The Great Lakes face a number of serious challenges that cause damage to water quality, habitat, ecology, and coastal health. Excess nutrients from point and nonpoint sources have a history of causing harmful algal blooms (HABs); since the late 1990s, a resurgence of HABs have forced beach closures and resulted in water quality impairments across the Great Lakes. Studies increasingly point to phosphorus (P) runoff from agricultural lands as the cause of these HABs. In 2010, the Great Lakes Restoration Initiative (GLRI) was launched to revitalize the Great Lakes. The GLRI aims to address the challenges facing the Great Lakes and provide a framework for restoration and protection. As part of this effort, the Priority Watersheds Work Group (PWWG), cochaired by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and the U.S. Department of Agriculture-Natural Resources Conservation Service (USDA–NRCS), is targeting Priority Watersheds (PWs) to reduce the amount of P reaching the Great Lakes. Within the PWs, USDA–NRCS identifies small-scale subbasins with high concentrations of agriculture for coordinated nutrient reduction efforts and enhanced monitoring and modeling. The USDA–NRCS supplies financial and/or technical assistance to producers to install or implement best management practices (BMPs) to lessen the negative effects of agriculture to water quality; additional funding is provided by the GLRI through USDA–NRCS to saturate the small-scale subbasins with BMPs. The watershed modeling component, introduced in this fact sheet, assesses the effectiveness of USDA–NRCS funded BMPs, and nutrient reductions because of GLRI or other funding programs are differentiated. Modeling scenarios consider BMPs that have already been applied and those planned to be implemented across the small-scale subbasins.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/fs20153066","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency and the U.S. Department of Agriculture-Natural Resources Conservation Service","usgsCitation":"Merriman, K.R., 2015, Development of an assessment tool for agricultural best management practice implementation in the Great Lakes restoration initiative priority watersheds—Eagle Creek, tributary to Maumee River, Ohio: U.S. U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet 2015–3066, 6 p., https://dx.doi.org/10.3133/fs20153066.","productDescription":"6 p.","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-070205","costCenters":[{"id":344,"text":"Illinois Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":311089,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2015/3066/coverthb.jpg"},{"id":311090,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2015/3066/fs20153066.pdf","text":"Report","size":"1.28 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"FS 2015-3066"},{"id":311091,"rank":3,"type":{"id":7,"text":"Companion Files"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/publication/fs20153065","text":"Fact Sheet 2015-3065","size":"1.20 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"FS 2015-3066"},{"id":311092,"rank":4,"type":{"id":7,"text":"Companion Files"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/publication/fs20153067","text":"Fact Sheet 2015-3067","size":"1.16 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"FS 2015-3066"}],"country":"United States","state":"Ohio","otherGeospatial":"Eagle Creek, Maumee River","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -83.72749328613281,\n 40.730608477796636\n ],\n [\n -83.72749328613281,\n 41.000629848685385\n ],\n [\n -83.57574462890625,\n 41.000629848685385\n ],\n [\n -83.57574462890625,\n 40.730608477796636\n ],\n [\n -83.72749328613281,\n 40.730608477796636\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","contact":"Director, Illinois Water Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
405 N. Goodwin Ave.
Urbana, IL 61801
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The Great Lakes face a number of serious challenges that cause damage to water quality, habitat, ecology, and coastal health. Excess nutrients from point and nonpoint sources have a history of causing harmful algal blooms (HABs); since the late 1990s, a resurgence of HABs have forced beach closures and resulted in water quality impairments across the Great Lakes. Studies increasingly point to phosphorus (P) runoff from agricultural lands as the cause of these HABs. In 2010, the Great Lakes Restoration Initiative (GLRI) was launched to revitalize the Great Lakes. The GLRI aims to address the challenges facing the Great Lakes and provide a framework for restoration and protection. As part of this effort, the Priority Watersheds Work Group (PWWG), cochaired by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and the U.S. Department of Agriculture-Natural Resources Conservation Service (USDA–NRCS), is targeting Priority Watersheds (PWs) to reduce the amount of P reaching the Great Lakes. Within the PWs, USDA–NRCS identifies small-scale subbasins with high concentrations of agriculture for coordinated nutrient reduction efforts and enhanced monitoring and modeling. The USDA–NRCS supplies financial and/or technical assistance to producers to install or implement best management practices (BMPs) to lessen the negative effects of agriculture to water quality; additional funding is provided by the GLRI through USDA–NRCS to saturate the small-scale subbasins with BMPs. The watershed modeling component, introduced in this fact sheet, assesses the effectiveness of USDA–NRCS funded BMPs, and nutrient reductions because of GLRI or other funding programs are differentiated. Modeling scenarios consider BMPs that have already been applied and those planned to be implemented across the small-scale subbasins.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/fs20153067","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency and the U.S. Department of Agriculture-Natural Resources Conservation Service","usgsCitation":"Merriman, K.R., 2015, Development of an assessment tool for agricultural best management practice Implementation in the Great Lakes Restoration Initiative priority watersheds—Alger Creek, tributary to Saginaw River, Michigan: U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet 2015–3067, 6 p., https://dx.doi.org/10.3133/fs20153067.","productDescription":"2 p.","numberOfPages":"2","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-070206","costCenters":[{"id":344,"text":"Illinois Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":438665,"rank":5,"type":{"id":30,"text":"Data Release"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5066/F7ST7P39","text":"USGS data release","linkHelpText":"Daily loads of nutrients, sediment, and chloride at Great Lakes Restoration Initiative USGS edge-of-field and tile stations"},{"id":311095,"rank":3,"type":{"id":7,"text":"Companion Files"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/publication/fs20153065","text":"Fact Sheet 2015-3065","size":"1.20 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"FS 2015-3067"},{"id":311096,"rank":4,"type":{"id":7,"text":"Companion Files"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/publication/fs20153066","text":"Fact Sheet 2015-3066","size":"1.28 MB","description":"FS 2015-3067"},{"id":311093,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2015/3067/coverthb.jpg"},{"id":311094,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2015/3067/fs20153067.pdf","size":"1.16 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"FS 2015-3067"}],"country":"United States","state":"Michigan","otherGeospatial":"Alger Creek","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -85.166015625,\n 42.52879629320373\n ],\n [\n -85.166015625,\n 43.937461690316646\n ],\n [\n -82.77099609375,\n 43.937461690316646\n ],\n [\n -82.77099609375,\n 42.52879629320373\n ],\n [\n -85.166015625,\n 42.52879629320373\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","contact":"Director, Illinois Water Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
405 N. Goodwin Ave>
Urbana, IL 6180
http://il.water.usgs.gov
","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":6,"text":"Columbus PSC"},"publishedDate":"2015-11-19","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2015-11-19","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"564ef2b7e4b064dd1d095556","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Merriman, Katherine R. 0000-0002-1303-2410 kmerriman@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1303-2410","contributorId":4973,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Merriman","given":"Katherine","email":"kmerriman@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":344,"text":"Illinois Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":579479,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70159136,"text":"fs20153072 - 2015 - Assessment of shale-oil resources of the Central Sumatra Basin, Indonesia, 2015","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-02-15T15:02:47","indexId":"fs20153072","displayToPublicDate":"2015-11-12T12:00:00","publicationYear":"2015","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":313,"text":"Fact Sheet","code":"FS","onlineIssn":"2327-6932","printIssn":"2327-6916","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2015-3072","title":"Assessment of shale-oil resources of the Central Sumatra Basin, Indonesia, 2015","docAbstract":"
Using a geology-based assessment methodology, the U.S. Geological Survey estimated means of 459 million barrels of shale oil, 275 billion cubic feet of associated gas, and 23 million barrels of natural gas liquids in the Central Sumatra Basin, Indonesia.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/fs20153072","collaboration":"National and Global Petroleum Assessment","usgsCitation":"Schenk, C.J., Charpentier, R.R., Klett, T.R., Tennyson, M.E., Mercier, T.J., Brownfield, M.E., Pitman, J.K., Gaswirth, S.B., and Leathers-Miller, H.M., 2015, Assessment of shale-oil resources of the Central Sumatra Basin, Indonesia, 2015: U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet 2015-3072, 2 p., https://dx.doi.org/10.3133/fs20153072.","productDescription":"2 p.","numberOfPages":"2","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-066710","costCenters":[{"id":164,"text":"Central Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":311106,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2015/3072/fs20153072.pdf","text":"Report","size":"2.50 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"FS 2015-3072"},{"id":311104,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2015/3072/coverthb.jpg"}],"country":"Indonesia","otherGeospatial":"Central Sumatra Basin","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n 100.99731445312499,\n 3.1734250695079433\n ],\n [\n 101.173095703125,\n 2.701635047944533\n ],\n [\n 101.656494140625,\n 2.3065056838291094\n ],\n [\n 102.315673828125,\n 1.8124417945380265\n ],\n [\n 102.645263671875,\n 1.4390576608077637\n ],\n [\n 102.908935546875,\n 1.0656123898763876\n ],\n [\n 103.17260742187499,\n 0.7031073524364783\n ],\n [\n 103.22753906249999,\n 0.4614207935306211\n ],\n [\n 103.46923828124999,\n 0.2856433479945185\n ],\n [\n 103.64501953125,\n 0.03295898255729738\n ],\n [\n 103.798828125,\n -0.21972602392080884\n ],\n [\n 103.831787109375,\n -0.4394488164139641\n ],\n [\n 103.60107421874999,\n -0.6481795331595092\n ],\n [\n 103.4033203125,\n -0.8019757647536726\n ],\n [\n 103.018798828125,\n -0.7470491450051796\n ],\n [\n 102.623291015625,\n -1.098565496040652\n ],\n [\n 102.10693359375,\n -0.9008417889908868\n ],\n [\n 101.832275390625,\n -0.9667509997666298\n ],\n [\n 100.94238281249999,\n -0.39550467153200675\n ],\n [\n 100.338134765625,\n 0.39550467153201946\n ],\n [\n 100.118408203125,\n 0.6811362994451233\n ],\n [\n 100.03051757812499,\n 1.3951257897508365\n ],\n [\n 99.755859375,\n 1.5708480935151505\n ],\n [\n 100.99731445312499,\n 3.1734250695079433\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","contact":"Director, Central Energy Resources Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
Box 25046, MS-939
Denver Federal Center
Denver, CO 80225-0046
http://energy.usgs.gov/
The U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) analyzes mineral and metal supply chains to identify and describe major components of material flows from ore extraction, through intermediate forms, to a final product. Supply chain analyses may be used to identify risks to the United States associated with the supply of critical and strategic minerals and metals and to provide greater supply chain transparency so that policymakers have the fact-based information needed to formulate public policy. This fact sheet focuses on the gold supply chain.
\nThe USGS National Minerals Information Center (NMIC) has been asked by governmental and non-governmental organizations to provide information about tantalum, tin, tungsten, and gold (collectively known as “3TG minerals” ) processing facilities worldwide in response to U.S. legislation aimed at identifying and removing the supply chain links associated with the trade of these metals and minerals among armed groups in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) and adjacent countries. Post-beneficiation processing plants (generally called smelters and refineries) for tantalum, tin, and tungsten (3T) mineral ores and concentrates were identified by company and industry association representatives as being the link in the 3T mineral supply chain through which these minerals can be traced to their source of origin (mine). Tungsten processing plants were the subject of the first fact sheet in a series of USGS reports about 3TG minerals, which was published by the NMIC in August 2014 (Bermúdez-Lugo, 2014). Background information about historical conditions and the voluntary due diligence of multinational stakeholders for minerals from conflict-affected and high-risk areas is presented in the tungsten fact sheet. The current fact sheet, the fourth and last in the series about 3TG minerals, focuses on the gold supply chain.
\nProcessing of the 3T mineral concentrates requires substantial infrastructure and capital and generally is done at relatively few specialized facilities that are not located at the mine site; primary and secondary processors typically are at separate locations. Gold, however, can easily be processed into semi-refined products at or near the mine site and has a high unit value in any form, which allows it to be readily exported through undocumented channels, making it more difficult to track to the mine or region of origin. To put this in perspective, 30 kilograms (66 pounds) of 83 percent pure gold (20 carat) would form a cube measuring 12 centimeters per side (about the size of a small tissue box) and, at a price of $1,200 per ounce, would be worth nearly $1 million. By contrast, the equivalent value of tungsten concentrates would weigh about 45 metric tons (t) (100,000 pounds). Once conflict sourced gold has been combined with gold from other mines and scrap at a refiner, there is no feasible way to distinguish the source of the gold. Thus, once the gold leaves the immediate area of production, it is nearly indistinguishable from gold products mined in other areas.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/fs20153075","usgsCitation":"George, M.W., 2015, Conflict minerals from the Democratic Republic of the Congo--Gold supply chain (ver. 1.1, December 10, 2015): U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet, 4 p., https://dx.doi.org/10.3133/fs20153075.","productDescription":"4 p.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-068950","costCenters":[{"id":432,"text":"National Minerals Information Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":312105,"rank":3,"type":{"id":25,"text":"Version History"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2015/3075/versionHist.txt","description":"FS 2015-3075"},{"id":311131,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2015/3075/fs20153075.pdf","text":"Report","size":"2.93 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"FS 2015-3075"},{"id":311130,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2015/3075/coverthb2.jpg"}],"country":"Democratic Republic of Congo","geographicExtents":"{\"type\":\"FeatureCollection\",\"features\":[{\"type\":\"Feature\",\"geometry\":{\"type\":\"Polygon\",\"coordinates\":[[[30.83386,3.50917],[30.77335,2.33988],[31.17415,2.20447],[30.85267,1.8494],[30.46851,1.58381],[30.08615,1.06231],[29.87578,0.59738],[29.8195,-0.20531],[29.58784,-0.58741],[29.57947,-1.34131],[29.29189,-1.62006],[29.25483,-2.21511],[29.11748,-2.29221],[29.02493,-2.83926],[29.27638,-3.29391],[29.34,-4.49998],[29.51999,-5.41998],[29.41999,-5.94],[29.62003,-6.52002],[30.2,-7.07998],[30.74002,-8.34001],[30.34609,-8.23826],[29.00291,-8.40703],[28.73487,-8.52656],[28.44987,-9.16492],[28.67368,-9.60592],[28.49607,-10.78988],[28.37225,-11.79365],[28.64242,-11.97157],[29.34155,-12.36074],[29.616,-12.17889],[29.69961,-13.25723],[28.93429,-13.24896],[28.52356,-12.6986],[28.15511,-12.27248],[27.3888,-12.13275],[27.16442,-11.60875],[26.55309,-11.92444],[25.75231,-11.78497],[25.41812,-11.33094],[24.78317,-11.23869],[24.31452,-11.26283],[24.25716,-10.95199],[23.91222,-10.92683],[23.45679,-10.86786],[22.83735,-11.01762],[22.4028,-10.99308],[22.15527,-11.0848],[22.20875,-9.8948],[21.87518,-9.52371],[21.8018,-8.90871],[21.94913,-8.3059],[21.74646,-7.92008],[21.72811,-7.29087],[20.51475,-7.29961],[20.60182,-6.93932],[20.09162,-6.94309],[20.03772,-7.11636],[19.4175,-7.15543],[19.16661,-7.73818],[19.01675,-7.98825],[18.46418,-7.84701],[18.13422,-7.98768],[17.47297,-8.06855],[17.09,-7.54569],[16.86019,-7.2223],[16.57318,-6.62264],[16.32653,-5.87747],[13.3756,-5.86424],[13.02487,-5.98439],[12.73517,-5.96568],[12.32243,-6.10009],[12.18234,-5.78993],[12.43669,-5.6843],[12.468,-5.24836],[12.63161,-4.99127],[12.99552,-4.7811],[13.25824,-4.88296],[13.60023,-4.50014],[14.14496,-4.51001],[14.20903,-4.79309],[14.5826,-4.97024],[15.17099,-4.34351],[15.75354,-3.85516],[16.00629,-3.53513],[15.9728,-2.71239],[16.40709,-1.74093],[16.86531,-1.22582],[17.52372,-0.74383],[17.63864,-0.42483],[17.66355,-0.05808],[17.82654,0.28892],[17.77419,0.85566],[17.89884,1.74183],[18.09428,2.36572],[18.39379,2.90044],[18.45307,3.50439],[18.54298,4.20179],[18.93231,4.70951],[19.46778,5.03153],[20.29068,4.69168],[20.92759,4.32279],[21.65912,4.22434],[22.40512,4.02916],[22.70412,4.63305],[22.84148,4.71013],[23.29721,4.60969],[24.41053,5.10878],[24.80503,4.89725],[25.12883,4.92724],[25.2788,5.17041],[25.65046,5.25609],[26.40276,5.15087],[27.04407,5.12785],[27.37423,5.23394],[27.97998,4.40841],[28.42899,4.28715],[28.69668,4.45508],[29.15908,4.38927],[29.716,4.6008],[29.9535,4.1737],[30.83386,3.50917]]]},\"properties\":{\"name\":\"Democratic Republic of the Congo\"}}]}","edition":"Originally posted November 10, 2015; Version 1.1: December 10, 2015","contact":"Director, National Minerals Information Center
U.S. Geological Survey
12201 Sunrise Valley Drive
988 National Center
Reston, VA 20192
Email: nmicrecordsmgt@usgs.gov
Or visit the USGS Minerals Information Web site at
http://minerals.usgs.gov/minerals/
About 35 million years ago, during late Eocene time, a 2-mile-wide asteroid or comet smashed into Earth in what is now the lower Chesapeake Bay in Virginia. The oceanic impact vaporized, melted, fractured, and (or) displaced the target rocks and sediments and sent billions of tons of water, sediments, and rocks into the air. Glassy particles of solidified melt rock rained down as far away as Texas and the Caribbean. Models suggest that even up to 50 miles away the velocity of the intensely hot air blast was greater than 1,500 miles per hour, and ground shaking was equivalent to an earthquake greater than magnitude 8.0 on the Richter scale. Large tsunamis affected most of the North Atlantic basin. The Chesapeake Bay impact structure is among the 20 largest known impact structures on Earth.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/fs20153071","usgsCitation":"Powars, D.S., Edwards, L.E., Gohn, G.S., and Horton, J.W., Jr., 2015, The Chesapeake Bay impact structure: U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet 2015–3071, 2 p., https://dx.doi.org/10.3133/fs20153071.","productDescription":"2 p.","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","ipdsId":"IP-069422","costCenters":[{"id":243,"text":"Eastern Geology and Paleoclimate Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":310712,"rank":3,"type":{"id":7,"text":"Companion Files"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3133/gip159","text":"General Information Product 159 - Bookmark","size":"348 KB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"FS 2015-3071"},{"id":310711,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2015/3071/fs20153071.pdf","text":"Report","size":"1.55 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"FS 2015-3071"},{"id":310710,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2015/3071/coverthb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Virginia","otherGeospatial":"Chesapeake Bay","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -77.003173828125,\n 36.641977814705946\n ],\n [\n -77.003173828125,\n 37.79676317682161\n ],\n [\n -75.0531005859375,\n 37.79676317682161\n ],\n [\n -75.0531005859375,\n 36.641977814705946\n ],\n [\n -77.003173828125,\n 36.641977814705946\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","contact":"Eastern Geology and Paleoclimate Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
926A National Center
12201 Sunrise Valley Drive
Reston, VA 20192
http://geology.er.usgs.gov/egpsc
Los arrecifes de coral son estructuras sólidas, biomineralizadas que protegen comunidades costeras actuando como barreras protectoras de peligros tales como los huracanes y los tsunamis. Estos proveen arena a las playas a través de procesos naturales de erosión, fomentan la industria del turismo, las actividades recreacionales y proveen hábitats pesqueros esenciales. La conti-nua degradación mundial de ecosistemas de arrecifes de coral está bien documentada. Existe la necesidad de enfoque y organización de la ciencia para entender los procesos complejos físicos y biológicos e interacciones que están afectando el estado de los arrecifes coralinos y su capacidad para responder a un entorno cambiante.
","language":"Spanish","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/fs20153074","usgsCitation":"Kuffner, I.B., Yates, K.K., Zawada, D.G., Richey, J.N., Kellogg, C.A., Toth, L.T., and Torres-Garcia, L., 2015, Investigación del USGS sobre el ecosistema de arrecifes de coral en el Atlántico: Servicio Geológico de los Estados Unidos Hoja de Información 2015-3074, 2 p., https://dx.doi.org/10.3133/fs20153074.","productDescription":"2 p.","numberOfPages":"2","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","ipdsId":"IP-069804","costCenters":[{"id":574,"text":"St. Petersburg Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":310582,"type":{"id":22,"text":"Related Work"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/publication/fs20153073","text":"Fact Sheet 2015-3073 (English)","size":"2.48 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"FS 2015-3074"},{"id":310581,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2015/3074/coverthb.jpg"},{"id":310568,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2015/3074/fs20153074.pdf","text":"Report","size":"2.22 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"FS 2015-3074"}],"country":"United States","state":"Florida","otherGeospatial":"Florida Keys ","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -81.0406494140625,\n 24.8689944482603\n ],\n [\n -81.5625,\n 24.73685348477069\n ],\n [\n -82.2381591796875,\n 24.569606275190566\n ],\n [\n -81.83441162109374,\n 24.44464923209822\n ],\n [\n -80.78247070312499,\n 24.711905448466087\n ],\n [\n -80.35125732421875,\n 25.07316070640961\n ],\n [\n -80.06011962890625,\n 25.485430526043555\n ],\n [\n -80.321044921875,\n 25.51765742999406\n ],\n [\n -81.0406494140625,\n 24.8689944482603\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","contact":"Director, St. Petersburg Coastal and Marine Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
600 4th Street South
St. Petersburg, FL 33701
http://coastal.er.usgs.gov/
Coral reefs are massive, biomineralized structures that protect coastal communities by acting as barriers to hazards such as hurricanes and tsunamis. They provide sand for beaches through the natural process of erosion, support tourism and recreational industries, and provide essential habitat for fisheries. The continuing global degradation of coral reef ecosystems is well documented. There is a need for focused, coordinated science to understand the complex physical and biological processes and interactions that are impacting the condition of coral reefs and their ability to respond to a changing environment.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/fs20153073","usgsCitation":"Kuffner, I.B., Yates, K.K., Zawada, D.G., Richey, J.N., Kellogg, C.A., and Toth, L.T., 2015, USGS research on Atlantic coral reef ecosystems: U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet 2015-3073, 2 p., https://dx.doi.org/10.3133/fs20153073.","productDescription":"2 p.","numberOfPages":"2","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","ipdsId":"IP-069803","costCenters":[{"id":574,"text":"St. Petersburg Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":310579,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2015/3073/coverthb.jpg"},{"id":310584,"rank":3,"type":{"id":22,"text":"Related Work"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/publication/fs20153074","text":"Fact Sheet 2015-3074 (Spanish)","size":"2.22 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"FS 2015-3073"},{"id":310569,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2015/3073/fs20153073.pdf","text":"Report","size":"2.48 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"FS 2015-3073"}],"country":"United States","state":"Florida","otherGeospatial":"Florida Keys","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -81.0406494140625,\n 24.8689944482603\n ],\n [\n -81.5625,\n 24.73685348477069\n ],\n [\n -82.2381591796875,\n 24.569606275190566\n ],\n [\n -81.83441162109374,\n 24.44464923209822\n ],\n [\n -80.78247070312499,\n 24.711905448466087\n ],\n [\n -80.35125732421875,\n 25.07316070640961\n ],\n [\n -80.06011962890625,\n 25.485430526043555\n ],\n [\n -80.321044921875,\n 25.51765742999406\n ],\n [\n -81.0406494140625,\n 24.8689944482603\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","contact":"Director, St. Petersburg Coastal and Marine Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
600 4th Street South
St. Petersburg, FL 33701
http://coastal.er.usgs.gov/
myScience (http://txpub.usgs.gov/myscience/) is a Web application developed by the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) Texas Water Science Center through a partnership with the USGS Community for Data Integration to address the need for increasing public awareness and participation in existing USGS citizen science projects. The myScience application contains data for 20 projects available for public participation representing all USGS mission areas. A visitor to the USGS education Web site (http://education.usgs.gov/) can click on the Citizen Science link to search for citizen science projects by topic or location, select a project of interest, and click “Get Involved.” Within the USGS, an internal version of myScience serves to build a community of practice and knowledge sharing among scientists who lead or would like to lead a crowdsourcing project.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/fs20153070","usgsCitation":"Holl, Sally, 2015, myScience—Engaging the public in U.S. Geological Survey Science: U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet 2015–3070, 2 p., https://dx.doi.org/10.3133/fs20153070.","productDescription":"2 p.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-068920","costCenters":[{"id":583,"text":"Texas Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":310002,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2015/3070/fs20153070.pdf","text":"Report","size":"251 kB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"FS 2015-3070"},{"id":310001,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2015/3070/coverthb.jpg"}],"contact":"Director, Texas Water Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
1505 Ferguson Lane
Austin, Texas 78754–4501
http://tx.usgs.gov/
Using a geology-based assessment methodology, the U.S. Geological Survey estimated a mean of 23.9 trillion cubic feet of technically recoverable shale gas resources in Paleozoic formations in the Sichuan Basin of China.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/fs20153053","usgsCitation":"Potter, C.J., Schenk, C.J., Charpentier, R.R., Gaswirth, S.B., Klett, T.R., Leathers, H.M., Brownfield, M.E., Mercier, T.J., Tennyson, M.E., and Pitman, J.K., 2015, Assessment of Paleozoic shale gas resources in the Sichuan Basin of China, 2015: U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet 2015–3053, 4 p., https://dx.doi.org/10.3133/fs20153053.","productDescription":"4 p.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-066165","costCenters":[{"id":164,"text":"Central Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":309747,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2015/3053/fs20153053.pdf","text":"Report","size":"4.91 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"FS 2015-3053"},{"id":309746,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2015/3053/coverthb.jpg"}],"country":"China","otherGeospatial":"Sichuan Basin","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n 107.51220703125,\n 31.44741029142872\n ],\n [\n 106.54541015625,\n 32.194208672875384\n ],\n [\n 105.029296875,\n 32.24997445586331\n ],\n [\n 103.0078125,\n 30.012030680358613\n ],\n [\n 103.90869140625,\n 29.209713225868185\n ],\n [\n 105.35888671875,\n 28.65203063036226\n ],\n [\n 107.9296875,\n 29.878755346037977\n ],\n [\n 108.69873046875,\n 30.732392734006083\n ],\n [\n 109.4677734375,\n 30.883369321692268\n ],\n [\n 109.48974609375,\n 31.203404950917395\n ],\n [\n 107.51220703125,\n 31.44741029142872\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","contact":"Director, Central Energy Resources Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
Box 25046, MS-939
Denver Federal Center
Denver, CO 80225-0046
http://energy.usgs.gov/
Using a geology-based assessment methodology, the U.S. Geological Survey assessed mean volumes of 21 million barrels of oil (MMBO), 27 billion cubic feet of gas, and 1 million barrels of natural gas liquids in two assessment units (AUs) that may contain continuous oil resources. Mean volumes of oil for the individual assessment units are 14 MMBO in the Monterey Buttonwillow AU and 7 MMBO in the Monterey Maricopa AU.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/fs20153058","collaboration":"Prepared in collaboration with National and Global Petroleum Assessment","usgsCitation":"Tennyson, M.E., Charpentier, R.R., Klett, T.R., Brownfield, M.E., Pitman, J.K., Gaswirth, S.B., Hawkins, S.J., Lillis, P.G., Marra, K.R., Mercier, T.J., Leathers, H.M., Schenk, C.J., and Whidden, K.J., 2015, Assessment of undiscovered continuous oil and gas resources in the Monterey Formation, San Joaquin Basin Province, California, 2015: U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet 2015-3058, 2 p., https://dx.doi.org/10.3133/fs20153058.","productDescription":"2 p.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-066185","costCenters":[{"id":164,"text":"Central Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":308330,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2015/3058/fs20153058.pdf","text":"Report","size":"797 kB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"FS 2015-3058"},{"id":308329,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2015/3058/coverthb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"Monterey Formation, San Joaquin Basin Province","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -120.16845703125,\n 34.93097858831627\n ],\n [\n -120.16845703125,\n 36.43896124085945\n ],\n [\n -118.63037109375,\n 36.43896124085945\n ],\n [\n -118.63037109375,\n 34.93097858831627\n ],\n [\n -120.16845703125,\n 34.93097858831627\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","contact":"Director, Central Energy Resources Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
Box 25046, MS-939
Denver Federal Center
Denver, CO 80225-0046
http://energy.usgs.gov/
An important and sometimes overlooked aspect of contemporary natural gas exploration, development, and delivery activities is the geographic profile and spatial footprint that these activities have on the land surface. The function of many ecosystems and the goods and services they provide, in large part, are the result of their natural spatial arrangement on the landscape. Shale-gas development can create alterations to the pattern of land use and land cover, and represents a specific form of land use and land cover change that can substantially impact critical aspects of the spatial pattern, form, and function of landscape interactions, including many biological responses.
\nThe need for energy resources has created numerous economic opportunities for hydrocarbon extraction in the Appalachian basin. The development of alternative energy natural gas resources from deep-shale drilling techniques, along with conventional natural gas extraction methods, has created a flurry of wells, roads, pipelines, and related infrastructure across many parts of the region. An unintended and sometimes overlooked consequence of these activities is their effect on the structure and function of the landscape and ecosystems. The collective effect of over 100,000 hydrocarbon extraction permits for oil, coal bed methane, Marcellus and Utica Shale natural gas wells, and other types of hydrocarbon gases and their associated infrastructure has saturated much of the landscape and disturbed the natural environment in the Appalachian basin. The disturbance created by the sheer magnitude of the development of these collective wells and infrastructure directly affects how the landscape and ecosystems function and how they provide ecological goods and services.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/fs20153064","usgsCitation":"Slonecker, E.T., Milheim, L.E., Roig-Silva, C.M., and Kalaly, S.S., 2015, Effects of hydrocarbon extraction on landscapes of the Appalachian basin: U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet 2015–3064, 2 p., https://dx.doi.org/10.3133/fs20153064.","productDescription":"2 p.","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-065693","costCenters":[{"id":242,"text":"Eastern Geographic Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":308980,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2015/3064/coverthb.jpg"},{"id":308981,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2015/3064/fs20153064.pdf","text":"Report","size":"2.22 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"FS 2015-3064"}],"country":"United States","state":"New York, Ohio, Pennsylvania, Virginia, West Virginia","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -73.388671875,\n 42.924251753870685\n ],\n [\n -76.6845703125,\n 43.40504748787035\n ],\n [\n -82.880859375,\n 41.42625319507272\n ],\n [\n -82.81494140625,\n 38.53097889440026\n ],\n [\n -83.91357421875,\n 36.63316209558658\n ],\n [\n -79.82666015625,\n 37.16031654673677\n ],\n [\n -77.58544921874999,\n 39.30029918615029\n ],\n [\n -73.388671875,\n 42.924251753870685\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","contact":"Eastern Geographic Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
521 National Center
12201 Sunrise Valley Drive
Reston, VA 20192
http://egsc.usgs.gov
Organic waste compounds (OWCs) are ingredients and by-products of common agricultural, industrial, and household substances that can contaminate our streams through sources like urban runoff, sewage overflows, and leaking septic systems. To better understand how OWCs are affecting Milwaukee-area streams, the U.S. Geological Survey, in cooperation with the Milwaukee Metropolitan Sewerage District, conducted a three-year study to investigate the presence and potential toxicity of 69 OWCs in base flow, stormflow, pore water, and sediment at 14 stream sites and 3 Milwaukee harbor locations. This fact sheet summarizes the major findings of this study, including detection frequencies and concentrations, potential toxicity, the prevalence of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), and the influence of urbanization.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/fs20153056","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Milwaukee Metropolitan Sewerage District","usgsCitation":"Baldwin, A.K., Corsi, S.R., Magruder, Christopher, Magruder, Matthew, and Bruce, J.L., 2015, Organic waste compounds as contaminants in Milwaukee-area streams: U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet 2015-3056, 4 p., https://dx.doi.org/10.3133/fs20153056.","productDescription":"4 p.","numberOfPages":"4","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-066459","costCenters":[{"id":677,"text":"Wisconsin Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":308362,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2015/3056/coverthb.jpg"},{"id":308381,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2015/3056/fs20153056.pdf","text":"Report","size":"2.53","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"FS 2015-3056"}],"country":"United States","state":"Wisconsin","city":"Milwaukee","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -88.09112548828125,\n 42.85180609584705\n ],\n [\n -88.09112548828125,\n 43.22319117678931\n ],\n [\n -87.77801513671875,\n 43.22319117678931\n ],\n [\n -87.77801513671875,\n 42.85180609584705\n ],\n [\n -88.09112548828125,\n 42.85180609584705\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","contact":"Director, Wisconsin Water Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
8505 Research Way
Middleton, Wisconsin 53562–3586
http://wi.water.usgs.gov
The Columbia Plateau is a wide basalt plateau between the Cascade Range and the Rocky Mountains that covers parts of Washington, Oregon, and Idaho. The climate over much of the Columbia Plateau is semiarid with precipitation ranging from 7 to 15 in/yr in the central part (Vaccaro and others, 2015), yet the area supports a $6 billion per year agricultural industry, including the production of apples, corn, grapes, hops, mint, potatoes, stone fruit, and wheat. Groundwater pumpage and surface-water diversions supply water to irrigated croplands that account for about 5 percent of the Nation’s irrigated lands. Groundwater also is the primary source of drinking water for about 1.3 million people living on the plateau.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/fs20153063","usgsCitation":"Kahle, S.C., and Vaccaro, J.J., 2015, Groundwater resources of the Columbia Plateau Regional Aquifer System: U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet 2015-3063, 6 p., https://dx.doi.org/10.3133/fs20153063.","productDescription":"Report: 6 p.; HTML Document","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","ipdsId":"IP-068258","costCenters":[{"id":622,"text":"Washington Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":308249,"rank":4,"type":{"id":22,"text":"Related Work"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/publication/pp1817","text":"Professional Paper 1817"},{"id":308233,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2015/3063/images/coverthb.jpg"},{"id":308234,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2015/3063/pdf/fs20153063.pdf","text":"Fact Sheet","size":"2.5 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"FS 2015-3063 PDF"},{"id":308235,"rank":3,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2015/3063/","text":"Fact Sheet HTML","description":"HTML version of FS 2015-3063"}],"country":"United States","state":"Washington","otherGeospatial":"Columbia Plateau ","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -121.453857421875,\n 45.166547157856016\n ],\n [\n -116.01562499999999,\n 45.166547157856016\n ],\n [\n -116.01562499999999,\n 47.931066347509784\n ],\n [\n -121.453857421875,\n 47.931066347509784\n ],\n [\n -121.453857421875,\n 45.166547157856016\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","contact":"Director, Washington Water Science Center
U.S.Geological Survey
934 Broadway, Suite 300
Tacoma, Washington 98402
http://wa.water.usgs.gov/
Project web page at: http://wa.water.usgs.gov/projects/cpgw/
","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":12,"text":"Tacoma PSC"},"publishedDate":"2015-09-22","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2015-09-22","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"56026db9e4b03bc34f5447d1","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kahle, Sue C. 0000-0003-1262-4446 sckahle@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1262-4446","contributorId":3096,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kahle","given":"Sue","email":"sckahle@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":622,"text":"Washington Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":572353,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Vaccaro, John J. jvaccaro@usgs.gov","contributorId":5848,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Vaccaro","given":"John","email":"jvaccaro@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":622,"text":"Washington Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":572354,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70157078,"text":"fs20153062 - 2015 - Changing arctic ecosystems—What is causing the rapid increase of snow geese in northern Alaska?","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-07-14T14:37:29","indexId":"fs20153062","displayToPublicDate":"2015-09-10T11:45:00","publicationYear":"2015","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":313,"text":"Fact Sheet","code":"FS","onlineIssn":"2327-6932","printIssn":"2327-6916","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2015-3062","title":"Changing arctic ecosystems—What is causing the rapid increase of snow geese in northern Alaska?","docAbstract":"Through the Changing Arctic Ecosystems (CAE) initiative, the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) informs key resource management decisions for Arctic Alaska by providing scientific information on current and future ecosystem response to a warming climate. The Arctic Coastal Plain (ACP) of northern Alaska is a key study area within the USGS CAE initiative. This region has experienced a warming trend over the past decades, leading to decreased sea ice, permafrost thaw, and an advancement of spring phenology. The number of birds on the ACP also is changing, marked by increased populations of the four species of geese that nest in the region. The Snow Goose (Chen caerulescens) is the most rapidly increasing of these species. USGS CAE research is quantifying these changes and their implications for management agencies.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/fs20153062","usgsCitation":"Hupp, J.W., Ward, D.H., Whalen, M.E., and Pearce, J.M., 2015, Changing Arctic ecosystems—What is causing the rapid increase of Snow Geese in northern Alaska?: U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet 2015-3062, 2 p., https://dx.doi.org/10.3133/fs20153062.","productDescription":"Report: 2 p.; HTML Document","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","ipdsId":"IP-068563","costCenters":[{"id":117,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology WTEB","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":308049,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2015/3062/images/coverthb.jpg"},{"id":308051,"rank":3,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2015/3062/","text":"Fact Sheet HTML","description":"HTML version of FS 2015-3062"},{"id":308050,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2015/3062/pdf/fs20153062.pdf","text":"Fact Sheet","size":"375 KB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"FS 2015-3062"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"Colville River Delta","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -158.8623046875,\n 68.77619083759828\n ],\n [\n -158.8623046875,\n 70.48089578887483\n ],\n [\n -150.22705078124997,\n 70.48089578887483\n ],\n [\n -150.22705078124997,\n 68.77619083759828\n ],\n [\n -158.8623046875,\n 68.77619083759828\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","contact":"U.S. Geological Survey
4210 University Drive, Anchorage, AK 99508
http://alaska.usgs.gov
Avian influenza viruses are naturally occurring in wild birds such as ducks, geese, swans, and gulls. These viruses generally do not cause illness in wild birds, however, when spread to poultry they can be highly pathogenic and cause illness and death in backyard and commercial farms. Outbreaks may cause devastating agricultural economic losses and some viral strains have the potential to infect people directly. Furthermore, the combination of avian influenza viruses with mammalian viruses can result in strains with the ability to transmit from person to person, possibly leading to viruses with pandemic potential. All known pandemic influenza viruses have had some genetic material of avian origin. Since 1996, a strain of highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) virus, H5N1, has caused infection in wild birds, losses to poultry farms in Eurasia and North Africa, and led to the deaths of several hundred people. Spread of the H5N1 virus and other influenza strains from China was likely facilitated by migratory birds. In December 2014, HPAI was detected in poultry in Canada and migratory birds in the United States. Since then, HPAI viruses have spread to large parts of the United States and will likely continue to spread through migratory bird flyways and other mechanisms throughout North America. In the United States, HPAI viruses have severely affected the poultry industry with millions of domestic birds dead or culled. These strains of HPAI are not known to cause disease in humans; however, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) advise caution when in close contact with infected birds. Experts agree that HPAI strains currently circulating in wild birds of North America will likely persist for the next few years. This unprecedented situation presents risks to the poultry industry, natural resource management, and potentially human health. Scientific knowledge and decision support tools are urgently needed to understand factors affecting the persistence of HPAI in wild birds, to forecast future spread of HPAI by wild birds, and to detect novel strains of HPAI that may emerge.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/fs20153060","usgsCitation":"Harris, M.C., Miles, A.K., Pearce, J.M., Prosser, D.J., Sleeman, J.M., and Whalen, M.E., 2015, USGS highly pathogenic avian influenza research strategy: U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet 2015-3060, 4 p., https://dx.doi.org/10.3133/fs20153060.","productDescription":"Report: 4 p.; HTML Document","numberOfPages":"4","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","ipdsId":"IP-067931","costCenters":[{"id":117,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology WTEB","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":456,"text":"National Wildlife Health Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":308013,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2015/3060/pdf/fs20153060.pdf","text":"Fact Sheet","size":"975 KB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"FS 2015-3060"},{"id":308014,"rank":3,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2015/3060/","text":"Fact Sheet HTML","description":"HTML version of FS 2015-3060"},{"id":308012,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2015/3060/images/coverthb.jpg"}],"contact":"Anne Kinsinger
USGS Associate Director for Ecosystems
703-648-4050
akinsinger@usgs.gov
M. Camille Harris
USGS Wildlife Disease Coordinator
703-648-4019
mcharris@usgs.gov
Avian influenza viruses are naturally occurring in wild birds such as ducks, geese, swans, and gulls. These viruses generally do not cause illness in wild birds, however, when spread to poultry they can be highly pathogenic and cause illness and death in backyard and commercial farms. Outbreaks may cause devastating agricultural economic losses and some viral strains have the potential to infect people directly. Furthermore, the combination of avian influenza viruses with mammalian viruses can result in strains with the ability to transmit from person to person, possibly leading to viruses with pandemic potential. All known pandemic influenza viruses have had some genetic material of avian origin. Since 1996, a strain of highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) virus, H5N1, has caused infection in wild birds, losses to poultry farms in Eurasia and North Africa, and led to the deaths of several hundred people. Spread of the H5N1 virus and other influenza strains from China was likely facilitated by migratory birds. In December 2014, HPAI was detected in poultry in Canada and migratory birds in the United States. Since then, HPAI viruses have spread to large parts of the United States and will likely continue to spread through migratory bird flyways and other mechanisms throughout North America. In the United States, HPAI viruses have severely affected the poultry industry with millions of domestic birds dead or culled. These strains of HPAI are not known to cause disease in humans; however, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) advise caution when in close contact with infected birds. Experts agree that HPAI strains currently circulating in wild birds of North America will likely persist for the next few years. This unprecedented situation presents risks to the poultry industry, natural resource management, and potentially human health. Scientific knowledge and decision support tools are urgently needed to understand factors affecting the persistence of HPAI in wild birds, to forecast future spread of HPAI by wild birds, and to detect novel strains of HPAI that may emerge.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/fs20153059","usgsCitation":"Harris, M.C., Miles, A.K., Pearce, J.M., Prosser, D.J., Sleeman, J.M., and Whalen, M.E., 2015, USGS role and response to highly pathogenic avian influenza: U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet 2015-3059, 2 p., https://dx.doi.org/10.3133/fs20153059.","productDescription":"Report: 2 p.; HTML Document","numberOfPages":"2","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","ipdsId":"IP-066180","costCenters":[{"id":117,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology WTEB","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":456,"text":"National Wildlife Health Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":308009,"rank":3,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2015/3059/","text":"Fact Sheet HTML","description":"HTML version of FS 2015-3059"},{"id":308008,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2015/3059/pdf/fs20153059.pdf","text":"Fact Sheet","size":"745 KB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"FS 2015-3059"},{"id":308007,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2015/3059/images/coverthb.jpg"}],"contact":"Anne Kinsinger
USGS Associate Director for Ecosystems
703-648-4050
akinsinger@usgs.gov
M. Camille Harris
USGS Wildlife Disease Coordinator
703-648-4019
mcharris@usgs.gov
Using a geology-based assessment methodology, the U.S. Geological Survey estimated mean undiscovered resources of 214 million barrels of oil, 329 billion cubic feet of associated/dissolved natural gas, and 14 million barrels of natural gas liquids in the informal Uteland Butte member of the Green River Formation, Uinta Basin, Utah.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/fs20153052","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the National and Global Petroleum Assessment","usgsCitation":"Johnson, R.C., Birdwell, J.E., Mercier, T.J., Brownfield, M.E., Charpentier, R.R., Klett, T.R., Leathers, H.M., Schenk, C.J., and Tennyson, M.E., 2015, Assessment of undiscovered oil and gas resources in the Uteland Butte Member of the Eocene Green River Formation, Uinta Basin, Utah: U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet 2015–3052, 2 p., https://dx.doi.org/10.3133/fs20153052.","productDescription":"2 p.","numberOfPages":"2","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-065844","costCenters":[{"id":164,"text":"Central Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":438685,"rank":3,"type":{"id":30,"text":"Data Release"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5066/F7VT1Q4H","text":"USGS data release","linkHelpText":"USGS National Assessment of Oil and Gas Project - Uteland Butte Assessment Units"},{"id":307707,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2015/3052/coverthb.jpg"},{"id":307708,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2015/3052/fs20153052.pdf","text":"Report","size":"1.12 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"FS 2015-3052"}],"country":"United States","state":"Colorado, Utah, Wyoming","otherGeospatial":"Uinta Basin","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -110.80810546875,\n 41.590796851056005\n ],\n [\n -104.87548828125,\n 41.590796851056005\n ],\n [\n -104.78759765625,\n 37.43997405227057\n ],\n [\n -112.17041015625,\n 37.43997405227057\n ],\n [\n -112.25830078125,\n 41.16211393939692\n ],\n [\n -112.17041015625,\n 41.42625319507272\n ],\n [\n -110.80810546875,\n 41.590796851056005\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","contact":"Director, Central Energy Resources Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
Box 25046, MS-939
Denver Federal Center
Denver, CO 80225-0046
http://energy.usgs.gov/
Using a geology-based assessment methodology, the U.S. Geological Survey estimated mean volumes of undiscovered, technically recoverable resources of 463 million barrels of oil, 11.2 trillion cubic feet of gas, and 35 million barrels of natural gas liquids in the Cherokee Platform Province area of Kansas, Oklahoma, and Missouri.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/fs20153054","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with National and Global Petroleum Assessment Project","usgsCitation":"Drake, R.M., II, Hatch, J.R., Schenk, C.J., Charpentier, R.R., Klett, T.R., Phuong, A.L., Leathers, H.M., Brownfield, M.E., Gaswirth, S.B., Marra, K.R., Pitman, J.K., Potter, C.J., Tennyson, M.E., 2015, Assessment of undiscovered oil and gas resources in the Cherokee Platform Province area of Kansas, Oklahoma, and Missouri, 2015: U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet 2015-3054, 2 p., https://dx.doi.org/10.3133/fs20153054.","productDescription":"2 p.","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-065431","costCenters":[{"id":164,"text":"Central Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":438686,"rank":3,"type":{"id":30,"text":"Data Release"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5066/F7PC30FK","text":"USGS data release","linkHelpText":"USGS National Assessment of Oil and Gas Project - Cherokee Platform Province Assessment Units"},{"id":307665,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2015/3054/fs20153054.pdf","text":"Report","size":"860 kB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"FS 2015-3054"},{"id":307664,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2015/3054/coverthb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Kansas, Oklahoma, Missouri","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -99.36035156249999,\n 33.99802726234877\n ],\n [\n -99.36035156249999,\n 39.01064750994083\n ],\n [\n -92.21923828124999,\n 39.01064750994083\n ],\n [\n -92.21923828124999,\n 33.99802726234877\n ],\n [\n -99.36035156249999,\n 33.99802726234877\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","contact":"Director, Central Energy Resources Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
Box 25046, MS-939
Denver Federal Center
Denver, CO 80225-0046
http://energy.usgs.gov/
Wherever flowering plants flourish, pollinating bees, birds, butterflies, bats, and other animals are at work, providing vital and often unnoticed services. Many of these species are in serious decline, a situation if unabated, threatens agricultural production, maintenance of natural plant communities, and other important services. Responding to this urgent challenge, the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) is part of efforts to provide scientific information to support pollinator conservation, including the implementation of a national pollinator health strategy (http://www.usgs.gov/ecosystems/wildlife/pollinators/.)
\nThis science is but one example of how the Ecosystems Science Mission Area of the USGS conducts science to support sound management and conservation of our Nation’s biological resources. It does this through research, technical assistance, and education conducted by Cooperative Research Units and Science Centers located in nearly every State.
\nThe quality of life and economic strength in America hinges on healthy ecosystems that support living things and natural processes. Ecosystem science better enables society to understand how and why ecosystems change, to predict and forecast future changes, and to guide actions that can prevent damage to, and restore and sustain ecosystems. It is through this knowledge that informed decisions are made about natural resources that can enhance our Nation's economic and environmental well-being.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/fs20153057","usgsCitation":"U.S. Geological Survey, 2015, Science from genes to landscapes: U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet 2015-3057, 4 p., https://dx.doi.org/10.3133/fs20153057.","productDescription":"4 p.; HTML Document","numberOfPages":"4","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","ipdsId":"IP-068444","costCenters":[{"id":290,"text":"Forest and Rangeland Ecosystem Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":307557,"rank":1,"type":{"id":2,"text":"Additional Report Piece"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2015/3057/","text":"Report HTML","description":"HTML version of FS 2015-3057"},{"id":307558,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2015/3057/pdf/fs20153057.pdf","text":"Report","size":"1.7 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"FS 2015-3057 PDF"},{"id":307559,"rank":3,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2015/3057/images/coverthb.jpg"}],"contact":"Ecosystems Mission Area
http://www.usgs.gov/ecosystems/
http://www.usgs.gov/ask/
1-888-ASK-USGS (1-888-275-8747)
Using a geology-based assessment methodology, the U.S. Geological Survey estimated undiscovered mean volumes of 14 million barrels of conventional oil, 430 billion cubic feet of conventional gas, 34,028 billion cubic feet of continuous gas, and a mean total of 391 million barrels of natural gas liquids in sandstone reservoirs of the Upper Jurassic–Lower Cretaceous Cotton Valley Group in onshore lands and State waters of the U.S. Gulf Coast region.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/fs20153050","collaboration":"National and Global Petroleum Assessment","usgsCitation":"Eoff, J.D., Biewick, L.R.H., Brownfield, M.E., Burke, Lauri, Charpentier, R.R., Dubiel, R.F., Gaswirth, S.B., Gianoutsos, N.J., Kinney, S.A., Klett, T.R., Leathers, H.M., Mercier, T.J., Paxton, S.T., Pearson, O.N., Pitman, J.K., Schenk, C.J., Tennyson, M.E., and Whidden, K.J., 2015, Assessment of undiscovered oil and gas resources in sandstone reservoirs of the Cotton Valley Group, U.S. Gulf Coast, 2015: U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet 2015-3050, 2 p., https://dx.doi.org/10.3133/fs20153050.","productDescription":"2 p.","numberOfPages":"2","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-066205","costCenters":[{"id":164,"text":"Central Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":306556,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2015/3050/coverthb.jpg"},{"id":306558,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2015/3050/fs20153050.pdf","text":"Report","size":"1.0 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"FS 2015-3050"}],"country":"United States","otherGeospatial":"Cotton Valley Group, Gulf Coast","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -84.08935546875,\n 30.164126343161097\n ],\n [\n -84.24316406249999,\n 30.845647420182598\n ],\n [\n -84.72656249999999,\n 31.203404950917395\n ],\n [\n -85.20996093749999,\n 31.034108344903512\n ],\n [\n -86.06689453125,\n 30.996445897426373\n ],\n [\n -87.25341796875,\n 31.989441837922904\n ],\n [\n -88.681640625,\n 32.43561304116276\n ],\n [\n -89.84619140625,\n 33.26624989076275\n ],\n [\n -90.63720703125,\n 33.96158628979907\n ],\n [\n -91.1865234375,\n 33.97980872872457\n ],\n [\n -91.99951171875,\n 33.706062655101206\n ],\n [\n -93.14208984375,\n 33.578014746143985\n ],\n [\n -94.54833984375,\n 33.797408767572485\n ],\n [\n -95.25146484374999,\n 33.97980872872457\n ],\n [\n -96.17431640625,\n 33.815666308702774\n ],\n [\n -96.7236328125,\n 33.687781758439364\n ],\n [\n -97.58056640625,\n 32.99023555965106\n ],\n [\n -97.93212890625,\n 32.008075959291055\n ],\n [\n -98.02001953125,\n 31.27855085894653\n ],\n [\n -98.0859375,\n 30.543338954230222\n ],\n [\n -98.28369140625,\n 29.954934549656144\n ],\n [\n -99.052734375,\n 29.38217507514529\n ],\n [\n -100.17333984375,\n 29.0945770775118\n ],\n [\n -100.83251953125,\n 29.248063243796576\n ],\n [\n -100.37109375,\n 28.57487404744697\n ],\n [\n -100.08544921874999,\n 27.97499795326776\n ],\n [\n -99.4482421875,\n 27.586197857692664\n ],\n [\n -98.7451171875,\n 27.994401411046173\n ],\n [\n -97.646484375,\n 28.57487404744697\n ],\n [\n -96.9873046875,\n 29.439597566602902\n ],\n [\n -96.30615234375,\n 30.107117887092382\n ],\n [\n -96.08642578125,\n 30.65681556429287\n ],\n [\n -95.5810546875,\n 31.18460913574325\n ],\n [\n -94.6142578125,\n 31.541089879585808\n ],\n [\n -93.3837890625,\n 31.541089879585808\n ],\n [\n -92.548828125,\n 31.93351676190369\n ],\n [\n -91.38427734374999,\n 31.653381399664\n ],\n [\n -90.1318359375,\n 31.57853542647338\n ],\n [\n -89.736328125,\n 31.015278981711266\n ],\n [\n -89.80224609374999,\n 30.619004797647808\n ],\n [\n -89.62646484375,\n 30.240086360983426\n ],\n [\n -88.76953125,\n 30.4297295750316\n ],\n [\n -88.08837890625,\n 30.29701788337205\n ],\n [\n -87.29736328125,\n 30.391830328088137\n ],\n [\n -85.95703125,\n 30.29701788337205\n ],\n [\n -85.5615234375,\n 30.14512718337613\n ],\n [\n -85.31982421875,\n 29.611670115197377\n ],\n [\n -84.8583984375,\n 29.66896252599253\n ],\n [\n -84.375,\n 29.954934549656144\n ],\n [\n -84.08935546875,\n 30.164126343161097\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","contact":"Director, Central Energy Resources Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
Box 25046, MS-939
Denver Federal Center
Denver, CO 80225-0046
http://energy.usgs.gov/
The U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) and partners in other Federal and State agencies are working collaboratively toward Statewide coverage of interferometric synthetic aperture radar (ifsar) elevation data in Alaska. These data will provide many benefits to a wide range of stakeholders and users. Some applications include development of more accurate and highly detailed topographic maps; improvement of surface water information included in the National Hydrography (NHD) and Watershed Boundary Datasets (WBDs); and use in scientific modeling applications such as calculating glacier surface elevation differences over time and estimating tsunami inundation areas.
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\":{\"name\":\"Alaska\",\"nation\":\"USA \"}}]}","contact":"Director, National Geospatial Technical Operations Center
U.S. Geological Survey
1400 Independence Road
Rolla, MO 65401-2602
http://ngtoc.usgs.gov/
Part of the mission of the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) is to provide information on streamflow in the Nation's streams to help understand the Nation's water resources. Streamflow statistics are used by water managers, engineers, scientists, and others to protect people and property during floods and droughts, and to manage, protect, and enhance water resources. StreamStats is a Web-based Geographic Information System (GIS) application that was created by the USGS, in cooperation with the Environmental Systems Research Institute, Inc., that allows users to easily obtain streamflow statistics, basin characteristics, and descriptive information for USGS streamgages and user-selected ungaged locations on streams (Ries and others, 2008).
\nStreamStats is being implemented on a State-by-State basis to allow for customization of the data development and underlying datasets to address their specific needs, issues, and objectives. The USGS, in cooperation with the Georgia Environmental Protection Division and Georgia Department of Transportation, has implemented StreamStats for Georgia. The Georgia StreamStats Web site is available through the national StreamStats Web-page portal at http://streamstats.usgs.gov. Links are provided on this Web page for individual State applications, instructions for using StreamStats, definitions of basin characteristics and streamflow statistics, and other supporting information.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/fs20143027","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Georgia Environmental Protection Division and the Georgia Department of Transportation","usgsCitation":"Gotvald, A.J., and Musser, J.W., 2015, StreamStats in Georgia—A Water-Resources Web application, U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet 2014–3027, 2 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/fs20143027.","productDescription":"2 p.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-055013","costCenters":[{"id":13634,"text":"South Atlantic Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":305910,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2014/3027/fs20143027.pdf","text":"Report","size":"1.58 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"FS 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\"}}]}","contact":"Director, Georgia Water Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
1770 Corporate Drive Suite 500
Norcross, GA 30093
http://ga.water.usgs.gov/
Indium is rare in the Earth’s crust. The continental crust contains an average of about 50 parts per billion of indium, whereas the oceanic crust contains about 72 parts per billion, which is similar to meteoritic abundances and comparable to the crustal abundance of silver. Indium minerals are rare in nature and only 12 indium minerals are known. In its elemental form, indium is a soft, lustrous, silver-white metal with a low melting point relative to other metals. It is ductile and malleable, even at temperatures approaching absolute zero, making it ideal for cryogenic applications.
\nIndium was discovered in the mid-1800s by two German chemists who were investigating zinc ores from Freiberg, Saxony. They named it after the distinctive indigo-blue color observed in its emission spectrum. For years indium remained only a scientific curiosity and early applications of indium were few, but included manufacturing of light-emitting diodes and coatings for bearings used in aircraft engines. Indium-bearing nuclear control rods became more widely used in the 1970s, and today the major application of indium is in manufacturing liquid-crystal displays.
\nCompared to more abundant industrial metals such as lead and zinc, information about the behavior and toxicity of indium in the environment is limited. However, many indium compounds have been proven to be toxic to animals.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/fs20153012","usgsCitation":"Mercer, C.N., 2015, Indium—Bringing liquid-crystal displays into focus: U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet 2015-3012, 2 p., https://dx.doi.org/10.3133/fs20153012.","productDescription":"2 p.","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-059493","costCenters":[{"id":171,"text":"Central Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":306176,"rank":1,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2015/3012/fs20153012.pdf","text":"Report","size":"977 kB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"FS 2015-3012"},{"id":306202,"rank":2,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2015/3012/coverthb1.jpg"}],"contact":"Director, Central Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
Box 25046, MS–973
Denver, CO 80225
http://minerals.cr.usgs.gov/
Germanium is a rare element but is present in trace quantities in most rock types because of its affinity for iron- and organic-bearing materials. The average germanium content of the Earth is about 14 parts per million, but the majority of germanium resides within the Earth’s core (37 parts per million) while the Earth’s crust contains only about 1.5 parts per million. Germanium does not occur as a native metal in nature, but about 30 different germanium minerals are known to exist. In refined form, it is grayish-white and metallic in appearance. Germanium is a semiconducting metalloid with electrical properties between those of a metal and an insulator.
\nGermanium was discovered in the late 1800s within silver ore at a mine near Freiberg, Germany. The German chemist who described the element, Clemens Winkler, named it germanium, after his native country. More than half a century elapsed before its first commercial use after World War II, when Karl Lark-Horovitz from Purdue University discovered its properties as a semiconductor. Today germanium is commonly used in commercial, industrial, and military applications.
\nGermanium is an essentially nontoxic element, with the exception of only a few compounds. However, if dissolved concentrations in drinking water are as high as one or more parts per million chronic diseases may occur.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/fs20153011","collaboration":"USGS Mineral Resources Program","usgsCitation":"Mercer, C.N., 2015, Germanium—Giving microelectronics an efficiency boost: U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet 2015–3011, 2 p., https://dx.doi.org/10.3133/fs20153011.","productDescription":"2 p.","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-059492","costCenters":[{"id":171,"text":"Central Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":305935,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2015/3011/coverthb.jpg"},{"id":305936,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2015/3011/fs20153011.pdf","text":"Report","size":"975 kB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"FS 2015-3011"}],"contact":"Director, Central Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
Box 25046, MS–973
Denver, CO 80225
http://minerals.cr.usgs.gov/
Water diverted from streams and pumped from wells constitutes the main source of water for the 78 municipios of the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico. A better understanding of water-use patterns is needed, particularly regarding the amount of water used, where and how this water is used and disposed, and how human activities affect water resources. Agricultural practices, indoor and outdoor household uses, industrial uses, and commercial and mining withdrawals affect reservoirs, streams, and aquifers. Accurate and accessible water information for Puerto Rico is critical to ensure that water managers have the ability to protect and conserve this essential natural resource.
\nFrom 2000 to 2010, the population of Puerto Rico decreased 2.6 percent, from 3.8 to 3.7 million residents (U.S. Census Bureau, 2011), and this decrease in population reduced the demand for freshwater. Factors that contributed to a reduction in domestic per capita water use in Puerto Rico include water-rate cost increases, the implementation of low-flow fixture, and domestic conservation programs. Almost 99 percent of the residents in Puerto Rico were served by public-supply water systems in 2010. Public-supply water is provided by the Puerto Rico Aqueduct and Sewer Authority (PRASA) and by non-PRASA systems. Non-PRASA systems include community-operated water systems (water systems that serve rural or suburban housing areas).
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/fs20153044","usgsCitation":"Molina-Rivera, W.L., 2015, Source, Use, and disposition of freshwater in Puerto Rico, 2010, U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet 2015-3044, 6 p., https://dx.doi.org/10.3133/fs20153044.","productDescription":"6 p.","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","temporalStart":"2010-01-01","temporalEnd":"2010-12-31","ipdsId":"IP-057522","costCenters":[{"id":156,"text":"Caribbean Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":305900,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2015/3044/coverthb.jpg"},{"id":305907,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2015/3044/fs20153044.pdf","text":"Report","size":"1.23 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"FS 2015-3044"}],"country":"United States","state":"Puerto Rico","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": 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651 Federal Drive, Suite 400-15
Guaynabo, PR, 00965-5703
(787) 749-4346
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