The U.S. Geological Survey developed watershed models (Hydrological Simulation Program—FORTRAN) to simulate streamflow and estimate streamflow constituent loads from five basins that compose the San Antonio River watershed in Bexar County, Texas. Rainfall and streamflow data collected during 1997–2001 were used to calibrate and test the model. The model was configured so that runoff from various land uses and discharges from other sources (such as wastewater recycling facilities) could be accounted for to indicate sources of streamflow. Simulated streamflow volumes were used with land-use-specific, water-quality data to compute streamflow loads of selected constituents from the various streamflow sources.
Model simulations for 1997–2001 indicate that inflow from the upper Medina River (originating outside Bexar County) represents about 22 percent of total streamflow. Recycled wastewater discharges account for about 20 percent and base flow (ground-water inflow to streams) about 18 percent. Storm runoff from various land uses represents about 33 percent.
Estimates of sources of streamflow constituent loads indicate recycled wastewater as the largest source of dissolved solids and nitrate plus nitrite nitrogen (about 38 and 66 percent, respectively, of the total loads) during 1997–2001. Stormwater runoff from urban land produced about 49 percent of the 1997–2001 total suspended solids load. Stormwater runoff from residential and commercial land (about 23 percent of the land area) produced about 70 percent of the total lead streamflow load during 1997–2001.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ","doi":"10.3133/wri034030","collaboration":"In cooperation with the San Antonio Water System ","usgsCitation":"Ockerman, D.J., and McNamara, K.C., 2003, Simulation of streamflow and estimation of streamflow constituent loads in the San Antonio River watershed, Bexar County, Texas, 1997-2001: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 2003-4030, HTML Document; Report: iv, 37 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri034030.","productDescription":"HTML Document; Report: iv, 37 p.","costCenters":[{"id":583,"text":"Texas Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":4534,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.water.usgs.gov/wri03-4030/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":178769,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":335481,"rank":3,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/wri03-4030/pdf/wri03-4030.pdf","text":"Report","size":"19.6 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Report"}],"country":"United States","state":"Texas","county":"Bexar County","otherGeospatial":"San Antonio River Watershed","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -98.50616455078125,\n 29.739339757443286\n ],\n [\n -98.58993530273438,\n 29.736954896290666\n ],\n [\n -98.72451782226562,\n 29.71548859443817\n ],\n [\n -98.778076171875,\n 29.67015577117534\n ],\n [\n -98.82476806640625,\n 29.621221113784504\n ],\n [\n -98.865966796875,\n 29.554345125748267\n ],\n [\n -98.88656616210938,\n 29.434813598289637\n ],\n [\n -98.87969970703125,\n 29.388158098102554\n ],\n [\n -98.86184692382812,\n 29.334298230315675\n ],\n [\n -98.83438110351562,\n 29.26124274448168\n ],\n [\n -98.77944946289062,\n 29.216904948184734\n ],\n [\n -98.734130859375,\n 29.178543264303006\n ],\n [\n -98.64349365234374,\n 29.156958511360703\n ],\n [\n -98.5693359375,\n 29.159357041355424\n ],\n [\n -98.46084594726562,\n 29.185737173254434\n ],\n [\n -98.36196899414061,\n 29.204918463909035\n ],\n [\n -98.31939697265625,\n 29.263638834879824\n ],\n [\n -98.28231811523438,\n 29.3642238956322\n ],\n [\n -98.3056640625,\n 29.44438130948883\n ],\n [\n -98.2891845703125,\n 29.534034720259523\n ],\n [\n -98.34686279296874,\n 29.62360872200976\n ],\n [\n -98.3990478515625,\n 29.682087444299334\n ],\n [\n -98.45947265625,\n 29.71071768156533\n ],\n [\n -98.50616455078125,\n 29.739339757443286\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b05e4b07f02db699e32","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ockerman, Darwin J. 0000-0003-1958-1688 ockerman@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1958-1688","contributorId":1579,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ockerman","given":"Darwin","email":"ockerman@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":583,"text":"Texas Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":244591,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"McNamara, Kenna C.","contributorId":51841,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McNamara","given":"Kenna","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":244592,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":51979,"text":"wri034153 - 2003 - Arsenic and metal loads and source areas in the Middle Fork Warm Springs Creek watershed, Jefferson County, Montana, June 2001","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-02-17T06:36:35","indexId":"wri034153","displayToPublicDate":"2003-09-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2003-4153","title":"Arsenic and metal loads and source areas in the Middle Fork Warm Springs Creek watershed, Jefferson County, Montana, June 2001","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri034153","usgsCitation":"Cleasby, T., Thamke, J., and Nimick, D.A., 2003, Arsenic and metal loads and source areas in the Middle Fork Warm Springs Creek watershed, Jefferson County, Montana, June 2001: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 2003-4153, iv, 33 p. , https://doi.org/10.3133/wri034153.","productDescription":"iv, 33 p. 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Thomas E. 0000-0003-0694-1541","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0694-1541","contributorId":21993,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cleasby","given":"Thomas E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":244597,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Thamke, Joanna N. 0000-0002-6917-1946 jothamke@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6917-1946","contributorId":1012,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thamke","given":"Joanna N.","email":"jothamke@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":493,"text":"Office of Ground Water","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":5050,"text":"WY-MT Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":244596,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Nimick, David A. dnimick@usgs.gov","contributorId":421,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nimick","given":"David","email":"dnimick@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":573,"text":"Special Applications Science 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two associated three-dimensional ground-water flow models that were developed to simulate the ground-water flow systems in La Crosse County, Wisconsin, and Pool 8 of the Mississippi River. Although the geographic extents of the three-dimensional models were slightly different, both were derived from the same geologic interpretation and regional screening model, and their calibrations were performed concurrently. The objectives of the La Crosse County (LCC) model were to assess the effects of recent (1990s) and potential future ground-water withdrawals and to provide a tool suitable to evaluate the effects of proposed water-management programs. The Pool 8 model objectives were to quantify the magnitude and distribution of ground-water flow into the Pool. The Wisconsin Geological and Natural History Survey and the U.S. Geological Survey developed the models cooperatively. The report describes: 1) the conceptual hydrogeologic model; 2) the methods used in simulating flow; 3) model calibration and sensitivity analysis; and 4) model results, such as simulation of predevelopment conditions and location and magnitude of ground-water discharge into Pool 8 of the Mississippi.
\nThree aquifer units underlie the model area: 1) a shallow unconsolidated sand and gravel aquifer; 2) an upper bedrock aquifer, composed of Cambrian and Ordovician sandstone and dolomite; and 3) a lower bedrock aquifer composed of Cambrian sandstone of the Eau Claire Formation and the Mount Simon Formation. A shale layer that is part of the Eau Claire Formation forms a confining unit separating the upper and lower bedrock aquifers. This confining unit is absent in the Black River and parts of the La Crosse and Mississippi River valleys. Precambrian crystalline basement rock forms the lower base of the ground-water flow system.
\nThe U.S. Geological Survey ground-water flow model code, MODFLOW, was used to develop the La Crosse County (LCC) and Pool 8 ground-water flow models. Boundary conditions for the MODFLOW model were extracted from an analytic element screening model of the regional flow system surrounding La Crosse County. Model input was obtained from previously published and unpublished geologic and hydrologic data. Pumpages from municipal and high-capacity wells were also simulated.
\nModel calibration included a comparison of modeled and field-measured water levels and field-measured base flows to simulated stream flows. At calibration, most measured water levels compared favorably to model-calculated water levels. Simulated streamflows at two targets were within 3 percent of estimated measured base flows. Mass balance results from the LCC and Pool 8 models indicated that 63 to 74 percent of ground water was from recharge and 19 to 26 percent was from surface-water sources. Ground-water flow out of the model was to rivers and streams (85 to 87 percent) and pumping wells (11 and 13 percent).
\nThe model demonstrates the effects of development on ground water in the study area. The maximum simulated water-level decline in the city of La Crosse metropolitan area is 9.3 feet. Simulated stream losses are similar to the amount of ground water pumped by wells. This indicates that ground water withdrawn by La Crosse County wells is water that under predevelopment conditions discharged to streams and lakes.
\nThe models provide estimates of the locations and amount of ground-water flow into Pool 8 and the southern portion of Pool 7 of the Mississippi River. Ground-water discharges into all areas of the pools, except along the eastern shore in the vicinity of the city of La Crosse and immediately downgradient from lock and dam 7 and 8. Ground-water flow into the pools is generally greatest around the perimeter with decreasing amounts away from the perimeter. An area of relatively high ground-water discharge extends out towards the center of Pool 7 from the upper reaches of the pool and may
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri034154","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with La Crosse County, Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources, and Wisconsin Geological and Natural History Survey","usgsCitation":"Hunt, R.J., Saad, D.A., and Chapel, D.M., 2003, Numerical simulation of ground-water flow in La Crosse County, Wisconsin, and into nearby pools of the Mississippi River: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 2003-4154, vi, 36 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri034154.","productDescription":"vi, 36 p.","numberOfPages":"44","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":677,"text":"Wisconsin Water Science 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M.","contributorId":66782,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chapel","given":"Dawn","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":245883,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":53120,"text":"wri034071 - 2003 - Low streamflow conditions in Washington, Oregon, and Idaho during water year 2001","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-12-06T13:27:28","indexId":"wri034071","displayToPublicDate":"2003-09-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2003-4071","title":"Low streamflow conditions in Washington, Oregon, and Idaho during water year 2001","docAbstract":"Below-normal precipitation levels and abovenormal\ntemperatures across most of the Columbia\nRiver Basin in the Pacific Northwest (Washington,\nOregon, and Idaho) resulted in streamflows that,\nat times, approached long-term minimums. The\nperiod from October 1, 2000, through September\n30, 2001 (water year 2001), was the second driest\non record (1895–2001) for the three-State area. In\naddition, average temperatures during the April\nthrough September 2001 period were the twelfth\nhighest since 1895. Conditions in the part of Canada\nincluded in the Columbia River Basin were\nsimilar.\nStreamflow levels at several locations\napproached those during water year 1977, when\nseveral minimum-flow records were set. The\ndrought of 1977 commonly is considered the\ndrought of record in the region. Low streamflows\nwere most noticeable in rivers east of the Cascade\nRange, where most of the streamflow above base\nflow is a direct result of snowmelt runoff. Because\nof below-normal precipitation across the region,\nsnowpack levels in the three States were only\nabout 59 to 62 percent of the long-term (1961–90)\naverage.\nMiscellaneous low-flow measurements were\nmade at more than 700 locations across the three-\nState region and in some adjacent States. These\nmeasurements were made in late summer and\nearly fall of 2001 during base-flow conditions.\nIn general, these low-flow measurements were\nsimilar to those made at the same locations during\nwater year 1977.\nReservoir storage values for seven major\nriver basins in the three-State region were all\nbelow the 30-year average at the end of water year\n2001. Reservoir storages were at average levels at\nthe end of water year 2000; thus, the below-average\nlevels in water year 2001 can be related\ndirectly to low streamflows during water year\n2001.\nNear the end of water year 2001, the Palmer\nDrought Severity Index ranked much of the region\nin the severe or extreme drought categories. Only\nthe coastal area of Washington and Oregon and\npart of the mountain region in Idaho were in the\nnear-normal category. The National Oceanic and\nAtmospheric Administration classified most of the\narea as exhibiting adverse agricultural, hydrological,\nand fire-danger effects from the drought.\nLack of available water for recharge and\nincreased pumpage needed to augment the reduced\nsurface-water supply likely reduced ground-water\nlevels throughout the region. Twenty-five wells\nacross the region were selected for extended monitoring\nto help define the possible short- and longterm\nrelation between low streamflows and\nground-water levels.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/wri034071","usgsCitation":"Hortness, J., 2003, Low streamflow conditions in Washington, Oregon, and Idaho during water year 2001: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 2003-4071, 53 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri034071.","productDescription":"53 p.","numberOfPages":"59","temporalStart":"2000-10-01","temporalEnd":"2001-09-30","costCenters":[{"id":343,"text":"Idaho Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":262376,"rank":800,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/2003/4071/report.pdf"},{"id":262377,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/2003/4071/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Idaho;Oregon;Washington","otherGeospatial":"Columbia River Basin;Silver Lake;Lake Albert;Goose Lake;Harney Lake;Great Basin;Klamath River Basin;Pacific Slope Basins","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -124.89,41.96 ], [ -124.89,49.0 ], [ -111.01,49.0 ], [ -111.01,41.96 ], [ -124.89,41.96 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a6fe4b07f02db640ddb","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hortness, Jon 0000-0002-9809-2876 hortness@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9809-2876","contributorId":3601,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hortness","given":"Jon","email":"hortness@usgs.gov","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":246691,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":50856,"text":"wri034121 - 2003 - Relation of periphyton and benthic invertebrate communities to environmental factors and land use at selected sites in part of the upper Mississippi River basin, 1996-98","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-04-08T14:19:00","indexId":"wri034121","displayToPublicDate":"2003-09-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2003-4121","title":"Relation of periphyton and benthic invertebrate communities to environmental factors and land use at selected sites in part of the upper Mississippi River basin, 1996-98","docAbstract":"The Upper Mississippi River Basin is one of the hydrologic systems selected for study by the National Water-Quality Assessment (NAWQA) Program of the U.S. Geological Survey. NAWQA utilizes a multi-disciplinary approach to explain factors that affect water quality. Part of the NAWQA design addresses the relation of land use and environmental factors to periphyton and benthic invertebrate communities in streams.
\nThis report focuses on a 122,000 square kilometer area of the Mississippi River Basin, including the Twin Cities metropolitan area (TCMA). The northeastern part of the study area is forested, the southwestern part is agricultural, and the central part is transitional between forest and agriculture. Sampling sites were selected based on a process that identified small streams in predominantly forested, agricultural, and urban settings, and large river sites on the Mississippi River and major tributaries. Periphyton and benthic invertebrate communities were evaluated at each site. Compared to the forested site, periphyton density and biovolume in small streams generally increased as nutrient concentrations associated with urban and agricultural land use increased. Periphyton communities varied within agricultural and urban streams, indicating that physical and chemical factors other than land use also affect periphyton communities.
\nBenthic invertebrate communities also are affected by land use and associated stream habitat. There were few intolerant taxa (Ephemeroptera and Plecoptera) in urban streams, potentially due to high streamflow variability and contaminants from runoff. Ephemeroptera taxa richness was greatest in the agricultural streams. The most abundant Ephemeroptera taxa were those tolerant to high concentrations of suspended sediment. Richness of Plecoptera and Trichoptera taxa were greatest in the forested stream. Biological communities in the St. Croix and Minnesota River generally reflected relatively homogeneous land uses.
\nBiological communities in the Mississippi River reflected changes in water quality and physical habitat as the Minnesota and St. Croix Rivers join the Mississippi River. Periphyton density and biovolume, and the relative abundance of blue-green algae density increased in the Mississippi River at the confluence compared to the Minnesota and St. Croix Rivers. Relative abundance of benthic invertebrate taxa richness and diversity generally decreased downstream in the large rivers as urban and agricultural land use become more prevalent. Impoundments and dredging of the Mississippi River in and downstream from the TCMA exacerbate effects of increasing river size to produce a more lake-like system.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Mounds View, MN","doi":"10.3133/wri034121","usgsCitation":"ZumBerge, J.R., Lee, K., and Goldstein, R.M., 2003, Relation of periphyton and benthic invertebrate communities to environmental factors and land use at selected sites in part of the upper Mississippi River basin, 1996-98: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 2003-4121, vi, 41 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri034121.","productDescription":"vi, 41 p.","numberOfPages":"49","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":392,"text":"Minnesota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":178324,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/2003/4121/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":276464,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/2003/4121/report.pdf"}],"country":"United States","state":"Iowa, Minnesota, North Dakota, South Dakota, 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klee@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7683-1367","contributorId":2538,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lee","given":"Kathy","email":"klee@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":392,"text":"Minnesota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":242462,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Goldstein, Robert M.","contributorId":68267,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Goldstein","given":"Robert","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":242464,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":51983,"text":"wri034031 - 2003 - Simulation of streamflow and water quality in the White Clay Creek subbasin of the Christina River Basin, Pennsylvania and Delaware, 1994-98","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-02-26T15:35:46","indexId":"wri034031","displayToPublicDate":"2003-09-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2003-4031","title":"Simulation of streamflow and water quality in the White Clay Creek subbasin of the Christina River Basin, Pennsylvania and Delaware, 1994-98","docAbstract":"The Christina River Basin drains 565 square miles (mi2) in Pennsylvania, Maryland, and Delaware. Water from the basin is used for recreation, drinking water supply, and to support aquatic life. The Christina River Basin includes the major subbasins of Brandywine Creek, White Clay Creek, and Red Clay Creek. The White Clay Creek is the second largest of the subbasins and drains an area of 108 mi2. Water quality in some parts of the Christina River Basin is impaired and does not support designated uses of the streams. A multi-agency water-quality management strategy included a modeling component to evaluate the effects of point and nonpoint-source contributions of nutrients and suspended sediment on stream water quality. To assist in non point-source evaluation, four independent models, one for each of the three major subbasins and for the Christina River, were developed and calibrated using the model code Hydrological Simulation Program—Fortran (HSPF). Water-quality data for model calibration were collected in each of the four main subbasins and in smaller subbasins predominantly covered by one land use following a nonpoint-source monitoring plan. Under this plan, stormflow and base- flow samples were collected during 1998 at two sites in the White Clay Creek subbasin and at nine sites in the other subbasins.
The HSPF model for the White Clay Creek Basin simulates streamflow, suspended sediment, and the nutrients, nitrogen and phosphorus. In addition, the model simulates water temperature, dissolved oxygen, biochemical oxygen demand, and plankton as secondary objectives needed to support the sediment and nutrient simulations. For the model, the basin was subdivided into 17 reaches draining areas that ranged from 1.37 to 13 mi2. Ten different pervious land uses and two impervious land uses were selected for simulation. Land-use areas were determined from 1995 land-use data. The predominant land uses in the White Clay Creek Basin are agricultural, forested, residential, and urban.
The hydrologic component of the model was run at an hourly time step and primarily calibrated using streamflow data from two U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) streamflow-measurement stations for the period of October 1, 1994, through October 29, 1998. Additional calibration was done using data from two other USGS streamflow-measurement stations with periods of record shorter than the calibration period. Daily precipitation data from two National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) gages and hourly precipitation and other meteorological data for one NOAA gage were used for model input. The difference between simulated and observed streamflow volume ranged from -0.9 to 1.8 percent for the 4-year period at the two calibration sites with 4-year records. Annual differences between observed and simulated streamflow generally were greater than the overall error. For example, at a site near the bottom of the basin (drainage area of 89.1 mi2), annual differences between observed and simulated streamflow ranged from -5.8 to 14.4 percent and the overall error for the 4-year period was -0.9 percent. Calibration errors for 36 storm periods at the two calibration sites for total volume, low-flowrecession rate, 50-percent lowest flows, 10-percent highest flows, and storm peaks were within the recommended criteria of 20 percent or less. Much of the error in simulating storm events on an hourly time step can be attributed to uncertainty in the hourly rainfall data.
The water-quality component of the model was calibrated using data collected by the USGS and state agencies at three USGS streamflow-measurement stations with variable water-quality monitoring periods ending October 1998. Because of availability, monitoring data for suspended-solids concentrations were used as surrogates for suspended-sediment concentrations, although suspended solids may underestimate suspended sediment and affect apparent accuracy of the suspended-sediment simulation. Comparison of observed to simulated loads for up to five storms in 1998 at each of the two nonpoint-source monitoring sites in the White Clay Creek Basin indicate that simulation error is commonly as large as an order of magnitude for suspended sediment and nutrients. The simulation error tends to be smaller for dissolved nutrients than for particulate nutrients. Errors of 40 percent or less for monthly or annual values indicate a fair to good water-quality calibration according to recommended criteria, with much larger errors possible for individual events. The accuracy of the water-quality calibration under stormflow conditions is limited by the relatively small amount of water-quality data available for the White Clay Creek Basin.
Users of the White Clay Creek HSPF model should be aware of model limitations and consider the following if the model is used for predictive purposes: streamflow and water quality for individual storm events may not be well simulated, but the model performance is reasonable when evaluated over longer periods of time; the observed flow-duration curve for the simulation period is similar to the long-term flow-duration curve at White Clay Creek near Newark, Del., indicating that the calibration period is representative of all but highest 0.1 percent and lowest 0.1 percent of flows at that site; relative errors in streamflow and water-quality simulations are greater for smaller drainage areas than for larger areas; and calibration for water-quality was based on sparse data.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri034031","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Delaware River Basin Commission, Delaware Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Control, and the Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Protection","usgsCitation":"Senior, L.A., and Koerkle, E.H., 2003, Simulation of streamflow and water quality in the White Clay Creek subbasin of the Christina River Basin, Pennsylvania and Delaware, 1994-98: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 2003-4031, x, 142 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri034031.","productDescription":"x, 142 p.","onlineOnly":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":532,"text":"Pennsylvania Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":179191,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/2003/4031/coverthb.jpg"},{"id":4538,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/2003/4031/wri20034031.pdf","text":"Report","size":"2.37 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"WRI 2003-4031"}],"contact":"Director, Pennsylvania Water Science Center U.S. Geological Survey
215 Limekiln Road
New Cumberland, PA 17070
Stream biogeochemistry is influenced by the physical and chemical processes that occur in the surrounding watershed. These processes include the mass loading of solutes from terrestrial and atmospheric sources, the physical transport of solutes within the watershed, and the transformation of solutes due to biogeochemical reactions. Research over the last two decades has identified the hyporheic zone as an important part of the stream system in which these processes occur. The hyporheic zone may be loosely defined as the porous areas of the stream bed and stream bank in which stream water mixes with shallow groundwater. Exchange of water and solutes between the stream proper and the hyporheic zone has many biogeochemical implications, due to differences in the chemical composition of surface and groundwater. For example, surface waters are typically oxidized environments with relatively high dissolved oxygen concentrations. In contrast, reducing conditions are often present in groundwater systems leading to low dissolved oxygen concentrations. Further, microbial oxidation of organic materials in groundwater leads to supersaturated concentrations of dissolved carbon dioxide relative to the atmosphere. Differences in surface and groundwater pH and temperature are also common. The hyporheic zone is therefore a mixing zone in which there are gradients in the concentrations of dissolved gasses, the concentrations of oxidized and reduced species, pH, and temperature. These gradients lead to biogeochemical reactions that ultimately affect stream water quality. Due to the complexity of these natural systems, modeling techniques are frequently employed to quantify process dynamics.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/S0309-1708(03)00079-4","usgsCitation":"Runkel, R.L., McKnight, D.M., and Rajaram, H., 2003, Modeling hyporheic zone processes: Advances in Water Resources, v. 26, no. 9, p. 901-905, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0309-1708(03)00079-4.","productDescription":"5 p. ","startPage":"901","endPage":"905","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":337604,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"26","issue":"9","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58ca52d1e4b0849ce97c86d6","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Runkel, Robert L. 0000-0003-3220-481X runkel@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3220-481X","contributorId":685,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Runkel","given":"Robert","email":"runkel@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":191,"text":"Colorado Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":684454,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"McKnight, Diane M.","contributorId":59773,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"McKnight","given":"Diane","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":16833,"text":"INSTAAR, University of Colorado","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":684455,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Rajaram, Harihar","contributorId":61328,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rajaram","given":"Harihar","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":684456,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":51391,"text":"ofr03280 - 2003 - Questa baseline and pre-mining ground-water quality investigation 6: preliminary brittle structural geologic data, Questa mining district, southern Sangre de Cristo Mountains, New Mexico","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-02-11T07:12:50","indexId":"ofr03280","displayToPublicDate":"2003-08-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2003-280","title":"Questa baseline and pre-mining ground-water quality investigation 6: preliminary brittle structural geologic data, Questa mining district, southern Sangre de Cristo Mountains, New Mexico","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr03280","usgsCitation":"Caine, J.S., 2003, Questa baseline and pre-mining ground-water quality investigation 6: preliminary brittle structural geologic data, Questa mining district, southern Sangre de Cristo Mountains, New Mexico (Version 1.0): U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2003-280, 24 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr03280.","productDescription":"24 p.","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":179262,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":4398,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2003/ofr-03-280/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"New 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1994-98","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-02-26T15:37:03","indexId":"wri024279","displayToPublicDate":"2003-08-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2002-4279","title":"Simulation of streamflow and water quality in the Brandywine Creek subbasin of the Christina River basin, Pennsylvania and Delaware, 1994-98","docAbstract":"The Christina River Basin drains 565 mi2 (square miles) in Pennsylvania and Delaware. Water from the basin is used for recreation, drinking-water supply, and to support aquatic life. The Christina River Basin includes the major subbasins of Brandywine Creek, Red Clay Creek, White Clay Creek, and Christina River. The Brandywine Creek is the largest of the subbasins and drains an area of 327 mi2. Water quality in some parts of the Christina River Basin is impaired and does not support designated uses of the streams. A multi-agency water-quality management strategy included a modeling component to evaluate the effects of point and nonpoint-source contributions of nutrients and suspended sediment on streamwater quality. To assist in nonpoint-source evaluation, four independent models, one for each of the four main subbasins of the Christina River Basin, were developed and calibrated using the model code Hydrological Simulation Program—Fortran (HSPF). Water-quality data for model calibration were collected in each of the four main subbasins and in small subbasins predominantly covered by one land use following a nonpoint-source monitoring plan. Under this plan, stormflow and base-flow samples were collected during 1998 at six sites in the Brandywine Creek subbasin and five sites in the other subbasins.
The HSPF model for the Brandywine Creek Basin simulates streamflow, suspended sediment, and the nutrients, nitrogen and phosphorus. In addition, the model simulates water temperature, dissolved oxygen, biochemical oxygen demand, and plankton as secondary objectives needed to support the sediment and nutrient simulations. For the model, the basin was subdivided into 35 reaches draining areas that ranged from 0.6 to 18 mi2. Three of the reaches contain regulated reservoir. Eleven different pervious land uses and two impervious land uses were selected for simulation. Land-use areas were determined from 1995 land-use data. The predominant land uses in the basin are forested, agricultural, residential, and urban. The hydrologic component of the model was run at an hourly time step and calibrated using streamflow data for eight U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) stream-flow-measurement stations for the period of January 1, 1994, through October 29, 1998. Daily precipitation data for three National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) gages and hourly data for one NOAA gage were used for model input. The difference between observed and simulated streamflow volume ranged from -2.7 to 3.9 percent for the nearly 5-year period at the eight calibration sites. Annual differences between observed and simulated streamflow generally were greater than the overall error. For example, at a site near the bottom of the basin (drainage area of 237 mi2), annual differences between observed and simulated streamflow ranged from -14.0 to 18.8 percent and the overall error for the 5-year period was 1.0 percent. Calibration errors for 36 storm periods at the eight calibration sites for total volume, low-flow-recession rate, 50-percent lowest flows, 10-percent highest flows, and storm peaks were within the recommended criteria of 20 percent or less. Much of the error in simulating storm events on an hourly time step can be attributed to uncertainty in the rainfall data.
The water-quality component of the model was calibrated using monitoring data collected at six USGS streamflow-measurement stations with variable water quality monitoring periods ending October 1998. Because of availability, monitoring data for suspended solids concentrations were used as surrogates for suspended-sediment concentrations, although suspended-solids data may underestimate suspended sediment and affect apparent accuracy of the suspended-sediment simulation. Comparison of observed to simulated loads for two to six individual storms in 1998 at each of the six monitoring sites indicate that simulation error is commonly as large as an order of magnitude for suspended sediment and nutrients. The simulation error tends to be smaller for dissolved nutrients than for particulate nutrients. Errors of 40 percent or less for monthly or annual values indicate a fair to good water-quality calibration according to recommended criteria, with much larger errors possible for individual events. Assessment of the water-quality calibration under stormflow conditions is limited by the relatively small amount of available water-quality data in the basin. Duration curves for simulated and reported sediment concentration at Brandywine Creek at Wilmington, Del., are similar, indicating model performance is better when evaluated over longer periods than when evaluated on individual storm events.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/wri024279","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Delaware River Basin Commission, Delaware Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Control, and the Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Protection","usgsCitation":"Senior, L.A., and Koerkle, E.H., 2003, Simulation of streamflow and water quality in the Brandywine Creek subbasin of the Christina River basin, Pennsylvania and Delaware, 1994-98: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 2002-4279, xii, 207 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri024279.","productDescription":"xii, 207 p.","onlineOnly":"N","costCenters":[{"id":532,"text":"Pennsylvania Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":4620,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/2002/4279/wri20024279.pdf","text":"Report","size":"17.9 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"WRI 2002-4279"},{"id":179475,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/2002/4279/coverthb.jpg"}],"contact":"Director, Pennsylvania Water Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
215 Limekiln Road
New Cumberland, PA 17070
Caribbean-Florida Water Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
3321 College Avenue
Davie, FL 33314
What is the future of hydrogeology? Are most of the fundamental scientific problems in hydrogeology already solved? Is there really any need for more fundamental research, field measurements, or method development? Have recent scientific advances really added capabilities and tools for our practical needs? Are there any unsolved hydrogeologic questions still remaining that are vital to our optimal use and management of subsurface resources or does the remaining work only fill in some details to a story essentially already told? Will the science of hydrogeology soon become primarily an applied field, where the main task is to use known methods to solve practical problems of water supply and water quality? For other questions involving subsurface fluids, for example, waste isolation, understanding of geological processes and climate changes, are current hydrogeologic capabilities sufficient and is there any possibility for improvement? These are the types of questions that will be dealt with by an upcoming theme issue of Hydrogeology Journal (HJ) to appear in early 2005 [HJ 13(1)]. This issue will contain 10–20 peer-reviewed invited articles on both general topics and specific subject areas of hydrogeology.
","language":"English","publisher":"Springer-Verlag","doi":"10.1007/s10040-003-0284-2","usgsCitation":"Voss, C.I., 2003, Announcing a Hydrogeology Journal theme issue on \"The future of hydrogeology\": Hydrogeology Journal, v. 11, no. 4, p. 415-417, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10040-003-0284-2.","productDescription":"3 p. ","startPage":"415","endPage":"417","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":478355,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10040-003-0284-2","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":337608,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"11","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58ca52d2e4b0849ce97c86d8","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Voss, Clifford I. 0000-0001-5923-2752 cvoss@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5923-2752","contributorId":1559,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Voss","given":"Clifford","email":"cvoss@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"I.","affiliations":[{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":684463,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70199734,"text":"70199734 - 2003 - Channel response to tectonic forcing: field analysis of stream morphology and hydrology in the Mendocino triple junction region, northern California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-09-26T13:34:11","indexId":"70199734","displayToPublicDate":"2003-07-01T13:33:21","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1801,"text":"Geomorphology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Channel response to tectonic forcing: field analysis of stream morphology and hydrology in the Mendocino triple junction region, northern California","docAbstract":"An empirical calibration of the shear stress model for bedrock incision is presented, using field and hydrologic data from a series of small, coastal drainage basins near the Mendocino triple junction in northern California. Previous work comparing basins from the high uplift zone (HUZ, uplift rates around 4 mm/year) to ones in the low uplift zone (LUZ, ∼0.5 mm/year) indicates that the HUZ channels are about twice as steep for a given drainage area. This observation suggests that incision processes are more effective in the HUZ. It motivates a detailed field study of channel morphology in the differing tectonic settings to test whether various factors that are hypothesized to influence incision rates (discharge, channel width, lithology, sediment load) change in response to uplift or otherwise differ between the HUZ and LUZ. Analysis of regional stream gaging data for mean annual discharge and individual floods yields a linear relationship between discharge and drainage area. Increased orographic precipitation in the HUZ accounts for about a twofold increase in discharge in this area, corresponding to an assumed increase in the erosional efficiency of the streams. Field measurements of channel width indicate a power-law relationship between width and drainage area with an exponent of ∼0.4 and no significant change in width between the uplift rate zones, although interpretation is hampered by a difference in land use between the zones. The HUZ channel width dataset reveals a scaling break interpreted to be the transition between colluvial- and fluvial-dominated incision processes. Assessments of lithologic resistance using a Schmidt hammer and joint surveys show that the rocks of the study area should be fairly similar in their susceptibility to erosion. The HUZ channels generally have more exposed bedrock than those in the LUZ, which is consistent with protection by sediment cover inhibiting incision in the LUZ. However, this difference is likely the result of a recent pulse of sediment due to land use in the LUZ. Therefore, the role of sediment flux in setting incision rates cannot be constrained with any certainty. To summarize, of the four response mechanisms analyzed, the only factor that demonstrably varies between uplift rate zones is discharge, although this change is likely insufficient to explain the relationship between channel slope and uplift rate. The calibrated model allows us to make a prediction of channel concavity that is consistent with a previous estimate from slope–drainage area data. We show that the inclusion of nonzero values of critical shear stress in the model has important implications for the theoretical relationship between steady-state slope and uplift rate and might provide an explanation for the observations. This analysis underscores the importance of further work to constrain quantitatively threshold shear stress for bedrock incision.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/S0169-555X(02)00349-5","usgsCitation":"Snyder, N.P., Whipple, K.X., Tucker, G., and Merritts, D., 2003, Channel response to tectonic forcing: field analysis of stream morphology and hydrology in the Mendocino triple junction region, northern California: Geomorphology, v. 53, no. 1-2, p. 97-127, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0169-555X(02)00349-5.","productDescription":"31 p.","startPage":"97","endPage":"127","costCenters":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":357789,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"Mendocino triple junction region","volume":"53","issue":"1-2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5c10ecabe4b034bf6a803822","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Snyder, Noah P.","contributorId":198029,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Snyder","given":"Noah","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":746395,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Whipple, Kelin X.","contributorId":138503,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Whipple","given":"Kelin","email":"","middleInitial":"X.","affiliations":[{"id":12431,"text":"ASU","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":746396,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Tucker, Gregory E.","contributorId":39280,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tucker","given":"Gregory E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":746397,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Merritts, D.J.","contributorId":73766,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Merritts","given":"D.J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":746398,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":50756,"text":"cir1247 - 2003 - Evolving issues and practices in managing ground-water resources: Case studies on the role of science","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-09-10T08:51:02","indexId":"cir1247","displayToPublicDate":"2003-07-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":307,"text":"Circular","code":"CIR","onlineIssn":"2330-5703","printIssn":"1067-084X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1247","title":"Evolving issues and practices in managing ground-water resources: Case studies on the role of science","docAbstract":"Hydrologic stresses throughout the 20th century and presently (2003) have caused the depletion and degradation of our Nation’s vital ground-water resources in many areas. Management strategies have been and are being implemented to optimize use of our ground-water resources with respect to achieving sustainability while mitigating the consequences of future withdrawals. The seven case studies presented herein show how the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) in cooperation with local, State and other Federal agencies, as well as the private sector, have addressed some of the complexities of ground-water management using scientifically-based hydrologic studies and hydrologic monitoring. It is clear that the managed conjunctive use of our combined ground-water and surface-water supplies, and the artificial recharge of our ground-water systems present both challenges and opportunities. How well we manage these options depends upon best science practices, improved understanding of the resources, and the informed consensus of all stakeholders.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/cir1247","isbn":"0607895489","usgsCitation":"Galloway, D.L., Alley, W., Barlow, P.M., Reilly, T.E., and Tucci, P., 2003, Evolving issues and practices in managing ground-water resources: Case studies on the role of science: U.S. Geological Survey Circular 1247, 83 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/cir1247.","productDescription":"83 p.","costCenters":[{"id":35860,"text":"Ohio-Kentucky-Indiana Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":120567,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/cir_1247.bmp"},{"id":4185,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.water.usgs.gov/circ1247/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a07e4b07f02db5f95d8","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Galloway, Devin L. 0000-0003-0904-5355 dlgallow@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0904-5355","contributorId":679,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Galloway","given":"Devin","email":"dlgallow@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":35860,"text":"Ohio-Kentucky-Indiana Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":5078,"text":"Southwest Regional Director's Office","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":37277,"text":"WMA - Earth System Processes Division","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":509,"text":"Office of the Associate Director for Water","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":5058,"text":"Office of the Chief Scientist for Water","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":242236,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Alley, William M.","contributorId":93030,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Alley","given":"William M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":242240,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Barlow, Paul M. 0000-0003-4247-6456 pbarlow@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4247-6456","contributorId":1200,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Barlow","given":"Paul","email":"pbarlow@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":493,"text":"Office of Ground Water","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":242238,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Reilly, Thomas E. tereilly@usgs.gov","contributorId":1660,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Reilly","given":"Thomas","email":"tereilly@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":493,"text":"Office of Ground Water","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":242239,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Tucci, Patrick ptucci@usgs.gov","contributorId":926,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tucci","given":"Patrick","email":"ptucci@usgs.gov","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":242237,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":50760,"text":"wri024267 - 2003 - Analytical and numerical simulation of the steady-state hydrologic effects of mining aggregate in hypothetical sand-and-gravel and fractured crystalline-rock aquifers","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:11:20","indexId":"wri024267","displayToPublicDate":"2003-07-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2002-4267","title":"Analytical and numerical simulation of the steady-state hydrologic effects of mining aggregate in hypothetical sand-and-gravel and fractured crystalline-rock aquifers","docAbstract":"Analytical solutions and numerical models were used to predict the extent of steady-state drawdown caused by mining of aggregate below the water table in hypothetical sand-and-gravel and fractured crystalline-rock aquifers representative of hydrogeologic settings in the Front Range area of Colorado. Analytical solutions were used to predict the extent of drawdown under a wide range of hydrologic and mining conditions that assume aquifer homogeneity, isotropy, and infinite extent. Numerical ground-water flow models were used to estimate the extent of drawdown under conditions that consider heterogeneity, anisotropy, and hydrologic boundaries and to simulate complex or unusual conditions not readily simulated using analytical solutions. Analytical simulations indicated that the drawdown radius (or distance) of influence increased as horizontal hydraulic conductivity of the aquifer, mine penetration of the water table, and mine radius increased; radius of influence decreased as aquifer recharge increased. Sensitivity analysis of analytical simulations under intermediate conditions in sand-and-gravel and fractured crystalline-rock aquifers indicated that the drawdown radius of influence was most sensitive to mine penetration of the water table and least sensitive to mine radius. Radius of influence was equally sensitive to changes in horizontal hydraulic conductivity and recharge. Numerical simulations of pits in sand-and- gravel aquifers indicated that the area of influence in a vertically anisotropic sand-and-gravel aquifer of medium size was nearly identical to that in an isotropic aquifer of the same size. Simulated area of influence increased as aquifer size increased and aquifer boundaries were farther away from the pit, and simulated drawdown was greater near the pit when aquifer boundaries were close to the pit. Pits simulated as lined with slurry walls caused mounding to occur upgradient from the pits and drawdown to occur downgradient from the pits. Pits simulated as refilled with water and undergoing evaporative losses had little hydro- logic effect on the aquifer. Numerical sensitivity analyses for simulations of pits in sand-and-gravel aquifers indicated that simulated head was most sensitive to horizontal hydraulic conductivity and the hydraulic conductance of general-head boundaries in the models. Simulated head was less sensitive to riverbed conductance and recharge and relatively insensitive to vertical hydraulic conductivity. Numerical simulations of quarries in fractured crystalline-rock aquifers indicated that the area of influence in a horizontally anisotropic aquifer was elongated in the direction of higher horizontal hydraulic conductivity and shortened in the direction of lower horizontal hydraulic conductivity compared to area of influence in a homogeneous, isotropic aquifer. Area of influence was larger in an aquifer with ground-water flow in deep, low-permeability fractures than in a homogeneous, isotropic aquifer. Area of influence was larger for a quarry intersected by a hydraulically conductive fault zone and smaller for a quarry intersected by a low-conductivity fault zone. Numerical sensitivity analyses for simulations of quarries in fractured crystalline-rock aquifers indicated simulated head was most sensitive to variations in recharge and horizontal hydraulic conductivity, had little sensitivity to vertical hydraulic conductivity and drain cells used to simulate valleys, and was relatively insensitive to drain cells used to simulate the quarry.","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/wri024267","usgsCitation":"Arnold, L.R., Langer, W.H., and Paschke, S.S., 2003, Analytical and numerical simulation of the steady-state hydrologic effects of mining aggregate in hypothetical sand-and-gravel and fractured crystalline-rock aquifers: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 2002-4267, vi, 56 p. : ill. (some col.), maps (some col.) ; 28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri024267.","productDescription":"vi, 56 p. : ill. (some col.), maps (some col.) ; 28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":126704,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/2002/4267/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":86342,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/2002/4267/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4acce4b07f02db67e561","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Arnold, L. R.","contributorId":92738,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Arnold","given":"L.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":242252,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Langer, William H. blanger@usgs.gov","contributorId":1241,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Langer","given":"William","email":"blanger@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[{"id":387,"text":"Mineral Resources Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":242250,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Paschke, Suzanne Smith","contributorId":76812,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Paschke","given":"Suzanne","email":"","middleInitial":"Smith","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":242251,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":51972,"text":"wri034072 - 2003 - Vulnerability of ground water to contamination, northern Bexar County, Texas","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-04-17T18:47:07.597597","indexId":"wri034072","displayToPublicDate":"2003-07-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2003-4072","title":"Vulnerability of ground water to contamination, northern Bexar County, Texas","docAbstract":"The Trinity aquifer, composed of Lower Cretaceous carbonate rocks, largely controls the ground-water hydrology in the study area of northern Bexar County, Texas. Discharge from the Trinity aquifer recharges the downgradient, hydraulically connected Edwards aquifer one of the most permeable and productive aquifers in the Nation and the sole source of water for more than a million people in south-central Texas. The unconfined, karstic outcrop of the Edwards aquifer makes it particularly vulnerable to contamination resulting from urbanization that is spreading rapidly northward across an \"environmentally sensitive\" recharge zone of the Edwards aquifer and its upgradient \"catchment area,\" composed mostly of the less permeable Trinity aquifer.
A better understanding of the Trinity aquifer is needed to evaluate water-management decisions affecting the quality of water in both the Trinity and Edwards aquifers. A study was made, therefore, in cooperation with the San Antonio Water System to assess northern Bexar County's vulnerability to ground-water contamination. The vulnerability of ground water to contamination in this area varies with the effects of five categories of natural features (hydrogeologic units, faults, caves and (or) sinkholes, slopes, and soils) that occur on the outcrop and in the shallow subcrop of the Glen Rose Limestone.
Where faults affect the rates of recharge or discharge or the patterns of ground-water flow in the Glen Rose Limestone, they likewise affect the risk of water-quality degradation. Caves and sinkholes generally increase the vulnerability of ground water to contamination, especially where their occurrences are concentrated. The slope of land surface can affect the vulnerability of ground water by controlling where and how long a potential contaminant remains on the surface. Disregarding the exception of steep slopes which are assumed to have no soil cover the greater the slope, the less the risk of ground-water contamination. Because most soils in the study area are uniformly thin, they have only minimal effect on the vulnerability of ground water to contamination.
The results of hydrogeologic mapping during the present study divide the outcrop of the Glen Rose Limestone into five mappable intervals, labeled (youngest to oldest) A through E. Of these intervals, only the middle (C) and the lowermost (E) generally provide appreciable permeability.
The vulnerability assessment provided herein was determined by combining the presumed effects of selected natural features (with individual vulnerability ratings ranging from 0 through 35) using a grid-based, multilayer system of digital datasets and geographic information system analysis. The resulting vulnerability map comprises composite vulnerability ratings that range from 26 through 104. The relatively less vulnerable areas those containing no faults, sinkholes, or caves occupy about 92 percent of the study area. The most vulnerable areas are those containing both a fault and one or more caves. The distribution of the most vulnerable areas which trend from southwest to northeast, roughly parallel to the Balcones fault zone occur mainly where faults intersect caves.
Stream water-quality data from part of the Upper Mississippi River Basin Study Unit (Study Unit) from 1995 through 1998 was used to describe the distribution of nutrients, chlorophyll a, phytoplankton, and suspended sediment; and the influence of natural and anthropogenic factors on reported concentrations, loads, and yields. During the study period, streamflows generally were near to greater than average. Agricultural land cover, particularly on tile-drained soils, had the most substantial influence on nutrients, chlorophyll a, and suspended sediment in the Study Unit. The greatest concentrations and yields of total nitrogen, dissolved nitrite plus nitrate nitrogen, dissolved nitrite nitrogen, total organic plus ammonia nitrogen, total phosphorus, and suspended sediment were measured in a stream representing agricultural land cover on tile-drained soils. Total nitrogen yields also were about 6 times greater in a stream representing agricultural land cover on tile-drained soils than in a stream representing agricultural land cover on naturally welldrained soils.
\nUrban-residential land cover also influenced nutrients and suspended sediment in streams in the Study Unit. Concentrations and yields of total nitrogen, dissolved nitrite plus nitrate nitrogen, total organic plus ammonia nitrogen, total phosphorus, dissolved orthophosphate phosphorus (orthophosphate), and suspended sediment in streams representing urban-residential land cover were less than those representing agricultural land cover on tile drained soil, and greater than those on forested land cover.
\nNutrients and suspended sediment in the Mississippi, Minnesota, and St. Croix Rivers generally reflect the influence of primary land cover in drainage areas of streams tributary to these rivers. In the Mississippi River, total nitrogen, dissolved nitrite plus nitrate nitrogen, dissolved ammonia nitrogen, total phosphorus, dissolved orthophosphate, and suspended-sediment concentrations and loads increased substantially downstream of the confluence with the Minnesota River at Hastings, Minnesota. Greater concentrations and loads of dissolved orthophosphate in the Mississippi River at Hastings, Minnesota probably were caused by wastewater discharges from the Twin Cities Metropolitan Area (TCMA) and contributions from the Minnesota River. The median dissolved ammonia nitrogen concentration at the Mississippi River at Hastings, Minnesota, based on data collected during this study, was about one-half of the median concentrations previously reported for 1984-93, which can be attributed to reduced ammonia concentrations in municipal wastewater discharged from the TCMA.
\nIn the St. Croix River, total nitrogen, dissolved nitrite plus nitrate nitrogen, and total organic plus ammonia nitrogen concentrations were significantly greater at St. Croix Falls, Wisconsin compared to near Danbury, Wisconsin. All nutrient and suspended-sediment loads and yields in the St. Croix River increased in the downstream direction from near Danbury to St. Croix Falls, Wisconsin.
\nMost sites had pronounced seasonal variations in dissolved nitrite plus nitrate nitrogen and dissolved ammonia nitrogen concentrations. At most sites, dissolved nitrite plus nitrate nitrogen concentrations were greatest in the winter and spring and least during the summer and fall. In contrast, the greatest dissolved nitrite plus nitrate nitrogen concentrations in the Little Cobb River near Beauford, Minnesota; Minnesota River near Jordan, Minnesota; and Mississippi River at Hastings and Red Wing, Minnesota occurred during the spring and summer. These seasonal variations in dissolved nitrite plus nitrate nitrogen concentrations may be the result of nitrogen cycling in the soils, as well as crop uptake and hydrologic conditions. The greatest concentrations of dissolved ammonia nitrogen at all sites occurred in the winter and spring. The maximum contaminant level for nitrate of 10 milligrams per liter (mg/L) as nitrogen set by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) for drinking water was exceeded in 20 percent of the samples analyzed from the Little Cobb River near Beauford, Minnesota, and in 11 percent of the samples analyzed from the Minnesota River near Jordan, Minnesota.
\nThe greatest chlorophyll-a concentrations and algal abundances generally were measured in the Little Cobb River near Beauford, Minnesota; Minnesota River near Jordan, Minnesota; Mississippi River at Hastings, Minnesota; and the Mississippi River at Red Wing, Minnesota. Greater concentrations and algal abundances at these sites may have been the result of increased nitrogen and phosphorus concentrations. Total phosphorus concentrations at these sites most frequently exceeded the goal of 0.1 mg/L set by the USEPA to prevent eutrophication. Phytoplankton communities at these sites primarily were dominated by blue-green algae during the summer of 1996. In contrast, at most of the other sites, the phytoplankton community was dominated by diatoms.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Mounds View, MN","doi":"10.3133/wri024287","usgsCitation":"Kroening, S.E., Lee, K., and Goldstein, R.M., 2003, Water-quality assessment of part of the Upper Mississippi River Basin Study Unit, Minnesota and Wisconsin — Nutrients, chlorophyll a, phytoplankton, and suspended sediment in streams, 1996-98: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 2002-4287, viii, 34 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri024287.","productDescription":"viii, 34 p.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":392,"text":"Minnesota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":100120,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/2002/4287/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":404833,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index 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Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":242482,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Goldstein, R. M.","contributorId":98305,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Goldstein","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":242484,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":48854,"text":"ofr0369 - 2003 - Work plan for determining the occurrence of glyphosate, its transformation product AMPA, other herbicide compounds, and antibiotics in midwestern United States streams, 2002","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-05-27T14:48:33.788147","indexId":"ofr0369","displayToPublicDate":"2003-07-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2003-69","title":"Work plan for determining the occurrence of glyphosate, its transformation product AMPA, other herbicide compounds, and antibiotics in midwestern United States streams, 2002","docAbstract":"Changes in herbicide use in the Midwestern United States have been substantial over the last 5 years. Most significant is a tripling in the use of glyphosate (N-[phosphonomethyl]glycin). Over this same time period (19972001), atrazine use increased by 20 percent and acetochlor use increased by 10 percent, while cyanazine use decreased by 99 percent, alachlor use decreased by 70 percent, and metolachlor use decreased by 55 percent. Previous studies have documented that herbicide flushes occur in midwestern streams during runoff events for several weeks to several months following application, and that herbicide concentrations in midwestern streams during flushing events are related to rates of herbicide use.
\nThe objective of this study is to determine the distribution of glyphosate and its primary transformation product aminomethylphosphonic acid (AMPA) in midwestern streams during post-application and harvest-season runoff events. Water samples will be collected in 2002 during two post-herbicide-application runoff events and one harvest-season runoff event from 53 sites on streams in the Midwestern United States. All samples will be analyzed at the U.S. Geological Survey Organic Geochemistry Research Laboratory in Lawrence, Kansas, for glyphosate and 20 other herbicides. Samples will also be analyzed for a glyphosate transformation product (AMPA) and 26 other herbicide transformation products, using GC/MS or HPLC/MS. Selected samples will be analyzed for 36 antibiotics or antibiotic transformational products. Results from this study will represent the first broad-scale investigation of glyphosate and AMPA in U.S. water resources.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr0369","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Office of Pesticide Programs","usgsCitation":"Battaglin, W., Thurman, E., Kolpin, D., Scribner, E., Sandstrom, M.W., and Kuivila, K., 2003, Work plan for determining the occurrence of glyphosate, its transformation product AMPA, other herbicide compounds, and antibiotics in midwestern United States streams, 2002: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2003-69, iv, 18 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr0369.","productDescription":"iv, 18 p.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":351,"text":"Iowa Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":452,"text":"National Water Quality Laboratory","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":169926,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":4074,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.water.usgs.gov/ofr03069/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","otherGeospatial":"Midwest region","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -92.28515625,\n 46.73986059969267\n ],\n [\n -94.2626953125,\n 46.830133640447386\n ],\n [\n -95.2734375,\n 45.89000815866182\n ],\n [\n -96.328125,\n 44.9336963896947\n ],\n [\n -96.5478515625,\n 43.42100882994726\n ],\n [\n -96.1962890625,\n 41.60722821271717\n ],\n [\n -100.2392578125,\n 40.78054143186031\n ],\n [\n -100.6787109375,\n 39.977120098439634\n ],\n [\n -94.6142578125,\n 38.51378825951165\n ],\n [\n -88.11035156249999,\n 37.75334401310656\n ],\n [\n -86.3525390625,\n 37.996162679728116\n ],\n [\n -84.90234375,\n 38.993572058209466\n ],\n [\n -82.7490234375,\n 38.376115424036016\n ],\n [\n -81.9580078125,\n 38.685509760012\n ],\n [\n -81.474609375,\n 39.198205348894795\n ],\n [\n -82.5732421875,\n 41.37680856570233\n ],\n [\n -83.583984375,\n 41.705728515237524\n ],\n [\n -83.935546875,\n 42.13082130188811\n ],\n [\n -84.7705078125,\n 42.09822241118974\n ],\n [\n -85.6494140625,\n 41.508577297439324\n ],\n [\n -86.748046875,\n 41.31082388091818\n ],\n [\n -87.5830078125,\n 41.60722821271717\n ],\n [\n -87.802734375,\n 42.13082130188811\n ],\n [\n -87.9345703125,\n 43.100982876188546\n ],\n [\n -87.6708984375,\n 43.83452678223682\n ],\n [\n -88.8134765625,\n 45.9511496866914\n ],\n [\n -89.4287109375,\n 46.22545288226939\n ],\n [\n -90.8349609375,\n 46.619261036171515\n ],\n [\n -92.28515625,\n 46.73986059969267\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","tableOfContents":"Abstract
Introduction
Glyphosate Toxicity
Changes in Herbicide Use
Herbicide Transformation Products
Antibiotics in Streams
Work Plan
Objectives and Hypotheses
Sampling Sites
Sampling Schedule
Sampling Procedures.
Analytical Procedures
Quality Assurance
Data Analysis Methods and Reports
References Cited
Appendix
Many wildlife preserves and refuges in coastal areas of our nation are slowly being inundated by rising sea-level. Land elevation and tidal flooding are key factors controlling the extent and zonation of coastal habitats. Warming of our global environment threatens to speed the rate of sea-level rise and perhaps further amplify the detrimental effects of tropical storms, droughts, and lightning fires. A field and modeling study was conducted to determine the current status of emergent vegetation and surficial hydrology and to predict marsh transgression under rising sea-level. Field surveys were conducted to relate vegetation cover and ecotones to surface elevation and tidal inundation. A regional site application of a GIS-based simulation model, WETLANDS, was developed to predict ecosystem response to changing sea-level conditions on a coastal reach of the Big Bend region in northwest Florida. The WETLANDS model contains functional probabilities of community tolerance to flooding conditions that dictate the rate and process of ecological succession and coastal retreat. Map information of hypsography and bathymetry of the study area were digitized and interpolated to construct a digital elevation model. Classified thematic mapper imagery of aquatic and terrestrial habitat at a community level was used to initialize model simulation by vegetative type. Model simulations were generated to predict a likelihood index of habitat change and conversion under different scenarios of sea-level rise. The WETLANDS model was applied to track the process and pattern of coastal inundation over space and time for low, mid, and high sea-level rise projections of 15, 50, and 95 cm over the next century. Model results indicated that major portions of this coastal zone will be permanently inundated by 2100, bringing about a combined migration of marsh habitat and displacement of forest habitat. Results show that lowland pine forests will undergo retreat on the order of thousands of hectares over the 21st century. Coastal marsh extent may actually increase slightly as a function of the low lying topography. Socioeconomic implications may be nominal for this area given its remote and fairly undeveloped and protected coast-202 line. The model offers a technological tool for research and policy purposes that allows for effective land and water management, risk assessment, and cumulative impact analysis of wetland systems and landscapes.
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The unsaturated zone at INEEL comprises numerous basalt flows interbedded with thinner layers of coarse- to fine-grained sediments and perched ground-water zones exist at various depths associated with massive basalts, basalt-flow contacts, sedimentary interbeds, and sediment-basalt contacts. Perched ground water is believed to result from large infiltration events such as seasonal flow in the Big Lost River and wastewater discharge to infiltration ponds. Evidence from a large-scale tracer experiment conducted in 1999 near the Radioactive Waste Management Complex (RWMC), approximately 13 km from the INTEC, indicates that rapid lateral flow of perched water in the unsaturated zone may be an important factor in contaminant transport at the INEEL (Nimmo and others, 2002b). 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J.","contributorId":62997,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Focazio","given":"M. J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":230091,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Busenberg, E.","contributorId":56796,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Busenberg","given":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":230090,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Kirkland, W.","contributorId":87805,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kirkland","given":"W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":230094,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Fernandez, M. Jr.","contributorId":35474,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fernandez","given":"M.","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":230089,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":47783,"text":"wri034034 - 2003 - Hydrologic conditions and assessment of water resources in the Turkey Creek watershed, Jefferson County, Colorado, 1998-2001","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-09-26T10:06:17","indexId":"wri034034","displayToPublicDate":"2003-06-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2003-4034","title":"Hydrologic conditions and assessment of water resources in the Turkey Creek watershed, Jefferson County, Colorado, 1998-2001","docAbstract":"The 47.2-square-mile Turkey Creek watershed, in Jefferson County southwest of Denver, Colorado, is relatively steep with about 4,000 feet of relief and is in an area of fractured crystalline rocks of Precambrian age. Water needs for about 4,900 households in the watershed are served by domestic wells and individual sewage-disposal systems. Hydrologic conditions are described on the basis of contemporary hydrologic and geologic data collected in the watershed from early spring 1998 through September 2001. The water resources are assessed using discrete fracture-network modeling to estimate porosity and a physically based, distributed-parameter watershed runoff model to develop estimates of water-balance terms. \r\n\r\nA variety of climatologic and hydrologic data were collected. Direct measurements of evapotranspiration indicate that a large amount (3 calendar-year mean of 82.9 percent) of precipitation is returned to the atmosphere. Surface-water records from January 1, 1999, through September 30, 2001, indicate that about 9 percent of precipitation leaves the watershed as streamflow in a seasonal pattern, with highest streamflows generally occurring in spring related to snowmelt and precipitation. Although conditions vary considerably within the watershed, overall watershed streamflow, based on several records collected during the 1940's, 1950's, 1980', and 1990's near the downstream part of watershed, can be as high as about 200 cubic feet per second on a daily basis during spring. Streamflow typically recedes to about 1 cubic foot per second or less during rainless periods and is rarely zero. Ground-water level data indicate a seasonal pattern similar to that of surface water in which water levels are highest, rising tens of feet in some locations, in the spring and then receding during rainless periods at relatively constant rates until recharged. Synoptic measurements of water levels in 131 mostly domestic wells in fall of 2001 indicate a water-table surface that conforms to topography. Analyses of reported well-construction records indicate a median reported well yield of 4 gallons per minute and a spatial distribution for reported well yield that has relatively uniform conditions of small-scale variability. Results from quarterly samples collected in water year 1999 at about 112 wells and 22 streams indicate relatively concentrated calcium-bicarbonate to calcium-chloride type water that has a higher concentration of chloride than would be expected on the basis of chloride content in precipitation and evapotranspiration rates. Comparison of the 1999 data to similar data collected in the 1970's indicates that concentrations for many constituents appear to have increased. Reconnaissance sampling in the fall of 2000 indicates that most ground water in the watershed was recharged recently, although some ground water was recharged more than 50 years ago. Additional reconnaissance sampling in the spring and fall of 2001 identified some compounds indicative of human wastewater in ground water and surface water.\r\n\r\nOutcrop fracture measurements were used to estimate potential porosities in three rock groups (metamorphic, intrusive, and fault zone) that have distinct fracture characteristics. The characterization, assuming a uniform aperture size of 100 microns, indicates very low potential fracture porosities, on the order of hundredths of a percent for metamorphic and intrusive rocks and up to about 2 percent for fault-zone rocks. A fourth rock group, Pikes Peak Granite, was defined on the basis of weathering characteristics. Short-term continuous and synoptic measurements of streamflow were used to describe base-flow characteristics in areas of the watershed underlain by each of the four rock groups and are the basis for characterization of base flow in a physically based, distributed-parameter watershed model. \r\n\r\nThe watershed model, the Precipitation-Runoff Modeling System (PRMS), was used to characterize hydrologic conditions ","language":"English","doi":"10.3133/wri034034","usgsCitation":"Bossong, C.R., Caine, J.S., Stannard, D.I., Flynn, J.L., Stevens, M.R., and Heiny-Dash, J.S., 2003, Hydrologic conditions and assessment of water resources in the Turkey Creek watershed, Jefferson County, Colorado, 1998-2001: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 2003-4034, 140 p., 45 figs., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri034034.","productDescription":"140 p., 45 figs.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":170847,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":3995,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.water.usgs.gov/wri034034/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a29e4b07f02db6116ae","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bossong, Clifford R.","contributorId":83183,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bossong","given":"Clifford","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":236231,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Caine, Jonathan S. 0000-0002-7269-6989 jscaine@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7269-6989","contributorId":1272,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Caine","given":"Jonathan","email":"jscaine@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":211,"text":"Crustal Geophysics and Geochemistry Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":236229,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Stannard, David I. distanna@usgs.gov","contributorId":562,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stannard","given":"David","email":"distanna@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"I.","affiliations":[{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":236226,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Flynn, Jennifer L.","contributorId":66298,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Flynn","given":"Jennifer","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":236228,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Stevens, Michael R. 0000-0002-9476-6335 mrsteven@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9476-6335","contributorId":769,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stevens","given":"Michael","email":"mrsteven@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":191,"text":"Colorado Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":236227,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Heiny-Dash, Janet S.","contributorId":80146,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Heiny-Dash","given":"Janet","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":236230,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":50879,"text":"wri034053 - 2003 - Simulation of advective flow under steady-state and transient recharge conditions, Camp Edwards, Massachusetts Military Reservation, Cape Cod, Massachusetts","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-02-09T17:14:56","indexId":"wri034053","displayToPublicDate":"2003-06-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2003-4053","title":"Simulation of advective flow under steady-state and transient recharge conditions, Camp Edwards, Massachusetts Military Reservation, Cape Cod, Massachusetts","docAbstract":"The U.S. Geological Survey has developed several ground-water models in support of an investigation of ground-water contamination being conducted by the Army National Guard Bureau at Camp Edwards, Massachusetts Military Reservation on western Cape Cod, Massachusetts. Regional and subregional steady-state models and regional transient models were used to (1) improve understanding of the hydrologic system, (2) simulate advective transport of contaminants, (3) delineate recharge areas to municipal wells, and (4) evaluate how model discretization and time-varying recharge affect simulation results. \r\n\r\nA water-table mound dominates ground-water-flow patterns. Near the top of the mound, which is within Camp Edwards, hydraulic gradients are nearly vertically downward and horizontal gradients are small. In downgradient areas that are further from the top of the water-table mound, the ratio of horizontal to vertical gradients is larger and horizontal flow predominates. The steady-state regional model adequately simulates advective transport in some areas of the aquifer; however, simulation of ground-water flow in areas with local hydrologic boundaries, such as ponds, requires more finely discretized subregional models. Subregional models also are needed to delineate recharge areas to municipal wells that are inadequately represented in the regional model or are near other pumped wells. \r\n\r\nLong-term changes in recharge rates affect hydraulic heads in the aquifer and shift the position of the top of the water-table mound. Hydraulic-gradient directions do not change over time in downgradient areas, whereas they do change substantially with temporal changes in recharge near the top of the water-table mound. The assumption of steady-state hydraulic conditions is valid in downgradient area, where advective transport paths change little over time. In areas closer to the top of the water-table mound, advective transport paths change as a function of time, transient and steady-state paths do not coincide, and the assumption of steady-state conditions is not valid. The simulation results indicate that several modeling tools are needed to adequately simulate ground-water flow at the site and that the utility of a model varies according to hydrologic conditions in the specific areas of interest.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri034053","usgsCitation":"Walter, D.A., and Masterson, J., 2003, Simulation of advective flow under steady-state and transient recharge conditions, Camp Edwards, Massachusetts Military Reservation, Cape Cod, Massachusetts: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 2003-4053, vi, 51 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri034053.","productDescription":"vi, 51 p.","costCenters":[{"id":466,"text":"New England Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":4644,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.water.usgs.gov/wri034053/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":179214,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Massachusetts ","otherGeospatial":"Cape Cod","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -70.7958984375,\n 41.582579601430346\n ],\n [\n -69.85107421874999,\n 41.582579601430346\n ],\n [\n -69.85107421874999,\n 42.21224516288584\n ],\n [\n -70.7958984375,\n 42.21224516288584\n ],\n [\n -70.7958984375,\n 41.582579601430346\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b06e4b07f02db69a1a0","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Walter, Donald A. 0000-0003-0879-4477 dawalter@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0879-4477","contributorId":1101,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Walter","given":"Donald","email":"dawalter@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":466,"text":"New England Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":242537,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Masterson, John P. 0000-0003-3202-4413 jpmaster@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3202-4413","contributorId":1865,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Masterson","given":"John P.","email":"jpmaster@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":466,"text":"New England Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":242538,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ]}