{"pageNumber":"3083","pageRowStart":"77050","pageSize":"25","recordCount":184812,"records":[{"id":33063,"text":"b2201B - 2001 - Petroleum geology and resources of the North Caspian Basin, Kazakhstan and Russia","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-10-11T10:57:44.338848","indexId":"b2201B","displayToPublicDate":"2001-09-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":306,"text":"Bulletin","code":"B","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2201","chapter":"B","title":"Petroleum geology and resources of the North Caspian Basin, Kazakhstan and Russia","docAbstract":"The North Caspian basin is a petroleum-rich but lightly explored basin located in Kazakhstan and Russia. It occupies the shallow northern portion of the Caspian Sea and a large plain to the north of the sea between the Volga and Ural Rivers and farther east to the Mugodzhary Highland, which is the southern continuation of the Ural foldbelt. The basin is bounded by the Paleozoic carbonate platform of the Volga-Ural province to the north and west and by the Ural, South Emba, and Karpinsky Hercynian foldbelts to the east and south. The basin was originated by pre-Late Devonian rifting and subsequent\r\nspreading that opened the oceanic crust, but the precise time of these tectonic events is not known.\r\nThe sedimentary succession of the basin is more than 20 km thick in the central areas. The drilled Upper Devonian to Tertiary part of this succession includes a prominent thick Kungurian\r\n(uppermost Lower Permian) salt formation that separates strata into the subsalt and suprasalt sequences and played an important role in the formation of oil and gas fields. Shallow-shelf carbonate formations that contain various reefs and alternate\r\nwith clastic wedges compose the subsalt sequence on the\r\n1\r\nbasin margins. Basinward, these rocks grade into deep-water anoxic black shales and turbidites. The Kungurian salt formation\r\nis strongly deformed into domes and intervening depressions.\r\nThe most active halokinesis occurred during Late Permian?Triassic time, but growth of salt domes continued later and some of them are exposed on the present-day surface. The suprasalt sequence is mostly composed of clastic rocks that are several kilometers thick in depressions between salt domes.\r\nA single total petroleum system is defined in the North Caspian\r\nbasin. Discovered reserves are about 19.7 billion barrels of oil and natural gas liquids and 157 trillion cubic feet of gas. Much of the reserves are concentrated in the supergiant Tengiz, Karachaganak, and Astrakhan fields. A recent new oil discovery on the Kashagan structure offshore in the Caspian Sea is probably\r\nalso of the supergiant status. Major oil and gas reserves are located in carbonate reservoirs in reefs and structural traps of the subsalt sequence. Substantially smaller reserves are located in numerous fields in the suprasalt sequence. These suprasalt fields are largely in shallow Jurassic and Cretaceous clastic reservoirs in salt dome-related traps. Petroleum source rocks are poorly identified by geochemical methods. However, geologic data indicate that the principal source rocks are Upper Devonian to Lower Permian deep-water black-shale facies stratigraphically correlative to shallow-shelf carbonate platforms on the basin margins. The main stage of hydrocarbon generation was probably\r\nin Late Permian and Triassic time, during deposition of thick orogenic clastics. Generated hydrocarbons migrated laterally into adjacent subsalt reservoirs and vertically, through depressions\r\nbetween Kungurian salt domes where the salt is thin or absent, into suprasalt clastic reservoirs.\r\nSix assessment units have been identified in the North Caspian\r\nbasin. Four of them include Paleozoic subsalt rocks of the basin margins, and a fifth unit, which encompasses the entire total petroleum system area, includes the suprasalt sequence. All five of these assessment units are underexplored and have significant\r\npotential for new discoveries. Most undiscovered petroleum\r\nresources are expected in Paleozoic subsalt carbonate rocks. The assessment unit in subsalt rocks with the greatest undiscovered potential occupies the south basin margin. Petroleum\r\npotential of suprasalt rocks is lower; however, discoveries of many small to medium size fields are expected. The sixth identified assessment unit embraces subsalt rocks of the central basin areas. The top of subsalt rocks in these areas occurs at depths ranging from 7 to 10 kilometers and has not been reached by wells. Undiscovered resources of this unit did not rec","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/b2201B","usgsCitation":"Ulmishek, G.F., 2001, Petroleum geology and resources of the North Caspian Basin, Kazakhstan and Russia (Version 1.0): U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin 2201, 25 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/b2201B.","productDescription":"25 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":161249,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":3236,"rank":2,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/bul/2201/B/index.html","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":462801,"rank":3,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/bul/2201/B/b2201-b.pdf","text":"Report","size":"1.48 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"edition":"Version 1.0","contact":"

Contact Pubs Warehouse

","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4adee4b07f02db6873bd","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ulmishek, Gregory F.","contributorId":48971,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ulmishek","given":"Gregory","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":209806,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":33094,"text":"b2172B - 2001 - Changing perceptions of United States natural-gas resources as shown by successive U. S. Department of the Interior assessments","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:09:09","indexId":"b2172B","displayToPublicDate":"2001-09-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":306,"text":"Bulletin","code":"B","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2172","chapter":"B","title":"Changing perceptions of United States natural-gas resources as shown by successive U. S. Department of the Interior assessments","docAbstract":"Trends in four successive estimates of United States technically\r\nrecoverable natural gas resources are examined in this report. The effective dates of these assessments were January 1 of 1975, 1980, 1987, and 1994.\r\nThe 1994 estimate of the U.S. total gas endowment increased significantly over the previous three estimates, indicating\r\nthat the technically recoverable endowment of gas is not an absolute volume, but rather is a quantity that can increase through time in response to advances in technology and in geologic\r\nunderstanding. Much of this increase was in the category of reserve growth. Reserve growth refers to additions to the estimated\r\nultimate recovery of fields that typically occur as discovered\r\nfields are developed and produced. The potential for U.S. reserve growth, rather than being rapidly used up, appears to be sustainable for many years by intensive engineering efforts coupled\r\nwith improving technology. Potential additions to reserves in continuous (unconventional) accumulations also represent a type of reserve growth, and were estimated (for the first time) in the 1994 assessment at 358 trillion cubic feet of gas. This resource category provides a significant new contribution to the estimated U.S. total gas endowment.","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/b2172B","usgsCitation":"Schmoker, J.W., and Dyman, T.S., 2001, Changing perceptions of United States natural-gas resources as shown by successive U. S. Department of the Interior assessments (Version 1.0): U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin 2172, 8 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/b2172B.","productDescription":"8 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":160597,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":3296,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/bul/b2172-b/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"edition":"Version 1.0","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49e4e4b07f02db5e66d4","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Schmoker, James W.","contributorId":52171,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schmoker","given":"James","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":209877,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Dyman, Thaddeus S.","contributorId":83971,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dyman","given":"Thaddeus","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":209878,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":30846,"text":"wri894131 - 2001 - Hydrogeology and ground-water flow in the Memphis and Fort Pillow aquifers in the Memphis area, Tennessee","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:09:04","indexId":"wri894131","displayToPublicDate":"2001-09-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"89-4131","title":"Hydrogeology and ground-water flow in the Memphis and Fort Pillow aquifers in the Memphis area, Tennessee","docAbstract":"On the basis of known hydrogeology of the Memphis and Fort Pillow aquifers in the Memphis area, a three-layer, finite-difference numerical model was constructed and calibrated as the primary tool to refine understanding of flow in the aquifers. The model was calibrated and tested for accuracy in simulating measured heads for nine periods of transient flow from 1886-1985. Testing and sensitivity analyses indicated that the model accurately simulated observed heads areally as well as through time.\r\n\r\nThe study indicates that the flow system is currently dominated by the distribution of pumping in relation to the distribution of areally variable confining units. Current withdrawal of about 200 million gallons per day has altered the prepumping flow paths, and effectively captured most of the water flowing through the aquifers. Ground-water flow is controlled by the altitude and location of sources of recharge and discharge, and by the hydraulic characteristics of the hydrogeologic units.\r\n\r\nLeakage between the Fort Pillow aquifer and Memphis aquifer, and between the Memphis aquifer and the water-table aquifers (alluvium and fluvial deposits) is a major component of the hydrologic budget. The study indicates that more than 50 percent of the water withdrawn from the Memphis aquifer in 1980 is derived from vertical leakage across confining units, and the leakage from the shallow aquifer (potential source of contamination) is not uniformly distributed. Simulated leakage was concentrated along the upper reaches of the Wolf and Loosahatchie Rivers, along the upper reaches of Nonconnah Creek, and the surficial aquifer of the Mississippi River alluvial plain. These simulations are supported by the geologic and geophysical evidence suggesting relatively thin or sandy confining units in these general locations. Because water from surficial aquifers is inferior in quality and more susceptible to contamination than water in the deeper aquifers, high rates of leakage to the Memphis aquifer may be cause for concern.\r\n\r\nA significant component of flow (12 percent) discharging from the Fort Pillow aquifer was calculated as upward leakage to the Memphis aquifer. This upward leakage was generally limited to areas near major pumping centers in the Memphis aquifer, where heads in the Memphis aquifer have been drawn significantly below heads in the Fort Pillow aquifer. Although the Fort Pillow aquifer is not capable of producing as much water as the Memphis aquifer for similar conditions, it is nonetheless a valuable resource throughout the area.","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/wri894131","usgsCitation":"Brahana, J., and Broshears, R.E., 2001, Hydrogeology and ground-water flow in the Memphis and Fort Pillow aquifers in the Memphis area, Tennessee: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 89-4131, 56 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri894131.","productDescription":"56 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":124933,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/wri_89_4131.jpg"},{"id":2728,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.water.usgs.gov/wri89-4131","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a4de4b07f02db6274b1","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Brahana, J. V.","contributorId":32926,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brahana","given":"J. V.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":204190,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Broshears, R. E.","contributorId":75552,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Broshears","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":204191,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":30850,"text":"wri994237 - 2001 - Copper avoidance and mortality of juvenile brown trout (Salmo trutta) in tests with copper-sulfate-treated water from West Branch Reservoir, Putnam County, New York","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-03-23T15:55:21","indexId":"wri994237","displayToPublicDate":"2001-09-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"99-4237","title":"Copper avoidance and mortality of juvenile brown trout (Salmo trutta) in tests with copper-sulfate-treated water from West Branch Reservoir, Putnam County, New York","docAbstract":"

Copper-avoidance tests and acute-toxicity (mortality) tests on hatchery-reared, young-of- the-year brown trout (salmo trutta) were conducted with water from West Branch Reservoir to assess the avoidance response to copper sulfate treatment, which is used occasionally by New York City Department of Environmental Protection to decrease phytoplankton populations in the reservoir. Avoidance-test results indicate that juvenile brown trout tend to avoid dissolved copper concentrations greater than about 55 μg/L (micrograms per liter), which is the approximate avoidance-response threshold. The mean net avoidance response of brown trout to dissolved copper concentrations of 70 and 100 μg/L, and possibly 80 μg/L, was significantly different (at α= 0.1) from the mean net avoidance response of fish to control (untreated) water and to treated water at most other tested concentrations. Mortality-test results indicate that the 96-hr median lethal concentration (LC50) of dissolved copper was 61.5 μg/L. All (100 percent) of the brown trout died at a dissolved copper concentration of 85 μg/L, many died at concentrations of 62 μg/L and 70 μg/L, and none died in the control waters (7 μg/L) or at concentrations of 10, 20, or 45 μg/L. The estimated concentration of dissolved copper that caused fish mortality (threshold) was 53.5 μg/L, virtually equivalent to the avoidance-response threshold.

Additional factors that could affect the copper-avoidance and mortality response of individual brown trout and their populations in West Branch Reservoir include seasonal variations in certain water-quality parameters, copper-treatment regimes, natural fish distributions during treatment, and increased tolerance due to acclimation. These warrant additional study before the findings from this study can be used to predict the effects that copper sulfate treatments have on resident fish populations in New York City reservoirs.

","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/wri994237","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the New York City Department of Environmental Protection","usgsCitation":"Baldigo, B., and Baudanza, T., 2001, Copper avoidance and mortality of juvenile brown trout (Salmo trutta) in tests with copper-sulfate-treated water from West Branch Reservoir, Putnam County, New York: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 99-4237, 25 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri994237.","productDescription":"25 p.","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":474,"text":"New York Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":160270,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1999/4237/coverthb.jpg"},{"id":2731,"rank":100,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1999/4237/wri19994237.pdf","text":"Report","size":"590 KB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"WRI 1999-4237"}],"country":"United States","state":"New York","county":"Putnam County","contact":"

Director, New York Water Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
425 Jordan Rd
Troy, NY 12180
(518) 285-5695
http://ny.water.usgs.gov/

","tableOfContents":"","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4adbe4b07f02db685eb3","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Baldigo, Barry P. 0000-0002-9862-9119","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9862-9119","contributorId":25174,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Baldigo","given":"Barry P.","affiliations":[{"id":474,"text":"New York Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":204197,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Baudanza, T.P.","contributorId":27100,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Baudanza","given":"T.P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":204198,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":28710,"text":"wri20004223 - 2001 - The response of the Iao aquifer to ground-water development, rainfall, and land-use practices between 1940 and 1998, Island of Maui, Hawaii","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-12-12T21:47:06.477996","indexId":"wri20004223","displayToPublicDate":"2001-09-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2000-4223","title":"The response of the Iao aquifer to ground-water development, rainfall, and land-use practices between 1940 and 1998, Island of Maui, Hawaii","docAbstract":"

Ground water pumped from the Iao aquifer has been used for agricultural purposes since 1948, and domestic purposes since 1955. In 1990, the Hawaii State Commission on Water Resource Management established a value of 20 million gallons per day for the sustainable yield of the aquifer. Water-level data from observation wells throughout the aquifer and information on the depth to and thickness of the transition zone between freshwater and saltwater at the Waiehu deep monitor well indicate that pumping rates near the sustainable yield value of 20 million gallons per day could result in saltwater intrusion in some pumped wells.

Since the introduction of pumpage in 1948 and the reduction of recharge in 1980, water levels have declined, chloride concentrations of the pumped water have increased, and the transition zone between freshwater and saltwater has risen. Water levels declined by about 18 feet between 1940 and 1998 in the area near Iao Stream, and by as much as 6 feet between 1977 and 1997 in the vicinity of the major well fields near Waiehu Stream. Chloride concentrations of pumped water have risen at all the well fields, but are presently below the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency recommended standard of 250 milligrams per liter. The chloride concentration of water pumped from Mokuhau 2, however, was 460 milligrams per liter in late 1996 when pumping was halted at this well. The midpoint of the transition zone, as measured at the Waiehu deep monitor well, rose by about 108 feet between 1985 and 1998.

","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri20004223","usgsCitation":"Meyer, W., and Presley, T.K., 2001, The response of the Iao aquifer to ground-water development, rainfall, and land-use practices between 1940 and 1998, Island of Maui, Hawaii: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 2000-4223, v, 60 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri20004223.","productDescription":"v, 60 p.","costCenters":[{"id":525,"text":"Pacific Islands Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":122822,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/wri_2000_4223.jpg"},{"id":410322,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_34828.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":13743,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/wri00-4223/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Hawaii","otherGeospatial":"Island of Maui","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -156.5280361245995,\n 20.92656622577003\n ],\n [\n -156.5280361245995,\n 20.83218229518738\n ],\n [\n -156.48751167217299,\n 20.83218229518738\n ],\n [\n -156.48751167217299,\n 20.92656622577003\n ],\n [\n -156.5280361245995,\n 20.92656622577003\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4abce4b07f02db673463","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Meyer, William","contributorId":87538,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Meyer","given":"William","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":200270,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Presley, Todd K. 0000-0001-5851-0634 tkpresle@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5851-0634","contributorId":2671,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Presley","given":"Todd","email":"tkpresle@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":200269,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":28584,"text":"wri004239 - 2001 - Hydrologic and water-quality characterization and modeling of the Chenoweth Run basin, Jefferson County, Kentucky","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-01-06T22:18:41.147137","indexId":"wri004239","displayToPublicDate":"2001-09-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2000-4239","title":"Hydrologic and water-quality characterization and modeling of the Chenoweth Run basin, Jefferson County, Kentucky","docAbstract":"

No abstract available.

","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri004239","usgsCitation":"Martin, G.R., Zarriello, P.J., and Shipp, A.A., 2001, Hydrologic and water-quality characterization and modeling of the Chenoweth Run basin, Jefferson County, Kentucky: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 2000-4239, xi, 197 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri004239.","productDescription":"xi, 197 p.","costCenters":[{"id":354,"text":"Kentucky Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":376,"text":"Massachusetts Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":49157,"text":"Rocky Mountain Regional Office","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":119775,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/wri_2000_4239.jpg"},{"id":411530,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_34833.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":264508,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/2000/4239/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Kentucky","county":"Jefferson County","otherGeospatial":"Chenoweth Run basin","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -85.5,\n 38.242\n ],\n [\n -85.5,\n 38.125\n ],\n [\n -85.583,\n 38.125\n ],\n [\n -85.583,\n 38.242\n ],\n [\n -85.5,\n 38.242\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a29e4b07f02db61178c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Martin, Gary R. 0000-0002-3274-5846 grmartin@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3274-5846","contributorId":3413,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Martin","given":"Gary","email":"grmartin@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":354,"text":"Kentucky Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":200068,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Zarriello, Phillip J. 0000-0001-9598-9904 pzarriel@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9598-9904","contributorId":1868,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zarriello","given":"Phillip","email":"pzarriel@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":376,"text":"Massachusetts Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":200067,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Shipp, Allison A. 0000-0003-2927-8893 aashipp@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2927-8893","contributorId":338,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Shipp","given":"Allison","email":"aashipp@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":49157,"text":"Rocky Mountain Regional Office","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":200066,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":26771,"text":"wri994024 - 2001 - Salt-front movement in the Hudson River estuary, New York — Simulations by one-dimensional flow and solute-transport models","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-12-09T21:08:11.681671","indexId":"wri994024","displayToPublicDate":"2001-09-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"99-4024","title":"Salt-front movement in the Hudson River estuary, New York — Simulations by one-dimensional flow and solute-transport models","docAbstract":"

The Hudson River is being considered for use as a supplemental source of water supply for New York City during droughts. One proposal entails withdrawal of Hudson River water from locations near Newburgh, Chelsea, or Kingston, but the extent to which this could cause the salt front to advance upstream to points where it could adversely affect community water supplies is unknown. The U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) one-dimensional Branch-Network Dynamic Flow model (BRANCH) was used in conjunction with the USGS one-dimensional Branched Lagrangian Solute-Transport Model (BLTM) to simulate the effect of five water-withdrawal scenarios on the salt-front location.

The modeled reach contains 132 miles of the lower Hudson River between the Federal Dam at Troy and Hastings-on-Hudson (near New York City). The BRANCH model was calibrated and verified to 19 tidal-cycle discharge measurements made at 11 locations by conventional and acoustic Doppler current-profiler methods. Maximum measured instantaneous tidal flow ranged from 20,000 ft3/s (cubic feet per second) at Albany to 368,000 ft3/s at Tellers Point; daily-mean flow at Green Island near Troy ranged from 3,030 ft3/s to 45,000 ft3/s during the flow measurements. Successive ebb- and flood-flow volumes were measured and compared with computed volumes; daily-mean bias was -1.6 percent (range from -21.0 to +23.7 percent; 13.5 percent mean absolute error). Daily-mean deviation between simulated and measured stage at eight locations (from Bowline Point to Albany) over the 19 tidal-cycle measurements averaged +0.06 ft (range from -0.31 to +0.40 ft; 0.21 ft root mean square error, RMSE). These results indicate that the model can accurately simulate flow in the Hudson River under a wide range of flow, tide, and meteorological conditions.

The BLTM was used to simulate chloride transport in the 61-mi reach from Turkey Point to Bowline Point under two seasonal conditions in 1990.one representing spring conditions of high inflow and low salinity (April-June), the other representing typical summer conditions of low inflow and high salinity (July-August). Measured chloride concentrations at Bowline Point were used to drive the BLTM simulations, and data collected at West Point were used for calibration. Mean bias in simulated chloride concentration for the April-June 1990 (high flow) data (observed range from 12 to 201 mg/L [milligrams per liter]; 30 mg/L RMSE) was .16 mg/L, and mean bias for the July-August 1990 (low flow) data (observed range from 31 to 2,000 mg/L; 535 mg/ L RMSE) was +126 mg/L. The salt front (saltwater/ freshwater interface) on the Hudson River was defined as the furthest upstream location where the chloride concentration exceeded 100 mg/L. Data from August 1991 were used to evaluate solute transport between West Point and Poughkeepsie because a chloride concentration of 100 mg/L was not observed at Clinton Point in 1990. The BLTM then was used to simulate chloride concentrations at Chelsea Pump Station and Clinton Point. Regression equations, based on daily mean values of specific conductance measured at West Point, were used to estimate daily mean chloride concentrations at Chelsea Pump Station and Clinton Point for model analysis. Mean biases in BLTM-simulated daily mean chloride concentrations for August 1991 were .38 mg/L at Chelsea Pump Station (range from 189 to 551 mg/L; 103 mg/L RMSE) and .9 mg/L at Clinton Point (range from 53 to 264 mg/L; 62 mg/L RMSE).

Hypothetical withdrawals at (1) Newburgh, (2) Chelsea, (3) Chelsea and Newburgh, (4) Chelsea and Kingston, and (5) Kingston and Newburgh, were simulated to compute the effects of withdrawals on salt-front movement. Withdrawals of 300 Mgal/d from any combination of Chelsea or Newburgh could result in upstream movement of the salt front of as much as 1.0 mi, given an initial salt-front location between West Point and Rogers Point. Scenarios that included withdrawals at Kingston caused the greatest upstream salt-front movement. Simulation of a 90-day April-June high-flow period during which discharges at Green Island averaged 25,200 ft3/s indicated that withdrawals of 1,939 Mgal/d (million gallons per day) at Chelsea Pump Station would not measureably increase chloride concentrations at Chelsea Pump Station under normal tidal and meteorological conditions, but withdrawals at twice that rate (3,878 Mgal/d) could increase the chloride concentration at Chelsea Pump Station to 250 mg/L.

","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/wri994024","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the New York City Department of Environmental Protection
New York State Department of Environmental Conservation
Hudson Valley Regional Council","usgsCitation":"de Vries, M.P., and Weiss, L.A., 2001, Salt-front movement in the Hudson River estuary, New York — Simulations by one-dimensional flow and solute-transport models: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 99-4024, vi, 69 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri994024.","productDescription":"vi, 69 p.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":474,"text":"New York Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":410228,"rank":2,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_34835.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":325461,"rank":1,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1999/4024/wri19994024.pdf","text":"Report","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"WRI 1999-4024"},{"id":158331,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1999/4024/coverthb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"New York","otherGeospatial":"Hudson River estuary","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -74,\n 41\n ],\n [\n -74,\n 42.733\n ],\n [\n -73.583,\n 42.733\n ],\n [\n -73.583,\n 41\n ],\n [\n -74,\n 41\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","contact":"

Director, New York Water Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
425 Jordan Rd
Troy, NY 12180
(518) 285-5695
http://ny.water.usgs.gov/

","tableOfContents":"","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a0ee4b07f02db5fdf10","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"de Vries, M. Peter","contributorId":47414,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"de Vries","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"Peter","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":196973,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Weiss, Lawrence A.","contributorId":102528,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Weiss","given":"Lawrence","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":196974,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":31248,"text":"ofr0197 - 2001 - Archive of datasonics SIS-1000 CHIRP subbottom data, collected during USGS cruise SEAX 95007, New York Bight, 7-25 May, 1995","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-08-24T17:16:23","indexId":"ofr0197","displayToPublicDate":"2001-09-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2001-97","title":"Archive of datasonics SIS-1000 CHIRP subbottom data, collected during USGS cruise SEAX 95007, New York Bight, 7-25 May, 1995","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/ofr0197","usgsCitation":"Hill, J.C., Schwab, W.C., and Foster, D.S., 2001, Archive of datasonics SIS-1000 CHIRP subbottom data, collected during USGS cruise SEAX 95007, New York Bight, 7-25 May, 1995: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2001-97, 2 computer optical discs : col. ill., col. maps ; 4 3/4 in.; metadata available at http://geo-nsdi.er.usgs.gov/metadata/open-file/01-97/metadata.html, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr0197.","productDescription":"2 computer optical discs : col. ill., col. maps ; 4 3/4 in.; metadata available at http://geo-nsdi.er.usgs.gov/metadata/open-file/01-97/metadata.html","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":160885,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":259831,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":23,"text":"Spatial Data"},"url":"https://woodshole.er.usgs.gov/publications/of01-97/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -73.9,40.350833333333334 ], [ -73.9,40.56777777777778 ], [ -73.48388888888888,40.56777777777778 ], [ -73.48388888888888,40.350833333333334 ], [ -73.9,40.350833333333334 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ac5e4b07f02db679c0a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hill, Jenna C. 0000-0002-7475-357X","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7475-357X","contributorId":21987,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hill","given":"Jenna","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":520,"text":"Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":205469,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Schwab, William C. 0000-0001-9274-5154 bschwab@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9274-5154","contributorId":417,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schwab","given":"William","email":"bschwab@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":205467,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Foster, David S. 0000-0003-1205-0884 dfoster@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1205-0884","contributorId":1320,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Foster","given":"David","email":"dfoster@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":205468,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":31175,"text":"ofr00410 - 2001 - Sea floor maps showing topography, sun-illuminated topographic imagery, and backscatter intensity of the Stellwagen Bank National Marine Sanctuary Region off Boston, Massachusetts","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-09-08T19:02:27.929137","indexId":"ofr00410","displayToPublicDate":"2001-09-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2000-410","title":"Sea floor maps showing topography, sun-illuminated topographic imagery, and backscatter intensity of the Stellwagen Bank National Marine Sanctuary Region off Boston, Massachusetts","docAbstract":"This data set contains the sea floor topographic contours, sun-illuminated topographic imagery, and backscatter intensity generated from a multibeam sonar survey of the Stellwagen Bank National Marine Sanctuary region off Boston, Massachusetts, an area of approximately 1100 square nautical miles. The Stellwagen Bank NMS Mapping Project is designed to provide detailed maps of the Stellwagen Bank region's environments and habitats and the first complete multibeam topographic and sea floor characterization maps of a significant region of the shallow EEZ. \r\nData were collected on four cruises over a two year period from the fall of 1994 to the fall of 1996. The surveys were conducted aboard the Candian Hydrographic Service vessel Frederick G. Creed, a SWATH (Small Waterplane Twin Hull) ship that surveys at speeds of 16 knots. The multibeam data were collected utilizing a Simrad Subsea EM 1000 Multibeam Echo Sounder (95 kHz) that is permanently installed in the hull of the Creed.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr00410","usgsCitation":"Valentine, P.C., Middleton, T.J., and Fuller, S.J., 2001, Sea floor maps showing topography, sun-illuminated topographic imagery, and backscatter intensity of the Stellwagen Bank National Marine Sanctuary Region off Boston, Massachusetts (Revised 2002): U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2000-410, HTML Document; CD-ROM, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr00410.","productDescription":"HTML Document; CD-ROM","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":110204,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_42442.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"},"description":"42442"},{"id":2680,"rank":2,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2000/of00-410/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":161426,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Massachusetts","city":"Boston","otherGeospatial":"Stellwagen Bank National Marine Sanctuary region","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -70.6,\n 42.083\n ],\n [\n -70.033,\n 42.083\n ],\n [\n -70.033,\n 42.8\n ],\n [\n -70.6,\n 42.8\n ],\n [\n -70.6,\n 42.083\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","edition":"Revised 2002","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a0ce4b07f02db5fc65f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Valentine, P. C.","contributorId":46505,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Valentine","given":"P.","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":205228,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Middleton, T. J.","contributorId":15669,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Middleton","given":"T.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":205227,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Fuller, S. J.","contributorId":105589,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fuller","given":"S.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":205229,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":31284,"text":"ofr01165 - 2001 - Archive of Boomer seismic reflection data collected during USGS Cruise 99ASR01, Lake Okeechobee, Florida, 29 June - 30 June, 1999","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-11-16T21:07:41.321965","indexId":"ofr01165","displayToPublicDate":"2001-09-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2001-165","title":"Archive of Boomer seismic reflection data collected during USGS Cruise 99ASR01, Lake Okeechobee, Florida, 29 June - 30 June, 1999","docAbstract":"

No abstract available.

","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr01165","usgsCitation":"Brewer, G.M., Dadisman, S.V., Kindinger, J.L., Wiese, D.S., and Flocks, J.G., 2001, Archive of Boomer seismic reflection data collected during USGS Cruise 99ASR01, Lake Okeechobee, Florida, 29 June - 30 June, 1999: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2001-165, HTML Document; CD-ROM, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr01165.","productDescription":"HTML Document; CD-ROM","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":391767,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_40314.htm"},{"id":161377,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":2924,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2001/of01-165/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Florida","otherGeospatial":"Lake Okeechobee","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -80.8360,\n 27.119\n ],\n [\n -80.722,\n 27.119\n ],\n [\n -80.722,\n 27.2\n ],\n [\n -80.8360,\n 27.2\n ],\n [\n -80.8360,\n 27.119\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ac5e4b07f02db679d44","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Brewer, Gina M.","contributorId":56269,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brewer","given":"Gina","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":205583,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Dadisman, Shawn V. sdadisman@usgs.gov","contributorId":2207,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dadisman","given":"Shawn","email":"sdadisman@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"V.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":205581,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Kindinger, Jack L. jkindinger@usgs.gov","contributorId":815,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kindinger","given":"Jack","email":"jkindinger@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":574,"text":"St. Petersburg Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":205579,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Wiese, Dana S. dwiese@usgs.gov","contributorId":2476,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wiese","given":"Dana","email":"dwiese@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":574,"text":"St. Petersburg Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":205582,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Flocks, James G. 0000-0002-6177-7433 jflocks@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6177-7433","contributorId":816,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Flocks","given":"James","email":"jflocks@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[{"id":574,"text":"St. Petersburg Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":205580,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":30858,"text":"wri004061 - 2001 - Nutrients and organic compounds in Deer Creek and south branch Plum Creek in southwestern Pennsylvania, April 1996 through September 1998","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-01-13T22:00:41.597288","indexId":"wri004061","displayToPublicDate":"2001-09-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2000-4061","title":"Nutrients and organic compounds in Deer Creek and south branch Plum Creek in southwestern Pennsylvania, April 1996 through September 1998","docAbstract":"

This report presents results of an analysis of nutrient and pesticide data from two surface-water sites and volatile organic compound (VOC) data from one of the sites that are within the Allegheny and Monongahela River Basins study unit of the National Water-Quality Assessment Program of the U.S. Geological Survey. The Deer Creek site was located in a 27.0 square-mile basin within the Allegheny River Basin in Allegheny County. The primary land uses consist of small urban areas, large areas of residential housing, and some agricultural land in the upper part of the basin. The South Branch Plum Creek site was located in a 33.3 square-mile basin within the Allegheny River Basin in Indiana County. The primary land uses throughout this basin are mostly agriculture and forestland.

Water samples for analysis of nutrients were collected monthly and during high-flow events from April 1996 through September 1998. Concentrations of dissolved nitrite, dissolved ammonia plus organic nitrogen, and dissolved phosphorus were less than the method detection limits in more than one-half of the samples collected. The median concentration of dissolved nitrite plus nitrate in South Branch Plum Creek was 0.937 mg/L and 0.597 mg/L in Deer Creek. The median concentration of dissolved orthophosphate was 0.01 mg/L in both streams. High loads of nitrate were measured in both streams from March to June. Concentrations of dissolved ammonia nitrogen, dissolved nitrate, and total phosphorus were lower during the summer months. Measured concentrations of nitrate nitrogen in both streams were well below the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) maximum contaminant level (MCL) of 10 mg/L.

Water samples for analysis of pesticides were collected throughout 1997 in both streams and during a storm event on August 25-26, 1998, in Deer Creek. Samples were collected monthly at both sites and more frequently during the spring and early summer months to coincide with application of pesticides. Seventy-eight pesticides and 7 pesticide metabolites were analyzed in 31 samples collected in Deer Creek and in 18 samples collected in South Branch Plum Creek. Of the 85 pesticides and pesticide metabolites analyzed, 25 of the pesticides were detected at least once in Deer Creek, and 20 of the pesticides were detected at least once in South Branch Plum Creek. Atrazine was the most commonly detected pesticide in both streams. There was a distinct seasonal pattern of atrazine, simazine, and metolachlor concentrations measured at both sites.

Prometon was detected in 3 of the 18 samples collected in South Branch Plum Creek in 1997 and in 28 of the 31 samples collected in Deer Creek in both 1997 and 1998. Prometon generally is applied in conjunction with asphalt paving projects and is commonly used in residential areas. The highest measured concentrations of prometon detected in Deer Creek were in the five storm samples collected on August 25-26, 1998.

At the Deer Creek site, 9 of the 25 pesticides detected throughout the study were detected only in the sample collected on June 13, 1997. Those nine pesticides included acifluorfen, bentazon, bromoxynil, dicamba, dichlorprop, fenuron, linuron, MCPA, and neburon. Nine other pesticides also were detected in that sample.

All concentrations of pesticides were well below established drinking-water guidelines. The maximum measured concentration of diazinon in Deer Creek (0.097 µg/L) and South Branch Plum Creek (0.974 µg/L) exceeded the aquatic life guideline of 0.009 µg/L established by the National Academy of Sciences/National Academy of Engineers. The maximum measured concentration of azinphos-methyl in South Branch Plum Creek (an estimated value of 0.033 µg/L) exceeded the chronic aquatic-life guideline of 0.01 µg/L established by the USEPA.

Twenty-five samples were collected from Deer Creek and analyzed for volatile organic compounds (VOCs). Of 87 VOCs analyzed for, 22 were detected at least once, and 12 were gasoline-related compounds. Acetone, benzene, carbon disulfide, meta/paraxylene, methyl chloride, MTBE, p-isopropyl toluene, toluene, and 1,2,4-trimethylbenzene were each detected in five or more samples. VOCs generally were detected during the colder winter months and not frequently during the summer months.

The maximum measured concentrations of benzene, ethylbenzene, o-dichlorobenzene, styrene, and toluene were two or more orders of magnitude lower than the MCLs established by the USEPA.

","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/wri004061","usgsCitation":"Williams, D., and Clark, M., 2001, Nutrients and organic compounds in Deer Creek and south branch Plum Creek in southwestern Pennsylvania, April 1996 through September 1998: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 2000-4061, viii, 47 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri004061.","productDescription":"viii, 47 p.","costCenters":[{"id":532,"text":"Pennsylvania Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":119291,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/2000/4061/coverthb.jpg"},{"id":466173,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_39864.htm","text":"Deer Creek basin","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":466174,"rank":4,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_39865.htm","text":"South Branch Plum Creek basin","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":2736,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/2000/4061/wri20004061.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"WRI 2000-4061"}],"country":"United States","state":"Pennsylvania","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -80.419921875,\n 38.634036452919226\n ],\n [\n -77.84912109375,\n 38.634036452919226\n ],\n [\n -77.84912109375,\n 41.9921602333763\n ],\n [\n -80.419921875,\n 41.9921602333763\n ],\n [\n -80.419921875,\n 38.634036452919226\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","contact":"

Director, Pennsylvania Water Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
Pennsylvania Water Science Center
215 Limekiln Road
New Cumberland, PA 17070

","tableOfContents":"","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4afce4b07f02db696720","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Williams, D.R.","contributorId":106928,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Williams","given":"D.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":204221,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Clark, M.E.","contributorId":60688,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Clark","given":"M.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":204220,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":31219,"text":"ofr0148 - 2001 - Archive of boomer subottom data collected during USGS cruise MCAR 97013, Washington Shelf, 7-14 July 1997","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:09:06","indexId":"ofr0148","displayToPublicDate":"2001-09-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2001-48","title":"Archive of boomer subottom data collected during USGS cruise MCAR 97013, Washington Shelf, 7-14 July 1997","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/ofr0148","usgsCitation":"Foster, D., McCrory, P., and O’Brien, T., 2001, Archive of boomer subottom data collected during USGS cruise MCAR 97013, Washington Shelf, 7-14 July 1997: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2001-48, Three discs. , https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr0148.","productDescription":"Three discs. ","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":160933,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ac5e4b07f02db679cfc","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Foster, D.S.","contributorId":30641,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Foster","given":"D.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":205355,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"McCrory, P.A.","contributorId":96287,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McCrory","given":"P.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":205357,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"O’Brien, T.F.","contributorId":86309,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"O’Brien","given":"T.F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":205356,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":30905,"text":"wri014040 - 2001 - Pond-aquifer interaction at South Pond of Lake Cochituate, Natick, Massachusetts","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:09:07","indexId":"wri014040","displayToPublicDate":"2001-09-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2001-4040","title":"Pond-aquifer interaction at South Pond of Lake Cochituate, Natick, Massachusetts","docAbstract":"A U.S. Army facility on a peninsula in South Pond of Lake Cochituate was designated a Superfund site by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency in 1994 because contaminated ground water was detected at the facility, which is near the Natick Springvale public-supply wellfield. The interaction between South Pond and the underlying aquifer controls ground-water flow patterns near the pond and determines the source of water withdrawn from the wellfield.A map of the bathymetry and the thickness of fine-grained pond-bottom sediments was prepared on the basis of fathometer, ground-penetrating radar, and continuous seismic-reflection surveys. The geophysical data indicate that the bottom sediments are fine grained toward the middle of the pond but are coarse grained in shoreline areas. Natick Springvale wellfield, which consists of three active public-supply wells adjacent to South Pond, is 2,200 feet downgradient from the boundary of the Army facility. That part of South Pond between the Natick Springvale wellfield and the Army facility is 18 feet deep with at least 14 feet of fine-grained sediment beneath the pond-bottom. Water levels from the pond and underlying sediments indicate a downward vertical gradient and the potential for infiltration of pond water near the wellfield. Head differences between the pond and the wellfield ranged from 1.66 to 4.41 feet during this study. The velocity of downward flow from South Pond into the pond-bottom sediments, determined on the basis of temperature profiles measured over a diurnal cycle at two locations near the wellfield, was 0.5 and 1.0 feet per day. These downward velocities resulted in vertical hydraulic conductivities of 1.1 and 2.9 feet per day for the pond-bottom sediments.Naturally occurring stable isotopes of oxygen and hydrogen were used as tracers of pond water and ground water derived from recharge of precipitation, two potential sources of water to a well in a pond-aquifer setting. The isotopic composition of pond water varied seasonally and was distinctly different from the isotopic composition of ground water. The isotopic composition of shallow water beneath and adjacent to South Pond near the wellfield corresponds to the temporal variation of pond water, indicating that nearly all water at shallow depths was derived from pond water. A two-component mixing model based on the average stable isotope values of the source waters indicated that 64 ?15 percent at the 95-percent confidence interval of the water withdrawn at the public-supply wells was derived from the pond; pond water accounted for most of the uncertainty in the result. The rate of infiltration of pond water into the aquifer and discharging to the wellfield was 1.0 million gallons per day at the average pumping rate.","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/wri014040","usgsCitation":"Friesz, P.J., and Church, P.E., 2001, Pond-aquifer interaction at South Pond of Lake Cochituate, Natick, Massachusetts: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 2001-4040, 42 p., 1 over-size sheet. , https://doi.org/10.3133/wri014040.","productDescription":"42 p., 1 over-size sheet. ","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":2840,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.water.usgs.gov/wri014040","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":160730,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ad7e4b07f02db68437a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Friesz, Paul J. 0000-0002-4660-2336 pfriesz@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4660-2336","contributorId":1075,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Friesz","given":"Paul","email":"pfriesz@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":466,"text":"New England Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":204327,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Church, Peter E.","contributorId":99178,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Church","given":"Peter","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":204328,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":30887,"text":"wri20004266 - 2001 - Simulation of flow in the upper North Coast Limestone Aquifer, Manati-Vega Baja area, Puerto Rico","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-08T17:16:16","indexId":"wri20004266","displayToPublicDate":"2001-09-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2000-4266","title":"Simulation of flow in the upper North Coast Limestone Aquifer, Manati-Vega Baja area, Puerto Rico","docAbstract":"A two-dimensional computer ground-water model was constructed of the Manati-Vega Baja area to improve the understanding of the unconfined upper aquifer within the North Coast Province of Puerto Rico. The modeled area covers approximately 79 square miles within the municipios of Manati and Vega Baja and small portions of Vega Alta and Barceloneta. \r\n\r\nSteady-state two-dimensional ground-water simulations were correlated to conditions prior to construction of the Laguna Tortuguero outlet channel in 1940 and calibrated to the observed potentiometric surface in March 1995. At the regional scale, the unconfined Upper North Coast Limestone aquifer is a diffuse ground-water flow system through the Aguada and Aymamon limestone units. The calibrated model input parameters for aquifer recharge varied from 2 inches per year in coastal areas to 18 inches per year in the upland areas south of Manati and Vega Baja. The calibrated transmissivity values ranged from less than 500 feet squared per day in the upland areas near the southern boundary to 70,000 feet squared per day in the areas west of Vega Baja. Increased ground-water withdrawals from 1.0 cubic foot per second for 1940 conditions to 26.3 cubic feet per second in 1995, has reduced the natural ground-water discharge to springs and wetland areas, and induced additional recharge from the rivers. The most important regional drainage feature is Laguna Tortuguero, which is the major ground-water discharge body for the upper aquifer, and has a drainage area of approximately 17 square miles. The discharge to the sea from Laguna Tortuguero through the outlet channel has been measured on a bi-monthly basis since 1974. The outflow represents a combination of ground- and surface-water discharge over the drainage area. \r\n\r\nHydrologic conditions, prior to construction of the Laguna Tortuguero outlet channel in 1943, can be considered natural conditions with minimal ground-water pumpage (1.0 cubic foot per second), and heads in the lagoon were 2.4 feet higher. The model was calibrated to March 1995 conditions during a dry period of minimal aquifer recharge and relatively constant water levels in the upper aquifer. For the steady-state 1995 model simulation, however, ground-water pumpage had been increased to 26.3 cubic foot per second, due to increased demand for public water supply, the heads at 0.9 feet, and the outflow to the sea at Laguna Tortuguero had been lowered considerably. Simulated ground-water inflow for 1940 hydrologic conditions included 35.9 cubic feet per second from areal recharge, contributions from streamflow along the southern boundary of 1.6 cubic feet per second, and streamflow infiltration to the upper aquifer of 4.2 cubic feet per second. Simulated ground-water outflow for 1940 hydrologic conditions are discharge to springs of 17.4 cubic feet per second, total ground-water withdrawals of 1.0 cubic feet per second, and aquifer contribution to streamflow or wetland areas of 23.4 cubic feet per second. \r\n\r\nSimulated ground-water inflow for hydrologic conditions of March 1995 include d contributions from streamflow along the southern boundary of 1.6 cubic feet per second, areal recharge of 35.9 cubic feet per second, and streamflow infiltration to the upper aquifer of 11 cubic feet per second. Simulated ground-water outflow for hydrologic conditions of March 1995 are ground-water withdrawals of 26.3 cubic feet per second, discharge from springs of 7.3 cubic feet per second, and aquifer contribution to streamflow or wetland areas of 14 .9 cubic feet per second. The overall ground-water budget increased from 41.8 cubic feet per second for 1940 conditions to 48.6 cubic feet per second for the hydrologic conditions of March 1995. The increase in ground-water budget is a direct result of increased ground-water withdrawals, which induced greater streamflow infiltration. \r\n\r\nSimulated ground-water flux to Laguna Tortuguero for 1940 conditions was 11 cubic feet per second, which drop","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/wri20004266","collaboration":"In cooperation with the\r\nPUERTO RICO DEPARTMENT OF NATURAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL RESOURCES and the PUERTO RICO INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT CORPORATION","usgsCitation":"Cherry, G.S., 2001, Simulation of flow in the upper North Coast Limestone Aquifer, Manati-Vega Baja area, Puerto Rico: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 2000-4266, vi, 82 p. , https://doi.org/10.3133/wri20004266.","productDescription":"vi, 82 p. ","costCenters":[{"id":156,"text":"Caribbean Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":160993,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":9217,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/wri00-4266/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -66.61777777777777,18.366944444444446 ], [ -66.61777777777777,18.5 ], [ -66.25,18.5 ], [ -66.25,18.366944444444446 ], [ -66.61777777777777,18.366944444444446 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a7ee4b07f02db6485ff","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Cherry, Gregory S. 0000-0002-5567-1587 gccherry@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5567-1587","contributorId":1567,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cherry","given":"Gregory","email":"gccherry@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":316,"text":"Georgia Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":13634,"text":"South Atlantic Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":204276,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":31247,"text":"ofr0196 - 2001 - Archive of datasonics SIS-1000 CHIRP subbottom data, collected during USGS cruise SEAX 96004, New York Bight, 1 May-9 June, 1996","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-08-24T17:16:23","indexId":"ofr0196","displayToPublicDate":"2001-09-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2001-96","title":"Archive of datasonics SIS-1000 CHIRP subbottom data, collected during USGS cruise SEAX 96004, New York Bight, 1 May-9 June, 1996","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/ofr0196","usgsCitation":"Hill, J.C., Schwab, W.C., and Foster, D., 2001, Archive of datasonics SIS-1000 CHIRP subbottom data, collected during USGS cruise SEAX 96004, New York Bight, 1 May-9 June, 1996: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2001-96, Three discs. , https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr0196.","productDescription":"Three discs. ","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":160884,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":259829,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":23,"text":"Spatial Data"},"url":"https://woodshole.er.usgs.gov/publications/of01-96/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ac5e4b07f02db679c1c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hill, J. C.","contributorId":100878,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hill","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":205466,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Schwab, W. C.","contributorId":78740,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schwab","given":"W.","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":205465,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Foster, D.S.","contributorId":30641,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Foster","given":"D.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":205464,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":30885,"text":"wri004250 - 2001 - Source identification and fish exposure for polychlorinated biphenyls using congener analysis from passive water samplers in the Millers River basin, Massachusetts","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:09:12","indexId":"wri004250","displayToPublicDate":"2001-09-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2000-4250","title":"Source identification and fish exposure for polychlorinated biphenyls using congener analysis from passive water samplers in the Millers River basin, Massachusetts","docAbstract":"Measurements of elevated concentrations of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in fish and in streambed sediments of the Millers River Basin, Massachusetts and New Hampshire, have been reported without evidence of the PCB source. In 1999, an investigation was initiated to determine the source(s) of the elevated PCB concentrations observed in fish and to establish the extent of fish exposure to PCBs along the entire main stems of the Millers River and one of its tributaries, the Otter River. \r\n\r\nPassive samplers deployed for 2-week intervals in the water-column at 3 1 stations, during summer and fall 1999, were used to assess PCB concentrations in the Millers River Basin. The samplers concentrate PCBs, which diffuse from the water column through a polyethylene membrane to hexane (0.200 liters) contained inside the samplers. Only dissolved PCBs (likely equivalent to the bioavailable fraction) are subject to diffusion through the membrane. The summed concentrations of all targeted PCB congeners (summed PCB) retrieved from the samplers ranged from 1 to 8,000 nanograms per hexane sample. Concentration and congener-pattern comparisons indicated that the historical release of PCBs in the Millers River Basin likely occurred on the Otter River at the upstream margin of Baldwinville, Mass. Elevated water-column concentrations measured in a wetland reach on the Otter River downstream from Baldwinville were compatible with a conceptual model for a present-day (1999) source in streambed sediments, to which the PCBs partitioned after their original introduction into the Otter River and from which PCBs are released to the water now that the original discharge has ceased or greatly decreased. \r\n\r\nTwo four-fold decreases in summed PCB concentrations in the Millers River, by comparison with the highest concentration on the Otter River, likely were caused by (1) dilution with water from the relatively uncontaminated upstream Millers River and (2) volatilization of PCBs from the Millers River in steep-gradient reaches. A relatively constant concentration of summed PCBs in the reach of the Millers River from river mile 20 to river mile 10 was likely a consequence of a balance between decreased volatilization rates in that relatively low-gradient reach and resupply of PCBs to the water column from contaminated streambed sediments. A second high-gradient reach from river mile 10 to the confluence of the Millers River with the Connecticut River also was associated with a decrease in concentration of water-column summed PCBs. Volatilization as a loss mechanism was supported by evidence in the form of slight changes of the congener pattern in the reaches where decreases occurred. \r\n\r\nExposure of fish food webs to concentrations of dissolved PCBs exceeded the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's water-quality criterion for PCBs throughout most of the Millers River and Otter River main stems. Because the apparent source of PCBs discharged was upstream on the Otter River, a large number of river miles downstream (more than 30 mi) had summer water-column PCB concentrations that would likely lead to high concentrations of PCBs in fish.","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/wri004250","usgsCitation":"Colman, J.A., 2001, Source identification and fish exposure for polychlorinated biphenyls using congener analysis from passive water samplers in the Millers River basin, Massachusetts: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 2000-4250, 44 p. , https://doi.org/10.3133/wri004250.","productDescription":"44 p. ","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":2792,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.water.usgs.gov/wri004250/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":161470,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49e6e4b07f02db5e774a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Colman, John A. 0000-0001-9327-0779 jacolman@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9327-0779","contributorId":2098,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Colman","given":"John","email":"jacolman@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":466,"text":"New England Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":376,"text":"Massachusetts Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":204273,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":30898,"text":"wri014015 - 2001 - Hydrogeologic framework and geochemistry of the intermediate aquifer system in parts of Charlotte, De Soto, and Sarasota counties, Florida","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:59","indexId":"wri014015","displayToPublicDate":"2001-09-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2001-4015","title":"Hydrogeologic framework and geochemistry of the intermediate aquifer system in parts of Charlotte, De Soto, and Sarasota counties, Florida","docAbstract":"The hydrogeologic framework underlying the 600-square-mile study area in Charlotte, De Soto, and Sarasota Counties, Florida, consists of the surficial aquifer system, the intermediate aquifer system, and the Upper Floridan aquifer. The hydrogeologic framework and the geochemical processes controlling ground-water composition were evaluated for the study area. Particular emphasis was given to the analysis of hydrogeologic and geochemical data for the intermediate aquifer system. Flow regimes are not well understood in the intermediate aquifer system; therefore, hydrogeologic and geochemical information were used to evaluate connections between permeable zones within the intermediate aquifer system and between overlying and underlying aquifer systems. Knowledge of these connections will ultimately help to protect ground-water quality in the intermediate aquifer system. The hydrogeology was interpreted from lithologic and geophysical logs, water levels, hydraulic properties, and water quality from six separate well sites. Water-quality samples were collected from wells located along six ground-water flow paths and finished at different depth intervals. The selection of flow paths was based on current potentiometric-surface maps. Ground-water samples were analyzed for major ions; field parameters (temperature, pH, specific conductance, and alkalinity); stable isotopes (deuterium, oxygen-18, and carbon-13); and radioactive isotopes (tritium and carbon-14). The surficial aquifer system is the uppermost aquifer, is unconfined, relatively thin, and consists of unconsolidated sand, shell, and limestone. The intermediate aquifer system underlies the surficial aquifer system and is composed of clastic sediments interbedded with carbonate rocks. The intermediate aquifer system is divided into three permeable zones, the Tamiami/Peace River zone (PZ1), the Upper Arcadia zone (PZ2), and the Lower Arcadia zone (PZ3). The Tamiami/Peace River zone (PZ1) is the uppermost zone and is the thinnest and generally, the least productive zone in the intermediate aquifer system. The Upper Arcadia zone (PZ2) is the middle zone and productivity is generally higher than the overlying permeable zone. The Lower Arcadia zone (PZ3) is the lowermost permeable zone and is the most productive zone in the intermediate aquifer system. The intermediate aquifer system is underlain by the Upper Floridan aquifer, which consists of a thick, stratified sequence of limestone and dolomite. The Upper Floridan aquifer is the most productive aquifer in the study area; however, its use is generally restricted because of poor water quality. Interbedded clays and fine-grained clastics separate the aquifer systems and permeable zones. The hydraulic properties of the three aquifer systems are spatially variable. Estimated trans-missivity and horizontal hydraulic conductivity varies from 752 to 32,900 feet squared per day and from 33 to 1,490 feet per day, respectively, for the surficial aquifer system; from 47 to 5,420 feet squared per day and from 2 to 102 feet per day, respectively, for the Tamiami/Peace River zone (PZ1); from 258 to 24,633 feet squared per day and from 2 to 14 feet per day, respectively, for the Upper Arcadia zone (PZ2); from 766 to 44,900 feet squared per day and from 10 to 201 feet per day, respectively, for the Lower Arcadia zone (PZ3); and from 2,350 to 7,640 feet squared per day and from 10 to 41 feet per day, respectively, for the Upper Floridan aquifer. Confining units separating the aquifer systems have leakance coefficients estimated to range from 2.3 x 10-5 to 5.6 x 10-3 feet per day per foot. Strata composing the confining unit separating the Upper Floridan aquifer from the intermediate aquifer system are substantially more permeable than confining units separating the permeable zones in the intermediate aquifer system or separating the surficial aquifer and intermediate aquifer systems. In Charlotte, Sarasota, and western De Soto Counties, hydraulic","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/wri014015","usgsCitation":"Torres, A.E., Sacks, L.A., Yobbi, D.K., Knochenmus, L.A., and Katz, B., 2001, Hydrogeologic framework and geochemistry of the intermediate aquifer system in parts of Charlotte, De Soto, and Sarasota counties, Florida: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 2001-4015, 74 p. , https://doi.org/10.3133/wri014015.","productDescription":"74 p. ","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":2836,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.water.usgs.gov/wri014015/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":160129,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4afde4b07f02db696bf0","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Torres, A. E.","contributorId":94350,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Torres","given":"A.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":204312,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Sacks, L. A.","contributorId":83092,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sacks","given":"L.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":204311,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Yobbi, D. K.","contributorId":56622,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Yobbi","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":204308,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Knochenmus, L. A.","contributorId":60683,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Knochenmus","given":"L.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":204309,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Katz, B. G.","contributorId":82702,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Katz","given":"B. G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":204310,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":30891,"text":"wri004278 - 2001 - Estimated recharge to the Madison and Minnelusa aquifers in the Black Hills area, South Dakota and Wyoming, water years 1931-98","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:59","indexId":"wri004278","displayToPublicDate":"2001-09-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2000-4278","title":"Estimated recharge to the Madison and Minnelusa aquifers in the Black Hills area, South Dakota and Wyoming, water years 1931-98","docAbstract":"The Madison and Minnelusa aquifers are two of the most important aquifers in the Black Hills area. Long-term estimates of recharge to the Madison and Minnelusa aquifers are important for managing the water resources in the Black Hills area. Thus, annual recharge from streamflow losses and infiltration of precipitation on outcrop areas is estimated for water years 1931-98. All estimates are for recharge that contributes to regional ground-water flow patterns and that occurs in outcrop areas connected to the regional flow system. Estimates exclude recharge to outcrop areas that are isolated from the regional flow system, which generally results in ground-water discharge to area streams. Streamflow recharge is calculated directly for 11 streams in the Black Hills area that have continuous-record gaging stations located upstream from loss zones, using available records of daily streamflow, against which estimated loss thresholds (from previous investigations) are applied. Daily streamflow records are extrapolated, when necessary, using correlations with long-term gages, to develop annual estimates of streamflow recharge for 1950-98. Streamflow recharge is estimated for a number of smaller basins using loss thresholds for miscellaneous-record sites. Annual recharge estimates are derived from synthetic records of daily streamflow for 1992-98, which are based on drainage-area ratios applied to continuous-record gaging stations. Recharge estimates are further extrapolated for 1950-91, based on the average percentage of streamflow recharge contributed by these basins during 1992-98, relative to overall streamflow recharge.Streamflow recharge also is estimated for small drainage areas with undetermined loss thresholds that are situated between larger basins with known thresholds. Estimates for 1992-98 are based on estimates of annual streamflow derived using drainage-area ratios, with assumed losses equal to 90 percent of annual streamflow. Recharge estimates also are extrapolated for 1950-91, based on the average percentage of streamflow recharge contributed by these basins.Precipitation recharge for 1931-98 is estimated using relations between precipitation and streamflow (or basin yield) for representative gaging stations. Basin yields are first normalized, relative to drainage area, by expressing in inches per unit of drainage area. Yields are further converted to yield efficiencies, by dividing by precipitation on contributing drainage areas. Relations between yield efficiency and precipitation are identified, which are developed for use in generically estimating annual yield for given areas, based on average yield efficiency and annual precipitation. The resulting annual yield is used as a surrogate for estimating annual recharge from infiltration of precipitation on outcrop areas of the Madison and Minnelusa aquifers. Annual yield (or recharge) efficiencies are estimated to range from about 2 percent to in excess of 30 percent, with corresponding average annual recharge estimates ranging from 0.4 inch in the southern Black Hills to about 8.7 inches in the northwestern Black Hills.Estimates of precipitation recharge for 1931-49 are used to estimate streamflow recharge for the same period, based on correlations between the two variables for 1989-98. Combined streamflow and precipitation recharge to both aquifers averaged about 344 ft3/s for 1931-98. Streamflow recharge averaged about 93 ft3/s, or 27 percent of combined recharge, and precipitation recharge averaged about 251 ft3/s, or 73 percent of combined recharge. Combined recharge ranged from 62 ft3/s in 1936 to 847 ft3/s in 1995. The lowest recharge amounts generally occurred during the 1930?s; however, a more prolonged period of low recharge occurred during 1947-61.For 1931-98, average precipitation recharge to the Madison aquifer is about 3.6 inches, compared with 2.6 inches for the Minnelusa aquifer. However, recharge volumes to these aquifers are nearly identical because th","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/wri004278","usgsCitation":"Carter, J., Driscoll, D., and Hamade, G., 2001, Estimated recharge to the Madison and Minnelusa aquifers in the Black Hills area, South Dakota and Wyoming, water years 1931-98: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 2000-4278, 66 p. , https://doi.org/10.3133/wri004278.","productDescription":"66 p. ","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":2830,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.water.usgs.gov/wri004278","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":160102,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a81e4b07f02db64a176","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Carter, Janet M. 0000-0002-6376-3473","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6376-3473","contributorId":17637,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Carter","given":"Janet M.","affiliations":[{"id":34685,"text":"Dakota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":204289,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Driscoll, D.G.","contributorId":27081,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Driscoll","given":"D.G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":204290,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Hamade, G.R.","contributorId":32205,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hamade","given":"G.R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":204291,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":30897,"text":"wri014014 - 2001 - Analysis of borehole-radar reflection logs from selected HC boreholes at the Project Shoal area, Churchill County, Nevada","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-10-15T11:28:55","indexId":"wri014014","displayToPublicDate":"2001-09-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2001-4014","title":"Analysis of borehole-radar reflection logs from selected HC boreholes at the Project Shoal area, Churchill County, Nevada","docAbstract":"Single-hole borehole-radar reflection logs were collected and interpreted in support of a study to characterize ground-water flow and transport at the Project Shoal Area (PSA) in Churchill County, Nevada. Radar logging was conducted in six boreholes using 60-MHz omni-directional electric-dipole antennas and a 60-MHz magnetic-dipole directional receiving antenna.Radar data from five boreholes were interpreted to identify the location, orientation, estimated length, and spatial continuity of planar reflectors present in the logs. The overall quality of the radar data is marginal and ranges from very poor to good. Twenty-seven reflectors were interpreted from the directional radar reflection logs. Although the range of orientation interpreted for the reflectors is large, a significant number of reflectors strike northeast-southwest and east-west to slightly northwest-southeast. Reflectors are moderate to steeply dipping and reflector length ranged from less than 7 m to more than 133 m.Qualitative scores were assigned to each reflector to provide a sense of the spatial continuity of the reflector and the characteristics of the field data relative to an ideal planar reflector (orientation score). The overall orientation scores are low, which reflects the general data quality, but also indicates that the properties of most reflectors depart from the ideal planar case. The low scores are consistent with reflections from fracture zones that contain numerous, closely spaced, sub-parallel fractures.Interpretation of borehole-radar direct-wave velocity and amplitude logs identified several characteristics of the logged boreholes: (1) low-velocity zones correlate with decreased direct-wave amplitude, indicating the presence of fracture zones; (2) direct-wave amplitude increases with depth in three of the boreholes, suggesting an increase in electrical resistivity with depth resulting from changes in mineral assemblage or from a decrease in the specific conductance of ground water; and (3) an increase in primary or secondary porosity and an associated change in mineral assemblage, or decrease in ground water specific conductance, was characterized in two of the boreholes below 300 m.The results of the radar reflection logging indicate that even where data quality is marginal, borehole-radar reflection logging can provide useful information for ground-water characterization studies in fractured rock and insights into the nature and extent of fractures and fracture zones in and near boreholes.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri014014","usgsCitation":"Lane, J., Joesten, P., Pohll, G., and Mihevic, T., 2001, Analysis of borehole-radar reflection logs from selected HC boreholes at the Project Shoal area, Churchill County, Nevada: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 2001-4014, iv, 23 p. , https://doi.org/10.3133/wri014014.","productDescription":"iv, 23 p. ","costCenters":[{"id":493,"text":"Office of Ground Water","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":160124,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":2835,"rank":100,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://water.usgs.gov/ogw/bgas/publications/wri014014/wri014014.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Nevada","county":"Churchill County","otherGeospatial":"Project Shoal","geographicExtents":"{\"type\":\"FeatureCollection\",\"features\":[{\"type\":\"Feature\",\"geometry\":{\"type\":\"Polygon\",\"coordinates\":[[[-117.5394,40.003],[-117.54,39.9994],[-117.5352,39.9944],[-117.5297,39.9894],[-117.5244,39.9858],[-117.5183,39.9777],[-117.5195,39.9745],[-117.5177,39.9704],[-117.5135,39.9709],[-117.5099,39.9704],[-117.5087,39.9663],[-117.5069,39.9613],[-117.5045,39.9582],[-117.5045,39.955],[-117.5015,39.9518],[-117.4973,39.9491],[-117.4925,39.9482],[-117.4877,39.9468],[-117.4847,39.9441],[-117.4824,39.9432],[-117.4781,39.9391],[-117.477,39.935],[-117.4757,39.9314],[-117.4709,39.9255],[-117.4686,39.921],[-117.4698,39.9174],[-117.4686,39.9133],[-117.4662,39.9115],[-117.468,39.9078],[-117.4674,39.9056],[-117.4656,39.9028],[-117.4626,39.9006],[-117.4632,39.8983],[-117.4644,39.8942],[-117.4638,39.8902],[-117.462,39.8883],[-117.4602,39.882],[-117.462,39.872],[-117.4608,39.8693],[-117.4656,39.8657],[-117.4662,39.8634],[-117.4644,39.8616],[-117.465,39.8571],[-117.4674,39.8557],[-117.4704,39.8534],[-117.4704,39.8507],[-117.468,39.8493],[-117.471,39.8444],[-117.4722,39.8407],[-117.4716,39.8376],[-117.4734,39.8371],[-117.4794,39.8349],[-117.4818,39.8339],[-117.4836,39.8289],[-117.4872,39.8262],[-117.486,39.8203],[-117.486,39.8117],[-117.4896,39.8031],[-117.4872,39.8008],[-117.486,39.7981],[-117.4878,39.79],[-117.4866,39.7863],[-117.4884,39.7823],[-117.4943,39.7755],[-117.4956,39.7705],[-117.4956,39.7668],[-117.4961,39.7619],[-117.495,39.7587],[-117.4938,39.7551],[-117.495,39.7492],[-117.4926,39.7469],[-117.4872,39.7464],[-117.4848,39.7428],[-117.4794,39.7428],[-117.4782,39.7424],[-117.4752,39.7365],[-117.4788,39.7292],[-117.4806,39.7238],[-117.4836,39.7215],[-117.4866,39.7161],[-117.4848,39.7124],[-117.4848,39.7079],[-117.486,39.7043],[-117.4788,39.6911],[-117.4723,39.6884],[-117.4645,39.6789],[-117.4681,39.6744],[-117.4711,39.6712],[-117.4723,39.6639],[-117.4746,39.6599],[-117.4788,39.6562],[-117.4782,39.6521],[-117.4824,39.649],[-117.4848,39.6472],[-117.4842,39.644],[-117.4741,39.6358],[-117.4681,39.6349],[-117.4645,39.6345],[-117.4621,39.6259],[-117.4705,39.6145],[-117.4806,39.6005],[-117.4777,39.5978],[-117.4789,39.5941],[-117.4771,39.5896],[-117.4759,39.5837],[-117.4765,39.5783],[-117.48,39.5728],[-117.4801,39.5674],[-117.4783,39.561],[-117.4783,39.5579],[-117.4818,39.5529],[-117.4848,39.5497],[-117.4842,39.5474],[-117.4866,39.5452],[-117.492,39.5424],[-117.4926,39.5384],[-117.4944,39.5348],[-117.4992,39.532],[-117.5093,39.5302],[-117.5164,39.537],[-117.5188,39.5375],[-117.5236,39.5334],[-117.5302,39.5311],[-117.5343,39.5284],[-117.5433,39.5261],[-117.5504,39.5261],[-117.5546,39.5261],[-117.5594,39.5261],[-117.5624,39.5238],[-117.5659,39.5198],[-117.5749,39.5184],[-117.5802,39.5202],[-117.5886,39.5198],[-117.5904,39.517],[-117.5886,39.5139],[-117.5892,39.5084],[-117.5868,39.5052],[-117.5921,39.4998],[-117.5987,39.4948],[-117.6011,39.4916],[-117.6023,39.4894],[-117.6094,39.4898],[-117.6142,39.488],[-117.6148,39.4826],[-117.6213,39.4762],[-117.6261,39.4753],[-117.6291,39.4757],[-117.6356,39.473],[-117.6475,39.4671],[-117.6517,39.4676],[-117.6547,39.4667],[-117.6576,39.4621],[-117.6576,39.459],[-117.6517,39.458],[-117.6457,39.4571],[-117.6404,39.4549],[-117.6362,39.4522],[-117.6386,39.449],[-117.6379,39.4399],[-117.6433,39.4345],[-117.6415,39.4304],[-117.6439,39.4263],[-117.6528,39.425],[-117.6611,39.4245],[-117.6713,39.4231],[-117.6754,39.4195],[-117.6748,39.4131],[-117.6814,39.4113],[-117.6825,39.4095],[-117.6802,39.4068],[-117.6802,39.4045],[-117.6825,39.4],[-117.6843,39.3973],[-117.6879,39.3932],[-117.6932,39.3877],[-117.6938,39.3868],[-117.6968,39.3846],[-117.7027,39.3836],[-117.7098,39.3814],[-117.7134,39.3818],[-117.717,39.3823],[-117.7212,39.3813],[-117.7307,39.3782],[-117.7337,39.3791],[-117.739,39.3831],[-117.7432,39.384],[-117.7485,39.3813],[-117.7539,39.3772],[-117.7556,39.3704],[-117.7586,39.3677],[-117.7574,39.365],[-117.7592,39.3604],[-117.7615,39.3563],[-117.7585,39.3486],[-117.7561,39.3432],[-117.7585,39.3391],[-117.7579,39.3359],[-117.7549,39.3296],[-117.7501,39.3174],[-117.7513,39.3128],[-117.7501,39.3101],[-117.7459,39.306],[-117.7447,39.3029],[-117.7405,39.2984],[-117.7405,39.2938],[-117.7423,39.2902],[-117.7405,39.2861],[-117.7351,39.2843],[-117.7327,39.2811],[-117.7309,39.2771],[-117.7303,39.2671],[-117.7249,39.2594],[-117.7219,39.249],[-117.7142,39.2499],[-117.7136,39.2445],[-117.7166,39.2413],[-117.7195,39.2318],[-117.7177,39.2272],[-117.7201,39.2245],[-117.7189,39.2213],[-117.7207,39.2177],[-117.7224,39.2132],[-117.7254,39.2132],[-117.7301,39.2113],[-117.7343,39.2091],[-117.7366,39.2027],[-117.742,39.1986],[-117.7425,39.195],[-117.7425,39.1918],[-117.7437,39.1909],[-117.7467,39.1905],[-117.7497,39.1886],[-117.7526,39.185],[-117.7615,39.1845],[-117.7698,39.175],[-117.7769,39.1741],[-117.7787,39.175],[-117.7811,39.1754],[-117.7822,39.1741],[-117.7822,39.1718],[-117.7834,39.1709],[-117.7852,39.17],[-117.7888,39.17],[-117.7899,39.1686],[-117.7893,39.1664],[-117.7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J.W. Jr.","contributorId":66723,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lane","given":"J.W.","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":204306,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Joesten, P. K.","contributorId":62818,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Joesten","given":"P. K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":204304,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Pohll, G.M.","contributorId":65261,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pohll","given":"G.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":204305,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Mihevic, Todd","contributorId":87416,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mihevic","given":"Todd","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":204307,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":69564,"text":"i2650 - 2001 - Geologic Map of the Thaumasia Region, Mars","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-12-28T14:11:31","indexId":"i2650","displayToPublicDate":"2001-09-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":320,"text":"IMAP","code":"I","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2650","subseriesTitle":"GIS","title":"Geologic Map of the Thaumasia Region, Mars","docAbstract":"The geology of the Thaumasia region (fig. 1, sheet 3) includes a wide array of rock materials, depositional and erosional landforms, and tectonic structures. The region is dominated by the Thaumasia plateau, which includes central high lava plains ringed by highly deformed highlands; the plateau may comprise the ancestral center of Tharsis tectonism (Frey, 1979; Plescia and Saunders, 1982). The extensive structural deformation of the map region, which is without parallel on Mars in both complexity and diversity, occurred largely throughout the Noachian and Hesperian periods (Tanaka and Davis, 1988; Scott and Dohm, 1990a). The deformation produced small and large extensional and contractional structures (fig. 2, sheet 3) that resulted from stresses related to the formation of Tharsis (Frey, 1979; Wise and others, 1979; Plescia and Saunders, 1982; Banerdt and others, 1982, 1992; Watters and Maxwell, 1986; Tanaka and Davis, 1988; Francis, 1988; Watters, 1993; Schultz and Tanaka, 1994), from magmatic-driven uplifts, such as at Syria Planum (Tanaka and Davis, 1988; Dohm and others, 1998; Dohm and Tanaka, 1999) and central Valles Marineris (Dohm and others, 1998, Dohm and Tanaka, 1999), and from the Argyre impact (Wilhelms, 1973; Scott and Tanaka, 1986). In addition, volcanic, eolian, and fluvial processes have highly modified older surfaces in the map region. Local volcanic and tectonic activity often accompanied episodes of valley formation. Our mapping depicts and describes the diverse terrains and complex geologic history of this unique ancient tectonic region of Mars. The geologic (sheet 1), paleotectonic (sheet 2), and paleoerosional (sheet 3) maps of the Thaumasia region were compiled on a Viking 1:5,000,000-scale digital photomosaic base. The base is a combination of four quadrangles: the southeast part of Phoenicis Lacus (MC–17), most of the southern half of Coprates (MC–18), a large part of Thaumasia (MC–25), and the northwest margin of Argyre (MC–26). The medium-resolution Viking images used for mapping and base preparation also formed the basis of the 1:2,000,000 scale subquadrangle series. Earlier geologic maps of all or parts of the region include: (1) maps of the Phoenicis Lacus, Coprates, Thaumasia, and Argyre quadrangles at 1:5,000,000 scale based mainly on Mariner 9 images (respectively, Masursky and others, 1978; McCauley, 1978; McGill, 1978; and Hodges, 1980), (2) the global map of Mars at 1:25,000,000 (Scott and Carr, 1978) compiled largely from the 1:5,000,000 scale geologic maps, (3) maps showing lava flows in the Tharsis region at 1:2,000,000 scale compiled from Viking and Mariner 9 images (Scott, 1981; Scott and Tanaka, 1981a, b; Scott and others, 1981), (4) the map of the western equatorial region of Mars at 1:15,000,000 scale based on Viking images (Scott and Tanaka, 1986), and (5) the map of the Valles Marineris region at 1:2,000,000 scale compiled from Viking images (Witbeck and others, 1991). The previous maps have described the overall geology and geomorphology of the region but have not unraveled the detailed stratigraphy and complex evolution of this unique and geologically diverse martian province. The main purpose of this comprehensive mapping project is to reconstruct the stratigraphic, structural, and erosional histories of the Thaumasia region. The region is the last major province of the Tharsis region to undergo detailed structural mapping using Viking images; its history is essential to documenting the overall tectonic history of Tharsis. Other provinces of Tharsis that have been structurally mapped include Syria Planum (Tanaka and Davis, 1988), Tempe Terra and Ulysses Patera (Scott and Dohm, 1990b), and Alba Patera (Tanaka, 1990). Another primary mapping objective is to determine the region's volcanic history and assess the relations among fault systems and volcanoes (Wise and others, 1979; Scott and Tanaka, 1980; Whitford-Stark, 1982; Scott and Dohm, 1990a). A secondary mapping objective is to determine the distribution and ages of valleys. In our study, we incorporated detailed photogeologic mapping, comprehensive crater statistics (table 1), and geologic, paleotectonic, and paleoerosional Geographic Information System (GIS) databases. Sheets 1–3 show geologic units, faults and other significant structures, and valleys, respectively. To help unravel the complex geologic history of the Thaumasia region, we transferred the highly detailed geologic unit, paleotectonic, and paleoerosional information of sheets 1–3 into a multilayered GIS database for comparative analysis. The geologic information was transferred from hard copy into a digital format by scanning at 25 micron resolution on a drum scanner. The 2-bit scanned image was then converted to an x,y coordinate system using ARC/INFO's vectorization routine. The geologic unit, structural, and erosional data were transformed into the original map projection, Lambert Conformal. The average transformation root mean square error was 0.25 km (acceptable for the Thaumasia map base at 1:5,000,000 scale). After transformation, the features were properly attributed and tediously checked. Once digitized, the map data can be transformed into any map projection depending on the type of data analysis. For example, the equal-area sinusoidal projection was used for determining the precise area of geologic units (table 1). In addition to the geologic map and its attendant stratigraphic section, correlation chart, and description of map units, we include text sections that clarify the histories and temporal, spatial, and causal relations of the various geologic units and landforms of the Thaumasia region. The geologic summary section defines the sequence of major geologic events.","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/i2650","collaboration":"Prepared for the National Aeronautics and Space Administration","usgsCitation":"Dohm, J.M., Tanaka, K.L., and Hare, T.M., 2001, Geologic Map of the Thaumasia Region, Mars: U.S. Geological Survey IMAP 2650, 3 Sheets (all in color); Sheet 1: 50 by 31 inches, Sheet 2: 52 by 39 inches, Sheet 3: 56 by 40 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/i2650.","productDescription":"3 Sheets (all in color); Sheet 1: 50 by 31 inches, Sheet 2: 52 by 39 inches, Sheet 3: 56 by 40 inches","costCenters":[{"id":131,"text":"Astrogeology Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":438884,"rank":403,"type":{"id":30,"text":"Data Release"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5066/P9U2C7NH","text":"USGS data release","linkHelpText":"Geologic Map of the Thaumasia Region, Mars"},{"id":258918,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/imap/i2650/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":258919,"rank":300,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/imap/i2650/i2650_sh1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":188174,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/i_2650.jpg"},{"id":259136,"rank":401,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/imap/i2650/i2650_sh2.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":259137,"rank":402,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/imap/i2650/i2650_sh3.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"scale":"444090","projection":"Lambert Conformal Conic projection","otherGeospatial":"Mars;Thaumasia Region","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b1ae4b07f02db6a8402","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Dohm, Janes M.","contributorId":100079,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dohm","given":"Janes","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":280603,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Tanaka, Kenneth L. ktanaka@usgs.gov","contributorId":610,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tanaka","given":"Kenneth","email":"ktanaka@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":131,"text":"Astrogeology Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":280601,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Hare, Trent M. 0000-0001-8842-389X thare@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8842-389X","contributorId":3188,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hare","given":"Trent","email":"thare@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":131,"text":"Astrogeology Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":280602,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70174541,"text":"70174541 - 2001 - Droughts, epic droughts and droughty centuries - lessons from a California paleoclimatic record: a PACLIM 2001 meeting report","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-07-28T15:12:14","indexId":"70174541","displayToPublicDate":"2001-09-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3914,"text":"Interagency Ecological Program Newsletter","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Droughts, epic droughts and droughty centuries - lessons from a California paleoclimatic record: a PACLIM 2001 meeting report","docAbstract":"

During the early 1990s (but echoing studies by S.T. Harding at the University of California, from as early as the 1930s), several lines of paleoclimate evidence in and around the Sierra Nevada Range have provided the water community in California with some real horror stories. By studying ancient tree stumps submerged in Lake Tahoe and Tenaya Lake, stumps that were emerging from Mono Lake during its recent decline, and stumps that were exhumed in the Walker River bed during the floods of 1997, paleoclimatologists like Scott Stine of California State University, Hayward, assembled a picture of epic droughts in the central Sierra Nevada during the medieval period. These droughts had to be severe to drop water levels in the lakes and rivers low enough for the trees to grow in the first place, and then had to last for hundreds of years to explain tree-ring counts in these sizeable stumps. Worse yet, the evidence suggested at least two such epic droughts, one ending close to 1100 and the other close to 1350. These epic droughts challenged paleoclimatologists, as well as modern climatologists and hydrologists, to understand and, ultimately, to determine the likelihood that such droughts might recur in the foreseeable future. The first challenge, however, was to verify that such droughts were more than local events and as extreme as suggested. At this year’s Pacific Climate (PACLIM) Workshop, held March 18–21, 2001, at Asilomar (Pacific Grove, Calif.), special sessions brought together scientists to compare paleoclimatic reconstructions of ancient droughts and pluvial (wet) epidodes to try to determine the nature of decadal and centennial climate fluctuations in western North America, with emphasis on California. A companion session brought together modern climatologists to report on the latest explanations (and evidence) for decadal climate variations during the instrumental era of the 20th century.

","language":"English","publisher":"Interagency","usgsCitation":"Dettinger, M.D., 2001, Droughts, epic droughts and droughty centuries - lessons from a California paleoclimatic record: a PACLIM 2001 meeting report: Interagency Ecological Program Newsletter, v. 14, no. 3, p. 51-53.","productDescription":"3 p.","startPage":"51","endPage":"53","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":552,"text":"San Francisco Bay-Delta","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":5079,"text":"Pacific Regional Director's Office","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":325161,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":325160,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://www.water.ca.gov/iep/newsletters/2001/IEPNewsletterSummer2001.pdf"}],"volume":"14","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"579b2caee4b0589fa1c9809d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Dettinger, M. D. 0000-0002-7509-7332","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7509-7332","contributorId":93069,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Dettinger","given":"M.","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":16196,"text":"Scripps Institution of Oceanography, La Jolla, CA","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":642308,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":69414,"text":"i2693 - 2001 - Geologic map of the MTM 25047 and 20047 quadrangles, central Chryse Planitia/Viking 1 Lander site, Mars","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-12-28T14:12:42","indexId":"i2693","displayToPublicDate":"2001-09-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":320,"text":"IMAP","code":"I","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2693","subseriesTitle":"GIS","title":"Geologic map of the MTM 25047 and 20047 quadrangles, central Chryse Planitia/Viking 1 Lander site, Mars","docAbstract":"This map uses Viking Orbiter image data and Viking 1 Lander image data to evaluate the geologic history of a part of Chryse Planitia, Mars. The map area lies at the termini of the Maja and Kasei Valles outwash channels and includes the site of the Viking 1 Lander. The photomosaic base for these quadrangles was assembled from 98 Viking Orbiter frames comprising 1204 pixels per line and 1056 lines and ranging in resolution from 20 to 200 m/pixel. These orbital image data were supplemented with images of the surface as seen from the Viking 1 Lander, one of only three sites on the martian surface where planetary geologic mapping is assisted by ground truth.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/i2693","collaboration":"Prepared for the National Aeronautics and Space Administration","usgsCitation":"Crumpler, L., Craddock, R.A., and Aubele, J., 2001, Geologic map of the MTM 25047 and 20047 quadrangles, central Chryse Planitia/Viking 1 Lander site, Mars: U.S. Geological Survey IMAP 2693, 1 Map: 95 x 94 cm, https://doi.org/10.3133/i2693.","productDescription":"1 Map: 95 x 94 cm","costCenters":[{"id":131,"text":"Astrogeology Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":438883,"rank":101,"type":{"id":30,"text":"Data Release"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5066/P1BUTGWV","text":"USGS data release","linkHelpText":"Interactive Map: Geologic map of the MTM 25047 and 20047 quadrangles, central Chryse Planitia/Viking 1 Lander site, Mars"},{"id":188359,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/i_2693.jpg"},{"id":6347,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/imap/i2693/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"scale":"1004000","projection":"Transverse Mercator","otherGeospatial":"Chryse Planitia;Mars","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b1ae4b07f02db6a84a4","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Crumpler, L.S.","contributorId":81575,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Crumpler","given":"L.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":280363,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Craddock, R. A.","contributorId":14900,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Craddock","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":280361,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Aubele, J.C.","contributorId":75638,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Aubele","given":"J.C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":280362,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":69413,"text":"i2685 - 2001 - Maps showing the development of the Pu‘u ‘Ö‘ö-Küpaianaha flow field, June 1984-February 1987, Kïlauea Volcano, Hawaii","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-01-10T19:24:04.24552","indexId":"i2685","displayToPublicDate":"2001-09-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":320,"text":"IMAP","code":"I","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2685","subseriesTitle":"GIS","title":"Maps showing the development of the Pu‘u ‘Ö‘ö-Küpaianaha flow field, June 1984-February 1987, Kïlauea Volcano, Hawaii","docAbstract":"The Pu'u 'O'o - Kupaianaha eruption on the middle east rift zone of Kilauea began in January 1983 with intermittent activity along several fissures. By June 1983, the eruption had localized at the Pu'u 'O'o vent, and the activity settled into an increasingly regular pattern of brief eruptive episodes characterized by high lava fountains. The first 18 months of this eruption are chronicled in Wolfe and others (1988), which includes maps of the flows erupted in episodes 1-20. The maps presented here extend this series through the beginning of episode 48.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/i2685","usgsCitation":"Heliker, C., Ulrich, G.E., Margriter, S.C., and Hoffmann, J.P., 2001, Maps showing the development of the Pu‘u ‘Ö‘ö-Küpaianaha flow field, June 1984-February 1987, Kïlauea Volcano, Hawaii: U.S. Geological Survey IMAP 2685, HTML Document, https://doi.org/10.3133/i2685.","productDescription":"HTML Document","costCenters":[{"id":336,"text":"Hawaiian Volcano Observatory","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":188358,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":6346,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/imap/i2685/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":110210,"rank":700,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_43380.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"},"description":"43380"}],"scale":"50000","country":"United States","state":"Hawaii","otherGeospatial":"Pu'u 'O'o - Kupaianaha flow field","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -155.009,\n 19.317\n ],\n [\n -155.153,\n 19.317\n ],\n [\n -155.153,\n 19.447\n ],\n [\n -155.009,\n 19.447\n ],\n [\n -155.009,\n 19.317\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a19e4b07f02db606179","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Heliker, Christina","contributorId":53353,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Heliker","given":"Christina","affiliations":[{"id":336,"text":"Hawaiian Volcano Observatory","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":280359,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Ulrich, George E.","contributorId":23550,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ulrich","given":"George","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":280358,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Margriter, Sandy C.","contributorId":74082,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Margriter","given":"Sandy","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":280360,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Hoffmann, John P. jphoffma@usgs.gov","contributorId":1337,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hoffmann","given":"John","email":"jphoffma@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":280357,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":28053,"text":"wri004293 - 2001 - Effects of lead-zinc mining on ground-water levels in the Ozark aquifer in the Viburnum Trend, southeastern Missouri","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:26","indexId":"wri004293","displayToPublicDate":"2001-09-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2000-4293","title":"Effects of lead-zinc mining on ground-water levels in the Ozark aquifer in the Viburnum Trend, southeastern Missouri","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Dept. of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nBranch of Information Services [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/wri004293","usgsCitation":"Kleeschulte, M.J., 2001, Effects of lead-zinc mining on ground-water levels in the Ozark aquifer in the Viburnum Trend, southeastern Missouri: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 2000-4293, iv, 28 p. :ill., col. maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri004293.","productDescription":"iv, 28 p. :ill., col. maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":95694,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/2000/4293/report.pdf","size":"3766","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":157980,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/2000/4293/report-thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a29e4b07f02db611c9b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kleeschulte, Michael J.","contributorId":75891,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kleeschulte","given":"Michael","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":199136,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":28935,"text":"wri20004244 - 2001 - Analytical versus numerical estimates of water-level declines caused by pumping, and a case study of the Iao Aquifer, Maui, Hawaii","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-04-06T19:59:38.937721","indexId":"wri20004244","displayToPublicDate":"2001-09-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2000-4244","title":"Analytical versus numerical estimates of water-level declines caused by pumping, and a case study of the Iao Aquifer, Maui, Hawaii","docAbstract":"Comparisons were made between model-calculated water levels from a one-dimensional analytical model referred to as RAM (Robust Analytical Model) and those from numerical ground-water flow models using a sharp-interface model code. RAM incorporates the horizontal-flow assumption and the Ghyben-Herzberg relation to represent flow in a one-dimensional unconfined aquifer that contains a body of freshwater floating on denser saltwater. RAM does not account for the presence of a low-permeability coastal confining unit (caprock), which impedes the discharge of fresh ground water from the aquifer to the ocean, nor for the spatial distribution of ground-water withdrawals from wells, which is significant because water-level declines are greatest in the vicinity of withdrawal wells. Numerical ground-water flow models can readily account for discharge through a coastal confining unit and for the spatial distribution of ground-water withdrawals from wells.\r\n\r\nFor a given aquifer hydraulic-conductivity value, recharge rate, and withdrawal rate, model-calculated steady-state water-level declines from RAM can be significantly less than those from numerical ground-water flow models. The differences between model-calculated water-level declines from RAM and those from numerical models are partly dependent on the hydraulic properties of the aquifer system and the spatial distribution of ground-water withdrawals from wells. RAM invariably predicts the greatest water-level declines at the inland extent of the aquifer where the freshwater body is thickest and the potential for saltwater intrusion is lowest. For cases in which a low-permeability confining unit overlies the aquifer near the coast, however, water-level declines calculated from numerical models may exceed those from RAM even at the inland extent of the aquifer.\r\n\r\nSince 1990, RAM has been used by the State of Hawaii Commission on Water Resource Management for establishing sustainable-yield values for the State?s aquifers. Data from the Iao aquifer, which lies on the northeastern flank of the West Maui Volcano and which is confined near the coast by caprock, are now available to evaluate the predictive capability of RAM for this system. In 1995 and 1996, withdrawal from the Iao aquifer reached the 20 million gallon per day sustainable-yield value derived using RAM. However, even before 1996, water levels in the aquifer had declined significantly below those predicted by RAM, and continued to decline in 1997. To halt the decline of water levels and to preclude the intrusion of salt-water into the four major well fields in the aquifer, it was necessary to reduce withdrawal from the aquifer system below the sustainable-yield value derived using RAM. \r\n\r\nIn the Iao aquifer, the decline of measured water levels below those predicted by RAM is consistent with the results of the numerical model analysis. Relative to model-calculated water-level declines from numerical ground-water flow models, (1) RAM underestimates water-level declines in areas where a low-permeability confining unit exists, and (2) RAM underestimates water-level declines in the vicinity of withdrawal wells.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri20004244","usgsCitation":"Oki, D.S., and Meyer, W., 2001, Analytical versus numerical estimates of water-level declines caused by pumping, and a case study of the Iao Aquifer, Maui, Hawaii: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 2000-4244, iv, 31 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri20004244.","productDescription":"iv, 31 p.","costCenters":[{"id":525,"text":"Pacific Islands Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":124608,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/wri_2000_4244.jpg"},{"id":415376,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_34827.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":13744,"rank":2,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/wri00-4244/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Hawaii","otherGeospatial":"Iao aquifer, Maui","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -156.598,\n 20.94\n ],\n [\n -156.598,\n 20.838\n ],\n [\n -156.465,\n 20.838\n ],\n [\n -156.465,\n 20.94\n ],\n [\n -156.598,\n 20.94\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4acce4b07f02db67e459","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Oki, Delwyn S. 0000-0002-6913-8804 dsoki@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6913-8804","contributorId":1901,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Oki","given":"Delwyn","email":"dsoki@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":525,"text":"Pacific Islands Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":200644,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Meyer, William","contributorId":87538,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Meyer","given":"William","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":200645,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ]}