Program Coordinator, National Water Quality Program
U.S. Geological Survey
12201 Sunrise Valley Drive
Reston, VA 20192
Introductory Materials
Major findings and conclusions
Introduction
VOCs in ground water
VOCs in samples from drinking-water supply wells
Additional information for selected VOCs
References Cited
Glossary
Appendix 1
Appendix 2
Appendix 3
Appendix 4
Appendix 5
Appendix 6
Appendix 7
Appendix 8
Appendix 9
Appendix 10
Results from two national surveys indicate that the gasoline oxygenate methyl tertiary butyl ether (MTBE) is one of the most frequently detected volatile organic compounds in source waters used by community water systems in the United States. Three other ether oxygenates were detected infrequently but almost always co-occurred with MTBE. A random sampling of source waters across the United States found MTBE in almost 9% of samples. In geographic areas with high MTBE use, the compound was detected in 23% of source water samples. Although MTBE concentrations were low (<1 µg/L) in most samples, some concentrations equaled or exceeded the drinking water advisory of 20 µg/L set by the US Environmental Protection Agency. The frequent detection of even low concentrations of MTBE demonstrates the vulnerability of US source waters to anthropogenic compounds, indicating a need to include MTBE in monitoring programs to track the trend of contamination.
","language":"English","publisher":" American Water Works Association","doi":"10.1002/j.1551-8833.2006.tb07637.x","usgsCitation":"Carter, J.M., Grady, S.J., Delzer, G.C., Koch, B., and Zogorski, J.S., 2006, Occurrence of MTBE and other gasoline oxygenates in CWS source waters: Journal - American Water Works Association, v. 98, no. 4, p. 91-104, https://doi.org/10.1002/j.1551-8833.2006.tb07637.x.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"91","endPage":"104","costCenters":[{"id":562,"text":"South Dakota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":34685,"text":"Dakota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":353251,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","volume":"98","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5aff01f9e4b0da30c1bfcc38","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Carter, Janet M. 0000-0002-6376-3473 jmcarter@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6376-3473","contributorId":339,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Carter","given":"Janet","email":"jmcarter@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":34685,"text":"Dakota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":562,"text":"South Dakota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":732962,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Grady, Stephen J.","contributorId":101636,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Grady","given":"Stephen","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":732963,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Delzer, Gregory C. 0000-0002-7077-4963 gcdelzer@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7077-4963","contributorId":986,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Delzer","given":"Gregory","email":"gcdelzer@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":562,"text":"South Dakota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":732964,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Koch, Bart","contributorId":22813,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Koch","given":"Bart","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":732965,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Zogorski, John S. jszogors@usgs.gov","contributorId":189,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zogorski","given":"John","email":"jszogors@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":732966,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":75963,"text":"sir20055107 - 2006 - Water resources of Monroe County, New York, water years 2000-02: Atmospheric deposition, ground water, streamflow, trends in water quality, and chemical loads in streams","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-05-28T11:23:06","indexId":"sir20055107","displayToPublicDate":"2006-03-30T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2005-5107","displayTitle":"Water Resources of Monroe County, New York, Water Years 2000-02: Atmospheric Deposition, Ground Water, Streamflow, Trends in Water Quality, and Chemical Loads in Streams","title":"Water resources of Monroe County, New York, water years 2000-02: Atmospheric deposition, ground water, streamflow, trends in water quality, and chemical loads in streams","docAbstract":"This report, the fifth in a series that presents analyses of the hydrologic data collected in Monroe County since 1984, interprets data from four surface-water-monitoring sites in the Irondequoit Creek basin (Irondequoit Creek at Railroad Mills, East Branch Allen Creek at Pittsford, Allen Creek near Rochester, and Irondequoit Creek above Blossom Road); and from three sites on tributaries to the Genesee River (Oatka Creek at Garbutt, Honeoye Creek at Honeoye Falls, and Black Creek at Churchville) and from the Genesee River at Charlotte Docks. It also interprets data from a site on Northrup Creek, which provides information on nutrient loads delivered to Long Pond, a small eutrophic embayment of Lake Ontario. The report also includes water-level and water-quality data from nine observation wells in Ellison Park, and atmospheric-deposition data from a collection site at Mendon Ponds.
Atmospheric Deposition: Average annual precipitation for 2000–02 was 33.11 in., 0.94 in. below normal. Average annual loads of some chemical constituents in atmospheric deposition for 2000–02 differed considerably from those for the previous period of record. Loads of all nutrients except ammonia decreased by amounts ranging from 28 percent (ammonia + organic nitrogen and phosphorus) to 2 percent (nitrite + nitrate), whereas ammonia loads an increased by 8 percent. Loads of dissolved sodium and total zinc in atmospheric deposition increased by 56 percent, and 54, percent respectively, over the previous period of record. Average annual loads of other constituents showed decreases ranging from 41 percent (dissolved magnesium) to 17 percent (dissolved chloride).
Loads of all nutrients deposited in the Irondequoit Creek basin from atmospheric sources during 2000–02 greatly exceeded those transported by Irondequoit Creek. The ammonia load deposited in the basin was 165 times the load transported at Blossom Road (the most downstream site); the ammonia + organic nitrogen load was 2.8 times greater, orthophosphate 9.7 times greater, total phosphorus 1.2 times greater, and the nitrite + nitrate load was 1.6 times greater. Average yields of dissolved chloride and dissolved sulfate from atmosphoric sources were much less than those transported by streamflow at Blossom Road—chloride was about 1.5 percent and sulfate about 9.1 percent of the amount transported by Irondequoit Creek.
Ground water: Ground-water-levels and water quality data were collected from 9 observation wells in Ellison Park in Monroe County. All wells except Mo 2 and Mo 659 are in the flood plain of Irondequoit Creek. Water levels indicate frequent reversals in direction of lateral flow toward or away from Irondequoit Creek, and all wells except Mo2 and Mo 659 respond to water level fluctuations in the Creek. Trend tests on water levels for the period of record indicate a slight upward trend in water levels at all nine wells, two of which (Mo 3 and Mo 667) were statistically significant.
Concentrations of ammonia and ammonia + organic nitrogen showed a general decrease for the current period of record. Total phosphorus concentrations showed an increase at four wells and a decrease at four wells.
Water quality data showed that the highest median concentrations of nutrients continues to occur in Mo 667 and the highest median concentrations of common ions was at Mo 664.
Streamflow: Statistical analysis of long-term (greater than 15 years) streamflow records for unregulated streams in Monroe County indicated that annual mean flows for water years (A water year is the 12-month period from October 1 through September 30 of the following year.) 2000–02 generally were in the normal range (75th to 25th percentile), although Allen Creek continued to show a significant downward trend in mean monthly streamflow during the 1984–2002 water years.
Chemical Concentration in Streams: Concentrations of several constituents in streams of the Irondequoit Creek basin showed statistically significant (α = 0.05) trends from the beginning of their period of record through 2002. Three of the four Irondequoit Creek sites (Allen Creek, Blossom Road, and Railroad Mills) showed downward trends in ammonia (4.6 to 12.0 percent per year) and ammonia + organic nitrogen (2.8 to 5.3 percent per year). Allen Creek showed downward trends in nitrite + nitrate and total phosphorus (both 1.2 percent per year), and Irondequoit Creek above Blossom Road showed an upward trend in orthophosphate (1.8 percent per year). Three Irondequoit Creek sites showed upward trends in dissolved chloride: Railroad Mills (4.8 percent per year), Allen Creek, and Blossom Road (both 1.9 percent per year). Allen Creek showed a downward trend in sulfate of 0.98 percent per year, whereas Blossom Road showed a downward trend in suspended solids of 4.0 percent per year. Volatile suspended solids showed an upward trend of 3.2 percent per year at Allen Creek and a downward trend of 2.2 percent per year at Blossom Road.
Northrup Creek in western Monroe County, showed significant downward trends in concentrations of volatile suspended solids (2.5 percent per year), total phosphorus (5.3 percent per year), and orthophosphate (9.9 percent per year). The Genesee River at Charlotte Docks showed downward trends in volatile suspended solids (2.1 percent per year) and ammonia + organic nitrogen (4.5 percent per year). Oatka Creek at Garbutt showed an upward trend of 21.4 percent per year in turbidity.
Chemical Loads in Streams: Mean annual yields (pounds or tons per square mile) of many constituents at the Irondequoit Creek sites were lower than those in previous reporting periods. Suspended solids and nitrite + nitrate yields were lower at three of the sites, and yields of volatile suspended solids, ammonia, and total phosphorus were lower at two of the sites. East Branch Allen Creek showed lower yields for five of the nine constituents for 2000–02, than for previous reporting periods. The decreased yields at East Branch Allen Creek are likely due to the Jefferson Road stormflow-detention basin and the much lower than normal runoff for the 2000–02 period.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20055107","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Monroe County Department of Health","usgsCitation":"Sherwood, D.A., 2006, Water resources of Monroe County, New York, water years 2000-02: Atmospheric deposition, ground water, streamflow, trends in water quality, and chemical loads in streams: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2005-5107, vi, 55 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20055107.","productDescription":"vi, 55 p.","numberOfPages":"65","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":120789,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/sir_2005_5107.jpg"},{"id":7088,"rank":100,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2005/5107/sir20055107.pdf","text":"Report","size":"3.17 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"SIR 2005-5107"}],"country":"United States","state":"New York","county":"Monroe county","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -78.46710205078125,\n 42.88602714832883\n ],\n [\n -77.18719482421874,\n 42.88602714832883\n ],\n [\n -77.18719482421874,\n 43.369119087738554\n ],\n [\n -78.46710205078125,\n 43.369119087738554\n ],\n [\n -78.46710205078125,\n 42.88602714832883\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","contact":"Director, New New York Water Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
425 Jordan Rd.
Troy, NY 12180
The geologic and hydrologic characteristics of the sand-and-gravel deposits that compose the glacial drift aquifer in the vicinity of the Nelson Landfill site in Yorkville, Illinois indicate that the aquifer could be developed as a source of public water supply. The geology of these deposits within the Newark Bedrock Valley is complex, however, and a detailed investigation of their water bearing and transmitting properties will be required to successfully locate high-capacity wells.
Volatile organic compounds, pesticides, and cyanide were not detected in ground water during this investigation. Metals and nitrogen compounds were not detected at concentrations above their Maximum Contaminant Level. Iron, manganese, and aluminum were detected at concentrations above their Secondary Maximum Con-taminant Level and various constituents were detected at concentrations above background levels downgradient of the landfill. Nitrate and ammonia, presumably derived from agricultural practices, also were detected in samples from locations hydraulically upgradient of the landfill.
Oxidation-reduction conditions in the aquifer become more reducing with depth. This change is reflected by a change in the type of nitrogen compound detected and the concentration of dissolved oxygen and iron in the glacial drift aquifer. Concentrations of some of the major ions and metals may be affected by dissolution of carbonate minerals in the aquifer and perhaps road salts.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20061045","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency and the United City of Yorkville, Illinois","usgsCitation":"Kay, R.T., 2006, Geology, hydrology, and water quality of the glacial drift aquifer in the vicinity of the Nelson landfill near Yorkville, Illinois (Online only): U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2006-1045, v, 32 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20061045.","productDescription":"v, 32 p.","numberOfPages":"38","onlineOnly":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":344,"text":"Illinois Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":192734,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":362136,"rank":3,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2006/1045/pdf/ofr20061045.pdf","text":"Report","size":"1.59 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"OFR 2006–1045"},{"id":7027,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2006/1045/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -89,41 ], [ -89,42 ], [ -88,42 ], [ -88,41 ], [ -89,41 ] ] ] } } ] }","edition":"Online only","contact":"Director, Central Midwest Water Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
405 North Goodwin
Urbana, IL 61801
This study, by the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) in cooperation with the Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Protection (PADEP), provides a compilation of ground-water-quality data for a 25-year period (January 1, 1979, through August 11, 2004) based on water samples from wells. The data are from eight source agencies唯orough of Carroll Valley, Chester County Health Department, Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Protection-Ambient and Fixed Station Network, Montgomery County Health Department, Pennsylvania Drinking Water Information System, Pennsylvania Department of Agriculture, Susquehanna River Basin Commission, and the U.S. Geological Survey. The ground-water-quality data from the different source agencies varied in type and number of analyses; however, the analyses are represented by 12 major analyte groups:biological (bacteria and viruses), fungicides, herbicides, insecticides, major ions, minor ions (including trace elements), nutrients (dominantly nitrate and nitrite as nitrogen), pesticides, radiochemicals (dominantly radon or radium), volatile organic compounds, wastewater compounds, and water characteristics (dominantly field pH, field specific conductance, and hardness).
A summary map shows the areal distribution of wells with ground-water-quality data statewide and by major watersheds and source agency. Maps of 35 watersheds within Pennsylvania are used to display the areal distribution of water-quality information. Additional maps emphasize the areal distribution with respect to 13 major geolithologic units in Pennsylvania and concentration ranges of nitrate (as nitrogen). Summary data tables by source agency provide information on the number of wells and samples collected for each of the 35 watersheds and analyte groups.
The number of wells sampled for ground-water-quality data varies considerably across Pennsylvania. Of the 8,012 wells sampled, the greatest concentration of wells are in the southeast (Berks, Bucks, Chester, Delaware, Lancaster, Montgomery, and Philadelphia Counties), in the vicinity of Pittsburgh, and in the northwest (Erie County). The number of wells sampled is relatively sparse in south-central (Adams, Cambria, Cumberland, and Franklin Counties), central (Centre, Indiana, and Snyder Counties), and north-central (Bradford, Potter, and Tioga Counties) Pennsylvania. Little to no data are available for approximately one-third of the state. Water characteristics and nutrients were the most frequently sampled major analyte groups; approximately 21,000 samples were collected for each group. Major and minor ions were the next most-frequently sampled major analyte groups; approximately 17,000 and 12,000 samples were collected, respectively. For the remaining eight major analyte groups, the number of samples collected ranged from a low of 307 samples (wastewater compounds) to a high of approximately 3,000 samples (biological).
The number of samples that exceeded a maximum contaminant level (MCL) or secondary maximum contaminant level (SMCL) by major analyte group also varied. Of the 2,988 samples in the biological analyte group, 53 percent had water that exceeded an MCL. Almost 2,500 samples were collected and analyzed for volatile organic compounds; 14 percent exceeded an MCL. Other major analyte groups that frequently exceeded MCLs or SMCLs included major ions (17,465 samples and a 33.9 percent exceedence), minor ions (11,905 samples and a 17.1 percent exceedence), and water characteristics (21,183 samples and a 20.3 percent exceedence). Samples collected and analyzed for fungicides, herbicides, insecticides, and pesticides (4,062 samples), radiochemicals (1,628 samples), wastewater compounds (307 samples), and nutrients (20,822 samples) had the lowest exceedences of 0.3, 8.4, 0.0, and 8.8 percent, respectively.
This report is one of a series of publications, The Quality of Our Nation's Waters, that describe major findings of the NAWQA Program on water-quality issues of regional and national concern. This report presents evaluations of pesticides in streams and ground water based on findings for the first decadal cycle of NAWQA. 'Pesticides in the Nation's Streams and Ground Water, 1992-2001' greatly expands the analysis of pesticides presented in 'Nutrients and Pesticides,' which was the first report in the series and was based on early results from 1992 to 1995. Other reports in this series cover additional water-quality constituents of concern, such as volatile organic compounds and trace elements, as well as physical and chemical effects on aquatic ecosystems. Each report builds toward a more comprehensive understanding of regional and national water resources. The information in this series is intended primarily for those interested or involved in resource management, conservation, regulation, and policymaking at regional and national levels. In addition, the information might interest those at a local level who wish to know more about the general quality of streams and ground water in areas near where they live and how that quality compares with other areas across the Nation.
","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"The Quality of Our Nation's Waters","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/cir1291","isbn":"1411309553","usgsCitation":"Gilliom, R.J., Barbash, J.E., Crawford, C.G., Hamilton, P.A., Martin, J.D., Nakagaki, N., Nowell, L.H., Scott, J.C., Stackelberg, P.E., Thelin, G.P., and Wolock, D.M., 2006, Pesticides in the Nation's Streams and Ground Water, 1992–2001 (Revised Feb 2007): U.S. Geological Survey Circular 1291, 184 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/cir1291.","productDescription":"184 p.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":346,"text":"Indiana Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":451,"text":"National Water Quality Assessment 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U.S. Geological Survey
413 National Center
12201 Sunrise Valley Drive
Reston, Virginia 20192
https://water.usgs.gov/nawqa/
Onsite wastewater treatment systems serve approximately 25% of the U.S. population. However, little is known regarding the occurrence and fate of organic wastewater contaminants (OWCs), including endocrine disrupting compounds, during onsite treatment. A range of OWCs including surfactant metabolites, steroids, stimulants, metal-chelating agents, disinfectants, antimicrobial agents, and pharmaceutical compounds was quantified in wastewater from 30 onsite treatment systems in Summit and Jefferson Counties, CO. The onsite systems represent a range of residential and nonresidential sources. Eighty eight percent of the 24 target compounds were detected in one or more samples, and several compounds were detected in every wastewater sampled. The wastewater matrices were complex and showed unique differences between source types due to differences in water and consumer product use. Nonresidential sources generally had more OWCs at higher concentrations than residential sources. Additional aerobic biofilter-based treatment beyond the traditional anaerobic tank-based treatment enhanced removal for many OWCs. Removal mechanisms included volatilization, biotransformation, and sorption with efficiencies from <1% to >99% depending on treatment type and physico chemical properties of the compound. Even with high removal rates during confined unit onsite treatment, OWCs are discharged to soil dispersal units at loadings up to 20 mg/m2/d, emphasizing the importance of understanding removal mechanisms and efficiencies in onsite treatment systems that discharge to the soil and water environments.
Borehole radar tomography was used as part of a pilot study to monitor steam‐enhanced remediation of a fractured limestone contaminated with volatile organic compounds at the former Loring Air Force Base, Maine, USA. Radar tomography data were collected using 100‐MHz electric‐dipole antennae before and during steam injection to evaluate whether cross‐hole radar methods could detect changes in medium properties resulting from the steam injection. Cross‐hole levelrun profiles, in which transmitting and receiving antennae are positioned at a common depth, were made before and after the collection of each full tomography data set to check the stability of the radar instruments. Before tomographic inversion, the levelrun profiles were used to calibrate the radar tomography data to compensate for changes in traveltime and antenna power caused by instrument drift. Observed changes in cross‐hole radar traveltime and attenuation before and during steam injection were small. Slowness‐ and attenuation‐difference tomograms indicate small increases in radar slowness and attenuation at depths greater than about 22 m below the surface, consistent with increases in water temperature observed in the boreholes used for the tomography. Based on theoretical modelling results, increases in slowness and attenuation are interpreted as delineating zones where steam injection heating increased the electrical conductivity of the limestone matrix and fluid. The results of this study show the potential of cross‐hole radar tomography methods to monitor the effects of steam‐induced heating in fractured rock environments.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.3997/1873-0604.2006009","issn":"15694445","usgsCitation":"Gregoire, C., and Joesten, P., 2006, Use of borehole radar tomography to monitor steam injection in fractured limestone: Near Surface Geophysics, v. 4, no. 6, p. 355-365, https://doi.org/10.3997/1873-0604.2006009.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"355","endPage":"365","costCenters":[{"id":493,"text":"Office of Ground Water","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":236747,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Maine","otherGeospatial":"Former Loring Air Force Base","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -67.93413162231445,\n 46.94563336418989\n ],\n [\n -67.89379119873047,\n 46.94563336418989\n ],\n [\n -67.89379119873047,\n 46.97673875853991\n ],\n [\n -67.93413162231445,\n 46.97673875853991\n ],\n [\n -67.93413162231445,\n 46.94563336418989\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"4","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bbec7e4b08c986b3297aa","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Gregoire, C.","contributorId":37142,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gregoire","given":"C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":418859,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Joesten, P. K.","contributorId":62818,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Joesten","given":"P. K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":418860,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70031097,"text":"70031097 - 2006 - Mass balance assessment for mercury in Lake Champlain","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:21:17","indexId":"70031097","displayToPublicDate":"2006-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1565,"text":"Environmental Science & Technology","onlineIssn":"1520-5851","printIssn":"0013-936X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Mass balance assessment for mercury in Lake Champlain","docAbstract":"A mass balance model for mercury in Lake Champlain was developed in an effort to understand the sources, inventories, concentrations, and effects of mercury (Hg) contamination in the lake ecosystem. To construct the mass balance model, air, water, and sediment were sampled as a part of this project and other research/monitoring projects in the Lake Champlain Basin. This project produced a STELLA-based computer model and quantitative apportionments of the principal input and output pathways of Hg for each of 13 segments in the lake. The model Hg concentrations in the lake were consistent with measured concentrations. Specifically, the modeling identified surface water inflows as the largest direct contributor of Hg into the lake. Direct wet deposition to the lake was the second largest source of Hg followed by direct dry deposition. Volatilization and sedimentation losses were identified as the two major removal mechanisms. This study significantly improves previous estimates of the relative importance of Hg input pathways and of wet and dry deposition fluxes of Hg into Lake Champlain. It also provides new estimates of volatilization fluxes across different lake segments and sedimentation loss in the lake. ?? 2006 American Chemical Society.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Environmental Science and Technology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1021/es050513b","issn":"0013936X","usgsCitation":"Gao, N., Armatas, N., Shanley, J.B., Kamman, N., Miller, E., Keeler, G., Scherbatskoy, T., Holsen, T., Young, T., McIlroy, L., Drake, S., Olsen, B., and Cady, C., 2006, Mass balance assessment for mercury in Lake Champlain: Environmental Science & Technology, v. 40, no. 1, p. 82-89, https://doi.org/10.1021/es050513b.","startPage":"82","endPage":"89","numberOfPages":"8","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":211397,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es050513b"},{"id":238680,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"40","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2005-11-30","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a5246e4b0c8380cd6c2c1","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Gao, N.","contributorId":11405,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gao","given":"N.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":430004,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Armatas, N.G.","contributorId":74572,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Armatas","given":"N.G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":430012,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Shanley, J. B.","contributorId":52226,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Shanley","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":430010,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Kamman, N.C.","contributorId":51079,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kamman","given":"N.C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":430009,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Miller, E. K.","contributorId":9832,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Miller","given":"E. K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":430003,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Keeler, G.J.","contributorId":96449,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Keeler","given":"G.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":430015,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Scherbatskoy, T.","contributorId":25726,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Scherbatskoy","given":"T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":430006,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Holsen, T.M.","contributorId":33122,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Holsen","given":"T.M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":430008,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Young, T.","contributorId":88148,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Young","given":"T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":430014,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9},{"text":"McIlroy, L.","contributorId":31570,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McIlroy","given":"L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":430007,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":10},{"text":"Drake, S.","contributorId":78147,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Drake","given":"S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":430013,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":11},{"text":"Olsen, Bill","contributorId":54376,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Olsen","given":"Bill","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":430011,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":12},{"text":"Cady, C.","contributorId":16648,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cady","given":"C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":430005,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":13}]}} ,{"id":70028574,"text":"70028574 - 2006 - Effect of thermal maturation on the K-Ar, Rb-Sr and REE systematics of an organic-rich New Albany Shale as determined by hydrous pyrolysis","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:43","indexId":"70028574","displayToPublicDate":"2006-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1213,"text":"Chemical Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Effect of thermal maturation on the K-Ar, Rb-Sr and REE systematics of an organic-rich New Albany Shale as determined by hydrous pyrolysis","docAbstract":"Hydrous-pyrolysis experiments were conducted on an organic-rich Devonian-Mississippian shale, which was also leached by dilute HCl before and after pyrolysis, to identify and quantify the induced chemical and isotopic changes in the rock. The experiments significantly affect the organic-mineral organization, which plays an important role in natural interactions during diagenetic hydrocarbon maturation in source rocks. They produce 10.5% of volatiles and the amount of HCl leachables almost doubles from about 6% to 11%. The Rb-Sr and K-Ar data are significantly modified, but not just by removal of radiogenic 40Ar and 87Sr, as described in many studies of natural samples at similar thermal and hydrous conditions. The determining reactions relate to alteration of the organic matter marked by a significant change in the heavy REEs in the HCl leachate after pyrolysis, underlining the potential effects of acidic fluids in natural environments. Pyrolysis induces also release from organics of some Sr with a very low 87Sr/86Sr ratio, as well as part of U. Both seem to have been volatilised during the experiment, whereas other metals such as Pb, Th and part of U appear to have been transferred from soluble phases into stable (silicate?) components. Increase of the K2O and radiogenic 40Ar contents of the silicate minerals after pyrolysis is explained by removal of other elements that could only be volatilised, as the system remains strictly closed during the experiment. The observed increase in radiogenic 40Ar implies that it was not preferentially released as a volatile gas phase when escaping the altered mineral phases. It had to be re-incorporated into newly-formed soluble phases, which is opposite to the general knowledge about the behavior of Ar in supergene natural environments. Because of the strictly closed-system conditions, hydrous-pyrolysis experiments allow to better identify and even quantify the geochemical aspects of organic-inorganic interactions, such as elemental exchanges, transfers and volatilisation, in potential source-rock shales during natural diagenetic hydrocarbon maturation.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Chemical Geology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/j.chemgeo.2006.04.008","issn":"00092541","usgsCitation":"Clauer, N., Chaudhuri, S., Lewan, M.D., and Toulkeridis, T., 2006, Effect of thermal maturation on the K-Ar, Rb-Sr and REE systematics of an organic-rich New Albany Shale as determined by hydrous pyrolysis: Chemical Geology, v. 234, no. 1-2, p. 169-177, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemgeo.2006.04.008.","startPage":"169","endPage":"177","numberOfPages":"9","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":209893,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chemgeo.2006.04.008"},{"id":236636,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"234","issue":"1-2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0625e4b0c8380cd51102","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Clauer, Norbert","contributorId":79664,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Clauer","given":"Norbert","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":418674,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Chaudhuri, Sambhudas","contributorId":21708,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Chaudhuri","given":"Sambhudas","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":418671,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Lewan, M. D.","contributorId":46540,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lewan","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":418672,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Toulkeridis, T.","contributorId":76117,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Toulkeridis","given":"T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":418673,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70030666,"text":"70030666 - 2006 - Geochemical investigation of the potential for mobilizing non-methane hydrocarbons during carbon dioxide storage in deep coal beds","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:21:01","indexId":"70030666","displayToPublicDate":"2006-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1513,"text":"Energy and Fuels","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Geochemical investigation of the potential for mobilizing non-methane hydrocarbons during carbon dioxide storage in deep coal beds","docAbstract":"Coal samples of different rank (lignite to anthracite) were extracted in the laboratory with supercritical CO2 (40 ??C; 10 MPa) to evaluate the potential for mobilizing non-methane hydrocarbons during CO2 storage (sequestration) or enhanced coal bed methane recovery from deep (???1-km depth) coal beds. The total measured alkane concentrations mobilized from the coal samples ranged from 3.0 to 64 g tonne-1 of dry coal. The highest alkane concentration was measured in the lignite sample extract; the lowest was measured in the anthracite sample extract. Substantial concentrations of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were also mobilized from these samples: 3.1 - 91 g tonne-1 of dry coal. The greatest amounts of PAHs were mobilized from the high-volatile bituminous coal samples. The distributions of aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbons mobilized from the coal samples also varied with rank. In general, these variations mimicked the chemical changes that occur with increasing degrees of coalification and thermal maturation. For example, the amount of PAHs mobilized from coal samples paralleled the general trend of bitumen formation with increasing coal rank. The coal samples yielded hydrocarbons during consecutive extractions with supercritical CO2, although the amount of hydrocarbons mobilized declined with each successive extraction. These results demonstrate that the potential for supercritical CO2 to mobilize non-methane hydrocarbons from coal beds, and the effect of coal rank on this process, are important to consider when evaluating deep coal beds for CO2 storage.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Energy and Fuels","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1021/ef050040u","issn":"08870624","usgsCitation":"Kolak, J., and Burruss, R., 2006, Geochemical investigation of the potential for mobilizing non-methane hydrocarbons during carbon dioxide storage in deep coal beds: Energy and Fuels, v. 20, no. 2, p. 566-574, https://doi.org/10.1021/ef050040u.","startPage":"566","endPage":"574","numberOfPages":"9","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":477462,"rank":10000,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1021/ef050040u","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":239286,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":211908,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ef050040u"}],"volume":"20","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2006-01-07","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a1646e4b0c8380cd55100","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kolak, J.J.","contributorId":46246,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kolak","given":"J.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":428125,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Burruss, R.C. 0000-0001-6827-804X","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6827-804X","contributorId":99574,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Burruss","given":"R.C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":428126,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70030488,"text":"70030488 - 2006 - Potential soil cleanup objectives for nitrogen-containing fertilizers at agrichemical facilities","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:21:04","indexId":"70030488","displayToPublicDate":"2006-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3422,"text":"Soil and Sediment Contamination","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Potential soil cleanup objectives for nitrogen-containing fertilizers at agrichemical facilities","docAbstract":"Accidental and incidental chemical releases of nitrogen-containing fertilizers occur at retail agrichemical facilities. Because contaminated soil may threaten groundwater quality, the facility may require some type of site remediation. The purpose of this study was to apply the concepts of the Soil Screening Levels of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency to derive soil cleanup objectives (SCO) that are protective of groundwater quality in Illinois for nitrogen as nitrate and as ammonium. The Soil Screening Levels are based on the solute transport mechanisms of sorption, volatilization, and groundwater dilution, and the contaminant-specific groundwater cleanup objective used to derive the SCO. Because nitrate is relatively unreactive, only groundwater dilution could be taken into account in the derivation of a SCO. Using a default groundwater objective for potable groundwater, an SCO of 38 mg N-NO3/kg was derived. For ammonium, however, the extent of sorption was measured using an uncontaminated, surface-soil sample (0 to 15 cm) of 10 different soil types that occur in Illinois and three gravel-fill samples from three different agrichemical facilities. Using a default groundwater objective, an SCO was derived for each soil type. The median SCO was 989 mg N-NH4/kg. The SCO calculated for each of the 10 soil and 3 fill samples was positively correlated with cation exchange capacity, clay content, and surface area. It was concluded that this approach can be used to derive either default of site-specific SCOs for nitrogen as nitrate and as ammonium for chemical releases. Copyright ?? Taylor & Francis Group, LLC.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Soil and Sediment Contamination","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1080/15320380600646274","issn":"10588337","usgsCitation":"Roy, W.R., and Krapac, I., 2006, Potential soil cleanup objectives for nitrogen-containing fertilizers at agrichemical facilities: Soil and Sediment Contamination, v. 15, no. 3, p. 241-251, https://doi.org/10.1080/15320380600646274.","startPage":"241","endPage":"251","numberOfPages":"11","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":211866,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15320380600646274"},{"id":239239,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"15","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a7f60e4b0c8380cd7aac1","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Roy, William R.","contributorId":45454,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Roy","given":"William","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":427338,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Krapac, I.G.","contributorId":33850,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Krapac","given":"I.G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":427337,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70030467,"text":"70030467 - 2006 - Petrography and geochemistry of the Middle Devonian coal from Luquan, Yunnan Province, China","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:21:03","indexId":"70030467","displayToPublicDate":"2006-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1709,"text":"Fuel","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Petrography and geochemistry of the Middle Devonian coal from Luquan, Yunnan Province, China","docAbstract":"Coals from Luquan, Yunnan Province, China, have high contents of cutinite and microsporinite, with an average of 55 and 33.5 vol%, respectively, (on a mineral-free basis). The coals are classified as cutinitic liptobiolith, sporinite-rich durain, cutinite-rich durain, and sporinitic liptobiolith. These four liptinite-rich coals are often interlayered within the coal bed section and vary transversely within the coal bed. The vitrinite content varies from as low as 1.6-20.5% (mineral-free basis), and it is dominated by collodetrinite, collotelinite, and corpogelinite. The maceral composition may be attributed to the type of the peat-forming plant communities. Moreover, the Luquan coals are characterized by high contents of volatile matter, hydrogen, and oxygen, and the high values of the atomic hydrogen to carbon ratio as a result of the maceral composition. As compared with the common Chinese coals and the upper continental crust, the Luquan coals are enriched in Li, B, Cu, Ga, Se, Rb, Mo, Ba, Pb, Bi, and U, with averages of 99.9, 250, 111, 24.4, 4.55, 130, 58.8, 1276, 162, 3.85, and 34.1 ??g/g, respectively. The SEM-EDX results show that V, Cr, Ga, and Rb occur mainly in clay minerals, and Cu and Pb are associated with clay minerals and pyrite, and Mo and U are mainly in clay minerals and organic matter. Barite and clay minerals are the main carrier of barium. The high B and U contents are probably resulted from deep seawater influence during coal formation. ?? 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Fuel","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/j.fuel.2005.08.017","issn":"00162361","usgsCitation":"Dai, S., Han, D., and Chou, C.L., 2006, Petrography and geochemistry of the Middle Devonian coal from Luquan, Yunnan Province, China: Fuel, v. 85, no. 4, p. 456-464, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2005.08.017.","startPage":"456","endPage":"464","numberOfPages":"9","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":212042,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2005.08.017"},{"id":239450,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"85","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a779ee4b0c8380cd78536","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Dai, S.","contributorId":9757,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dai","given":"S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":427248,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Han, D.","contributorId":23740,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Han","given":"D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":427249,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Chou, C. L.","contributorId":32655,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Chou","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":427250,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70030472,"text":"70030472 - 2006 - Regional patterns in the isotopic composition of natural and anthropogenic nitrate in groundwater, High Plains, U.S.A.","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-06-01T16:14:34","indexId":"70030472","displayToPublicDate":"2006-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1565,"text":"Environmental Science & Technology","onlineIssn":"1520-5851","printIssn":"0013-936X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Regional patterns in the isotopic composition of natural and anthropogenic nitrate in groundwater, High Plains, U.S.A.","docAbstract":"Mobilization of natural nitrate (NO3-) deposits in the subsoil by irrigation water in arid and semiarid regions has the potential to produce large groundwater NO3- concentrations. The use of isotopes to distinguish between natural and anthropogenic NO3- sources in these settings could be complicated by the wide range in δ15N values of natural NO3-. An ∼10 000 year record of paleorecharge from the regionally extensive High Plains aquifer indicates that δ15N values for NO3- derived from natural sources ranged from 1.3 to 12.3‰ and increased systematically from the northern to the southern High Plains. This collective range in δ15N values spans the range that might be interpreted as evidence for fertilizer and animal-waste sources of NO3-; however, the δ15N values for NO3- in modern recharge ( less than 50 years) under irrigated fields were, for the most part, distinctly different from those of paleorecharge when viewed in the overall regional context. An inverse relation was observed between the δ15N[NO3-] values and the NO3-/Cl- ratios in paleorecharge that is qualitatively consistent with fractionating losses of N increasing from north to south in the High Plains. N and O isotope data for NO3- are consistent with both NH3 volatilization and denitrification, having contributed to fractionating losses of N prior to recharge. The relative importance of different isotope fractionating processes may be influenced by regional climate patterns as well as by local variation in soils, vegetation, topography, and moisture conditions.
","language":"English","publisher":"ACS Publications","doi":"10.1021/es052229q","issn":"0013936X","usgsCitation":"McMahon, P., and Böhlke, J., 2006, Regional patterns in the isotopic composition of natural and anthropogenic nitrate in groundwater, High Plains, U.S.A.: Environmental Science & Technology, v. 40, no. 9, p. 2965-2970, https://doi.org/10.1021/es052229q.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"2965","endPage":"2970","numberOfPages":"6","costCenters":[{"id":191,"text":"Colorado Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":239521,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":212099,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es052229q"}],"volume":"40","issue":"9","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2006-03-31","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"50e4a541e4b0e8fec6cdbdbf","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"McMahon, P.B. 0000-0001-7452-2379","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7452-2379","contributorId":10762,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McMahon","given":"P.B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":427265,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Böhlke, J.K. 0000-0001-5693-6455","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5693-6455","contributorId":96696,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Böhlke","given":"J.K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":427266,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70030797,"text":"70030797 - 2006 - Sampling strategies for volatile organic compounds at three karst springs in Tennessee","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:21:19","indexId":"70030797","displayToPublicDate":"2006-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1864,"text":"Ground Water Monitoring and Remediation","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Sampling strategies for volatile organic compounds at three karst springs in Tennessee","docAbstract":"The influence of different sampling strategies on characterizing volatile organic compound (VOC) concentrations and estimating VOC loads was evaluated at three karst springs in Tennessee. During a 6-month period, water samples for VOC analyses were collected weekly at all three springs and as frequently as every 20 min during storms at the two springs with variable water quality conditions. Total 6-month loads for selected VOCs were calculated, and VOC data were systematically subsampled to simulate and evaluate several potential sampling strategies. Results from the study indicate that sampling strategies for karst springs need to be developed on a site-specific basis. The use of fixed sampling intervals (as infrequently as quarterly or semiannually) produced accurate concentration and load estimates at one of the springs; however, additional sampling was needed to detect storm-related changes at a second spring located in a similar hydrogeologic setting. Continuous discharge data and high-frequency or flow-controlled sampling were needed at the third spring, which had the most variable flow and water quality conditions. The lack of continuous discharge data at the third spring would substantially affect load calculations, and the use of fixed sampling intervals would affect load calculations and the ability to detect pulses of high contaminant concentrations that might exceed toxicity levels for aquatic organisms. ?? 2006 National Ground Water Association.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Ground Water Monitoring and Remediation","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1111/j.1745-6592.2006.00044.x","issn":"10693629","usgsCitation":"Williams, S., Wolfe, W., and Farmer, J., 2006, Sampling strategies for volatile organic compounds at three karst springs in Tennessee: Ground Water Monitoring and Remediation, v. 26, no. 1, p. 53-62, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6592.2006.00044.x.","startPage":"53","endPage":"62","numberOfPages":"10","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":238696,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":211412,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6592.2006.00044.x"}],"volume":"26","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2006-02-13","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505ab093e4b0c8380cd87b9f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Williams, S.D.","contributorId":92706,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Williams","given":"S.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":428730,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Wolfe, W.J.","contributorId":10069,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wolfe","given":"W.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":428728,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Farmer, J.J.","contributorId":69358,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Farmer","given":"J.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":428729,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70030474,"text":"70030474 - 2006 - Nature and characteristics of the flows that carved the Simud and Tiu outflow channels, Mars","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:21:13","indexId":"70030474","displayToPublicDate":"2006-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1807,"text":"Geophysical Research Letters","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Nature and characteristics of the flows that carved the Simud and Tiu outflow channels, Mars","docAbstract":"Geomorphic and topographic relations of higher and lower levels of dissection within the Simud and Tiu Valles outflow channels on Mars reveal new insights into their formational histories. We find that the water floods that carved the higher channel floors were primarily sourced from Hydaspis Chaos. The floods apparently branched into distributaries downstream that promoted rapid freezing and sublimation of water and limited discharge into the lowlands. In contrast, we suggest that the lower outflow channels were carved by debris flows from Hydraotes Chaos. Surges within individual debris flows possessed variable volatile contents and led to the deposition of smooth deposits marked by low relief longitudinal ridges. Lower outflow channel discharges resulted in widespread deposition within the Simud/Tiu Valles as well as within the northern plains of Mars. Copyright 2006 by the American Geophysical Union.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Geophysical Research Letters","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1029/2005GL024320","issn":"00948276","usgsCitation":"Rodriguez, J., Tanaka, K.L., Miyamoto, H., and Sasaki, S., 2006, Nature and characteristics of the flows that carved the Simud and Tiu outflow channels, Mars: Geophysical Research Letters, v. 33, no. 8, https://doi.org/10.1029/2005GL024320.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":212128,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2005GL024320"},{"id":239555,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"33","issue":"8","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2006-03-14","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a638fe4b0c8380cd7256e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Rodriguez, J.A.P.","contributorId":55948,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rodriguez","given":"J.A.P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":427271,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Tanaka, K. L.","contributorId":31394,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Tanaka","given":"K.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":427270,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Miyamoto, H.","contributorId":56831,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Miyamoto","given":"H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":427272,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Sasaki, S.","contributorId":78534,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sasaki","given":"S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":427273,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70028274,"text":"70028274 - 2006 - Overview of investigations into mercury in ground water, soils, and septage, New Jersey coastal plain","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-10-21T10:44:57","indexId":"70028274","displayToPublicDate":"2006-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3728,"text":"Water, Air, & Soil Pollution","onlineIssn":"1573-2932","printIssn":"0049-6979","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Overview of investigations into mercury in ground water, soils, and septage, New Jersey coastal plain","docAbstract":"Since the early 1980s, investigations by health departments of eight counties in southern New Jersey, by the NJ Department of Environmental Protection (NJDEP), and subsequently by the US Geological Survey (USGS), have shown that Hg concentrations in water tapped by about 600 domestic wells exceed the maximum contaminant level (MCL) of 2 μg/L. The wells are finished in the areally extensive unconfined Kirkwood-Cohansey aquifer system of New Jersey's Coastal Plain; background concentrations of Hg in water from this system are < 0.01 μg/L. Evidence of contributions from point sources of Hg, such as landfills or commercial and industrial hazardous-waste sites, is lacking. During 1996–2003, the USGS collected water samples from 203 domestic, irrigation, observation, and production wells using ultraclean techniques; septage, leach-field effluent, soils, and aquifer sediments also were sampled. Elevated concentrations of NH4, B, Cl, NO3, and Na and presence of surfactants in domestic-well water indicate that septic-system effluent can affect water quality in unsewered residential areas, but neither septage nor effluent appears to be a major Hg source. Detections of hydrogen sulfide in ground water at a residential area indicate localized reducing conditions; undetectable SO4 concentrations in water from other residential areas indicate that reducing conditions, which could be conducive to Hg methylation, may be common locally. Volatile organic compounds (VOCs), mostly chlorinated solvents, also are found in ground water at the affected areas, but statistically significant associations between presence of Hg and VOCs were absent for most areas evaluated. Hg concentrations are lower in some filtered water samples than in paired unfiltered samples, likely indicating that some Hg is associated with particles or colloids. The source of colloids may be soils, which, when undisturbed, contain higher concentrations of Hg than do disturbed soils and aquifer sediments. Soil disturbance during residential development and inputs from septic systems are hypothesized to mobilize Hg from soils to ground water.
","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1007/s11270-006-9130-1","issn":"00496979","usgsCitation":"Barringer, J.L., and Szabo, Z., 2006, Overview of investigations into mercury in ground water, soils, and septage, New Jersey coastal plain: Water, Air, & Soil Pollution, v. 175, no. 1-4, p. 193-221, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11270-006-9130-1.","productDescription":"29 p.","startPage":"193","endPage":"221","numberOfPages":"29","costCenters":[{"id":470,"text":"New Jersey Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":237307,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"New Jersey","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -74.28955078125,\n 40.53258931069554\n ],\n [\n -74.41314697265625,\n 40.53050177574321\n ],\n [\n -74.8004150390625,\n 40.18516846826054\n ],\n [\n -75.07507324218749,\n 39.97922477476731\n ],\n [\n -75.14923095703125,\n 39.8992015115692\n ],\n [\n -75.223388671875,\n 39.857046423130654\n ],\n [\n -75.399169921875,\n 39.838068180000015\n ],\n [\n -75.56396484375,\n 39.65011210186371\n ],\n [\n -75.5474853515625,\n 39.480725519034394\n ],\n [\n -75.15472412109375,\n 39.20033381963202\n ],\n [\n -74.97344970703124,\n 39.18117526158749\n ],\n [\n -74.893798828125,\n 39.16839998800286\n ],\n [\n -74.970703125,\n 38.9380483825641\n ],\n [\n -74.8828125,\n 38.90813299596705\n ],\n [\n -74.35546875,\n 39.41497702499074\n ],\n [\n -74.05334472656249,\n 39.787433886224406\n ],\n [\n -73.948974609375,\n 40.44276659332215\n ],\n [\n -74.014892578125,\n 40.49709237269567\n ],\n [\n -74.278564453125,\n 40.48038142908172\n ],\n [\n -74.28955078125,\n 40.53258931069554\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"175","issue":"1-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2006-07-08","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a7210e4b0c8380cd768e2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Barringer, J. L.","contributorId":13994,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Barringer","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":417348,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Szabo, Zoltan 0000-0002-0760-9607 zszabo@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0760-9607","contributorId":2240,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Szabo","given":"Zoltan","email":"zszabo@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":451,"text":"National Water Quality Assessment Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":417349,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70028288,"text":"70028288 - 2006 - Petrology and chemistry of Permian coals from the Paraná Basin: 1. Santa Terezinha, Leão-Butiá and Candiota Coalfields, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-04-20T09:36:44","indexId":"70028288","displayToPublicDate":"2006-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2033,"text":"International Journal of Coal Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Petrology and chemistry of Permian coals from the Paraná Basin: 1. Santa Terezinha, Leão-Butiá and Candiota Coalfields, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil","docAbstract":"The current paper presents results on petrological and geochemical coal seam characterization in Permian coal-bearing strata from the Paraná Basin, southern Brazil. Sequence stratigraphic analysis shows that peat accumulation in Permian time was closely linked to transgressive/regressive cycles, with peat accumulation occurring in a predominantly back barrier/lagoonal setting.
\nCoal petrographic analysis indicates subbituminous coals at Candiota and Leão-Butiá and high volatile bituminous coals at Santa Terezinha, where locally the coal seams are thermally altered by volcanic intrusions. Petrographic composition is highly variable, with seams at Candiota and Santa Terezinha frequently enriched in inertinite.
\nChemical analyses indicate that all coals are mineral matter-rich (mean 49.09 wt.%), with SiO2 and Al2O3 dominating as determined by ICP-AES. Quartz is also the predominant mineral detected by X-ray diffraction, where it is associated with feldspar, kaolinite and hematite and iron-rich carbonates. The results from Scanning Electron Microscopy are broadly consistent with the bulk chemical and mineralogical analysis. Quartz and clays are common in all samples analyzed. Other minerals observed were, amongst others, carbonates (calcite, siderite, ankerite), pyrite, monazite, kaolinite, barite, sphalerite, rutile and quartz of volcanic origin.
\nThe distribution of trace elements is well within the range typical for coal basins of other areas despite the fact that the Paraná Basin coals are very high in ash yields. The average concentrations for elements of environmental concern (As, B, Be, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Hg, Li, Mn, Mo, Ni, Pb, Sb, Se, Tl, U, V, Zn) are similar to or less than the mean values for U.S. coal. However, considered on an equal energy basis, Paraná Basin coals will produce in combustion 5 to 10 times the amount of most elements compared to an equal weight US coal.
\nConcentrations of major and trace elements, such as Fe, B and S, appear to be controlled by depositional setting, with increasing values in coal seams overlain by brackish/marine strata.
\nHierarchical cluster analysis identified three groups of major minerals and seven groups of trace elements based on similarity levels. On a regional scale, the coalfields can be separated by the differences in rank (Candiota and Leão-Butiá versus Santa Terezinha) and by applying discriminant analysis based on 4 trace elements (Li, As, Sr, Sb). Highest Rb and Sr values occur at Candiota and are linked to syngenetic volcanism of the area, whereas high Y and Sr values at Santa Terezinha can be related to the frequent diabase intrusions in that area.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/j.coal.2005.10.006","issn":"01665162","usgsCitation":"Kalkreuth, W., Holz, M., Kern, M., Machado, G., Mexias, A., Silva, M., Willett, J., Finkelman, R., and Burger, H., 2006, Petrology and chemistry of Permian coals from the Paraná Basin: 1. Santa Terezinha, Leão-Butiá and Candiota Coalfields, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil: International Journal of Coal Geology, v. 68, no. 1-2 SPEC. ISS., p. 79-116, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.coal.2005.10.006.","productDescription":"38 p.","startPage":"79","endPage":"116","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":236957,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":210129,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.coal.2005.10.006"}],"volume":"68","issue":"1-2 SPEC. ISS.","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a7819e4b0c8380cd7862d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kalkreuth, W.","contributorId":12255,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kalkreuth","given":"W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":417404,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Holz, M.","contributorId":71376,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Holz","given":"M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":417409,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Kern, M.","contributorId":64438,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kern","given":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":417408,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Machado, G.","contributorId":76121,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Machado","given":"G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":417410,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Mexias, A.","contributorId":78530,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mexias","given":"A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":417411,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Silva, M.B.","contributorId":31189,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Silva","given":"M.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":417405,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Willett, J.","contributorId":54010,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Willett","given":"J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":417406,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Finkelman, R.","contributorId":56812,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Finkelman","given":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":417407,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Burger, H.","contributorId":86558,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Burger","given":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":417412,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9}]}} ,{"id":70028153,"text":"70028153 - 2006 - Firm size diversity, functional richness, and resilience","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-01-12T12:18:39","indexId":"70028153","displayToPublicDate":"2006-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1524,"text":"Environment and Development Economics","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Firm size diversity, functional richness, and resilience","docAbstract":"This paper applies recent advances in ecology to our understanding of firm development, sustainability, and economic development. The ecological literature indicates that the greater the functional richness of species in a system, the greater its resilience - that is, its ability to persist in the face of substantial changes in the environment. This paper focuses on the effects of functional richness across firm size on the ability of industries to survive in the face of economic change. Our results indicate that industries with a richness of industrial functions are more resilient to employment volatility. ?? 2006 Cambridge University Press.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Environment and Development Economics","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1017/S1355770X06003081","issn":"1355770X","usgsCitation":"Garmestani, A., Allen, C.R., Mittelstaedt, J., Stow, C., and Ward, W., 2006, Firm size diversity, functional richness, and resilience: Environment and Development Economics, v. 11, no. 4, p. 533-551, https://doi.org/10.1017/S1355770X06003081.","startPage":"533","endPage":"551","numberOfPages":"19","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":210177,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S1355770X06003081"},{"id":237019,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"11","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2006-07-13","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a104de4b0c8380cd53bf3","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Garmestani, A.S.","contributorId":86882,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Garmestani","given":"A.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":416799,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Allen, Craig R. 0000-0001-8655-8272 allencr@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8655-8272","contributorId":1979,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Allen","given":"Craig","email":"allencr@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":200,"text":"Coop Res Unit Seattle","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":198,"text":"Coop Res Unit Atlanta","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":416801,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Mittelstaedt, J.D.","contributorId":22133,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mittelstaedt","given":"J.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":416798,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Stow, C.A.","contributorId":99935,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stow","given":"C.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":416802,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Ward, W.A.","contributorId":88139,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ward","given":"W.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":416800,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70028111,"text":"70028111 - 2006 - The heartbeat of the volcano: The discovery of episodic activity at Prometheus on Io","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-11-07T08:31:55","indexId":"70028111","displayToPublicDate":"2006-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1963,"text":"Icarus","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The heartbeat of the volcano: The discovery of episodic activity at Prometheus on Io","docAbstract":"The temporal signature of thermal emission from a volcano is a valuable clue to the processes taking place both at and beneath the surface. The Galileo Near Infrared Mapping Spectrometer (NIMS) observed the volcano Prometheus, on the jovian moon Io, on multiple occasions between 1996 and 2002. The 5 micron (μm) brightness of this volcano shows considerable variation from orbit to orbit. Prometheus exhibits increases in thermal emission that indicate episodic (though non-periodic) effusive activity in a manner akin to the current Pu'u 'O'o-Kupaianaha (afterwards referred to as the Pu'u 'O'o) eruption of Kilauea, Hawai'i. The volume of material erupted during one Prometheus eruption episode (defined as the interval from minimum thermal emission to peak and back to minimum) from 6 November 1996 to 7 May 1997 is estimated to be ∼0.8 km3, with a peak instantaneous volumetric flux (effusion rate) of ∼140 m3 s−1, and an averaged volumetric flux (eruption rate) of ∼49 m3 s−1. These quantities are used to model subsurface structure, magma storage and magma supply mechanisms, and likely magma chamber depth. Prometheus appears to be supplied by magma from a relatively shallow magma chamber, with a roof at a minimum depth of ∼2–3 km and a maximum depth of ∼14 km. This is a much shallower depth range than sources of supply proposed for explosive, possibly ultramafic, eruptions at Pillan and Tvashtar. As Prometheus-type effusive activity is widespread on Io, shallow magma chambers containing magma of basaltic or near-basaltic composition and density may be common. This analysis strengthens the analogy between Prometheus and Pu'u 'O'o, at least in terms of eruption style. Even though the style of eruption appears to be similar (effusive emplacement of thin, insulated, compound pahoehoe flows) the scale of activity at Prometheus greatly exceeds current activity at Pu'u 'O'o in terms of volume erupted, area covered, and magma flux. Whereas the estimated magma chamber at Prometheus dwarfs the Pu'u 'O'o magma chamber, it fits within expectations if the Pu'u 'O'o chamber were scaled for the greater volumetric flux and lower gravity of Io. Recent volumetric eruption rates derived from Galileodata for Prometheus were considerably smaller than the rate that produced the extensive flows formed in the ∼17 years between the Voyager and Galileo missions. These smaller eruption rates, coupled with the fact that flows are not expanding laterally, may mean that the immediate heat source that generates the Prometheus plume is simultaneously running out of available volatiles and the thermal energy that drives mobilization of volatiles. This raises the question of whether the current Prometheus eruption is in its last throes.
","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Icarus","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/j.icarus.2006.05.012","issn":"00191035","usgsCitation":"Davies, A., Wilson, L., Matson, D., Leone, G., Keszthelyi, L., and Jaeger, W.L., 2006, The heartbeat of the volcano: The discovery of episodic activity at Prometheus on Io: Icarus, v. 184, no. 2, p. 460-477, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.icarus.2006.05.012.","productDescription":"18 p.","startPage":"460","endPage":"477","numberOfPages":"18","costCenters":[{"id":131,"text":"Astrogeology Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":236839,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":210040,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.icarus.2006.05.012"}],"volume":"184","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bacb1e4b08c986b323686","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Davies, Ashley G.","contributorId":36827,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Davies","given":"Ashley G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":416588,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Wilson, Lionel","contributorId":82203,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wilson","given":"Lionel","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":416585,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Matson, Dennis","contributorId":210503,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Matson","given":"Dennis","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":416584,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Leone, Giovanni","contributorId":18250,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Leone","given":"Giovanni","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":416589,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Keszthelyi, Laszlo P. 0000-0003-1879-4331 laz@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1879-4331","contributorId":52802,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Keszthelyi","given":"Laszlo P.","email":"laz@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":131,"text":"Astrogeology Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":416587,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Jaeger, Windy L.","contributorId":61679,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jaeger","given":"Windy","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":416586,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70028161,"text":"70028161 - 2006 - Mercury content and petrographic composition in Pennsylvanian coal beds of Indiana, USA","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:42","indexId":"70028161","displayToPublicDate":"2006-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2033,"text":"International Journal of Coal Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Mercury content and petrographic composition in Pennsylvanian coal beds of Indiana, USA","docAbstract":"A suite of high volatile bituminous coals of Pennsylvanian age from Indiana has been studied for their mercury (Hg) concentration and relationship between mercury content and maceral and lithotype composition. The coals ranged in Hg content from 0.02 in the Danville Coal Member to 0.31 ppm in the Upper Block Coal Member. Our study indicates that relationships between petrographic composition of coal and mercury content are site specific. This lack of a consistent relationship is explained by the fact that most Hg occurs in pyrite and not in the organic matter itself. Comparison of Hg content in durain/vitrain pairs shows that durain has more frequently a higher Hg content than vitrain, but the difference in frequency is inconsequential and shows no consistent pattern for a single coal bed or a single location. We suggest that increased concentration of Hg in vitrain is related to the presence of epigenetic pyrite in cleats. ?? 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"International Journal of Coal Geology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/j.coal.2005.10.002","issn":"01665162","usgsCitation":"Mastalerz, M., Drobniak, A., and Filippelli, G., 2006, Mercury content and petrographic composition in Pennsylvanian coal beds of Indiana, USA: International Journal of Coal Geology, v. 68, no. 1-2 SPEC. ISS., p. 2-13, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.coal.2005.10.002.","startPage":"2","endPage":"13","numberOfPages":"12","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":210260,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.coal.2005.10.002"},{"id":237129,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"68","issue":"1-2 SPEC. ISS.","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a53f6e4b0c8380cd6ce3a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Mastalerz, Maria","contributorId":78065,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mastalerz","given":"Maria","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":416846,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Drobniak, A.","contributorId":11748,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Drobniak","given":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":416844,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Filippelli, G.","contributorId":52388,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Filippelli","given":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":416845,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70030921,"text":"70030921 - 2006 - Growth history of Kilauea inferred from volatile concentrations in submarine-collected basalts","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-03-25T11:26:25","indexId":"70030921","displayToPublicDate":"2006-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2499,"text":"Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Growth history of Kilauea inferred from volatile concentrations in submarine-collected basalts","docAbstract":"Major-element and volatile (H2O, CO2, S) compositions of glasses from the submarine flanks of Kilauea Volcano record its growth from pre-shield into tholeiite shield-stage. Pillow lavas of mildly alkalic basalt at 2600–1900 mbsl on the upper slope of the south flank are an intermediate link between deeper alkalic volcaniclastics and the modern tholeiite shield. Lava clast glasses from the west flank of Papau Seamount are subaerial Mauna Loa-like tholeiite and mark the contact between the two volcanoes. H2O and CO2 in sandstone and breccia glasses from the Hilina bench, and in alkalic to tholeiitic pillow glasses above and to the east, were measured by FTIR. Volatile saturation pressures equal sampling depths (10 MPa = 1000 m water) for south flank and Puna Ridge pillow lavas, suggesting recovery near eruption depths and/or vapor re-equilibration during down-slope flow. South flank glasses are divisible into low-pressure (CO2 <40 ppm, H2O < 0.5 wt.%, S <500 ppm), moderate-pressure (CO2 <40 ppm, H2O >0.5 wt.%, S 1000–1700 ppm), and high-pressure groups (CO2 >40 ppm, S ∼1000 ppm), corresponding to eruption ≥ sea level, at moderate water depths (300–1000 m) or shallower but in disequilibrium, and in deep water (>1000 m). Saturation pressures range widely in early alkalic to strongly alkalic breccia clast and sandstone glasses, establishing that early Kīlauea's vents spanned much of Mauna Loa's submarine flank, with some vents exceeding sea level. Later south flank alkalic pillow lavas expose a sizeable submarine edifice that grew concurrent with nearby subaerial alkalic eruptions. The onset of the tholeiitic shield stage is marked by extension of eruptions eastward and into deeper water (to 5500 m) during growth of the Puna Ridge. Subaerial and shallow water eruptions from earliest Kilauea show that it is underlain shallowly by Mauna Loa, implying that Mauna Loa is larger, and Kilauea smaller, than previously recognized.