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Santorini lies in an area of complex extensional and subduction-related tectonics in a continental environment (Jackson 1994). The region has had a long geological history with large changes occurring during the Alpine orogeny and in the Late Tertiary as a consequence of post-collisional extension and major re-adjustments of the plate boundaries. The Aegean region is thought to be moving towards the southwest where the Aegean microplate overrides the Eastern Mediterranean sea floor. The collision has created the Hellenic trench to the south of Crete where the eastern Mediterranean sea floor is subducting beneath the Aegean Sea at 5-6 cm a-1. Santorini is one of several Quaternary volcanoes that define the present day active volcanic arc related to this subduction zone (Fig. 2.1). We here provide a synopsis of the broader geological and tectonic context of Santorini within the Aegean area. The geology, isotope geochemistry and geochronology of the crystalline basement of the southern Aegean is of particular relevance as it is likely that the Santorini magmas have interacted extensively with the continental crust. Geochemical evidence presented in Chapters 6 and 7 confirms this prediction. We also give a synopsis of the Quaternary Aegean Island Arc, of which Santorini is the most active centre.

","language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of London","doi":"10.1144/GSL.MEM.1999.019.01.02","usgsCitation":"Druitt, T.H., Edwards, L., Mellors, R.M., Pyle, D.M., Sparks, R., Lanphere, M.A., Davies, M., and Barreirio, B., 1999, Chapter 2: Geological and tectonic setting of Santorini: Geological Society, London, Memoirs, v. 19, no. 1, p. 5-12, https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.MEM.1999.019.01.02.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"5","endPage":"12","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":417606,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Greece","otherGeospatial":"Santorini","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ 25.353444,36.332103 ], [ 25.353444,36.482241 ], [ 25.488055,36.482241 ], [ 25.488055,36.332103 ], [ 25.353444,36.332103 ] ] ] } } ] }","volume":"19","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1999-12-09","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Druitt, T. H.","contributorId":60662,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Druitt","given":"T.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":874307,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Edwards, L.","contributorId":91976,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Edwards","given":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":874308,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Mellors, R. M.","contributorId":30542,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Mellors","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":874309,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Pyle, D. M.","contributorId":172256,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Pyle","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":874310,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Sparks, R.S.J.","contributorId":149550,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Sparks","given":"R.S.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":874311,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Lanphere, Marvin A. alder@usgs.gov","contributorId":2696,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lanphere","given":"Marvin","email":"alder@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":874312,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Davies, M.","contributorId":54726,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Davies","given":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":874313,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Barreirio, B.","contributorId":11113,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Barreirio","given":"B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":874314,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8}]}} ,{"id":70244051,"text":"70244051 - 1999 - Chapter 3: Development of the Santorini volcanic field in space and time","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-05-31T16:21:56.655686","indexId":"70244051","displayToPublicDate":"1999-12-08T10:32:08","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1790,"text":"Geological Society, London, Memoirs","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Chapter 3: Development of the Santorini volcanic field in space and time","docAbstract":"

Santorini is one of the largest Quaternary volcanic centres of the Aegean Region. The caldera cliffs preserve well-exposed sequences of lavas and pyroclastic deposits, which record the long development of the volcano in space and time. These include the products of 12 major explosive eruptions and the dissected remains of several ancient lava shields, stratovolcanoes, and lava-dome complexes. The former existence of multiple eruptive centres scattered over the present-day islands shows that Santorini is best considered as a volcanic field, which probably also continues under the sea (Heiken & McCoy 1984). Santorini is best known for the Minoan eruption of the late Bronze Age (Bond & Sparks 1976; Heiken & McCoy 1984; Sparks & Wilson 1990), but some of the previous explosive eruptions may have been as large (Druitt et al. 1989). The occurrence of repeated explosive eruptions has triggered formation of at least four large calderas, such that the present-day caldera is a composite structure (Druitt & Francaviglia 1992). Santorini is potentially one of the most dangerous volcanoes in Europe, having had numerous eruptions in historic times, some of them with significant explosive components (Fytikas et al. 1990a).

","language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of London","doi":"10.1144/GSL.MEM.1999.019.01.03","usgsCitation":"Druitt, T.H., Edwards, L., Mellors, R.M., Pyle, D.M., Sparks, R.S., Lanphere, M.A., Davies, M., and Barreirio, B., 1999, Chapter 3: Development of the Santorini volcanic field in space and time: Geological Society, London, Memoirs, v. 19, no. 1, p. 13-59, https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.MEM.1999.019.01.03.","productDescription":"47 p.","startPage":"13","endPage":"59","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":417604,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Greece","otherGeospatial":"Santorini","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ 25.353444,36.332103 ], [ 25.353444,36.482241 ], [ 25.488055,36.482241 ], [ 25.488055,36.332103 ], [ 25.353444,36.332103 ] ] ] } } ] }","volume":"19","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1999-12-09","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Druitt, T. H.","contributorId":60662,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Druitt","given":"T.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":874291,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Edwards, L.","contributorId":91976,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Edwards","given":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":874292,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Mellors, R. M.","contributorId":30542,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Mellors","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":874293,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Pyle, D. M.","contributorId":172256,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Pyle","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":874294,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Sparks, R. S. J.","contributorId":46686,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Sparks","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"S. J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":874295,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Lanphere, Marvin A. alder@usgs.gov","contributorId":2696,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lanphere","given":"Marvin","email":"alder@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":874296,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Davies, M.","contributorId":54726,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Davies","given":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":874297,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Barreirio, B.","contributorId":11113,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Barreirio","given":"B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":874298,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8}]}} ,{"id":5223872,"text":"5223872 - 1999 - Robustness of closed capture-recapture methods to violations of the closure assumption","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-12-14T15:00:57.397339","indexId":"5223872","displayToPublicDate":"1999-12-01T12:18:53","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1465,"text":"Ecology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Robustness of closed capture-recapture methods to violations of the closure assumption","docAbstract":"

Closed-population capture–recapture methods have been used extensively in animal ecology, both by themselves and within the context of Pollock’s robust design and multistate models, to estimate various parameters of population and community dynamics. The defining assumption of geographic and demographic closure (i.e., no births, deaths, immigration, or emigration) for the duration of sampling is restrictive and is likely to be violated in many field situations. I evaluated several types of violations of the closure assumption and found that completely random movement in and out of a study area does not introduce bias to estimators from closed-population methods, although it decreases precision. In addition, if capture probabilities vary only with time, the closed-population Lincoln-Petersen estimator is unbiased for the size of the superpopulation when there are only births/immigration or only deaths/emigration. However, for other cases of nonrandom movement, closed-population estimators were biased when movement was Markovian (dependent on the presence/absence of the animal in the previous time period), when an animal was allowed one entry to and one exit from the study area, or when there was trap response or heterogeneity among animals in capture probability. In addition, the probability that an animal is present and available for capture (e.g., breeding propensity) can be estimated using Pollock’s robust design only when movement occurs at a broader temporal scale than that of sampling.

","language":"English","publisher":"Ecological Society of America","doi":"10.1890/0012-9658(1999)080[2517:ROCCRM]2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Kendall, W.L., 1999, Robustness of closed capture-recapture methods to violations of the closure assumption: Ecology, v. 80, no. 8, p. 2517-2525, https://doi.org/10.1890/0012-9658(1999)080[2517:ROCCRM]2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"2517","endPage":"2525","numberOfPages":"9","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":202011,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"80","issue":"8","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a0fe4b07f02db5fea2d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kendall, William L. wkendall@usgs.gov","contributorId":406,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kendall","given":"William","email":"wkendall@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":339781,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70128313,"text":"70128313 - 1999 - 7Be as a tracer of flood sedimentation on the northern California continental margin","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-12-14T16:42:31","indexId":"70128313","displayToPublicDate":"1999-10-07T13:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1333,"text":"Continental Shelf Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"displayTitle":"7Be as a tracer of flood sedimentation on the northern California continental margin","title":"7Be as a tracer of flood sedimentation on the northern California continental margin","docAbstract":"Sediment inventories of the cosmogenic radionuclide 7Be (t1/2=53 d) were measured on the Eel River shelf and slope (northern California continental margin) to investigate sedimentation processes associated with coastal river flooding. Seabed coring shortly after major riverflow events in 1995 and 1997 documented a shelf-wide flood deposit, and subsequent radionuclide studies determined 7Be to be a powerful tracer of fine-grained river sediment. In addition, distinctive signatures of 234Th and 210Pb were observed in oceanic flood deposits and provided additional information regarding depositional processes. During the 1995–1997 monitoring period, 7Be was present (2–35 dpm cm-2) in shelf and slope sediments only after periods of high rainfall and river runoff during the winter months. It is suggested that fluvial input was the primary source of 7Be in shelf sediments after the floods. 7Be sediment inventories and sediment-trap fluxes determined after the 1997 flood revealed that fine-grained fluvial sediments were rapidly (within one month) broadcast over the continental margin, to the 500 m isobath. Dispersal was apparently facilitated by energetic storm waves, which resuspended and redistributed some fraction of the suspended load residing on the shelf prior to accretion as flood deposits. These observations illustrate that floods are an important sedimentary process for modern environments of the Eel shelf and slope, and perhaps for other fluviomarine sedimentary systems of the northern California continental margin. Ratios of the 210Pb sediment-accumulation rate (100 yr average) to the 7Be deposition rate (1–2 month average) for shelf sites illustrate the episodic nature of shelf sedimentation, and suggest that a minimum of 3–30 depositional events complete the most recent stratigraphic record. This observation is consistent with the magnetude and frequency of fluvial sediment input, as Eel River floods with return periods of 3–33 yr (3% of the time of record) have supplied >80% of the total 85 yr suspended load. Based on radionuclide and hydrologic data, it can be concluded that a small number of flood depositional events have had a disproportionate impact on the sedimentary record of the Eel shelf.","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/S0278-4343(98)00090-9","usgsCitation":"Sommerfield, C.K., Nittrouer, C.A., and Alexander, C.R., 1999, 7Be as a tracer of flood sedimentation on the northern California continental margin: Continental Shelf Research, v. 19, no. 3, p. 335-361, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0278-4343(98)00090-9.","productDescription":"27 p.","startPage":"335","endPage":"361","costCenters":[{"id":186,"text":"Coastal and Marine Geology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":295019,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":295018,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0278-4343(98)00090-9"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"Eel River","volume":"19","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"54350098e4b0a4f4b46a236a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Sommerfield, C. K.","contributorId":87472,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sommerfield","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":502862,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Nittrouer, C. A.","contributorId":73521,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nittrouer","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":502861,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Alexander, C. R.","contributorId":72729,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Alexander","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":502860,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70021478,"text":"70021478 - 1999 - Foraging trade-offs along a predator-permanence gradient in subalpine wetlands","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-12-14T15:26:05.93812","indexId":"70021478","displayToPublicDate":"1999-09-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1465,"text":"Ecology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Foraging trade-offs along a predator-permanence gradient in subalpine wetlands","docAbstract":"

We conducted a series of field and laboratory experiments to determine the direct and indirect effects of a top predator, the tiger salamander (Ambystoma tigrinum nebulosum), on larvae of two species of limnephilid caddisflies (Limnephilus externus and Asynarchus nigriculus) in subalpine wetlands in central Colorado. Asynarchus larvae predominate in temporary wetlands and are aggressive intraguild predators on Limnephilus larvae, which only predominate in permanent basins with salamanders. We first conducted a field experiment in mesocosms (cattle tanks) to quantify the predatory effects of different life stages of salamanders on the two caddisfly species. Two life stages of the salamanders (larvae and paedomorphs) preferentially preyed on Asynarchus relative to Limnephilus. Subsequent laboratory experiments revealed that high Asynarchus activity rates and relatively ineffective antipredatory behaviors led to higher salamander detection and attack rates compared to Limnephilus. In a second field experiment (full factorial for presence and absence of each of the three species), we found that salamander predation on Asynarchus had an indirect positive effect on Limnephilus: survival was higher in the presence of salamanders + Asynarchus than with just Asynarchus. In the laboratory we compared the predatory effects of salamanders with and without their mouths sewn shut and found the observed indirect positive effect on Limnephilus survival to be mainly the result of reduced numbers of Asynarchus rather than salamander-induced changes in Asynarchus behavior. We argue that indirect effects of predator–predator interactions on shared prey will be mainly density-mediated and not trait-mediated when one of the predators (in this case, Asynarchus) is under strong selection for rapid growth and therefore does not modify foraging behaviors in response to the other predator. The reciprocal dominance of Limnephilus and Asynarchus in habitats with and without salamanders probably reflects a trade-off between competitive superiority and vulnerability to predation. The high activity levels and aggressiveness that enable Asynarchus to complete development in temporary habitats result in strong asymmetric competition (via intraguild predation) with Limnephilus. In permanent habitats these same behaviors increase Asynarchus vulnerability to salamander predation, which indirectly benefits Limnephilus. This and previous work implicate salamanders as keystone predators that exert a major influence on the composition of benthic and planktonic assemblages in subalpine wetlands.

","language":"English","publisher":"Ecological Society of America","doi":"10.1890/0012-9658(1999)080[2102:FTOAAP]2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Wissinger, S., Whiteman, H.H., Sparks, G.B., Rouse, G.L., and Brown, W.S., 1999, Foraging trade-offs along a predator-permanence gradient in subalpine wetlands: Ecology, v. 80, no. 6, p. 2102-2116, https://doi.org/10.1890/0012-9658(1999)080[2102:FTOAAP]2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"15 p.","startPage":"2102","endPage":"2116","numberOfPages":"15","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":229541,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"80","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a1302e4b0c8380cd544a8","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wissinger, Scott A","contributorId":279574,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Wissinger","given":"Scott A","affiliations":[{"id":57292,"text":"Biology and Environmental Science Departments, Allegheny College, Meadville, PA 16335, USA","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":390030,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Whiteman, Howard H.","contributorId":174910,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Whiteman","given":"Howard","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":390031,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Sparks, G. B.","contributorId":9788,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sparks","given":"G.","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":390028,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Rouse, G. L.","contributorId":105069,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rouse","given":"G.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":390032,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Brown, W. S.","contributorId":14466,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brown","given":"W.","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":390029,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":1014797,"text":"1014797 - 1999 - The effect of dietary protein and lipid source on dorsal fin erosion rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-08-04T15:52:33.806212","indexId":"1014797","displayToPublicDate":"1999-08-27T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":853,"text":"Aquaculture","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"displayTitle":"The effect of dietary protein and lipid source on dorsal fin erosion rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss","title":"The effect of dietary protein and lipid source on dorsal fin erosion rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss","docAbstract":"

A study was conducted to determine the effect of dietary protein and lipid source on dorsal fin erosion in rainbow trout. Seven diets were each fed to four replicate lots of 300 first-feeding fry cultured in 75 l aluminum troughs for 8 weeks. Two basal diets were manufactured with approximately equal nutrient content, one using krill and squid meals and the other anchovy meal as the primary protein-containing ingredients. The meals used to manufacture the diets were separated into two fractions: lipid (ether-extractable); and protein/ash (non-ether-extractable) using a large soxhlet. The fractions were then recombined to create two additional diets; one containing anchovy protein/ash with krill/squid lipid, the other krill/squid protein/ash with fish lipid. A fifth diet recombined krill/squid protein/ash with krill/squid lipid to evaluate effects of the extraction process. Two additional treatments included a diet with a portion of the krill meal replaced by poultry by-product meal, and the basal anchovy meal diet supplemented with sodium, magnesium, and copper. Fish consuming diets containing anchovy meal as the primary protein source gained more weight (P<0.05) than fish consuming krill/squid meal-based diets. Dorsal fin index (DFI, measured as mean dorsal fin height×100/total fish length) was greater (P<0.05) for fish consuming diets containing krill/squid meal protein/ash fraction (DFI=9.9%–10.0%) than for fish consuming diets containing anchovy meal protein/ash fraction (DFI=4.9%–5.3%), regardless of lipid source. Supplementation of the anchovy meal diet with sodium, magnesium, and copper improved (P<0.05) DFI by approximately 20%, but not to the level supported by the krill/squid meal protein/ash fraction diets. The cost of the krill meal diet was reduced by inclusion of poultry by-product meal without affecting dorsal fin condition. These data indicate that the dietary agent contributing to dorsal fin erosion in rainbow trout is not present in the ether-extractable fraction of the diet, but rather in the protein or mineral fraction.

","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/S0044-8486(99)00188-X","usgsCitation":"Barrows, F.T., and Lellis, W.A., 1999, The effect of dietary protein and lipid source on dorsal fin erosion rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss: Aquaculture, v. 180, no. 1/2, p. 167-175, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0044-8486(99)00188-X.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"167","endPage":"175","numberOfPages":"9","costCenters":[{"id":365,"text":"Leetown Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":131052,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"180","issue":"1/2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4aa8e4b07f02db667679","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Barrows, Frederic T.","contributorId":172541,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Barrows","given":"Frederic","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":321214,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Lellis, William A. 0000-0001-7806-2904 wlellis@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7806-2904","contributorId":2369,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lellis","given":"William","email":"wlellis@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":506,"text":"Office of the AD Ecosystems","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":321213,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70021506,"text":"70021506 - 1999 - Soil calcium status and the response of stream chemistry to changing acidic deposition rates","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-12-19T17:51:33.46916","indexId":"70021506","displayToPublicDate":"1999-08-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1450,"text":"Ecological Applications","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Soil calcium status and the response of stream chemistry to changing acidic deposition rates","docAbstract":"

Despite a decreasing trend in acidic deposition rates over the past two to three decades, acidified surface waters in the northeastern United States have shown minimal changes. Depletion of soil Ca pools has been suggested as a cause, although changes in soil Ca pools have not been directly related to long-term records of stream chemistry. To investigate this problem, a comprehensive watershed study was conducted in the Neversink River Basin, in the Catskill Mountains of New York, during 1991–1996. Spatial variations of atmospheric deposition, soil chemistry, and stream chemistry were evaluated over an elevation range of 817–1234 m to determine whether these factors exhibited elevational patterns. An increase in atmospheric deposition of SO4 with increasing elevation corresponded with upslope decreases of exchangeable soil base concentrations and acid-neutralizing capacity of stream water. Exchangeable base concentrations in homogeneous soil incubated within the soil profile for one year also decreased with increasing elevation. An elevational gradient in precipitation was not observed, and effects of a temperature gradient on soil properties were not detected. Laboratory leaching experiments with soils from this watershed showed that (1) concentrations of Ca in leachate increased as the concentrations of acid anions in added solution increased, and (2) the slope of this relationship was positively correlated with base saturation. Field and laboratory soil analyses are consistent with the interpretation that decreasing trends in acid-neutralizing capacity in stream water in the Neversink Basin, dating back to 1984, are the result of decreases in soil base saturation caused by acidic deposition.

","language":"English","publisher":"Ecological Society of America","doi":"10.1890/1051-0761(1999)009[1059:SCSATR]2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Lawrence, G., David, M.B., Lovett, G., Murdoch, P., Burns, D.A., Stoddard, J.L., Baldigo, B., Porter, J., and Thompson, A., 1999, Soil calcium status and the response of stream chemistry to changing acidic deposition rates: Ecological Applications, v. 9, no. 3, p. 1059-1072, https://doi.org/10.1890/1051-0761(1999)009[1059:SCSATR]2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"1059","endPage":"1072","numberOfPages":"14","costCenters":[{"id":474,"text":"New York Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":229387,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"9","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b91eee4b08c986b319bb3","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lawrence, G.B. 0000-0002-8035-2350","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8035-2350","contributorId":76347,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lawrence","given":"G.B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":390121,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"David, Mark B.","contributorId":43255,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"David","given":"Mark","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[{"id":35161,"text":"University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":390116,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Lovett, Gary M.","contributorId":85990,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lovett","given":"Gary M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":390123,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Murdoch, Peter S.","contributorId":73547,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Murdoch","given":"Peter S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":390119,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Burns, Douglas A. 0000-0001-6516-2869","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6516-2869","contributorId":29450,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Burns","given":"Douglas","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":390118,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Stoddard, John L.","contributorId":204101,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Stoddard","given":"John","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":36841,"text":"US EPA, Office of Research and Development, Western Ecology Division","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":390120,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Baldigo, Barry P. 0000-0002-9862-9119","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9862-9119","contributorId":25174,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Baldigo","given":"Barry P.","affiliations":[{"id":474,"text":"New York Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":390117,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Porter, J.H.","contributorId":76483,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Porter","given":"J.H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":390122,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Thompson, A.W.","contributorId":12643,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thompson","given":"A.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":390115,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9}]}} ,{"id":1014599,"text":"1014599 - 1999 - Dietary and culture influences on macrophage aggregate parameters in gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata) juveniles","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-08-04T15:56:20.652257","indexId":"1014599","displayToPublicDate":"1999-07-27T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":853,"text":"Aquaculture","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"displayTitle":"Dietary and culture influences on macrophage aggregate parameters in gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata) juveniles","title":"Dietary and culture influences on macrophage aggregate parameters in gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata) juveniles","docAbstract":"

Macrophage aggregates (MAs) are structures in the spleen, kidney and sometimes liver of fishes which have various functions such as recycling/storing/detoxification of cellular wastes and exogenous substances. They have been also reported to be important in the specific immune response and are used as health indicators. Changes in MA density, size and pigment content have been used in national and local monitoring programs in the U.S. as indicators of contaminant exposure. However, MA number and structure can also be affected by other factors, including general stress or nutritional status of fish. An experiment was conducted to study the effects of vitamin E and n−3 highly unsaturated fatty acid (HUFA) deficiencies and stocking density on spleen and kidney MAs of gilthead seabream, one of the most important species for Mediterranean aquaculture. Fish were held at two stocking densities, high and low, and fed experimental diets. Diet NE had no supplemental vitamin E, Diet NFA was deficient in n−3 HUFA and Diet C was a control diet. Number, size and shape factor of MAs were measured using image analysis. The percentage of tissue occupied by MAs was calculated from these measurements. The results showed that high stocking density alone increased the number of splenic but not kidney MAs of fish fed the control diet. A deficiency of n−3 HUFA alone also increased the number of splenic but not kidney MAs at both stocking densities. Vitamin E deficiency alone had no significant effect on MAs in either organ. However, the combined effect of vitamin E deficiency and high stocking density increased the number and size of kidney but not splenic MAs. This study indicates that specific dietary deficiencies can influence MA accumulation and that splenic MAs may be more responsive to general stress than kidney MAs.

","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/S0044-8486(99)00185-4","usgsCitation":"Montero, D., Blazer, V., Socorro, J., Izquierdo, M.S., and Tort, L., 1999, Dietary and culture influences on macrophage aggregate parameters in gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata) juveniles: Aquaculture, v. 179, no. 1-4, p. 523-534, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0044-8486(99)00185-4.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"523","endPage":"534","numberOfPages":"12","costCenters":[{"id":365,"text":"Leetown Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":132215,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"179","issue":"1-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a9ae4b07f02db65d838","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Montero, D.","contributorId":96636,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Montero","given":"D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":320696,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Blazer, V. S. 0000-0001-6647-9614","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6647-9614","contributorId":56991,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Blazer","given":"V. S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":320694,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Socorro, J.","contributorId":15973,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Socorro","given":"J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":320693,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Izquierdo, M. S.","contributorId":60168,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Izquierdo","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":320695,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Tort, L.","contributorId":106842,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tort","given":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":320697,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70021618,"text":"70021618 - 1999 - Geology of the Thaumasia region, Mars: Plateau development, valley origins, and magmatic evolution","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-06-23T17:16:02.222875","indexId":"70021618","displayToPublicDate":"1999-05-14T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3083,"text":"Planetary and Space Science","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Geology of the Thaumasia region, Mars: Plateau development, valley origins, and magmatic evolution","docAbstract":"

We have constructed the complex geologic history of the Thaumasia region of Mars on the basis of detailed geologic mapping and relative-age dating of rock units and structure. The Thaumasia plateau dominates the region and consists of high lava plains partly surrounded by rugged highlands, mostly of Noachian and Hesperian age. Long-lived faulting centered near Syria Planum and at lesser sites produced radiating narrow grabens during the Noachian through Early Amazonian and concentric wrinkle ridges during the Late Noachian and Early Hesperian. Fault activity peaked during the Noachian and waned substantially during Late Hesperian and Amazonian time. Volcanism on the Thaumasia plateau was particularly active in comparison with other martian cratered highlands, resulting in fourteen volcanoes and numerous outcrops of smooth, ridged, and lobate plains materials. A particularly extensive set of overlapping lava-flow units was emplaced sequentially from Thaumasia Planum to Syria Planum, spanning from the Late Noachian to the Late Hesperian; lobate flows succeeded smooth flow at the beginning of the Late Hesperian. Deep crustal intrusion and a thickened, buoyant crust may have caused the uplift of the plateau during the Noachian and Early Hesperian, resulting in outward-verging fold-and-thrust plateau margins. This structural style appears similar to that of the young ranges of the Rocky Mountains in the western U.S. Within the plateau, several sites of volcanotectonic activity and valley erosion may be underlain by large and perhaps long-lived magmatic intrusions. One such site occurs at the headland of Warrego Valles. Here, at least two episodes of valley dissection from the Noachian to Early Hesperian occurred during the formation of two nearby rift systems. The site also is a locus of intersection for regional narrow grabens during the Late Noachian and Early Hesperian. However, at the site, such faults diverge or terminate, which suggests that a resistant body of rock occurs there. The overall volcanotectonic history at Thaumasia fits into a model for Tharsis as a whole in which long-lived Syria Planum-centered activity is ringed by a few significant, shorter-lived centers of activity like the Thaumasia plateau. Valley formation, like tectonism in the region, peaked during the Noachian and declined substantially during the Hesperian and Amazonian. Temporal and spatial associations of single erosional valleys and valley networks with volcanoes, rift systems, and large impact craters suggest that the majority of valleys formed by hydrothermal, deformational, and seismic-induced processes. The origin of scattered, mainly Noachian valleys is more conjectural; possible explanations include local precipitation, seismic disturbance of aquifers, or unrecognized intrusions. 

","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/S0032-0633(98)00141-X","issn":"00320633","usgsCitation":"Dohm, J.M., and Tanaka, K.L., 1999, Geology of the Thaumasia region, Mars: Plateau development, valley origins, and magmatic evolution: Planetary and Space Science, v. 47, no. 3-4, p. 411-431, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0032-0633(98)00141-X.","productDescription":"21 p.","startPage":"411","endPage":"431","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":491465,"rank":2,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/s0032-0633(98)00141-x","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":229395,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"47","issue":"3-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a26a2e4b0c8380cd59218","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Dohm, J. M.","contributorId":102150,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dohm","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":390506,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Tanaka, K. L.","contributorId":31394,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Tanaka","given":"K.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":390505,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":1014855,"text":"1014855 - 1999 - An evaluation of six internal anchor tags for tagging juvenile striped bass","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-03-24T16:57:50.027602","indexId":"1014855","displayToPublicDate":"1999-05-07T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2886,"text":"North American Journal of Fisheries Management","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"An evaluation of six internal anchor tags for tagging juvenile striped bass","docAbstract":"

Six types of internal anchor tags were compared for retention, legibility, and durability in tagging juvenile (age-0) striped bass Morone saxatilis. Tank-reared striped bass (120–200 mm total length) were tagged with coded wire tags and one of six types of internal anchor tags (500 fish each tag type and two groups of controls). The types of internal anchor tags used were as follows: Floy streamer FM-84 (currently in use by the U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service); Floy streamer with protective sheath (modified FM-84), Floy streamer with a monofilament leader and sheath (FM-89SL), modified Hallprint T687, Hallprint monofilament IEX WAD, and Hallprint T-bar IEX NOR. The Hallprint T-bar IEX NOR and the Floy FM-84 tags caused significantly higher 2-week and 6-month mortality. Final fish total length was different among tag types and tagger groups; however, final fish size was not correlated with either variable after adjusting for initial fish size. Tags were also mounted on polyvinyl chloride pipes and exposed to freshwater, brackish-water, and saltwater environments for 1 year. The brackish-water environment was harsher than either freshwater or salt water and had a greater density of fouling organisms. Legibility was poor for the Floy streamer, and Floy tag sheaths sometimes moved and obscured the printing. Failure rates (printing loss or tag loss) for the Floy tags (36%) were about six times higher than the Hallprint tags (6%). An analysis of 369 anchor tags returned by striped bass fishers indicated that the tag was illegible when more than 43 printed characters were lost and that illegibility increased over time. None of the tags tested was considered appropriate for tagging juvenile striped bass, but changes in tag design, material, and insertion could improve tag retention and survival.

","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1577/1548-8675(1999)019<0482:AEOSIA>2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Henderson-Arzapalo, A., Rago, P., Skjeveland, J., Mangold, M., Washington, P., Howe, J., and King, T., 1999, An evaluation of six internal anchor tags for tagging juvenile striped bass: North American Journal of Fisheries Management, v. 19, no. 2, p. 482-493, https://doi.org/10.1577/1548-8675(1999)019<0482:AEOSIA>2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"482","endPage":"493","costCenters":[{"id":365,"text":"Leetown Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":131682,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"19","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ad8e4b07f02db684898","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Henderson-Arzapalo, A.","contributorId":92607,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Henderson-Arzapalo","given":"A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":321377,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Rago, P.","contributorId":42168,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rago","given":"P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":321373,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Skjeveland, J.","contributorId":57418,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Skjeveland","given":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":321376,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Mangold, M.","contributorId":47736,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mangold","given":"M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":321375,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Washington, P.","contributorId":13930,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Washington","given":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":321372,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Howe, J.","contributorId":98679,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Howe","given":"J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":321378,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"King, T.","contributorId":46906,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"King","given":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":321374,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}} ,{"id":70209194,"text":"70209194 - 1999 - Development of an integrated earthquake early warning system in Taiwan - Case for the Hualien area earthquakes","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-03-23T10:46:11","indexId":"70209194","displayToPublicDate":"1999-03-23T10:26:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3532,"text":"Terrestrial, Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Development of an integrated earthquake early warning system in Taiwan - Case for the Hualien area earthquakes","docAbstract":"

In order to explore the feasibility of an earthquake early warning system for Taipei, two prototype seismic early warning systems have been implemented in Hualien, about 120 km away. The Taiwan Rapid Earthquake Information Release (TREIRS) can routinely determine earthquake location and magnitude in about one minute after the earthquake occurred. However, this reporting time is too long for earthquake early warning purposes. A dense, real-time monitoring system composed of 8 strong-motion stations was installed in Hualien area for testing earthquake early warning capability. For the 27 earthquakes occurred during August 1998 to April 1999, this system has successfully reported earthquake information in about 18 sec after the origin time. Therefore, it provided about 15 sec of early warning time before shear waves arrival in the Taipei urban area. Based on our experience of these two systems, we are encouraged to proceed forward in the development of an earthquake early warning system.

","language":"English","publisher":"CGU","doi":"10.3319/TAO.1999.10.4.719(T)","usgsCitation":"Wu, Y., Chung, J., Shin, T., Hsiao, N., Tsai, Y., Lee, W., and Teng, T., 1999, Development of an integrated earthquake early warning system in Taiwan - Case for the Hualien area earthquakes: Terrestrial, Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, v. 10, no. 4, p. 719-736, https://doi.org/10.3319/TAO.1999.10.4.719(T).","productDescription":"18 p.","startPage":"719","endPage":"736","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":479430,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.3319/tao.1999.10.4.719(t)","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":373444,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Taiwan","geographicExtents":"{\"type\":\"FeatureCollection\",\"features\":[{\"type\":\"Feature\",\"geometry\":{\"type\":\"Polygon\",\"coordinates\":[[[121.77782,24.39427],[121.17563,22.79086],[120.74708,21.97057],[120.22008,22.81486],[120.10619,23.55626],[120.69468,24.53845],[121.49504,25.29546],[121.95124,24.9976],[121.77782,24.39427]]]},\"properties\":{\"name\":\"Taiwan\"}}]}","volume":"10","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wu, Y.","contributorId":79312,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wu","given":"Y.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":785342,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Chung, J.","contributorId":100971,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chung","given":"J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":785343,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Shin, Tzay-Chyn","contributorId":199137,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Shin","given":"Tzay-Chyn","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":785344,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Hsiao, Nai-Chi","contributorId":223526,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Hsiao","given":"Nai-Chi","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":785345,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Tsai, Y.B.","contributorId":87722,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tsai","given":"Y.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":785346,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Lee, W.H.K.","contributorId":35303,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lee","given":"W.H.K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":785347,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Teng, Ta-Liang","contributorId":119512,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Teng","given":"Ta-Liang","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":785348,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}} ,{"id":70186932,"text":"70186932 - 1999 - New land surface digital elevation model covers the Earth","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-04-14T14:31:11","indexId":"70186932","displayToPublicDate":"1999-02-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3879,"text":"Eos, Earth and Space Science News","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"New land surface digital elevation model covers the Earth","docAbstract":"

Land surface elevation around the world is reaching new heights—as far as its description and measurement goes. A new global digital elevation model (DEM) is being cited as a significant improvement in the quality of topographic data available for Earth science studies.

Land surface elevation is one of the Earth's most fundamental geophysical properties, but the accuracy and detail with which it has been measured and described globally have been insufficient for many large-area studies. The new model, developed at the U.S. Geological Survey's (USGS) EROS Data Center (EDC), has changed all that.

","language":"English","publisher":"AGU","doi":"10.1029/99EO00050","usgsCitation":"Gesch, D.B., Verdin, K.L., and Greenlee, S.K., 1999, New land surface digital elevation model covers the Earth: Eos, Earth and Space Science News, v. 80, no. 6, p. 69-70, https://doi.org/10.1029/99EO00050.","productDescription":"2 p.","startPage":"69","endPage":"70","costCenters":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":339743,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"80","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2011-06-03","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58f1e0cbe4b08144348b7e2b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Gesch, Dean B. 0000-0002-8992-4933 gesch@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8992-4933","contributorId":2956,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gesch","given":"Dean","email":"gesch@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[{"id":223,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center (Geography)","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":574,"text":"St. Petersburg Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":691063,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Verdin, Kristine L. 0000-0002-6114-4660 kverdin@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6114-4660","contributorId":3070,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Verdin","given":"Kristine","email":"kverdin@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":191,"text":"Colorado Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":691064,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Greenlee, Susan K. sgreenlee@usgs.gov","contributorId":3326,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Greenlee","given":"Susan","email":"sgreenlee@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":691065,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70074732,"text":"70074732 - 1999 - Design approaches in quarrying and pit-mining reclamation","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-02-03T11:40:51","indexId":"70074732","displayToPublicDate":"1999-01-01T10:59:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":12,"text":"Conference publication"},"title":"Design approaches in quarrying and pit-mining reclamation","docAbstract":"Reclaimed mine sites have been evaluated so that the public, industry, and land planners may recognize there are innovative designs available for consideration and use. People tend to see cropland, range, and road cuts as a necessary part of their everyday life, not as disturbed areas despite their high visibility. Mining also generates a disturbed landscape, unfortunately one that many consider waste until reclaimed by human beings. The development of mining provides an economic base and use of a natural resource to improve the quality of human life. Equally important is a sensitivity to the geologic origin and natural pattern of the land. Wisely shaping out environment requires a design plan and product that responds to a site's physiography, ecology, function, artistic form, and publication perception. An examination of selected sites for their landscape design suggested nine approaches for mining reclamation. The oldest design approach around is nature itself. Humans may sometimes do more damage going to an area in the attempt to repair it. Given enough geologic time, a small-site area, and stable adjacent ecosystems, disturbed areas recover without mankind's input. Visual screens and buffer zones conceal the facility in a camouflage approach. Typically, earth berms, fences, and plantings are used to disguise the mining facility. Restoration targets social or economic benefits by reusing the site for public amenities, most often in urban centers with large populations. A mitigation approach attempts to protect the environment and return mined areas to use with scientific input. The reuse of cement, building rubble, macadam meets only about 10% of the demand from aggregate. Recognizing the limited supply of mineral resources and encouraging recycling efforts are steps are steps in a renewable resource approach. An educative design approach effectively communicates mining information through outreach, land stewardship, and community service. Mine sites used for art show a celebration of beauty and experience -- abstract geology. The last design approach combines art and science in a human-nature ecosystem termed integration. With environmental concerns, an operating or reclaimed mine site can no longer be considered isolated from its surroundings. Site analysis of mine works needs to go beyond site-specific information and relate to the regional context of the greater landscape. Understanding design approach can turn undesirable features (mines and pits) into something perceived as desirable by the public.","largerWorkTitle":"Proceedings of the 34th Forum on the Geology of Industrial Minerals, 1998","conferenceTitle":"34th Forum on the Geology of Industrial Minerals, 1998","conferenceDate":"1998-05-01T00:00:00","conferenceLocation":"Norman, OK","language":"English","publisher":"University of Oklahoma","publisherLocation":"Norman, OK","usgsCitation":"Arbogast, B.F., 1999, Design approaches in quarrying and pit-mining reclamation, p. 263-271.","productDescription":"p. 263-271","numberOfPages":"9","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":281880,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53cd5453e4b0b290850f5aa2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Arbogast, Belinda F.","contributorId":89124,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Arbogast","given":"Belinda","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":489760,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":1001100,"text":"1001100 - 1999 - The insignificance of statistical significance testing","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-12-27T13:14:44","indexId":"1001100","displayToPublicDate":"1999-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2508,"text":"Journal of Wildlife Management","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The insignificance of statistical significance testing","docAbstract":"

Despite their use in scientific journals such as The Journal of Wildlife Management, statistical hypothesis tests add very little value to the products of research. Indeed, they frequently confuse the interpretation of data. This paper describes how statistical hypothesis tests are often viewed, and then contrasts that interpretation with the correct one. I discuss the arbitrariness of P-values, conclusions that the null hypothesis is true, power analysis, and distinctions between statistical and biological significance. Statistical hypothesis testing, in which the null hypothesis about the properties of a population is almost always known a priori to be false, is contrasted with scientific hypothesis testing, which examines a credible null hypothesis about phenomena in nature. More meaningful alternatives are briefly outlined, including estimation and confidence intervals for determining the importance of factors, decision theory for guiding actions in the face of uncertainty, and Bayesian approaches to hypothesis testing and other statistical practices.

","language":"English","publisher":"Wildlife Soceity","doi":"10.2307/3802789","usgsCitation":"Johnson, D.H., 1999, The insignificance of statistical significance testing: Journal of Wildlife Management, v. 63, no. 3, p. 763-772, https://doi.org/10.2307/3802789.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"763","endPage":"772","costCenters":[{"id":480,"text":"Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":133740,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"63","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a47e4b07f02db6224ae","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Johnson, Douglas H. 0000-0002-7778-6641 douglas_h_johnson@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7778-6641","contributorId":1387,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Johnson","given":"Douglas","email":"douglas_h_johnson@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[{"id":480,"text":"Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":310488,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70021550,"text":"70021550 - 1999 - How many stakes are required to measure the mass balance of a glacier?","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-12-19T00:56:17.292821","indexId":"70021550","displayToPublicDate":"1999-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1768,"text":"Geografiska Annaler, Series A: Physical Geography","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"How many stakes are required to measure the mass balance of a glacier?","docAbstract":"

Glacier mass balance is estimated for South Cascade Glacier and Maclure Glacier using a one-dimensional regression of mass balance with altitude as an alternative to the traditional approach of contouring mass balance values. One attractive feature of regression is that it can be applied to sparse data sets where contouring is not possible and can provide an objective error of the resulting estimate. Regression methods yielded mass balance values equivalent to contouring methods. The effect of the number of mass balance measurements on the final value for the glacier showed that sample sizes as small as five stakes provided reasonable estimates, although the error estimates were greater than for larger sample sizes. Different spatial patterns of measurement locations showed no appreciable influence on the final value as long as different surface altitudes were intermittently sampled over the altitude range of the glacier. Two different regression equations were examined, a quadratic, and a piecewise linear spline, and comparison of results showed little sensitivity to the type of equation. These results point to the dominant effect of the gradient of mass balance with altitude of alpine glaciers compared to transverse variations. The number of mass balance measurements required to determine the glacier balance appears to be scale invariant for small glaciers and five to ten stakes are sufficient.

","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1111/1468-0459.00084","issn":"04353676","usgsCitation":"Fountain, A.G., and Vecchia, A., 1999, How many stakes are required to measure the mass balance of a glacier?: Geografiska Annaler, Series A: Physical Geography, v. 81, no. 4, p. 563-573, https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-0459.00084.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"563","endPage":"573","numberOfPages":"11","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":229471,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"81","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a324ee4b0c8380cd5e6d1","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Fountain, A. G.","contributorId":29815,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fountain","given":"A.","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":390271,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Vecchia, A.","contributorId":51488,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Vecchia","given":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":390272,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":1001021,"text":"1001021 - 1999 - Hydrogeomorphic factors and ecosystem responses in coastal wetlands of the Great Lakes","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-04-04T11:57:47","indexId":"1001021","displayToPublicDate":"1999-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3750,"text":"Wetlands","onlineIssn":"1943-6246","printIssn":"0277-5212","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Hydrogeomorphic factors and ecosystem responses in coastal wetlands of the Great Lakes","docAbstract":"

Gauging the impact of manipulative activities, such as rehabilitation or management, on wetlands requires having a notion of the unmanipulated condition as a reference. And understanding of the reference condition requires knowledge of dominant factors influencing ecosystem processes and biological communities. In this paper, we focus on natural physical factors (conditions and processes) that drive coastal wetland ecosystems of the Laurentian Great Lakes. Great Lakes coastal wetlands develop under conditions of large-lake hydrology and disturbance imposed at a hiearchy of spatial and temporal scales and contain biotic communities adapted to unstable and unpredictable conditions. Coastal wetlands are configured along a continuum of hydrogeomorphic types: open coastal wetlands, drowned river mouth and flooded delta wetlands, and protected wetlands, each developing distinct ecosystem propertics and biotic communities. Hydrogeomorphic factors associated with the lake and watershed operate at a hierarchy of scales: a) local and short-term (seiches and ice action), b) watershed / lakewide / annual (seasonal water-level change), and c) larger or year-to-year and longer (regional and/or greater than one-year). Other physical factors include the unique water quality features of each lake. The aim of this paper is to provide scientists and managers with a framework for considering regional and site-specific geomorphometry and a hierarchy of physical processes in planning management and conservation projects.

","largerWorkTitle":"Wetlands","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1007/BF03161786","usgsCitation":"Keough, J.R., Thompson, T.A., Guntenspergen, G.R., and Wilcox, D.A., 1999, Hydrogeomorphic factors and ecosystem responses in coastal wetlands of the Great Lakes: Wetlands, v. 19, no. 4, p. 821-834, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03161786.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"821","endPage":"834","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":324,"text":"Great Lakes Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":479468,"rank":1,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12648/2299","text":"External Repository"},{"id":128790,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"19","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a26e4b07f02db60f775","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Keough, Janet R.","contributorId":49300,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Keough","given":"Janet","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":310244,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Thompson, Todd A.","contributorId":38501,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thompson","given":"Todd","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":310243,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Guntenspergen, Glenn R. 0000-0002-8593-0244 glenn_guntenspergen@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8593-0244","contributorId":2885,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Guntenspergen","given":"Glenn","email":"glenn_guntenspergen@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":310241,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Wilcox, Douglas A.","contributorId":36880,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wilcox","given":"Douglas","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":310242,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":1000871,"text":"1000871 - 1999 - Functional convergence among pelagic sculpins of Lake Baikal and deepwater ciscoes of the Great Lakes","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-04-04T10:52:59","indexId":"1000871","displayToPublicDate":"1999-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2330,"text":"Journal of Great Lakes Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Functional convergence among pelagic sculpins of Lake Baikal and deepwater ciscoes of the Great Lakes","docAbstract":"

The vast, well-oxygenated hypolimnia of Lake Baikal and the Great Lakes were both dominated by endemic planktivorous fishes. These dominants, two species of sculpins (Comephorus, Comephoridae) in Lake Baikal and six species of deepwater ciscoes (Coregonus, Salmonidae) in the Great Lakes, although distant taxonomically, have morphologies suggesting a surprising degree of functional convergence. Here it is proposed that the same two buoyancy-regulation strategies observed in Baikal sculpins also arose in the deepwater ciscoes of the Great Lakes. One strategy favors hydrostatic lift (generated by low specific gravity) and is characterized by fatter, larger-bodied fish with smaller paired fins; the second strategy favors hydrodynamic lift (generated by swimming) and is characterized by leaner, smaller-bodied fish with larger paired fins. Both types likely evolved to feed on a single species of ecologically analogous, vertically migrating macrozooplankter: Macrohectopus branickii in Lake Baikal and Mysis relicta in the Great Lakes. It is suggested that Coregonus did not diversify and proliferate in Lake Baikal as they did in the Great Lakes because by the time Coregonus colonized Lake Baikal, pelagic sculpins were already dominant.

","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/S0380-1330(99)70782-3","usgsCitation":"Eshenroder, R., Sideleva, V.G., and Todd, T.N., 1999, Functional convergence among pelagic sculpins of Lake Baikal and deepwater ciscoes of the Great Lakes: Journal of Great Lakes Research, v. 25, no. 4, p. 847-855, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0380-1330(99)70782-3.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"847","endPage":"855","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":324,"text":"Great Lakes Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":128695,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"25","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b30e4b07f02db6b40ad","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Eshenroder, Randy L.","contributorId":86716,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Eshenroder","given":"Randy L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":309680,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Sideleva, Valentina G.","contributorId":98670,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sideleva","given":"Valentina","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":309681,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Todd, Thomas N.","contributorId":42547,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Todd","given":"Thomas","email":"","middleInitial":"N.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":309679,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70021549,"text":"70021549 - 1999 - Seismic hazard map of the western hemisphere","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-03-12T20:38:58","indexId":"70021549","displayToPublicDate":"1999-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":793,"text":"Annals of Geophysics","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Seismic hazard map of the western hemisphere","docAbstract":"Vulnerability to natural disasters increases with urbanization and development of associated support systems (reservoirs, power plants, etc.). Catastrophic earthquakes account for 60% of worldwide casualties associated with natural disasters. Economic damage from earthquakes is increasing, even in technologically advanced countries with some level of seismic zonation, as shown by the 1989 Loma Prieta, CA ($6 billion), 1994 Northridge, CA ($ 25 billion), and 1995 Kobe, Japan (> $ 100 billion) earthquakes. The growth of megacities in seismically active regions around the world often includes the construction of seismically unsafe buildings and infrastructures, due to an insufficient knowledge of existing seismic hazard. Minimization of the loss of life, property damage, and social and economic disruption due to earthquakes depends on reliable estimates of seismic hazard. National, state, and local governments, decision makers, engineers, planners, emergency response organizations, builders, universities, and the general public require seismic hazard estimates for land use planning, improved building design and construction (including adoption of building construction codes), emergency response preparedness plans, economic forecasts, housing and employment decisions, and many more types of risk mitigation. The seismic hazard map of the Americas is the concatenation of various national and regional maps, involving a suite of approaches. The combined maps and documentation provide a useful global seismic hazard framework and serve as a resource for any national or regional agency for further detailed studies applicable to their needs. This seismic hazard map depicts Peak Ground Acceleration (PGA) with a 10% chance of exceedance in 50 years for the western hemisphere. PGA, a short-period ground motion parameter that is proportional to force, is the most commonly mapped ground motion parameter because current building codes that include seismic provisions specify the horizontal force a building should be able to withstand during an earthquake. This seismic hazard map of the Americas depicts the likely level of short-period ground motion from earthquakes in a fifty-year window. Short-period ground motions effect short-period structures (e.g., one-to-two story buildings). The largest seismic hazard values in the western hemisphere generally occur in areas that have been, or are likely to be, the sites of the largest plate boundary earthquakes. Although the largest earthquakes ever recorded are the 1960 Chile and 1964 Alaska subduction zone earthquakes, the largest seismic hazard (PGA) value in the Americas is in Southern California (U.S.), along the San Andreas fault.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Annals of Geophysics","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.4401/ag-3779","issn":"03652556","usgsCitation":"Shedlock, K.M., and Tanner, J., 1999, Seismic hazard map of the western hemisphere: Annals of Geophysics, v. 42, no. 6, p. 1199-1214, https://doi.org/10.4401/ag-3779.","startPage":"1199","endPage":"1214","numberOfPages":"16","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":479553,"rank":1,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.4401/ag-3779","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":269208,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.4401/ag-3779"},{"id":229470,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"42","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b8b1be4b08c986b3175cb","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Shedlock, K. M.","contributorId":72805,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Shedlock","given":"K.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":390270,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Tanner, J.G.","contributorId":28030,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tanner","given":"J.G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":390269,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70021522,"text":"70021522 - 1999 - Are shifts in herbicide use reflected in concentration changes in Midwestern rivers?","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-12-21T06:46:17","indexId":"70021522","displayToPublicDate":"1999-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1565,"text":"Environmental Science & Technology","onlineIssn":"1520-5851","printIssn":"0013-936X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Are shifts in herbicide use reflected in concentration changes in Midwestern rivers?","docAbstract":"In many Midwestern rivers, elevated concentrations of herbicides occur during runoff events for 1-3 months following application. The highest or 'peak' herbicide concentration often occurs during one of these runoff events. Herbicide concentrations in rivers are affected by a number of factors, including herbicide use patterns within the associated basin. Changing agricultural practices, reductions in recommended and permitted herbicide applications, shifts to new herbicides, and greater environmental awareness in the agricultural community have resulted in changes to herbicide use patterns. In the Midwestern United States, alachlor use was much larger in 1989 than in 1995, while acetochlor was not used in 1989, and commonly used in 1995. Use of atrazine, cyanazine, and metolachlor was about the same in 1989 and 1995. Herbicide concentrations were measured in samples from 53 Midwestern rivers during the first major runoff event that occurred after herbicide application (postapplication) in 1989, 1990, 1994, and 1995. The median concentrations of atrazine, alachlor, cyanazine, metribuzin, metolachlor, propazine, and simazine all were significantly higher in 1989/90 than in 1994/95. The median acetochlor concentration was higher in 1995 than in 1994. Estimated daily yields for all herbicides and degradation products measured, with the exception of acetochlor, were higher in 1989/90 than in 1994/95. The differences in concentration and yield do not always parallel changes in herbicide use, suggesting that other changes in herbicide or crop management are affecting concentrations in Midwestern rivers during runoff events.In many Midwestern rivers, elevated concentrations of herbicides occur during runoff events for 1-3 months following application. The highest or `peak' herbicide concentration often occurs during one of these runoff events. Herbicide concentrations in rivers are affected by a number of factors, including herbicide use patterns within the associated basin. Changing agricultural practices, reductions in recommended and permitted herbicide applications, shifts to new herbicides, and greater environmental awareness in the agricultural community have resulted in changes to herbicide use patterns. In the Midwestern United States, alachlor use was much larger in 1989 than in 1995, while acetochlor was not used in 1989, and commonly used in 1995. Use of atrazine, cyanazine, and metolachlor was about the same in 1989 and 1995. Herbicide concentrations were measured in samples from 53 Midwestern rivers during the first major runoff event that occurred after herbicide application (postapplication) in 1989, 1990, 1994, and 1995. The median concentrations of atrazine, alachlor, cyanazine, metribuzin, metolachlor, propazine, and simazine all were significantly higher in 1989/90 than in 1994/95. The median acetochlor concentration was higher in 1995 than in 1994. Estimated daily yields for all herbicides and degradation products measured, with the exception of acetochlor, were higher in 1989/90 than in 1994/95. The differences in concentration and yield do not always parallel changes in herbicide use, suggesting that other changes in herbicide or crop management are affecting concentrations in Midwestern rivers during runoff events.","language":"English","publisher":"ACS","doi":"10.1021/es9900149","issn":"0013936X","usgsCitation":"Battaglin, W., and Goolsby, D.A., 1999, Are shifts in herbicide use reflected in concentration changes in Midwestern rivers?: Environmental Science & Technology, v. 33, no. 17, p. 2917-2925, https://doi.org/10.1021/es9900149.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"2917","endPage":"2925","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":229067,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":206187,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es9900149"}],"volume":"33","issue":"17","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1999-07-27","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059ed5fe4b0c8380cd49786","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Battaglin, W.A.","contributorId":16376,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Battaglin","given":"W.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":390183,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Goolsby, D. A.","contributorId":50508,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Goolsby","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":390184,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70020922,"text":"70020922 - 1999 - The insect trace fossil Tonganoxichnus from the middle Pennsylvanian of Indiana: Paleobiologic and paleoenvironmental implications","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-03-06T15:53:11","indexId":"70020922","displayToPublicDate":"1999-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1965,"text":"Ichnos: An International Journal for Plant and Animal Traces","onlineIssn":"1563-5236","printIssn":"1042-0940","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"displayTitle":"The insect trace fossil Tonganoxichnus from the middle Pennsylvanian of Indiana: Paleobiologic and paleoenvironmental implications","title":"The insect trace fossil Tonganoxichnus from the middle Pennsylvanian of Indiana: Paleobiologic and paleoenvironmental implications","docAbstract":"

The ichnogenus Tonganoxichnus, produced by one or more monuran insect taxa, is now recorded from the Middle Pennsylvanian Mansfield Formation of Indiana. Tonganoxichnus is a resting trace that has three important implications. First, it represents a recurrent behavioral pattern in Upper Carboniferous to Lower Permian marginal marine environments of North America. Second, it provides finely resolved anatomical information for axial and appendicular body structures and behaviors that are difficult to determine from body‐fossil material alone. Third, integrated sedimentologic and ichnologic observations indicate that the Tonganoxichnus assemblage, inclusive of other ichnotaxa, is common in tidal rhythmites that were developed under freshwater conditions, probably in the innermost part of estuarine systems, close to or at the fluvioestuarine transition.

","language":"English","publisher":"Taylor & Francis","doi":"10.1080/10420940109380184","usgsCitation":"Mángano, M., Labandeira, C.C., Kvale, E.P., and Buatois, L.A., 1999, The insect trace fossil Tonganoxichnus from the middle Pennsylvanian of Indiana: Paleobiologic and paleoenvironmental implications: Ichnos: An International Journal for Plant and Animal Traces, v. 8, no. 3-4, p. 165-175, https://doi.org/10.1080/10420940109380184.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"165","endPage":"175","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":229801,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"8","issue":"3-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bad4ae4b08c986b323afa","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Mángano, M. Gabriela","contributorId":57619,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Mángano","given":"M. Gabriela","affiliations":[{"id":35641,"text":"Kansas Geological Survey","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":387982,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Labandeira, Conrad C.","contributorId":72155,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Labandeira","given":"Conrad","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":12746,"text":"Smithsonian Institution National Museum of Natural History","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":387984,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Kvale, Erik P.","contributorId":29090,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kvale","given":"Erik","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":387985,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Buatois, Luis A. 0000-0001-9523-750X","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9523-750X","contributorId":195823,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Buatois","given":"Luis","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":35641,"text":"Kansas Geological Survey","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":387983,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":1000503,"text":"1000503 - 1999 - Co-existence of zebra mussels and freshwater unionids: Population dynamics of Leptodea fragilis in a coastal wetland infested with zebra mussels","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-04-04T11:38:46","indexId":"1000503","displayToPublicDate":"1999-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1176,"text":"Canadian Journal of Zoology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Co-existence of zebra mussels and freshwater unionids: Population dynamics of Leptodea fragilis in a coastal wetland infested with zebra mussels","docAbstract":"

In 1996, thousands of live Leptodea fragilis were collected from a marsh located in the western basin of Lake Erie that was infested with zebra mussels (Dreissena polymorpha). Despite the presence of zebra mussels at this site for a number of years, this L. fragilis population showed no signs of competition-induced changes in population dynamics. Biofouling was limited: fewer than 1% of the L. fragilis showed evidence of recent or past zebra mussel colonization. Successful recruitment occurred yearly, with multiple year classes collected that ranged in age from 1 to 12 years. However, age and shell length were not well correlated. Seventy-one percent of the individuals collected were 51-80 mm long, but ranged in age from 2 to 4.5 years. Three different patterns of growth or shell deposition were found. Some individuals grew rapidly, reaching 105 mm in 3.5 years, while others grew only 4.5 mm over the same time period. A few grew poorly during some years but very rapidly in others. Individuals with a shell length of 41 mm or more were sexually mature and females were more common than males. The strong recruitment and steady growth of this population showed no change between the years before and after the zebra mussel invasion, indicating that this marsh is functioning as a natural refugium from potential problems caused by zebra mussels.

","language":"English","publisher":"NRC Research Press","doi":"10.1139/z98-241","usgsCitation":"Nichols, S.J., and Amberg, J., 1999, Co-existence of zebra mussels and freshwater unionids: Population dynamics of Leptodea fragilis in a coastal wetland infested with zebra mussels: Canadian Journal of Zoology, v. 77, no. 3, p. 423-432, https://doi.org/10.1139/z98-241.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"423","endPage":"432","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":324,"text":"Great Lakes Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":131627,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"77","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49d6e4b07f02db5de073","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Nichols, S. Jerrine","contributorId":25887,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nichols","given":"S.","email":"","middleInitial":"Jerrine","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":308648,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Amberg, Jon","contributorId":82266,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Amberg","given":"Jon","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":308649,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70021455,"text":"70021455 - 1999 - Window into the Caledonian orogen: Structure of the crust beneath the East Shetland platform, United Kingdom","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-12-20T00:58:51.275141","indexId":"70021455","displayToPublicDate":"1999-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1786,"text":"Geological Society of America Bulletin","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Window into the Caledonian orogen: Structure of the crust beneath the East Shetland platform, United Kingdom","docAbstract":"

Reprocessing and interpretation of commercial and deep seismic reflection data across the East Shetland platform and its North Sea margin provide a new view of crustal subbasement structure beneath a poorly known region of the British Caledonian orogen. The East Shetland platform, east of the Great Glen strike-slip fault system, is one of the few areas of the offshore British Caledonides that remained relatively insulated from the Mesozoic and later rifting that involved much of the area around the British Isles, thus providing an “acoustic window” into the deep structure of the orogen. Interpretation of the reflection data suggests that the crust beneath the platform retains a significant amount of its original Caledonian and older architecture. The upper to middle crust is typically poorly reflective except for individual prominent dipping reflectors with complex orientations that decrease in dip with depth and merge with a lower crustal layer of high reflectivity. The three-dimensional structural orientation of the reflectors beneath the East Shetland platform is at variance with Caledonian reflector trends observed elsewhere in the Caledonian orogen (e.g., north of the Scottish mainland), emphasizing the unique tectonic character of this part of the orogen. Upper to middle crustal reflectors are interpreted as Caledonian or older thrust surfaces that were possibly reactivated by Devonian extension associated with post-Caledonian orogenic collapse.

","language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","doi":"10.1130/0016-7606(1999)111<1030:WITCOS>2.3.CO;2","issn":"00167606","usgsCitation":"McBride, J., and England, R., 1999, Window into the Caledonian orogen: Structure of the crust beneath the East Shetland platform, United Kingdom: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 111, no. 7, p. 1030-1041, https://doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1999)111<1030:WITCOS>2.3.CO;2.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"1030","endPage":"1041","numberOfPages":"12","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":229132,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United Kingdom","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n 0.9234307350322126,\n 61.44094967890982\n ],\n [\n -8.524811452468299,\n 61.44094967890982\n ],\n [\n -8.524811452468299,\n 55.030638269889465\n ],\n [\n 0.9234307350322126,\n 55.030638269889465\n ],\n [\n 0.9234307350322126,\n 61.44094967890982\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"111","issue":"7","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bd127e4b08c986b32f277","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"McBride, J.H.","contributorId":99712,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McBride","given":"J.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":389951,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"England, R.W.","contributorId":106663,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"England","given":"R.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":389952,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70021419,"text":"70021419 - 1999 - Zebra mussel filter feeding and food-limited production of Daphnia: Recent changes in lower trophic level dynamics of Oneida Lake, New York, U.S.A.","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:51","indexId":"70021419","displayToPublicDate":"1999-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1919,"text":"Hydrobiologia","onlineIssn":"1573-5117","printIssn":"0018-8158","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Zebra mussel filter feeding and food-limited production of Daphnia: Recent changes in lower trophic level dynamics of Oneida Lake, New York, U.S.A.","docAbstract":"Exotic zebra mussels can alter lower trophic level dynamics in lakes that they colonize by consuming large quantities of phytoplankton. We simulated the indirect effects of zebra mussel grazing on Daphnia by artificially reducing phytoplankton concentration for in situ Daphnia reproduction experiments. The response of Daphnia reproduction to reduced phytoplankton was evaluated for both the in situ experiments and field observations in Oneida Lake, New York, U.S.A. Oneida Lake has had an abundant population of zebra mussels since 1992. Our experiments revealed that fecundity of individuals from two species of Daphnia was positively related to phytoplankton concentration during the spring clearwater phase, although there was no discernible effect of food concentration on fecundity in summer cyanobacteria-dominated assemblages. The experimental results suggest that Daphnia fecundity responds to chlorophyll a concentrations < 2 ??g l-1. The years since zebra mussels became abundant in Oneida Lake have been characterized by high water clarity, low chlorophyll concentrations, long clearwater phases, and low Daphnia biomass compared with the previous 17 years. The food web effects of zebra mussel grazing are complex and it will take more years for impacts at higher trophic levels to develop and be identified.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Hydrobiologia","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1023/A:1003877013112","issn":"00188158","usgsCitation":"Horgan, M., and Mills, E., 1999, Zebra mussel filter feeding and food-limited production of Daphnia: Recent changes in lower trophic level dynamics of Oneida Lake, New York, U.S.A.: Hydrobiologia, v. 411, p. 79-88, https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1003877013112.","startPage":"79","endPage":"88","numberOfPages":"10","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":230192,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":206554,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1003877013112"}],"volume":"411","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bd259e4b08c986b32f779","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Horgan, M.J.","contributorId":68060,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Horgan","given":"M.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":389807,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Mills, E.L.","contributorId":73525,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mills","given":"E.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":389808,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70022080,"text":"70022080 - 1999 - Tools for groundwater protection planning: An example from McHenry County, Illinois, USA","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:46","indexId":"70022080","displayToPublicDate":"1999-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1547,"text":"Environmental Management","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Tools for groundwater protection planning: An example from McHenry County, Illinois, USA","docAbstract":"This paper presents an approach for producing aquifer sensitivity maps from three-dimensional geologic maps, called stack-unit maps. Stack-unit maps depict the succession of geologic materials to a given depth, and aquifer sensitivity maps interpret the successions according to their ability to transmit potential contaminants. Using McHenry County, Illinois, as a case study, stack-unit maps and an aquifer sensitivity assessment were made to help land-use planners, public health officials, consultants, developers, and the public make informed decisions regarding land use. A map of aquifer sensitivity is important for planning because the county is one of the fastest growing counties in the nation, and highly vulnerable sand and gravel aquifers occur within 6 m of ground surface over 75% of its area. The aquifer sensitivity map can provide guidance to regulators seeking optimal protection of groundwater resources where these resources are particularly vulnerable. In addition, the map can be used to help officials direct waste-disposal and industrial facilities and other sensitive land-use practices to areas where the least damage is likely to occur, thereby reducing potential future liabilities.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Environmental Management","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Springer-Verlag New York","publisherLocation":"Secaucus, NJ, United States","doi":"10.1007/s002679900189","issn":"0364152X","usgsCitation":"Berg, R.C., Curry, B.B., and Olshansky, R., 1999, Tools for groundwater protection planning: An example from McHenry County, Illinois, USA: Environmental Management, v. 23, no. 3, p. 321-331, https://doi.org/10.1007/s002679900189.","startPage":"321","endPage":"331","numberOfPages":"11","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":206656,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002679900189"},{"id":230478,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"23","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bb43ce4b08c986b326271","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Berg, R. C.","contributorId":11673,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Berg","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":392293,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Curry, B. Brandon","contributorId":104224,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Curry","given":"B.","email":"","middleInitial":"Brandon","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":392295,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Olshansky, R.","contributorId":101160,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Olshansky","given":"R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":392294,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70021811,"text":"70021811 - 1999 - Temporal and spatial variability of the sediment grain-size distribution on the Eel shelf: The flood layer of 1995","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:41","indexId":"70021811","displayToPublicDate":"1999-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2667,"text":"Marine Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Temporal and spatial variability of the sediment grain-size distribution on the Eel shelf: The flood layer of 1995","docAbstract":"Sediment grain-size characteristics observed on the Eel shelf have been analyzed using a wet-sieving technique that minimizes breakage of aggregates. At several sites on the 70-m isobath north of the river, where a 1995 flood layer attained a maximum thickness of about 9 cm, replicate box cores were collected on seven cruises during February 1995 to January 1997. These samples provide a unique opportunity to follow the evolution of a flood layer over a two-year period as it was modified and gradually buried. One month after the flood, a layer of tan-colored, high-porosity sediment with up to 96% of its particles in the size range of 0-20 ??m had accumulated on the central part of the shelf, 7-30 km north of the river and principally between the 50-m and 90-m isobaths. Substantial coarsening of this layer occurred between February 1995 and May 1995, particularly along the southern and the landward edge of the deposit in water depths of <70 m. The early stage of coarsening was probably caused by physical reworking of the surface 0.5-cm of the deposit and by addition of new sediment from shallower regions of the shelf. Temporal changes in inventories of several grain-size fractions show that physical processes continued to add coarse sediment to the flood layer after May 1995, but the large increases in thickness of the surface mixed layer could only be attributed to bioturbation by a recovering, or seasonally fluctuating, benthic community. The 1995 flood layer has evolved from exhibiting limited variability and normal grading (i:e., upward fining) to a layer that (1) shows significant spatial variability on scales from centimeters to 10's of meters, (2) is substantially coarser owing to additions of sediment from the inner shelf, (3) is inversely graded (i.e., coarsens upward), and (4) is intensely bioturbated to depths of 4-5 cm.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Marine Geology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/S0025-3227(98)00111-X","issn":"00253227","usgsCitation":"Drake, D., 1999, Temporal and spatial variability of the sediment grain-size distribution on the Eel shelf: The flood layer of 1995: Marine Geology, v. 154, no. 1-4, p. 169-182, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0025-3227(98)00111-X.","startPage":"169","endPage":"182","numberOfPages":"14","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":206382,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0025-3227(98)00111-X"},{"id":229597,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"154","issue":"1-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505ba4f6e4b08c986b3206df","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Drake, D.E.","contributorId":48150,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Drake","given":"D.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":391273,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ]}