would probably result in a lower head in the shallow aquifers in an upland draw area and an increased head in a valley. l Streams in the northern and western parts of the county drain to the Ohio River and streams in the eastern and southern parts of the county drain to the Monongahela River. The computed 7-day, 10-year low-flow frequencies for the surface-water sites ranged from 0.0 to 55 x 10-3 cubic feet per second per square mile. The lowest low-flow discharges per square mile were in the south-central and southwestern parts of the county. The highest low-flow discharges per square mile were in the eastern and northern parts of the county. The annual water loss at five gaged streams ranged from 52 to 75 percent of the total precipitation. The loss resulted from evaporation, transpiration, diversion, mines, ground-water outflow from the system, and plant and animal consumption. The major ground-water-quality problems are elevated concentrations of iron, manganese, and dissolved solids, and very hard water. Minor groundwater-quality problems include elevated concentrations of fluoride, chloride, and sulfate. Downgradient along the ground-water flow path, principal ions change from mostly calcium, magnesium, sulfate, and bicarbonate to sodium and chloride. Dissolyed-solids concentrations generally increase with residence time .. Elevated concentrations of sulfate and total dissolved solids were common at the surface-water sites in the northern and eastern parts of the county where most of the active and abandohed coal mines are located and where acid mine drainage is most prevalent. However, measured alkalinity at most of the surface-water sites ranged from 86 to 345 milligrams per liter, indicating that these streams would have a neutralizing effect on most inflows of acid mine drainage. The model of the hypothetically mined Brush Run basin shows that the vertical hydraulic conductivity (either existing or induced by mine subsidence) between the shallow ground-water system and the mine, and the depth to the mine are critical controls on the amount of ground water entering the mine. When the vertical hydraulic conductivity was increased by a factor of four for a mine about 250 ft deep in the main valley, inflow to the mine increased almost by the same factor. The model also shows that increasing the depth to a mine by 200 ft (mine about 450 ft deep in main valley) would cause mine inflow to decrease one order of magnitude. Comparisons between stream discharges during low base-flow conditions in a mined basin (Daniels Run) and an unrnined basin (Brush Run) indicated that the deep mining did not substantially lower streamflow. Although streamflow decreased and, at times, completely disappeared in the middle and lower parts of Daniels Run basin, it reappeared again downstream as ground-water discharge and was part of the flow at the mouth of Daniels Run. Comparison of the water-quality characteristics of the two basins showed that concentrations of dissolved solids, sulfate, sodium, chloride, fluoride, and manganese were greater in the mined basin than in the unmined basin. The pH and iron concentrations were similar in both basins.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr89620","usgsCitation":"Williams, D.R., Felbinger, J.K., and Squillace, P.J., 1993, Water resources and the hydrologic effects of coal mining in Washington County, Pennsylvania: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 89-620, NA, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr89620.","productDescription":"NA","costCenters":[{"id":532,"text":"Pennsylvania Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":162672,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":266822,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1989/0620/report.pdf"}],"country":"United States","state":"Pennsylvania 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Donald R.","contributorId":72825,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Williams","given":"Donald","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":239085,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Felbinger, John K.","contributorId":60285,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Felbinger","given":"John","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":239084,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Squillace, Paul J.","contributorId":59415,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Squillace","given":"Paul","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":239083,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":44764,"text":"wri934071 - 1993 - Properties and chemical constituents in ground water from the lower Wilcox Aquifer, Mississippi Embayment Aquifer System, south-central United States","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:05:00","indexId":"wri934071","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"93-4071","title":"Properties and chemical constituents in ground water from the lower Wilcox Aquifer, Mississippi Embayment Aquifer System, south-central United States","docAbstract":"The Gulf Coast Regional Aquifer-System Analysis is a study of regional aquifers composed of sediments of mostly Cenozoic age that underlie about 230,000 sq mi of the Gulf Coastal Plain. These regional aquifers are part of three aquifer systems: (1) the Mississippi Embayment Aquifer System, (2) the Texas Coastal Uplands Aquifer System, and (3) the Coastal Lowlands Aquifer System. The water chemistry of the Lower Wilcox Aquifer, which is part of the Mississippi Embayment Aquifer System is presented by a series of maps. These maps show the areal distribution of (1) the concentration of dissolved solids and temperature, (2) the primary water types and pH, (3) the concentration of major ions and silica, and (4) the milliequivalent ratios of selected ions. Dissolved constituents, pH, temperature, and ratios are based on the median values of all samples in each 100-sq-mi area. The concentration of dissolved solids in water from the Lower Wilcox Aquifer ranges from 18 mg/L near the outcrop in western Tennessee to 122,000 mg/L in a down-dip area in southern Mississippi. The primary water type is calcium bicarbonate in the outcrop area and sodium bicarbonate in all other areas of the aquifer within the limits of available data. The concentrations of major ions generally increase from the outcrop area to the down-dip limit of the data in the southern part of the aquifer area east of the Mississippi River. The milliequivalent ratio maps of selected ions in water from the Lower Wilcox Aquifer indicate some trends. The milliequivalent ratio of magnesium plus calcium to bicarbonate ranges from less than 0.1 to 40.4 and generally decreases from outcrop to down-dip limit of the data in the southern part of the aquifer area east of the Mississippi River. The milliequivalent ratio of bicarbonate to chloride ranges from 0.01 in southern Mississippi to 52.3 in northwestern Mississippi. This ratio increases from the outcrop toward the Mississippi River and from north to south in the northern part of the aquifer area east of the Mississippi River whereas the ratio increases from outcrop to mid-dip and decreases from mid-dip to down-dip limit of the data in the southern part east of the Mississippi River.","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/wri934071","usgsCitation":"Pettijohn, R.A., Busby, J., and Beckman, J.D., 1993, Properties and chemical constituents in ground water from the lower Wilcox Aquifer, Mississippi Embayment Aquifer System, south-central United States: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 93-4071, 15 maps on 5 sheets : some col. ; 38 x 41 cm., sheets 97 x 97 cm. or smaller, folded in envelope 31 x 24 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri934071.","productDescription":"15 maps on 5 sheets : some col. ; 38 x 41 cm., sheets 97 x 97 cm. or smaller, folded in envelope 31 x 24 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":135746,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":82067,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1993/4071/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":82068,"rank":401,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1993/4071/plate-2.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":82069,"rank":402,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1993/4071/plate-3.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":82070,"rank":403,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1993/4071/plate-4.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":82071,"rank":404,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1993/4071/plate-5.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a7ee4b07f02db6485bb","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Pettijohn, Robert A.","contributorId":77502,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pettijohn","given":"Robert","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":230385,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Busby, John F.","contributorId":42186,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Busby","given":"John F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":230384,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Beckman, Jeffery D.","contributorId":92644,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Beckman","given":"Jeffery","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":230386,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":44763,"text":"wri934070 - 1993 - Properties and chemical constituents in ground water from the middle Wilcox aquifer, Gulf Coast regional aquifer systems, south-central United States","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-01-03T20:44:24.149199","indexId":"wri934070","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"93-4070","title":"Properties and chemical constituents in ground water from the middle Wilcox aquifer, Gulf Coast regional aquifer systems, south-central United States","docAbstract":"The Gulf Coast Regional Aquifer-System Analysis is a study of regional aquifers composed of sediments of mostly Cenozoic age that underlie about 230,000 sq mi of the Gulf Coastal Plain. These regional aquifers are part of three aquifer systems: (1) the Mississippi Embayment Aquifer System, (2) the Texas Coastal Uplands Aquifer System, and (3) the Coastal Lowlands Aquifer System. The water chemistry of the Middle Wilcox Aquifer, which is part of the Mississippi Embayment Aquifer System and the Texas Coastal Uplands Aquifer System is presented by a series of maps. These maps show the area1 distribution of (1) the concentration of dissolved solids and temperature, (2) the primary water types and pH, (3) the concentration of major ions and silica, and (4) the milliequivalent ratios of selected ions. Dissolved constituents, pH, temperature, and ratios are based on the median values of all samples in each 100-sq-mi area. The concentration of dissolved solids in water from the Middle Wilcox Aquifer ranges from 26 mg/L in the northern part of the Mississippi Embayment Aquifer System to 125,500 mg/L in a down-dip area in southeastern Texas. The primary water types, which are based on the most frequently observed type in each 100-sq-mi area, are calcium bicarbonate in the outcrop in Missouri, Kentucky, Mississippi, and southern Texas; sodium bicarbonate in the remaining outcrop areas and all areas from outcrop to mid-dip; and sodium chloride in all down-dip areas. The concentrations of major ions in water from the Middle Wilcox Aquifer generally increase from the outcrop area to the down-dip limit of the data. The milliequivalent ratio of magnesium plus calcium to bicarbonate ranges from less than 0.01 to 158 and generally decreases from outcrop to mid-dip and increases from mid-dip to the down-dip limit of the data. From the Sabine Uplift eastward to southwestern Alabama the ratio of bicarbonate to chloride generally decreases from outcrop to down-dip in the area west of the Mississippi River and shows localized trends east of the Mississippi River.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri934070","usgsCitation":"Pettijohn, R.A., Busby, J., and Beckman, J.D., 1993, Properties and chemical constituents in ground water from the middle Wilcox aquifer, Gulf Coast regional aquifer systems, south-central United States: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 93-4070, 5 Plates: 37.94 × 38.07 inches or smaller, https://doi.org/10.3133/wri934070.","productDescription":"5 Plates: 37.94 × 38.07 inches or smaller","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":393795,"rank":8,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_47792.htm"},{"id":258711,"rank":404,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1993/4070/plate-5.pdf","size":"8712","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":258710,"rank":403,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1993/4070/plate-4.pdf","size":"9635","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":258709,"rank":402,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1993/4070/plate-3.pdf","size":"9552","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":258708,"rank":401,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1993/4070/plate-2.pdf","size":"9873","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":258713,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1993/4070/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":258712,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1993/4070/report.pdf","size":"533","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":258707,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1993/4070/plate-1.pdf","size":"5747","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Alabama, Arkansas, Kentucky, Louisiana, Mississippi, Tennessee, Texas","otherGeospatial":"middle Wilcox aquifer","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -100.2833,\n 26.8333\n ],\n [\n -87.250,\n 26.8333\n ],\n [\n -87.250,\n 37.25\n ],\n [\n -100.2833,\n 37.25\n ],\n [\n -100.2833,\n 26.8333\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49f9e4b07f02db5f3a34","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Pettijohn, Robert A.","contributorId":77502,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pettijohn","given":"Robert","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":230382,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Busby, John F.","contributorId":42186,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Busby","given":"John F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":230381,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Beckman, Jeffery D.","contributorId":92644,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Beckman","given":"Jeffery","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":230383,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":44716,"text":"wri924125 - 1993 - Historical saturated thickness of the Edwards-Trinity aquifer system and selected contiguous hydraulically connected units, west-central Texas","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-03-13T21:18:19.277421","indexId":"wri924125","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"92-4125","title":"Historical saturated thickness of the Edwards-Trinity aquifer system and selected contiguous hydraulically connected units, west-central Texas","docAbstract":"The Edwards-Trinity Regional Aquifer-System Analysis (RASA) is one of 25 completed or ongoing studies conducted by the U.S. Geological Survey on regional aquifer systems that individually provide essential quantities of ground water to large parts of the country. Underlying about 42,000 mi2 of west-central Texas, the Edwards-Trinity aquifer system extends approximately from Atascosa County in the southeast to Culberson County in the northwest and from the Rio Grande in the southwest to the Colorado River in the northeast (sheet 2). The Edwards-Trinity aquifer system spans four geographic subareas: Trans-Pecos, Edwards Plateau, Hill Country, and Balcones fault zone (fig. 1). The names of all aquifers in the study area were adopted for RASA purposes directly from nomenclature mandated by the Texas Water Plan (Texas Water Development Board, 1990).
\nThe Cretaceous rocks that compose the Edwards-Trinity aquifer system are primarily limestone and dolomite rock, with lesser quantities of terrigenous sand. Although the lithology varies locally and the rocks are not everywhere permeable in all directions, they combine to form a single regional aquifer system. The aquifer system comprises three aquifers and two confining units (figs. 2 and 3). The water-yielding units are the Edwards aquifer of the Balcones fault zone, the Trinity aquifer of the Balcones fault zone and Hill Country, and the Edwards-Trinity aquifer of the Edwards Plateau and Trans-Pecos. The confining units are the Hammett confining unit, which confines basal parts of the Trinity aquifer in the Hill Country and the Edwards-Trinity aquifer in the eastern part of the Edwards Plateau, and the Navarro-Del Rio confining unit, which confines the Edwards and Trinity aquifers along the southeastern margin of the Balcones fault zone. Parts of the aquifer system not overlain by one of these confining units are unconfined, or nearly so.
\nThe purposes of this report are to illustrate the historical distribution of saturated thickness (hereafter referred to as the saturated thickness) in the Edwards-Trinity aquifer system, summarize the reasons for the variation in the saturated thickness, and relate the regional effects of this variation to the distribution of transmissivity. The saturated thickness map (sheet 2) was determined for most of the area by subtracting the altitude of the base of the aquifer system (Barker and Ardis, 1992) from the altitude of the historical potentiometric surface (Bush and others, 1993). Where the Edwards and Trinity aquifers are confined in the Balcones fault zone, the saturated thickness is defined by the thickness of the aquifer system, which was determined by subtracting the altitude of the base of the aquifer system from the altitude of the base of the Navarro-Del Rio confining unit (G.E. Groschen and W.G. Stein, U.S. Geological Survey, written commun, 1990).
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Austin, TX","doi":"10.3133/wri924125","usgsCitation":"Ardis, A.F., and Barker, R.A., 1993, Historical saturated thickness of the Edwards-Trinity aquifer system and selected contiguous hydraulically connected units, west-central Texas: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 92-4125, 2 Plates: 36.50 x 25.82 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/wri924125.","productDescription":"2 Plates: 36.50 x 25.82 inches","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":583,"text":"Texas Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":326558,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/wri924125.JPG"},{"id":414054,"rank":4,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_47680.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":82012,"rank":3,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1992/4125/plate-2.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":82011,"rank":2,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1992/4125/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Texas","otherGeospatial":"Edwards-Trinity aquifer system","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -104,\n 32\n ],\n [\n -104,\n 29\n ],\n [\n -98.7667,\n 29\n ],\n [\n -98.7667,\n 32\n ],\n [\n -104,\n 32\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a58e4b07f02db62eb42","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ardis, Ann F.","contributorId":96672,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ardis","given":"Ann","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":230310,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Barker, Rene A.","contributorId":82669,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Barker","given":"Rene","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":230309,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":54854,"text":"wdrNY921 - 1993 - Water Resources Data, New York, Water Year 1992; Volume 1. Eastern New York; Excluding Long Island","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-05-14T11:21:44","indexId":"wdrNY921","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":340,"text":"Water Data Report","code":"WDR","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"NY-92-1","title":"Water Resources Data, New York, Water Year 1992; Volume 1. Eastern New York; Excluding Long Island","docAbstract":"Water resources data for the 1992 water year for New York consist of records of stage, discharge, and water quality of streams; stage, contents, and water quality of lakes and reservoirs; and ground water levels. This volume contains records for water discharge at 111 gaging stations; stage only at 4 gaging stations; stage and contents at 4 gaging stations, and 19 other lakes and reservoirs; water quality at 34 gaging stations; and water levels at 24 observation wells. Also included are data for 36 crest-stage partial-record stations. Locations of all these sites are shown on figures 8A and 8B. Additional water data were collected at various sites not in the systematic data-collection program and are published as miscellaneous measurements. These data, together with the data in volumes 2 and 3, represent that part of the National Water Data System collected by the U. S. Geological Survey and cooperating State and Federal agencies in New York.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wdrNY921","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the State of New York and with other agencies","usgsCitation":"Firda, G.D., Lumia, R., and Murray, P.M., 1993, Water Resources Data, New York, Water Year 1992; Volume 1. Eastern New York; Excluding Long Island: U.S. Geological Survey Water Data Report NY-92-1, xiii, 362 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wdrNY921.","productDescription":"xiii, 362 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":363760,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wdr/1992/ny-92-1/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":175139,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wdr/1992/ny-92-1/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"New York","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -76.25,\n 41\n ],\n [\n -73.1,\n 41\n ],\n [\n -73.1,\n 45\n ],\n [\n -76.25,\n 45\n ],\n [\n -76.25,\n 41\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a0ae4b07f02db5fb1a5","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Firda, Gary D. gfirda@usgs.gov","contributorId":1552,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Firda","given":"Gary","email":"gfirda@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":251779,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Lumia, Richard rlumia@usgs.gov","contributorId":4579,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lumia","given":"Richard","email":"rlumia@usgs.gov","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":251777,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Murray, Patricia M. pmurray@usgs.gov","contributorId":4863,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Murray","given":"Patricia","email":"pmurray@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":251778,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":60720,"text":"mf2218 - 1993 - Logs of exploratory trenches through liquefaction features on late Quaternary terraces in the Obion River Valley, northwestern Tennessee","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-06-04T21:26:48.77658","indexId":"mf2218","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":325,"text":"Miscellaneous Field Studies Map","code":"MF","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2218","title":"Logs of exploratory trenches through liquefaction features on late Quaternary terraces in the Obion River Valley, northwestern Tennessee","docAbstract":"From December 1811 to February 1812, four large earthquakes (mb≥7.0) occurred in the New Madrid (Missouri) Seismic Zone (NMSZ). These have been the largest historical earthquakes in eastern North America. Although this area has been the focus of considerable seismological research, estimates of the repeat time of large-magnitude seismic events remain poorly constrained. Past estimates were primarily based on earthquake-frequency statistics and on paleoseismology studies. Johnston and Nava (1985) compiled historical seismicity data covering about 180 years and instrumental data covering 10 years, and they concluded that the repeat time for large-magnitude events (mb≥7.0) is between 500 and 1,100 yrs. However, this estimate is based on assumptions that the data set is representative of the seismicity of the region over the past 1,000 yrs, and that the relation between earthquake frequency and magnitude is constant (Johnston and Nava, 1985). Because these assumptions cannot be verified, this estimated recurrence interval of 550-1,100 hrs must be considered tentative (S. G. Wesnousky and L. M. Leffler, written commun., 1991). Investigation of exploratory trenches across the Reelfoot scarp in northwestern Tennessee documented the only unequivocal Holocene surface faulting in the upper Mississippi embayment (Russ and others, 1978; Russ, 1979). Fluvial sediment younger than about 2,250 yrs old is faulted, and the net vertical displacement is more than 3 m. Stratigraphic relations indicate at least two episodes of faulting occurred between about 2,250 yr B.P. and the 1811-12 events to estimate an average recurrence interval of less than 600 yrs for large-magnitude earthquakes in the NMSZ. However, inasmuch as Russ (1970) found no evidence for any historical offset on the Reelfoot scarp, the relation between the Reelfoot scarp and large paleoeartchquakes in the NMSZ has not been clearly established. The development of widespread liquefaction features suring the 1811-12 earthquake series (Obermeier, 1989, Obermeier and others, 1990) and the probably development of similar features during previous large-magnitude seismic events (mb≥6.2, Nuttli, 1982) have been the basis for several attempts to document the history of paleoliquefaction. Haller and Crone (1986) found evidence of only one episode of sand-blow development in exploratory trenches in late Pleistocene alluvium in eastern Arkansas and concluded that this liquefaction event was probably associated with the 1811-12 earthquake series. Saucier (1989) reported evidence of three liquefaction events in the past approximately 1,000 yrs in an exploratory trench in eastern Arkansas. On the basis of the apparent absence of post-depositional erosion separating the three sand-blow deposits, Saucier (1989) concluded that they formed in a relatively short period of time, probably during the 1811-12 earthquake series. Similarly, Schweig and Marple (1991) found evidence of only recent (probably 1811-12) liquefaction in exploratory trenched on late Wisconsin braided-stream deposits in southeastern Missouri. Leffler and Wesnousky (1991) and Wesnousky and Leffler (written commun., 1991) examined tens of kilometers of recently excavated drainage ditches in late Wisconsin braided-stream deposits in eastern Arkansas and found no evidence for prehistorical liquefaction events during the last 10,000 yrs. In contrast, Saucier (1991) estimated an average recurrence interval about 470 yrs on the basis of historical ages of liquefaction in the NMSZ. The lack of similar evidence from other sites implies a prehistorical liquefaction-producing seismic event in southeastern Missouri that was considerably smaller than the 1811-12 earthquake series. The apparent absence of paleoliquefaction features in late Wisconsin fluvial deposits in the zone of most intense 1811-12 liquefaction indicates that the repeat time of large (mb≥7.0) seismic events in the NMSZ is at least 10,000 yrs (Saucier, 1991; Wesnousky and Leffler, written commun., 1991). The present study was undertaken to verify this conclusion by documenting the record of liquefaction in late Wisconsin fluvial deposits along the Obion River, in northwestern Tennessee, This region was identified by Obermeier (1989) as an area deserving further study because of its proximity to the NMSZ and to areas of historical liquefaction.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/mf2218","usgsCitation":"Rodbell, D.T., and Bradley, L., 1993, Logs of exploratory trenches through liquefaction features on late Quaternary terraces in the Obion River Valley, northwestern Tennessee: U.S. Geological Survey Miscellaneous Field Studies Map 2218, 2 Plates: 54.39 x 38.60 inches and 48.02 x 36.57 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/mf2218.","productDescription":"2 Plates: 54.39 x 38.60 inches and 48.02 x 36.57 inches","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":284450,"rank":3,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/mf/2218/plate-2.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":284449,"rank":2,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/mf/2218/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":180209,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/mf2218.jpg"},{"id":489667,"rank":4,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_5853.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Tennessee","otherGeospatial":"Obion River Valley","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -89.3794,\n 36.2117\n ],\n [\n -89.3794,\n 36.1531\n ],\n [\n -89.1808,\n 36.1531\n ],\n [\n -89.1808,\n 36.2117\n ],\n [\n -89.3794,\n 36.2117\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53cd64f3e4b0b290850ffc52","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Rodbell, Donald T.","contributorId":50404,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rodbell","given":"Donald","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":264290,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bradley, Lee-Ann bradley@usgs.gov","contributorId":1141,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bradley","given":"Lee-Ann","email":"bradley@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":300,"text":"Geologic Hazards Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":264289,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":57069,"text":"b1839J - 1993 - Middle Eocene intrusive igneous rocks of the central Appalachian Valley and Ridge province - Setting, chemistry, and implications for crustal structure","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":18635,"text":"ofr88450S - 1988 - Principal oil and gas plays in the Appalachian Basin (Province 131)","indexId":"ofr88450S","publicationYear":"1988","noYear":false,"chapter":"S","title":"Principal oil and gas plays in the Appalachian Basin (Province 131)"},"predicate":"SUPERSEDED_BY","object":{"id":57069,"text":"b1839J - 1993 - Middle Eocene intrusive igneous rocks of the central Appalachian Valley and Ridge province - Setting, chemistry, and implications for crustal structure","indexId":"b1839J","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"chapter":"J","title":"Middle Eocene intrusive igneous rocks of the central Appalachian Valley and Ridge province - Setting, chemistry, and implications for crustal structure"},"id":1}],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-05-05T21:13:29.661261","indexId":"b1839J","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":306,"text":"Bulletin","code":"B","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1839","chapter":"J","title":"Middle Eocene intrusive igneous rocks of the central Appalachian Valley and Ridge province - Setting, chemistry, and implications for crustal structure","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"Evolution of sedimentary basins - Appalachian basin","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/b1839J","usgsCitation":"Southworth, C.S., Gray, K.J., and Sutter, J.F., 1993, Middle Eocene intrusive igneous rocks of the central Appalachian Valley and Ridge province - Setting, chemistry, and implications for crustal structure: U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin 1839, iv, 24 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/b1839J.","productDescription":"iv, 24 p.","costCenters":[{"id":243,"text":"Eastern Geology and Paleoclimate Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":185052,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/bul/1839i/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":91367,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/bul/1839i/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":400248,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_21975.htm"}],"country":"United States","state":"Virginia, West Virginia","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -79.75,\n 38\n ],\n [\n -78.75,\n 38\n ],\n [\n -78.75,\n 38.75\n ],\n [\n -79.75,\n 38.75\n ],\n [\n -79.75,\n 38\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a60e4b07f02db635298","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Southworth, C. Scott 0000-0002-7976-7807 ssouthwo@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7976-7807","contributorId":1608,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Southworth","given":"C.","email":"ssouthwo@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"Scott","affiliations":[{"id":243,"text":"Eastern Geology and Paleoclimate Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":40020,"text":"Florence Bascom Geoscience Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":256210,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Gray, Karen J.","contributorId":93516,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gray","given":"Karen","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":256212,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Sutter, John F.","contributorId":81127,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sutter","given":"John","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":256211,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":47565,"text":"b1787DD - 1993 - Surface vitrinite reflectance study of the Uinta and Piceance basins and adjacent areas, eastern Utah and western Colorado — Implications for the development of Laramide basins and uplifts","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":47565,"text":"b1787DD - 1993 - Surface vitrinite reflectance study of the Uinta and Piceance basins and adjacent areas, eastern Utah and western Colorado — Implications for the development of Laramide basins and uplifts","indexId":"b1787DD","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"chapter":"DD","title":"Surface vitrinite reflectance study of the Uinta and Piceance basins and adjacent areas, eastern Utah and western Colorado — Implications for the development of Laramide basins and uplifts"},"predicate":"IS_PART_OF","object":{"id":33224,"text":"b1787 - 1987 - Evolution of sedimentary basins: Uinta and Piceance Basins","indexId":"b1787","publicationYear":"1987","noYear":false,"title":"Evolution of sedimentary basins: Uinta and Piceance Basins"},"id":1}],"isPartOf":{"id":33224,"text":"b1787 - 1987 - Evolution of sedimentary basins: Uinta and Piceance Basins","indexId":"b1787","publicationYear":"1987","noYear":false,"title":"Evolution of sedimentary basins: Uinta and Piceance Basins"},"lastModifiedDate":"2021-12-14T22:32:29.795061","indexId":"b1787DD","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":306,"text":"Bulletin","code":"B","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1787","chapter":"DD","title":"Surface vitrinite reflectance study of the Uinta and Piceance basins and adjacent areas, eastern Utah and western Colorado — Implications for the development of Laramide basins and uplifts","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"Evolution of sedimentary basins, Uinta and Piceance basins","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/b1787DD","usgsCitation":"Johnson, R.C., and Nuccio, V.F., 1993, Surface vitrinite reflectance study of the Uinta and Piceance basins and adjacent areas, eastern Utah and western Colorado — Implications for the development of Laramide basins and uplifts: U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin 1787, Report: iv, 38 p.; 2 Plates: 51.00 × 33.50 inches and 38.00 × 30.00 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/b1787DD.","productDescription":"Report: iv, 38 p.; 2 Plates: 51.00 × 33.50 inches and 38.00 × 30.00 inches","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":84498,"rank":401,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/bul/1787dd/plate-2.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":84497,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/bul/1787dd/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":84499,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/bul/1787dd/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":392914,"rank":2,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_21916.htm"},{"id":169298,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/bul/1787dd/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Colorado, Utah","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -112,\n 37.844\n ],\n [\n -106.272,\n 37.844\n ],\n [\n -106.272,\n 41\n ],\n [\n -112,\n 41\n ],\n [\n -112,\n 37.844\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b00e4b07f02db698218","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Johnson, Ronald C. 0000-0002-6197-5165 rcjohnson@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6197-5165","contributorId":1550,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Johnson","given":"Ronald","email":"rcjohnson@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":164,"text":"Central Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":235738,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Nuccio, Vito F. vnuccio@usgs.gov","contributorId":853,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nuccio","given":"Vito","email":"vnuccio@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":235737,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":29657,"text":"wri934118 - 1993 - Water-level changes and directions of ground-water flow in the shallow aquifer, Fallon area, Churchill County, Nevada","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-02-06T15:03:33","indexId":"wri934118","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"93-4118","title":"Water-level changes and directions of ground-water flow in the shallow aquifer, Fallon area, Churchill County, Nevada","docAbstract":"The Truckee-Carson-Pyramid Lake Water Rights Settlement Act of 1990 directed the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service to acquire water for wetland areas in the Carson Desert. The public is concerned that this acquisition of water rights and delivery of the water directly to the wetland areas would reduce recharge to the shallow ground water in the Fallen area and cause domestic wells to go dry. In January 1992, the U.S. Geological Survey, in cooperation with the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, began a study of the shallow ground-water system in the Fallen area in Churchill County, Nevada.
A network of 126 wells in the study area was monitored. Water levels were measured in wells before, during, and after the 1992 irrigation season. Water levels in 24 of the wells were measured every 2 weeks beginning in January 1992. Many wells in the network had been monitored during earlier investigations, allowing determination of changes in water level during the last 15 years.
Newlands Project water deliveries to the study area began soon after the turn of the century. Since then, water levels have risen more than 15 feet across much of the study area. Water lost from unlined irrigation canals caused Big Soda Lake to rise nearly 60 feet; ground-water levels near the lake have risen 30 to 40 feet. The depth to water in most irrigated areas is now less than 10 feet.
The net change in water level over the 15- year period between early 1977 and early 1992 has been small in spite of 6 years of drought. Water levels in most wells for which data are available declined less than 1 foot. Some wells in the south and north parts of the study area showed rises in water level during this period. The lake level in Big Soda Lake declined slightly more than 3 feet between 1971 and 1992.
Between January and November 1992, water levels in most wells declined, generally less than 2 feet. The maximum measured decline over this period was 2.68 feet in a well in the Stillwater area. Between April and July, however, water levels rose in irrigated areas typically 1 to 2 feet.
When the upper reaches of the T-Line Canal were lined in 1983-84 to reduce seepage to ground water, the water levels declined from 7.5 feet to more than 10 feet in wells near the canal. Water levels in a well near an unlined reach of the canal are essentially unchanged from what they were before the upper reaches of the canal were lined.
The altitude of the water table ranges from 4,025 feet above sea level 11 miles west of Fallon to 3,865 feet in the Stillwater Marsh area. The hydraulic gradient is small and ranges from about 6 to 9 feet per mile from west to east.
The principal recharge area is in the west part of the study area along the Carson River and major canals. Ground water flows eastward and divides; some flow goes northeast toward the Carson Sink and Stillwater areas, and some goes southeast to Carson Lake. Carson Lake is a regional discharge area.
Future declines in water level can be expected in irrigated areas if canals are lined or if the amount of water carried in the canals is greatly reduced. The amount and rate of water-level change at a particular site will depend on sitespecific geohydrologic factors. The effect of these water-level changes at a specific shallow well will depend on the depth and condition of the well.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri934118","usgsCitation":"Seiler, R.L., and Allander, K.K., 1993, Water-level changes and directions of ground-water flow in the shallow aquifer, Fallon area, Churchill County, Nevada: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 93-4118, Report: iv, 74 p.; Plate: 29.15 x 26.25 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/wri934118.","productDescription":"Report: iv, 74 p.; Plate: 29.15 x 26.25 inches","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":58480,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1993/4118/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":58481,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1993/4118/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":119468,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1993/4118/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Nevada","county":"Churchill County","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -119.125,\n 39.25\n ],\n [\n -118.375,\n 39.25\n ],\n [\n -118.375,\n 39.75\n ],\n [\n -119.125,\n 39.75\n ],\n [\n -119.125,\n 39.25\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a0ce4b07f02db5fc819","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Seiler, Ralph L.","contributorId":13609,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Seiler","given":"Ralph","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":201908,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Allander, Kip K. 0000-0002-3317-298X kalland@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3317-298X","contributorId":2290,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Allander","given":"Kip","email":"kalland@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[{"id":465,"text":"Nevada Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":201907,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":38426,"text":"pp1497C - 1993 - Distribution, facies, ages, and proposed tectonic associations of regionally metamorphosed rocks in east- and south-central Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-03-15T11:45:23","indexId":"pp1497C","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":331,"text":"Professional Paper","code":"PP","onlineIssn":"2330-7102","printIssn":"1044-9612","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1497","chapter":"C","title":"Distribution, facies, ages, and proposed tectonic associations of regionally metamorphosed rocks in east- and south-central Alaska","docAbstract":"Most of the exposed bedrock in east- and south-central Alaska has been regionally metamorphosed and deformed during Mesozoic and early Cenozoic time. All the regionally metamorphosed rocks are assigned to metamorphic-facies units on the basis of their temperature and pressure conditions and metamorphic age. North of the McKinley and Denali faults, the crystalline rocks of the Yukon- Tanana upland and central Alaska Range compose a sequence of dynamothermally metamorphosed Paleozoic and older(?) metasedimentary rocks and metamorphosed products of a Devonian and Mississippian continental-margin magmatic arc. This sequence was extensively intruded by postmetamorphic mid-Cretaceous and younger granitoids. Many metamorphic-unit boundaries in the Yukon-Tanana upland are low-angle faults that juxtapose units of differing metamorphic grade, which indicates that metamorphism predated final emplacement of the fault-bounded units. In some places, the relation of metamorphic grade across a fault is best explained by contractional faulting; in other places, it is suggestive of extensional faulting.
Near the United States-Canadian border in the central Yukon- Tanana upland, metamorphism, plutonism, and thrusting occurred during a latest Triassic and Early Jurassic event that presumably resulted from the accretion of a terrane that had affinities to the Stikinia terrane onto the continental margin of North America. Elsewhere in the Yukon-Tanana upland, metamorphic rocks give predominantly late Early Cretaceous isotopic ages. These ages are interpreted to date either the timing of a subsequent Early Cretaceous episode of crustal thickening and metamorphism or, assuming that these other areas were also originally heated during the latest Triassic to Early Jurassic and remained buried, the timing of their uplift and cooling. This uplift and cooling may have resulted from extension.
South of the McKinley and Denali faults and north of the Border Ranges fault system, medium-grade metamorphism across much of the southern Peninsular and Wrangellia terranes was early to synkinematic with the intrusion of tonalitic and granodioritic plutons of primarily Early and Middle Jurassic age in the Peninsular terrane and Late Jurassic age in the Wrangellia terrane. Areas metamorphosed during the Jurassic episode that crop out near the Border Ranges fault system were subsequently retrograded and deformed in Cretaceous and early Tertiary time during accretion of younger units to the south. North of the Jurassic metamorphic and plutonic complex, low-grade metamorphism affected the rest of the Wrangellia terrane sometime during Jurassic and (or) Cretaceous time.
North of the Wrangellia terrane and immediately south of the McKinley and Denali faults, flyschoid rocks, which were deposited within a basin that separated the Wrangellia terrane from the western margin of North America, form a northeastward-tapering wedge. Within the western half of the wedge, flysch and structurally interleaved tectonic fragments were highly deformed and weakly metamorphosed; much of the metamorphism and deformation probably occurred sometime during mid- to Late Cretaceous time. In the eastern half of the wedge, flyschoid rocks form an intermediate-pressure Barrovian sequence (Maclaren metamorphic belt). Metamorphism of the Maclaren metamorphic belt was synkinematic with the Late Cretaceous to earliest Tertiary intrusion of foliated plutons of intermediate composition. Isotopic data suggest metamorphism extended into the early Tertiary and was accompanied by rapid uplift and cooling. Low- to medium-grade metamorphism throughout the wedge was probably associated with the accretion of the outboard Wrangellia terrane, as has been proposed for the Maclaren metamorphic belt.
South of the Border Ranges fault system lie variably metamorphosed sequences of oceanic rocks that comprise the successively accreted Chugach, Yakutat, Ghost Rocks, and Prince William terranes. The Chugach terrane consists of three successively accreted sequences of differing metamorphic histories. Metamorphism in all the sequences was associated with north-directed underthrusting beneath either the combined Peninsular-Wrangellia terrane or the older and inner parts of the Chugach terrane. These sequences, from innermost to outermost are: (1) intermediate- to highpressure, transitional greenschist- to blueschist-facies metabasalt and metasedimentary rocks that were metamorphosed during the Early and Middle Jurassic; (2) prehnite-pumpellyite-facies melange that was metamorphosed sometime during the Jurassic and Cretaceous; and (3) low-pressure prehnite-pumpellyite- or greenschist- facies flysch and metavolcanic rocks that were initially metamorphosed during latest Cretaceous to early Tertiary time and, in the eastern Chugach Mountains, were subsequently overprinted by low-pressure amphibolite-facies metamorphism that accompanied widespread intrusion during Eocene time. A similar low-pressure-facies series also developed within melange and flysch of the Yakutat terrane; these rocks are also intruded by Eocene plutons and are correlated with similar rocks of the Chugach terrane.
Seaward of the Chugach terrane are the strongly deformed but weakly metamorphosed (prehnite-pumpellyite-facies) deep-sea metasedimentary rocks and oceanic metavolcanic rocks of the Ghost Rocks and Prince William terranes. Metamorphism and deformation occurred during underthrusting of these terranes beneath the Chugach terrane in early Tertiary time and predated, perhaps by very little, intrusion by early Tertiary granitoids.
","largerWorkTitle":"Regionally metamorphosed rocks of Alaska","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Government Printing Office","doi":"10.3133/pp1497C","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Alaska Department of Natural Resources, Division of Geological and Geophysical Surveys","usgsCitation":"Dusel-Bacon, C., Csejtey, B., Foster, H.L., Doyle, E.O., Nokleberg, W.J., and Plafker, G., 1993, Distribution, facies, ages, and proposed tectonic associations of regionally metamorphosed rocks in east- and south-central Alaska: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1497, Report: iv, p. C1-C73; 2 Plates: 41.75 x 40.58 inches and 41.96 x 40 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/pp1497C.","productDescription":"Report: iv, p. C1-C73; 2 Plates: 41.75 x 40.58 inches and 41.96 x 40 inches","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":64821,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1497c/plate-1.pdf","text":"Plate 1","size":"33.36 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Plate 1"},{"id":64822,"rank":401,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1497c/plate-2.pdf","text":"Plate 2","size":"8.51 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Plate 2"},{"id":64823,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1497c/report.pdf","text":"Report","size":"1.93 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Report"},{"id":104665,"rank":700,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_4908.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"},"description":"4908"},{"id":119192,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1497c/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -153,\n 65\n ],\n [\n -153.08349609375,\n 58.53959476664049\n ],\n [\n -154.9072265625,\n 57.82135503542938\n ],\n [\n -155.2587890625,\n 57.088515327886505\n ],\n [\n -155.126953125,\n 56.511017504952136\n ],\n [\n -153.984375,\n 56.389583525613055\n ],\n [\n -153.4130859375,\n 56.75272287205736\n ],\n [\n -152.138671875,\n 57.27904276497778\n ],\n [\n -150.29296875,\n 58.65408464530598\n ],\n [\n -149.5458984375,\n 59.5343180010956\n ],\n [\n -148.7548828125,\n 59.7563950493563\n ],\n [\n -147.65625,\n 59.64554025144323\n ],\n [\n -146.7333984375,\n 59.91097597079679\n ],\n [\n -145.7666015625,\n 60.13056361691419\n ],\n [\n -144.9755859375,\n 59.77852198502987\n ],\n [\n -143.876953125,\n 59.7563950493563\n ],\n [\n -143.08593749999997,\n 59.82273188377389\n ],\n [\n -141.416015625,\n 59.712097173322924\n ],\n [\n -139.7900390625,\n 59.31076795603884\n ],\n [\n -137.373046875,\n 58.286395482881034\n ],\n [\n -137.109375,\n 58.47072082411973\n ],\n [\n -137.373046875,\n 58.74540696858028\n ],\n [\n -137.373046875,\n 59.0405546167585\n ],\n [\n -137.548828125,\n 59.355596110016315\n ],\n [\n -137.8564453125,\n 59.489726035537075\n ],\n [\n -138.603515625,\n 59.977005492196\n ],\n [\n -138.955078125,\n 60.1524422143808\n ],\n [\n -139.04296875,\n 60.37042901631508\n ],\n [\n -139.74609375,\n 60.413852350464914\n ],\n [\n -140.09765625,\n 60.28340847828243\n ],\n [\n -140.9765625,\n 60.30518536282736\n ],\n [\n -140.9765625,\n 61.11140578200479\n ],\n [\n -141.064453125,\n 65.07213008560697\n ],\n [\n -153,\n 65\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a6be4b07f02db63d9da","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Dusel-Bacon, Cynthia 0000-0001-8481-739X cdusel@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8481-739X","contributorId":2797,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dusel-Bacon","given":"Cynthia","email":"cdusel@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":219803,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Csejtey, Bela Jr.","contributorId":61008,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Csejtey","given":"Bela","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":219806,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Foster, Helen L.","contributorId":56195,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Foster","given":"Helen","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":219805,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Doyle, Elizabeth O.","contributorId":97172,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Doyle","given":"Elizabeth","email":"","middleInitial":"O.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":219808,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Nokleberg, Warren J. 0000-0002-1574-8869 wnokleberg@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1574-8869","contributorId":2077,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nokleberg","given":"Warren","email":"wnokleberg@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":219807,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Plafker, George","contributorId":3920,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Plafker","given":"George","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":219804,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":29791,"text":"wri924190 - 1993 - Ground-water conditions in Pecos County, Texas, 1987","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-08-26T10:06:44","indexId":"wri924190","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"92-4190","title":"Ground-water conditions in Pecos County, Texas, 1987","docAbstract":"A comparison of 1987 water levels with historical (1940-49) water levels in the Edwards-Trinity (Plateau) aquifer indicated that water levels declined more than 50 feet in three locations in the Leon-Belding irrigation area, in an area north of Fort Stockton, and in a well east of Bakersfield. Maximum measured declines were 54 and 82 feet in the Leon-Belding irrigation area. The maximum measured rise was 55 feet in one well in east-central Pecos County.
\nThe chemical quality of water in the Edwards-Trinity aquifer of Pecos County varied greatly during 1987. Most wells in the eastern, southern, and southwestern parts of the county had water with a specific conductance of 1,000 μS/cm (microsiemens per centimeter at 25 °C) or less. Three areas that had anomalously large specific conductances in ground water in north-central Pecos County are associated with water issuing from Santa Rosa, Diamond Y, and Comanche Springs. Specific conductance in water from wells and springs ranged from 311 μS/cm in south-central Pecos County to 9,600 μS/cm in the north. Dissolved sulfate concentrations ranged from 17 to 2,300 mg/L (milligrams per liter), and dissolved chloride concentrations ranged from 12 to 1,400 mg/L. Dissolved-solids concentrations ranged from 251 to 5,580 mg/L. Total nitrite plus nitrate concentrations (considered to be all nitrate for this report) ranged from less than 0.1 to 8.9 mg/L. Chemical water types range from calcium bicarbonate to calcium sulfate to sodium chloride.
\nHistorical (1940-49) and 1987 dissolved-solids concentrations were compared to identify potential changes in water quality. In some local areas, dissolved-solids concentrations decreased as much as 1,630 mg/L. The increase in dissolved-solids concentrations in water from wells and springs ranged from 5 to 4,894 mg/L. Maximum increases in dissolved-solids concentrations were 3,290 mg/L in water from Comanche Springs and 4,894 mg/L in water from Santa Rosa Springs. The increases may represent a mixing of Edwards-Trinity water with moderately saline water from underlying rocks of Permian age, or an accumulation of salts from surface-water sources.
\nComanche Springs, dry since 1961, began flowing again in October 1986, following several weeks of record or near-record precipitation in Fort Stockton and the Trans-Pecos region. Accelerated recharge from the increased precipitation, combined with a cessation of irrigation pumpage in August 1986, probably were responsible. The springs ceased flowing in May 1987, following the start of irrigation pumpage in February 1987. Correlation between flow from Comanche Springs and water levels in Fort Stockton city well no. 2 in the Leon-Belding irrigation area indicates that the springs are unlikely to flow when the depth to water in this well exceeds about 232 feet.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/wri924190","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the City of Fort Stockton, Texas","usgsCitation":"Small, T.A., and Ozuna, G., 1993, Ground-water conditions in Pecos County, Texas, 1987: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 92-4190, 9 Plates: 27.32 x 18.95 inches or smaller, https://doi.org/10.3133/wri924190.","productDescription":"9 Plates: 27.32 x 18.95 inches or smaller","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":583,"text":"Texas Water Science 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A.","contributorId":105731,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Small","given":"T.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":202134,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Ozuna, G. B.","contributorId":25205,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ozuna","given":"G. B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":202133,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":26497,"text":"wri924186 - 1993 - Reconnaissance of quality of water from farmstead wells in Tennessee, 1989-90","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:32","indexId":"wri924186","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"92-4186","title":"Reconnaissance of quality of water from farmstead wells in Tennessee, 1989-90","docAbstract":"Data for fecal bacteria, nitrate, organic compounds, iron, manganese, and pH were collected during 1989-90 as part of a statewide reconnaissance of ground-water quality in 150 domestic farm wells in Tennessee. The biological and chemical data for each well were grouped according to eight of the nine principal aquifers in the State and analyzed for local and regional variation within and among these aquifers. Water samples from 45 percent of the wells statewide tested positive for fecal cot[form or streptococci bacteria. Regionally, samples from 20 percent of the wells in the primarily unconsoli- dated sedimentary aquifers in western Tennessee tested positive for either or both bacteria, compared with samples from 54 percent of the wells in the consolidated bedrock aquifers in the central and eastern parts of the State. Although nitrate nitrogen equaled or exceeded the 10.0 milligrams per liter primary drinking-water standard in only 3 percent of the wells sampled statewide, samples from 20 percent of the wells had nitrate nitrogen concentrations that exceeded 3.00 milligrams per liter possibly indicating human influence on ground-water quality. Estimated total concentrations of organic compounds were less than 5 micrograms per liter in samples from 92 percent of the wells statewide. Concentrations of iron and manganese equaled or exceeded their secondary standards of 300 and 50 micrograms per liter in samples from 35 and 25 percent of the wells, respectively, with the largest concentrations identified in samples from the alluvial and Pennsylvanian sandstone aquifers. Samples from 25 percent of the wells, had a pH below the lower secondary standard of 6.5 units, with most of these samples from the unconsolidated sedimentary aquifers in western Tennessee.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nBooks and Open-File Reports Section [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/wri924186","usgsCitation":"Carmichael, J.K., and Bennett, M.W., 1993, Reconnaissance of quality of water from farmstead wells in Tennessee, 1989-90: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 92-4186, iv, 43 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm. [PGS - 44 p.], https://doi.org/10.3133/wri924186.","productDescription":"iv, 43 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm. [PGS - 44 p.]","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":158125,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1992/4186/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":55320,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1992/4186/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b32e4b07f02db6b4924","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Carmichael, J. K.","contributorId":90276,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Carmichael","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":196497,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bennett, M. W.","contributorId":53358,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bennett","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":196496,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":42132,"text":"ofr93520 - 1993 - Aeromagnetic map of the southern California borderland east of the Patton Escarpment","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-09-14T21:16:08.896487","indexId":"ofr93520","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"93-520","title":"Aeromagnetic map of the southern California borderland east of the Patton Escarpment","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr93520","usgsCitation":"Langenheim, V., 1993, Aeromagnetic map of the southern California borderland east of the Patton Escarpment: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 93-520, 1 Plate: 44.21 × 34.17 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr93520.","productDescription":"1 Plate: 44.21 × 34.17 inches","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":168689,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":406730,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_12760.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":79865,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1993/0520/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"California","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -122,\n 32\n ],\n [\n -117,\n 32\n ],\n [\n -117,\n 35\n ],\n [\n -122,\n 35\n ],\n [\n -122,\n 32\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ae6e4b07f02db68b4de","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Langenheim, Victoria E. 0000-0003-2170-5213 zulanger@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2170-5213","contributorId":1526,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Langenheim","given":"Victoria E.","email":"zulanger@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":225980,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":43050,"text":"ofr93543 - 1993 - Preliminary map showing the thickness and character of Quaternary sediments in the United States east of the Rocky Mountains","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:11:08","indexId":"ofr93543","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"93-543","title":"Preliminary map showing the thickness and character of Quaternary sediments in the United States east of the Rocky Mountains","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/ofr93543","usgsCitation":"Soller, D.R., 1993, Preliminary map showing the thickness and character of Quaternary sediments in the United States east of the Rocky Mountains: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 93-543, 1 map :col. ;43 x 101 cm., on sheet 72 x 110 cm., folded to 28 x 21 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr93543.","productDescription":"1 map :col. ;43 x 101 cm., on sheet 72 x 110 cm., folded to 28 x 21 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":246697,"rank":700,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_12765.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"},"description":"12765"},{"id":176381,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4aafe4b07f02db66cf00","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Soller, D. R.","contributorId":25923,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Soller","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":227644,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":20391,"text":"ofr92642 - 1993 - Ground-water-quality assessment of the Central Oklahoma Aquifer, Oklahoma: Geochemical and geohydrologic investigations","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":20391,"text":"ofr92642 - 1993 - Ground-water-quality assessment of the Central Oklahoma Aquifer, Oklahoma: Geochemical and geohydrologic investigations","indexId":"ofr92642","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"title":"Ground-water-quality assessment of the Central Oklahoma Aquifer, Oklahoma: Geochemical and geohydrologic investigations"},"predicate":"SUPERSEDED_BY","object":{"id":2440,"text":"wsp2357C - 1996 - Ground-water-quality assessment of the central Oklahoma Aquifer, Oklahoma — Geochemical and geohydrologic investigations","indexId":"wsp2357C","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"chapter":"C","title":"Ground-water-quality assessment of the central Oklahoma Aquifer, Oklahoma — Geochemical and geohydrologic investigations"},"id":1}],"supersededBy":{"id":2440,"text":"wsp2357C - 1996 - Ground-water-quality assessment of the central Oklahoma Aquifer, Oklahoma — Geochemical and geohydrologic investigations","indexId":"wsp2357C","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"title":"Ground-water-quality assessment of the central Oklahoma Aquifer, Oklahoma — Geochemical and geohydrologic investigations"},"lastModifiedDate":"2019-12-08T14:25:15","indexId":"ofr92642","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"92-642","title":"Ground-water-quality assessment of the Central Oklahoma Aquifer, Oklahoma: Geochemical and geohydrologic investigations","docAbstract":"The National Water-Quality Assessment pilot project for the Central Oklahoma aquifer examined the chemical and isotopic composition of ground water, the abundances and textures of minerals in core samples, and water levels and hydraulic properties in the flow system to identify geochemical reactions occurring in the aquifer and rates and directions of ground-water flow. The aquifer underlies 3,000 square miles of central Oklahoma and consists of Permian red beds, including parts of the Permian Garber Sandstone, Wellington Formation, and Chase, Council Grove, and Admire Groups, and Quaternary alluvium and terrace deposits.
In the part of the Garber Sandstone and Wellington Formation that is not confined by the Permian Hennessey Group, calcium, magnesium, and bicarbonate are the dominant ions in ground water; in the confined part of the Garber Sandstone and Wellington Formation and in the Chase, Council Grove, and Admire Groups, sodium and bicarbonate are the dominant ions in ground water. Nearly all of the Central Oklahoma aquifer has an oxic or post-oxic environment as indicated by the large dissolved concentrations of oxygen, nitrate, arsenic(V), chromium(VI), selenium(VI), vanadium, and uranium. Sulfidic and methanic environments are virtually absent.
Petrographic textures indicate dolomite, calcite, sodic plagioclase, potassium feldspars, chlorite, rock fragments, and micas are dissolving, and iron oxides, manganese oxides, kaolinite, and quartz are precipitating. Variations in the quantity of exchangeable sodium in clays indicate that cation exchange is occurring within the aquifer. Gypsum may dissolve locally within the aquifer, as indicated by ground water with large concentra-tions of sulfate, but gypsum was not observed in core samples. Rainwater is not a major source for most elements in ground water, but evapotranspiration could cause rainwater to be a significant source of potassium, sulfate, phosphate and nitrogen species. Brines derived from seawater are the most likely source of bromide and chloride in the aquifer.
The dominant reaction in recharge is the uptake of carbon dioxide gas from the unsaturated zone (about 2.0 to 4.0 millimoles per liter) and the dissolution of dolomite (about 0.3 to 1.0 millimoles per liter). This reaction generates calcium, magnesium, and bicarbonate water composition. If dolomite does not dissolve to equilibrium, pH values range from 6.0 to 7.3; if dolomite dissolves to equilibrium, pH values are about 7.5. By the time recharge enters the deeper flow system, all ground water is saturated or supersaturated with dolomite and calcite.
After carbonate-mineral equilibration has occurred, cation exchange of calcium and magnesium for sodium is the dominant geochemical reaction, which occurs to a substantial extent only in parts of the aquifer. Mass transfers of cation exchange greater than 2.0 millimoles per liter occur in the confined part of the Garber Sandstone and Wellington Formation and in parts of the Chase, Council Grove, and Admire Groups. Associated with cation exchange is dissolution of small quantities of dolomite, calcite, biotite, chlorite, plagioclase, or potassium feldspar, which produces pH values that range from 8.6 to 9.1.
Large tritium concentrations indicate ground-water ages of less than about 40 years for most samples of recharge. Carbon-14 ages for samples from the unconfined aquifer generally are less than 10,000 years. Carbon-14 ages of ground water in the confined part of the aquifer range from about 10,000 to 30,000 years or older. These ages produce a time trend in deuterium values that qualitatively is consistent with the timing of the transition from the last glacial maximum to the present interglacial period.
The most transmissive geologic units in the Central Oklahoma aquifer are the Garber Sandstone and Wellington Formation and the alluvium and terrace deposits; the Chase, Council Grove, and Admire Groups are less transmissive on the basis of available specific-capacity data. The transmissivities of the Permian geologic units depend largely on the percentage of sandstone; the percentage is greatest in the central part of the aquifer and decreases in all directions from this central part. Because of large mudstone and siltstone contents, the Hennessey Group and the Vanoss Formation are assumed to be confining units above and below the aquifer. The Cimarron and Canadian Rivers are defined to be the northern and southern extent of the aquifer because of decreases in transmissivity beyond the rivers and because there is no indication of ground-water underflow at these rivers. The eastern boundary of the aquifer is the limit of the outcrop of the Chase, Council Grove, and Admire Groups. The presence of brines in the western part of the study unit and below the aquifer indicate the extent of the freshwater flow system in these directions.
Regional ground-water flow is west to east; the Deep Fork is a major discharge area for the regional flow system. Local flow systems are present within the unconfined part of the study unit. Most streams are gaining streams, and very few losing streams are evident.
Median values of aquifer properties were estimated as follows: recharge to the saturated zone, 1.6 inches per year; evapotranspiration of water that never reaches the saturated zone, 25 to 30 inches per year; porosity, 0.22; storage coefficient, 0.0002; transmissivity, 260 to 450 feet squared per day; horizontal hydraulic conductivity, 4.5 feet per day; and the ratio of horizontal to vertical hydraulic conductivity, 10,000. Reported ground-water withdrawals peaked in 1985 at 13,900 million gallons but had decreased to 7,860 million gallons by 1989. Unreported domestic withdrawals were estimated to be 1,685 million gallons in 1980.
The flow system in the aquifer can be considered to have three major components: (1) A shallow, local flow system in the unconfined part of the aquifer, (2) a deep, regional flow system in the unconfined part of the aquifer, and (3) a deep, regional flow system in the confined part of the aquifer. In the shallow, local flow system, water flows relatively quickly along short flowlines from the point of recharge to the point of discharge at the nearest stream. Many water samples from shallow wells contain large concentrations of tritium, which indicate ground-water ages of less than 40 years. In the deep, regional flow system in the unconfined part of the aquifer, water takes more time to flow along longer flowlines than in the shallow, local flow system. Much of the water in this flow system is recharged along ridges that correspond to ground-water divides between drainage basins. Transit times for water recharging the aquifer along ridges is greater than 5,000 years, computed using a numerical flow model in conjunction with a particle-tracking model. The deep, regional flow system in the confined part of the Garber Sandstone and Wellington Formation is recharged from a small part of the outcrop area of the Garber Sandstone. From the recharge area, water flows west under the confining unit to discharge to streams as far away as the Cimarron River. Flowpaths are relatively long, as much as 50 miles. The transit times in this flow system range from thousands to tens of thousands of years.
The long-term hydrogeochemical process occurring in the Central Oklahoma aquifer is removal of unstable minerals, including dolomite, calcite, biotite, chlorite, and feldspars, and the replacement of exchangeable sodium on clays with calcium and magnesium. Over geologic time, the flux of water through the rapidly moving, local flow system has been sufficient to remove most of the dolomite, calcite, and exchangeable sodium. In places, chlorite and feldspars have been removed. In the deep, regional flow system of the unconfined part of the Garber Sandstone and Wellington Formation, the flux of water has been sufficient to remove most of the exchangeable sodium, but carbonate minerals remain sufficiently abundant to maintain dolomite and calcite equilibrium. In the confined part of the Garber Sandstone and Wellington Formation and in the less transmissive parts of the unconfined aquifer, including the Chase, Council Grove, and Admire Groups, ground-water flow is slowest, and the flux of water and extent of reaction have been insufficient to remove either the carbonate minerals or the exchangeable sodium on clays.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr92642","usgsCitation":"Parkhurst, D.L., Christenson, S.C., and Breit, G.N., 1993, Ground-water-quality assessment of the Central Oklahoma Aquifer, Oklahoma: Geochemical and geohydrologic investigations: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 92-642, viii, 113 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr92642.","productDescription":"viii, 113 p.","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":153649,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1992/0642/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":359239,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1992/0642/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Oklahoma","otherGeospatial":"Central Oklahoma Aquifer","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -97.75,\n 34.75\n ],\n [\n -96.75,\n 34.75\n ],\n [\n -96.75,\n 36\n ],\n [\n -97.75,\n 36\n ],\n [\n -97.75,\n 34.75\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a96e4b07f02db65a11a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Parkhurst, David L. 0000-0003-3348-1544 dlpark@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3348-1544","contributorId":1088,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Parkhurst","given":"David","email":"dlpark@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":5044,"text":"National Research Program - Central Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":182572,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Christenson, Scott C. schris@usgs.gov","contributorId":980,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Christenson","given":"Scott","email":"schris@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":516,"text":"Oklahoma Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":182574,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Breit, George N. 0000-0003-2188-6798 gbreit@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2188-6798","contributorId":1480,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Breit","given":"George","email":"gbreit@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"N.","affiliations":[{"id":171,"text":"Central Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":211,"text":"Crustal Geophysics and Geochemistry Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":182573,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":25384,"text":"wri934054 - 1993 - Age dating ground water by use of chlorofluorocarbons (CCl3F and CCl2F2), and distribution of chlorofluorocarbons in the unsaturated zone, Snake River Plain Aquifer, Idaho National Engineering Laboratory, Idaho","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-01-21T19:51:26.562864","indexId":"wri934054","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"93-4054","displayTitle":"Age dating ground water by use of chlorofluorocarbons (CCl3F and CCl2F2), and distribution of chlorofluorocarbons in the unsaturated zone, Snake River Plain Aquifer, Idaho National Engineering Laboratory, Idaho","title":"Age dating ground water by use of chlorofluorocarbons (CCl3F and CCl2F2), and distribution of chlorofluorocarbons in the unsaturated zone, Snake River Plain Aquifer, Idaho National Engineering Laboratory, Idaho","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri934054","usgsCitation":"Busenberg, E., Weeks, E., Plummer, N., and Bartholomay, R.C., 1993, Age dating ground water by use of chlorofluorocarbons (CCl3F and CCl2F2), and distribution of chlorofluorocarbons in the unsaturated zone, Snake River Plain Aquifer, Idaho National Engineering Laboratory, Idaho: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 93-4054, v, 47 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri934054.","productDescription":"v, 47 p.","costCenters":[{"id":436,"text":"National Research Program - Eastern Branch","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":394684,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_47780.htm"},{"id":54118,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1993/4054/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":118832,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1993/4054/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Idaho","otherGeospatial":"Idaho National Engineering Laboratory","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -113.7139892578125,\n 43.11902898139767\n ],\n [\n -112.225341796875,\n 43.11902898139767\n ],\n [\n -112.225341796875,\n 44.19598988458207\n ],\n [\n -113.7139892578125,\n 44.19598988458207\n ],\n [\n -113.7139892578125,\n 43.11902898139767\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ae3e4b07f02db689670","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Busenberg, Eurybiades ebusenbe@usgs.gov","contributorId":2271,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Busenberg","given":"Eurybiades","email":"ebusenbe@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":436,"text":"National Research Program - Eastern Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":193469,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Weeks, E.P.","contributorId":38514,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Weeks","given":"E.P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":193470,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Plummer, Niel 0000-0002-4020-1013 nplummer@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4020-1013","contributorId":190100,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Plummer","given":"Niel","email":"nplummer@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":436,"text":"National Research Program - Eastern Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":193472,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Bartholomay, R. C.","contributorId":66271,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bartholomay","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":193471,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":21040,"text":"ofr93108 - 1993 - Selected hydrologic data for southern Utah and Goshen Valleys, Utah, 1890-1992","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-09-18T20:08:25.951401","indexId":"ofr93108","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"93-108","title":"Selected hydrologic data for southern Utah and Goshen Valleys, Utah, 1890-1992","docAbstract":"This report contains hydrologic data collected in southern Utah and Goshen Valleys from 1890 to 1992. Southern Utah and Goshen Valleys are south of Salt Lake City in Utah County, north-central Utah. The area is bounded on the east and south by the Wasatch Range, on the south by Long Ridge, on the west by the East Tintic Mountains and the Mosida Hills, and on the north by a line through about the middle of T. 7 S. Southern Utah Valley and Goshen Valley are divided by the northern tip of Long Ridge, West Mountain, and Utah Lake (Cordova, 1970). The area is in the Basin and Range physiographic province described by Fenneman (1931), and includes about 390 square miles.
Most of the data in this report were collected by the U.S. Geological Survey in cooperation with the Utah Department of Natural Resources, Division of Water Rights. Some of the earlier data were published previously by Cordova (1969 and 1970).
The purpose of this report is to provide hydrologic data for use by the general public and by officials managing the area's water resources, and to document data collected during a 4-year study of the ground-water resources in southern Utah and Goshen Valleys. Tables 1 to 8 contain selected ground- and surface-water data. Select data, including well depth and water level, is given for over 400 wells, and chemical analyses are given of samples from about 90 wells. The numbering system used in Utah for hydrologic-data sites is illustrated in figure 1. Hydrologic-data sites are shown on plate 1.
These data could not have been collected without the cooperation of local residents and officials of irrigation companies and municipalities, who permitted access to their wells and property.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Salt Lake City, UT","doi":"10.3133/ofr93108","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Utah Department of Natural Resources, Division of Water Rights","usgsCitation":"Stolp, B.J., Drumiler, M.J., and Brooks, L.E., 1993, Selected hydrologic data for southern Utah and Goshen Valleys, Utah, 1890-1992: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 93-108, Report: iv, 110 p.; 1 Plate: 18.74 in x 21.11 in, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr93108.","productDescription":"Report: iv, 110 p.; 1 Plate: 18.74 in x 21.11 in","numberOfPages":"113","costCenters":[{"id":610,"text":"Utah Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":154373,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1993/0108/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":420917,"rank":4,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_12626.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":50630,"rank":3,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1993/0108/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":50631,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1993/0108/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Utah","otherGeospatial":"Goshen Valley, Utah Valley","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -112.042,\n 40.209\n ],\n [\n -112.042,\n 39.809\n ],\n [\n -111.512,\n 39.809\n ],\n [\n -111.512,\n 40.209\n ],\n [\n -112.042,\n 40.209\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","publicComments":"This report is also Utah Hydrologic-Data Report no. 50","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a06e4b07f02db5f8a5c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Stolp, Bernard J. 0000-0003-3803-1497 bjstolp@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3803-1497","contributorId":963,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stolp","given":"Bernard","email":"bjstolp@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":610,"text":"Utah Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":183733,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Drumiler, Marilyn J.","contributorId":68767,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Drumiler","given":"Marilyn","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":183732,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Brooks, Lynette E. 0000-0002-9074-0939 lebrooks@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9074-0939","contributorId":2718,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brooks","given":"Lynette","email":"lebrooks@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":610,"text":"Utah Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":183731,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":39619,"text":"pp1537 - 1993 - Mineralogy, mineral chemistry, and paragenesis of gold, silver, and base-metal ores of the North Amethyst vein system, San Juan Mountains, Mineral County, Colorado","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-10-22T10:30:09","indexId":"pp1537","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":331,"text":"Professional Paper","code":"PP","onlineIssn":"2330-7102","printIssn":"1044-9612","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1537","title":"Mineralogy, mineral chemistry, and paragenesis of gold, silver, and base-metal ores of the North Amethyst vein system, San Juan Mountains, Mineral County, Colorado","docAbstract":"Gold-rich adularia-sericite-type mineralization occurs near the southern margin of the San Luis caldera, at the intersection of the Equity fault and the northern extension of the Amethyst fault system. Mineralized rock is confined primarily to steeply dipping structures in silicified rhyolite and dacite. Intense sericitic alteration occurs at higher levels in the vein system, and wall rock adjacent to some veins is bleached. The ores are multiply brecciated, and vein filling locally shows sedimentary textures.
\nTextural, mineralogical, and chemical criteria indicate that there are at least two partially coextensive associations of mineral assemblages separated by periods of brecciation and sedimentation. An older gold-bearing association consists of two fine-grained ore stages, both of which contain electrum, uytenbogaardtite, tetrahedrite, silver sulfosalts, silver sulfides and base-metal sulfides, and a manganese-rich stage containing the assemblages (1) manganese silicate + manganese carbonate minerals + quartz and (2) magnetite + hematite + pyrite + quartz. A younger crosscutting association contains calcite, adularia, fluorite, and quartz, plus the assemblages (1) coarse-grained basemetal sulfides and (2) hematite + chlorite + quartz. Quartz, manganese-rich calcite, and trace pyrite line late-stage vugs.
\nMineralogic, lead-isotopic, and fluid-inclusion characteristics of the younger association are similar to those of ores of the southern and central parts of the Creede mining district. In contrast, the gold and manganese-silicate assemblages of the older association are rare to absent in the southern and central parts of the district. The local and early occurrence of the manganese and gold assemblages may indicate that they formed in a small hydrothermal cell that predated the extensive hydrothermal system from which ores of the central and southern parts of the Creede district are proposed to have been deposited (Bethke, 1988). If similar early-stage cells were present in the southern and central parts of the district, they may have been replaced or overprinted by later assemblages, and they may remain to be discovered. In the latter case, mineral assemblages that formed at early stages in the paragenesis hold the most promise for gold exploration.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Government Printing Office","publisherLocation":"Washington, D.C.","doi":"10.3133/pp1537","usgsCitation":"Foley, N.K., Caddey, S.W., Byington, C.B., and Vardiman, D.M., 1993, Mineralogy, mineral chemistry, and paragenesis of gold, silver, and base-metal ores of the North Amethyst vein system, San Juan Mountains, Mineral County, Colorado: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1537, 39 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/pp1537.","productDescription":"39 p.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":245,"text":"Eastern Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":67237,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1537/report.pdf","text":"Report","size":"5.91 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Report"},{"id":126518,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1537/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Colorado","county":"Mineral County","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -108.5,\n 37.00693943418586\n ],\n [\n -108.5,\n 38.5\n ],\n [\n -106,\n 38.5\n ],\n [\n -106,\n 37.00693943418586\n ],\n [\n -108.5,\n 37.00693943418586\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b05e4b07f02db699d82","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Foley, Nora K. 0000-0003-0124-3509 nfoley@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0124-3509","contributorId":4010,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Foley","given":"Nora","email":"nfoley@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[{"id":245,"text":"Eastern Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":221815,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Caddey, Stanton W.","contributorId":55506,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Caddey","given":"Stanton","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":221817,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Byington, Craig B.","contributorId":10287,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Byington","given":"Craig","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":221814,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Vardiman, David M.","contributorId":45577,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Vardiman","given":"David","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":221816,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":25924,"text":"wri934074 - 1993 - Effects of agricultural and residential land use on ground-water quality, Anoka Sand Plain Aquifer, east-central Minnesota","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-03-05T10:15:09","indexId":"wri934074","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"93-4074","title":"Effects of agricultural and residential land use on ground-water quality, Anoka Sand Plain Aquifer, east-central Minnesota","docAbstract":"Water quality in the 1,700-square-mile Anoka Sand Plain aquifer is affected by irrigated and nonirrigated agriculture and by residential land use. Concentrations of sulfate, chloride, nitrite plus nitrate nitrogen, and pesticides in ground water are related to human activities; nitrite plus nitrate nitrogen concentrations are affected more than concentrations of other chemical constituents. Of the water samples collected from 100 wells during this study, samples from 30 wells had concentrations of nitrite plus nitrate nitrogen greater than 10 mg/L (milligrams per liter), which is the limit recommended for drinking water by the Minnesota Pollution Control Agency. Analysis of 360 water samples indicated that the median concentrations of nitrite plus nitrate nitrogen for undeveloped, nonirrigated-cultivated, irrigated, and residential lands were 0.22,2.0,5.3, and 4.2 mg/L, respectively.
\nDifferences in nitrite plus nitrate nitrogen concentrations at various depths below the water table were statistically significant. Median concentrations of nitrite plus nitrate nitrogen in groundwater samples less than 10 feet, 10 to 20 feet, and more than 20 feet below the water table were 5.1 mg/L, 2.7 mg/L, and less than 0.1 mg/L, respectively.
\nSeasonal fluctuations in nitrite plus nitrate nitrogen concentrations at many wells were as great or greater than long-term change; however, the springtime median concentration of nitrite plus nitrate nitrogen increased steadily from 1984 (4.8 mg/L) through 1987 (5.5 mg/L).
\nTriazine herbicides were detected in 11 of 18 samples analyzed for pesticides. Concentrations of atrazine were less than the 3 (J-g/L maximum contaminant level set for atrazine by the Minnesota Department of Health and by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Mounds View, MN","doi":"10.3133/wri934074","collaboration":"Prepared In cooperation with the Minnesota Department of Natural Resources, Division of Waters and the Soil and Water Conservation Districts of Anoka, Chisago, Isanti, Sherburne, and Stearns Counties","usgsCitation":"Anderson, H.W., 1993, Effects of agricultural and residential land use on ground-water quality, Anoka Sand Plain Aquifer, east-central Minnesota: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 93-4074, vi, 62 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri934074.","productDescription":"vi, 62 p.","numberOfPages":"68","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":392,"text":"Minnesota Water Science 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Jr.","contributorId":11187,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Anderson","given":"H.","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":195488,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":17468,"text":"ofr93522 - 1993 - Petroleum exploration plays and resource estimates, 1989, onshore United States; Region 5, West Texas and eastern New Mexico","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-10-22T19:45:39","indexId":"ofr93522","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"93-522","title":"Petroleum exploration plays and resource estimates, 1989, onshore United States; Region 5, West Texas and eastern New Mexico","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/ofr93522","usgsCitation":"1993, Petroleum exploration plays and resource estimates, 1989, onshore United States; Region 5, West Texas and eastern New Mexico: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 93-522, iii, 84 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr93522.","productDescription":"iii, 84 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":150924,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1993/0522/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":46622,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1993/0522/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ae0e4b07f02db687eca","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Powers, R.B.","contributorId":34160,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Powers","given":"R.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":749331,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":26024,"text":"wri934112 - 1993 - Hydrogeology, geochemistry, and quality of water of The Basin and Oak Spring areas of the Chisos Mountains, Big Bend National Park, Texas","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-08-16T13:21:41","indexId":"wri934112","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"93-4112","title":"Hydrogeology, geochemistry, and quality of water of The Basin and Oak Spring areas of the Chisos Mountains, Big Bend National Park, Texas","docAbstract":"Test drilling near two sewage lagoons in The Basin area of the Chisos Mountains, Big Bend National Park, Texas, has shown that the alluvium and colluvium on which the lagoons are located is not saturated in the immediate vicinity of the lagoons. A shallow aquifer, therefore, does not exist in this critical area at and near the lagoons. Should seepage outflow from the lagoons occur, the effluent from the lagoons might eventually be incorporated into shallow ground water moving westward in the direction of Oak Spring. Under these conditions such water could reach the spring. Test borings that bottomed in bedrock below the alluvial and colluvial fill material are dry, indicating that no substantial leakage from the lagoons was detected. Therefore, no contaminant plume was identified. Fill material in The Basin does not contain water everywhere in its extensive outcropping area and supplies only a small quantity of ground water to Window Pouroff, which is the only natural surface outlet of The Basin.
\nOak Spring, which is almost 2 miles downgradient from the lagoons, is the sole source of water for The Basin the principal tourist area in Big Bend National Park. Test drilling in the Oak Spring area revealed that the aquifer in the immediate vicinity of Oak Spring is a 5-foot thick sand bed hydraulically confined above and below by relatively thick, compact clay. The sand bed might be bounded locally by faults to the east and west of the spring. The test drilling and seismic surveys in the area also established the existence of a thick, extensive, surficial layer of colluvium consisting of large rhyolite boulders. The colluvial layer, which overlies sedimentary bedrock containing the Oak Spring aquifer, was unsaturated at the borehole sites.
\nInformation from drilling and from hydrogeologic observation indicates that the water from Oak Spring originates as precipitation in the Oak Spring area west of The Basin, with possibly a contribution originating as discharge from The Basin. The rhyolite boulder field in the Oak Spring area, which includes talus from Vernon Bailey Peak, is an effective receptacle for rapid recharge of precipitation. This water could then be efficiently routed into the Oak Spring aquifer in places to the east of Oak Spring where any shallow ground water in the boulder field might enter the subcropping truncated aquifer.
\nWater-chemistry data, hydrochemical facies, and isotopic data also indicate that water from Oak Spring originates principally from precipitation onto the land surface of the Oak Spring area. Tritium data indicate that Oak Spring water is \"modern,\" with an average age of recharge less than 14 years. The flow rates recorded almost continuously at Oak Spring beginning in December 1986 show a close relation between precipitation and discharge. The highest recorded spring flow of 167 gallons per minute in December 1986 is attributed to record high precipitation in the area during 1986. The lowest recorded flow of 22.4 gallons per minute, in December 1989, followed a period of 20 out of 26 months of below-normal precipitation. Flow at Oak Spring typically lags behind precipitation by about 1 month. This fairly rapid response indicates the spring is fed by a shallow aquifer having good permeability and effective recharge areas with the ability to absorb precipitation rapidly.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Austin, TX","doi":"10.3133/wri934112","usgsCitation":"Baker, E.T., and Buszka, P., 1993, Hydrogeology, geochemistry, and quality of water of The Basin and Oak Spring areas of the Chisos Mountains, Big Bend National Park, Texas: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 93-4112, v, 76 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri934112.","productDescription":"v, 76 p.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":583,"text":"Texas Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":122709,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1993/4112/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":54801,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1993/4112/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Texas","otherGeospatial":"Big Bend National Park","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -103.36212158203125,\n 29.24446853982615\n ],\n [\n -103.36212158203125,\n 29.28220663151896\n ],\n [\n -103.25878143310545,\n 29.28220663151896\n ],\n [\n -103.25878143310545,\n 29.24446853982615\n ],\n [\n -103.36212158203125,\n 29.24446853982615\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a2de4b07f02db61488e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Baker, E. T. Jr.","contributorId":88366,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Baker","given":"E.","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":195662,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Buszka, P.M.","contributorId":49001,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Buszka","given":"P.M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":195661,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ]}