Three major earthquakes (7.0≤M<8.0) occurred during this reporting period. the first, a magnitude 7.2 on September 10, struck near the coast of Chiapas, Mexico. the seocond and third, both with magnitudes of 7.0, shook eastern New Guiena on October 2 and October 25. Earthquake-related deaths were reported in India, Japan, Guatemala, Papua New Guinea, and in the United States.
\nThe fatalities in the United States were caused by two earthquakes in southern Oregon on September 21. These earthquakes, both with magnitude 6.0 and separated in time by about 2 hrs, led to the deaths of two people. One of these deaths was apparently due to a heart attack induced by the earthquake.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S Geological Survey","usgsCitation":"Person, W., 1993, Earthquakes, September-October 1993: Earthquakes & Volcanoes (USGS), v. 24, no. 5, p. 235-239.","productDescription":"5 p.","startPage":"235","endPage":"239","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":318476,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"24","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"56d6cb5ce4b015c306f32ce9","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Person, W. J.","contributorId":91472,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Person","given":"W. J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":621669,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70162367,"text":"70162367 - 1993 - The Klamath Falls, Oregon, earthquakes on September 20, 1993","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-02-04T16:24:45","indexId":"70162367","displayToPublicDate":"1993-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1437,"text":"Earthquakes & Volcanoes (USGS)","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The Klamath Falls, Oregon, earthquakes on September 20, 1993","docAbstract":"The strongest earthquake to strike Oregon in more than 50 yrs struck the southern part of the State on September 20, 1993. These shocks, a magnitude 5.9 earthquake at 8:28pm and a magnitude 6.0 earthquake at 10:45pm, were the opening salvo in a swarm of earthquakes that continued for more than three months. During this period, several thousand aftershocks, many strong enough to be felt, were recorded by seismographs.
\nThe mainshocks caused light moderate damage at Klamath Falls, a town of about 18,000 residents located only about 20 km east of the epicentral area. Damage included toppled chimneys, cracked masonry, and fallen parapets. Power outages occurred after the strongest shocks. In addition, strong shaking broke water mains, and landslides temporarily blocked highways. the earthquakes also caused two fatalities. A rockfall crushed an automobile, killing a motorist, and an elderly lady had a heart attack. the low population density in the epicentral area- less than five people per sq km- kept the toatl dollar loss to about 7.5 million dollars.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S Geological Survey","usgsCitation":"Brantley, S., 1993, The Klamath Falls, Oregon, earthquakes on September 20, 1993: Earthquakes & Volcanoes (USGS), v. 24, no. 3, p. 104-146.","productDescription":"43 p.","startPage":"104","endPage":"146","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":314647,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Oregon","otherGeospatial":"Klamath Falls","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -121.89743041992189,\n 42.27629267135368\n ],\n [\n -121.68182373046875,\n 42.30270602152243\n ],\n [\n -121.57745361328125,\n 42.12980284036181\n ],\n [\n -121.79443359375,\n 42.06050904321049\n ],\n [\n -121.92489624023436,\n 42.270195710001786\n ],\n [\n -121.89743041992189,\n 42.27629267135368\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"24","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"56a20f4fe4b0961cf2811c30","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Brantley, S.R.","contributorId":42611,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brantley","given":"S.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":589305,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70186532,"text":"70186532 - 1993 - Paleogeographic implications of molluscan assemblages in the Upper Cretaceous (Campanian) Pigeon Point Formation, California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-04-05T10:12:26","indexId":"70186532","displayToPublicDate":"1993-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"title":"Paleogeographic implications of molluscan assemblages in the Upper Cretaceous (Campanian) Pigeon Point Formation, California","docAbstract":"The Pigeon Point Formation crops out along the San Mateo County coastline in a northern and southern sequence of folded and faulted strata. Correlation of the two sequences remains somewhat equivocal, although on the basis of biostratigraphy and a reversed magnetic interval both appear to have been deposited during the early to middle Campanian. Sedimentary structures suggest that the northern sequence was deposited by turbidity currents in a continental rise setting, whereas the southern sequence primarily reflects deposition in shelf and slope environments . Right-lateral offset on the San Andreas and subsidiary faults to the east of the Pigeon Point Formation can account for 100's of km of northward transport since its deposition. However, Champion and others (1984) suggested 2500 km of northward transport from a tropical setting of about 21°N. Molluscan assemblages in the formation argue strongly for a less tropical site of deposition. Relative abundances of warm and temperate taxa and the presence or absence of key species are similar to those of the Santa Ana Mountains Cretaceous section, and are indicative of a war
","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Mesozoic paleogeography of the Western United States","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":15,"text":"Monograph"},"language":"English","publisher":"Mineralogists, Society of Economic Paleontologist","usgsCitation":"Elder, W.P., and Saul, L., 1993, Paleogeographic implications of molluscan assemblages in the Upper Cretaceous (Campanian) Pigeon Point Formation, California, chap. of Mesozoic paleogeography of the Western United States, p. 695-732.","productDescription":"38 p. ","startPage":"695","endPage":"732","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":339194,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58e6027ae4b09da6799ac6d7","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Elder, William P.","contributorId":61058,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Elder","given":"William","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":688633,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Saul, LouElla","contributorId":16941,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Saul","given":"LouElla","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":688634,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70162684,"text":"70162684 - 1993 - Landslides caused by the Klamath Falls, Oregon, earthquakes of September 20, 1993","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-02-16T16:24:28","indexId":"70162684","displayToPublicDate":"1993-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1437,"text":"Earthquakes & Volcanoes (USGS)","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Landslides caused by the Klamath Falls, Oregon, earthquakes of September 20, 1993","docAbstract":"The Klamath Falls earthquakes caused landslides throughout an area of about 420 sq km and as far as about 29 km from the epicenter, a distribution that is typical for magnitude 6 earthquakes (see graphs on following pages). Most of the landslides were rock falls or shallow, highly disrupted rock slides from roadcuts, quarries, and steep bluff faces. Such landslides are also among the most common types caused by other earthquakes of comparable magnitude.
\nIn the Klamath Falls area, the most numerous earthquake-induced rock falls were along the east-to southeast-facing flank of a ridge immediately south and west of Howard Bay (locality 1 on the accompanying map), 18 km east-southeast of the epicenter of the magntiude 6.0 shock at 10:45 p.m. This ridge is more than 240 m high and has slopes steeper than 45° in places. The upper part of the ridge is composed of material from basaltic lava flows, an the lower slopes are covered with colluvium and talus deposits containing abundant boulders.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S Geological Survey","usgsCitation":"Keefer, D.K., and Schuster, R.L., 1993, Landslides caused by the Klamath Falls, Oregon, earthquakes of September 20, 1993: Earthquakes & Volcanoes (USGS), v. 24, no. 3, p. 140-146.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"140","endPage":"146","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":315010,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Oregon","otherGeospatial":"Klamath Falls","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -122.04711914062499,\n 42.74701217318067\n ],\n [\n -121.9647216796875,\n 42.744995166137286\n ],\n [\n -121.72302246093749,\n 42.32403179535469\n ],\n [\n -121.6351318359375,\n 42.1552594657786\n ],\n [\n -122.27783203125,\n 42.0615286181226\n ],\n [\n -122.310791015625,\n 42.49842801732158\n ],\n [\n -122.288818359375,\n 42.72482148625276\n ],\n [\n -122.13775634765625,\n 42.744995166137286\n ],\n [\n -122.04711914062499,\n 42.74701217318067\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"24","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"56ab49c9e4b07ca61bfea581","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Keefer, D. K.","contributorId":21176,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Keefer","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":590130,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Schuster, R. L.","contributorId":19135,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schuster","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":590131,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70156291,"text":"70156291 - 1993 - Patterns of orographic uplift in the Sierra Nevada and their relationship to upper-level atmospheric circulation","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-07-27T11:47:47","indexId":"70156291","displayToPublicDate":"1993-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Patterns of orographic uplift in the Sierra Nevada and their relationship to upper-level atmospheric circulation","docAbstract":"We examine monthly and seasonal patterns of precipitation across various elevations of the eastern Central Valley of California and the Sierra Nevada. A measure of the strength of the orographic effect called the “precipitation ratio” is calculated, and we separate months into four groups based on being wet or dry and having low or high precipitation ratios. Using monthly maps of mean 700-mb height anomalies, we describe the northern hemisphere mid-tropospheric circulation patterns associated with each of the four groups. Wet months are associated with negative height anomalies over the eastern Pacific, as expected. However, the orientation of the trough is different for years with high and low precipitation ratios. Wet months with high ratios typically have circulation patterns factoring a west-southwest to east-northeast storm track from around the Hawaiian Islands to the Pacific Northwest of the United States. Wet months with low precipitation ratios are associated with a trough centered near the Aleutians and a northwest to southeast storm track. Dry months are marked by anticyclones in the Pacific, but this feature is more localized to the eastern Pacific for months with low precipitation ratios than for those with high ratios. Using precipitation gauge and snow course data from the American River and Truckee-Tahoe basins, we determined that the strength of the orographic effect on a seasonal basis is spatially coherent at low and high elevations and on opposite sides of the Sierra Nevada crestline.
","largerWorkType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"largerWorkTitle":"Proceedings of the ninth annual pacific climate (PACLIM) workshop","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"conferenceTitle":"Ninth annual pacific climate (PACLIM) workshop","conferenceDate":"April 21-24, 1992","conferenceLocation":"Asilomar, CA","language":"English","publisher":"California Department of Water Resources","usgsCitation":"Aguado, E., Cayan, D.R., Reece, B.D., and Riddle, L., 1993, Patterns of orographic uplift in the Sierra Nevada and their relationship to upper-level atmospheric circulation, in Proceedings of the ninth annual pacific climate (PACLIM) workshop, Asilomar, CA, April 21-24, 1992, p. 153-163.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"153","endPage":"163","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":552,"text":"San Francisco Bay-Delta","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":5079,"text":"Pacific Regional Director's Office","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":307003,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"Sierra Nevada, Central Valley","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -122.62939453125001,\n 40.22921818870117\n ],\n [\n -120.32226562500001,\n 40.51379915504413\n ],\n [\n -119.06982421874999,\n 38.30718056188316\n ],\n [\n -117.3779296875,\n 35.47856499535729\n ],\n [\n -118.49853515625,\n 35.0120020431607\n ],\n [\n -119.28955078124999,\n 35.37113502280101\n ],\n [\n -121.35498046875,\n 37.24782120155428\n ],\n [\n -122.18994140624999,\n 38.71980474264239\n ],\n [\n -122.3876953125,\n 39.18117526158749\n ],\n [\n -122.54150390625,\n 39.62261494094297\n ],\n [\n -122.62939453125001,\n 40.22921818870117\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"579889bde4b0589fa1c6bade","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Aguado, Edward","contributorId":146639,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Aguado","given":"Edward","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":568538,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Cayan, Daniel R. 0000-0002-2719-6811 drcayan@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2719-6811","contributorId":1494,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cayan","given":"Daniel","email":"drcayan@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":568539,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Reece, Brian D. bdreece@usgs.gov","contributorId":2129,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Reece","given":"Brian","email":"bdreece@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":568540,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Riddle, Larry","contributorId":146638,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Riddle","given":"Larry","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":568541,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70194140,"text":"70194140 - 1993 - Seasonal use of conservation reserve program lands by white-tailed deer in east-central South Dakota ","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-11-29T13:53:56","indexId":"70194140","displayToPublicDate":"1993-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3779,"text":"Wildlife Society Bulletin","onlineIssn":"1938-5463","printIssn":"0091-7648","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Seasonal use of conservation reserve program lands by white-tailed deer in east-central South Dakota ","docAbstract":"The Conservation Reserve Program (CRP_, a provision of the 1985 Food Security Act, subsidizes landowners to take highly erodible lands out of cultivation and seed them to perennial cover for 10years. In eastern South Dakota, 0.5 million ha were enrolled in the CRP from 1985 to 1990 (Agric. Stabilization and Conserv. Serv., Brookings, S.D., unpubl. Data), which represents the largest change in conservation land-use practices in the region since the 1956 Soil Bank Program (Goetz 1987).
Although the CRP is anticipated to produce substantial benefits for some wildlife species, particularly ground-nesting birds, its significance to white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) in the northern Great Plains agricultural region is poorly understood. Higgins et al. (1987) speculated that proliferation of CRP grasslands may provide a missing habitat component in intensively managed farmland, thereby enhancing several species of wildlife, including white-tailed deer. Deer managers in the region have expressed concerns that improved cover associated with DRP plantings on private land could attract deer and reduce hunter success rates or lead to increased depredation of adjacent croplands or stored winter forages (L. Rice, S.D. Dep. Game, Fish, and Parks, Rapid City, pers. comm., 1989). Our objectives were to describe variation in deer use of CRP lands by season, diel period, and deer activity class as a means of assessing seasonal importance of CRP fields to white-tailed deer in agricultural Midwest.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","usgsCitation":"Gould, J.H., and Jenkins, K.J., 1993, Seasonal use of conservation reserve program lands by white-tailed deer in east-central South Dakota : Wildlife Society Bulletin, v. 21, no. 3, p. 250-255.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"250","endPage":"255","costCenters":[{"id":290,"text":"Forest and Rangeland Ecosystem Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":348948,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":348947,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/3782862"}],"country":"United States","state":"South 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,{"id":70168768,"text":"70168768 - 1993 - Earthquakes November-December 1993","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-03-01T15:35:11","indexId":"70168768","displayToPublicDate":"1993-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1437,"text":"Earthquakes & Volcanoes (USGS)","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Earthquakes November-December 1993","docAbstract":"Two major earthquakes (7.0≤M<8.0) occurred during the last two months of 1993. A magnitude 7.0 earthquake occurred off the coast of Kamchatka in eastern Russia on November 13, and a magntidue 7.0 earthquake shook the Vanuatu Islands in the southwest Pacific Ocean on December 29. The only earthquake-related fatality during the last two months of the year occurred in Nicaragua, where on death was reproted.
\nNo significant earthquakes were reported in the United States during this reporting period.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S Geological Survey","usgsCitation":"Person, W., 1993, Earthquakes November-December 1993: Earthquakes & Volcanoes (USGS), v. 24, no. 6, p. 292-294.","productDescription":"3 p.","startPage":"292","endPage":"294","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":318475,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"24","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"56d6cb3ee4b015c306f32c69","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Person, W. J.","contributorId":91472,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Person","given":"W. J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":621664,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70017915,"text":"70017915 - 1993 - Response of a 42-storey steel-frame building to the Ms = 7.1 Loma Prieta earthquake","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-10-17T16:10:00.194042","indexId":"70017915","displayToPublicDate":"1993-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1518,"text":"Engineering Structures","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"displayTitle":"Response of a 42-storey steel-frame building to the Ms = 7.1 Loma Prieta earthquake","title":"Response of a 42-storey steel-frame building to the Ms = 7.1 Loma Prieta earthquake","docAbstract":"A set of 14 acceleration records was obtained from a 42-storey steel-frame building, the Chevron Building, in San Francisco during the
Photographs of the seabed taken from an instrumented bottom tripod located approximately 100 km east of Charleston, South Carolina, reveal bed elevation changes of over 20 cm between July and November 1978. The tripod was in 85 m of water and was equipped with two current meters at 38.7 and 100 cm from the bed, a pressure sensor, a transmissometer, which fouled early during the deployment, a temperature sensor and a camera. The sediment under the tripod was composed of poorly sorted sand, some shell debris and numerous small biological tubes. Bed roughness varied throughout the deployment from biologically-produced mounds (2-5 cm high and 5-20 cm diameter) to streaks to a smooth bed, depending upon the frequency and magnitude of the sediment transporting events. Even though these events were common, especially during the later part of the deployment, the bed was rarely rippled, and there was no evidence of large bedforms such as dunes or sand waves migrating through the field of view of the camera. Photographs did clearly show, however, a gradual net deposition of the bed of nearly 20 cm, followed by erosion of approximately 5 cm. The flow field near the bed was dominated by sub-tidal period currents. Hourly-averaged currents at 100 cm from the bed typically varied between 10 and 30 cm s-1 and occasionally were as high as 60 cm s-1. The large flow events were predominantly toward the southwest along the shelf in the opposite direction of the northeast flowing Gulf Stream. The cross-shore component of the flow near the bed was predominantly directed offshore due to a local topographic steering effect. Current, temperature and satellite data suggest that the largest flow events were associated with the advection of Gulf Stream filaments past the tripod. Erosion events, as seen from the photographs, were highly correlated with the passage of these Gulf Stream filaments past the tripod. Gradual deposition of sediment, which occurred during the first half of the deployment, appears to have been associated with the convergence of the near-bed sediment flux near the shelf break.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0278-4343(93)90057-5","issn":"02784343","usgsCitation":"Gelfenbaum, G., and Noble, M., 1993, Significant bed elevation changes related to Gulf Stream dynamics on the South Carolina continental shelf: Continental Shelf Research, v. 13, no. 4, p. 385-405, https://doi.org/10.1016/0278-4343(93)90057-5.","productDescription":"21 p.","startPage":"385","endPage":"405","costCenters":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":227243,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"South Carolina","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -79.90372380268226,\n 34.348186148805695\n ],\n [\n -79.90372380268226,\n 31.076683479298694\n ],\n [\n -76.65177067768249,\n 31.076683479298694\n ],\n [\n -76.65177067768249,\n 34.348186148805695\n ],\n [\n -79.90372380268226,\n 34.348186148805695\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"13","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b8f26e4b08c986b318d5a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Gelfenbaum, G.","contributorId":72429,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gelfenbaum","given":"G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":379268,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Noble, M.","contributorId":15340,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Noble","given":"M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":379267,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70018274,"text":"70018274 - 1993 - Subsurface temperatures and geothermal gradients on the north slope of Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-09-08T16:51:39.977751","indexId":"70018274","displayToPublicDate":"1993-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1264,"text":"Cold Regions Science and Technology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Subsurface temperatures and geothermal gradients on the north slope of Alaska","docAbstract":"On the North Slope of Alaska, geothermal gradient data are available from high-resolution, equilibrated well-bore surveys and from estimates based on well-log identification of the base of ice-bearing permafrost. A total of 46 North Slope wells, considered to be in or near thermal equilibrium, have been surveyed with high-resolution temperatures devices and geothermal gradients can be interpreted directly from these recorded temperature profiles. To augment the limited North Slope temperature data base, a new method of evaluating local geothermal gradients has been developed. In this method, a series of well-log picks for the base of the ice-bearing permafrost from 102 wells have been used, along with regional temperature constants derived from the high-resolution stabilized well-bore temperature surveys, to project geothermal gradients. Geothermal gradients calculated from the high-resolution temperature surveys generally agree with those projected from known ice-bearing permafrost depths over most of the North Slope. Values in the ice-bearing permafrost range from
Volcanic gases collected during episode 1 of the Puu Oo eruption along the east rift zone of Kilauea Volcano, Hawaii, have uniform C-O-H-S-Cl-F compositions that are sharply depleted in CO2. The CO2-poor gases are typical of Type II volcanic gases (gerlach and Graeber, 1985) and were emitted from evolved magma stored for a prolonged period of time in the east rift zone after releasing CO2-rich gases during an earlier period of temporary residence in the summit magma chamber. The samples are remarkably free of contamination by atmospheric gases and meteoric water. Thermodynamic evaluation of the analytical data shows that the episode 1 gases have equilibrium compositions appropriate for temperatures between 935 and 1032°C. Open- and closed-system equilibrium models of species distributions for the episode 1 gases show unequivocally that coexisting lavas buffered the gas oxygen fugacities during cooling. These models indicate that the fO2 buffering process occurs by transfer of oxygen from the major species in the gas phase (H2O, CO2, SO2) to the lava during cooling and that the transfer of oxygen also controls the fugacities of several minor and trace species (H2, CO, H2S, S2, Cl2, F2), in addition to O2 during cooling. Gas/lava exchanges of other components are apparently insignificant and exert little influence, compared to oxygen exchange, during cooling. Oxygen transfer during cooling is variable, presumably reflecting short-term fluctuations in gas flow rates. Higher flow rates restrict the time available for gas/lava oxygen transfer and result in gases with higher equilibrium temperatures. Lower flow rates favor fO2-constrained equilibration by oxygen transfer down to lower temperatures. Thus, the chemical equilibrium preserved in these gases is a heterogeneous equilibrium constrained by oxygen fugacity, and the equilibrium temperatures implied by the compositions of the gases reflect the temperatures at which gas/lava oxygen exchange ceased. This conclusion challenges the common assumption that volcanic gases are released from lava in a state of chemical equilibrium and then continue equilibrating homogeneously with falling temperature until reaction rates are unable to keep pace with cooling. No evidence is found, moreover, that certain gas species are kinetically more responsive and able to equilibrate down to lower temperatures than those of the last gas/lava oxygen exchange. Homogeneous reaction rates in the gas phase are apparently slow compared to the time it took for the gases to move from the last site of gas/lava equilibration to the site of collection. An earlier set of data for higher temperature CO2-rich Type I volcanic gases, which come from sustained summit lava lake eruptions supplied by magma that experienced substantially shorter periods of crustal storage, shows fO2 buffering by oxygen transfer up to 1185°C. Oxygen fugacity measurements in drill holes into ponded lava flows suggest that buffering by oxygen transfer may control the fO2 of residual gases down to several hundred degrees below the solidus in the early stages of cooling. Although the details of the fO2 buffering mechanisms for oxygen transfer are unknown, the fact that fO2 buffering is effective from molten to subsolidus conditions suggests that the reaction mechanisms must change with cooling as the reactants change from predominantly melt, to melt plus crystals, to glass plus crystals. Mass balance calculations suggest that redox reactions between the gas and ferrous/ferric iron in the lava are plausible mechanisms for the oxygen transfer and that the fO2 of the gases is buffered by sliding ferrous/ferric equilibria in the erupting lavas. Contrary to expectations based on models predicting the oxidation of basalt by H2 and CO escape during crustal storage, CO2-rich Type I gases and CO2-poor Type II gases have identical oxygen fugacities despite greatly different crustal storage and degassing histories. Volcanic gas data give a tightly constrained log fO2 of NNO − 0.5 (±0.05) for subaerially erupted Kilauea basalt from liquidus to solidus temperatures, consistent with recent fO2 determinations for the mantle source regions of ocean island basalts. Because the oxygen fugacities of volcanic gases emitted by subaerial lavas imply that the fO2 of Kilauea basalt is unchanged during crustal storage, Kilauea basalt either arrives in the crust with an oxygen fugacity between NNO and FMQ, or it develops an oxygen fugacity in this range immediately upon arrival in the summit chamber.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0016-7037(93)90169-W","issn":"00167037","usgsCitation":"Gerlach, T., 1993, Oxygen buffering of Kilauea volcanic gases and the oxygen fugacity of Kilauea basalt: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 57, no. 4, p. 795-814, https://doi.org/10.1016/0016-7037(93)90169-W.","productDescription":"20 p.","startPage":"795","endPage":"814","numberOfPages":"20","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":227501,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"57","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a7288e4b0c8380cd76b5c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Gerlach, T.M.","contributorId":38713,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gerlach","given":"T.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":378884,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70018044,"text":"70018044 - 1993 - Simulation and mapping of soil-water conditions in the Great Plains","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-02-19T10:54:39","indexId":"70018044","displayToPublicDate":"1993-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3718,"text":"Water Resources Bulletin","printIssn":"0043-1370","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Simulation and mapping of soil-water conditions in the Great Plains","docAbstract":"Soil-water conditions provide valuable insight into the hydrologic system in an area. A soil-water balance quantitatively summarizes soil-water conditions and is based on climatic, soil, and vegetation characteristics that vary spatially and temporally. Soil-water balances in the Great Plains of the central United States were simulated for 1951-1980. Results of the simulations were mean annual estimates of infiltration, runoff, actual evapotranspiration, potential recharge, and consumptive water and irrigation requirements at 152 climatic data stations. A method was developed using a geographic information system to integrate and map the simulation results on the basis of spatially variable climatic, soil, and vegetation characteristics. As an example, simulated mean annual potential recharge was mapped. Mean annual potential-recharge rates ranged from less than 0.5 inch in much of the north-central and southwestern Great Plains to more than 10 inches in parts of eastern Texas and southwestern Arkansas.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Water Resources Bulletin","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"American Water Resources Association","doi":"10.1111/j.1752-1688.1993.tb03255.x","issn":"00431370","usgsCitation":"Zelt, R.B., and Dugan, J.T., 1993, Simulation and mapping of soil-water conditions in the Great Plains: Water Resources Bulletin, v. 29, no. 6, p. 939-948, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-1688.1993.tb03255.x.","startPage":"939","endPage":"948","numberOfPages":"10","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":267685,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-1688.1993.tb03255.x"},{"id":228743,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"29","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2007-06-08","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b8fe6e4b08c986b3191e0","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Zelt, R. B.","contributorId":34913,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zelt","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":378298,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Dugan, J. T.","contributorId":67890,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dugan","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":378299,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70017944,"text":"70017944 - 1993 - Petrology and U-Pb geochronology of buried Avalonian plutonic rocks on southeastern Cape Cod","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-01-14T12:44:54","indexId":"70017944","displayToPublicDate":"1993-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":918,"text":"Atlantic Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Petrology and U-Pb geochronology of buried Avalonian plutonic rocks on southeastern Cape Cod","docAbstract":"Plutonic rocks have been intersected by two separate drill holes on southeastern Cape Cod. Hole CC2 is located at Chatham Harbor about 7 km south of the Nauset anomaly, an east-northeast-trending magnetic lineament that was considered to separate the distinct plutonic zones of Avalon terrane. This drill hole intersected weakly foliated, fairly homogeneous biotite granite. Zircons from this granite give a U-Pb age of 584+9/-8 Ma. Hole CC1 is located near North Eastham, about 12 km north of the Nauset anomaly. The drill core intersected foliated, sheared, biotite granodiorite and biotite-hornblende-clinopyroxene-quartz gabbro, metamorphosed to greenschist facies. The deformed and altered state of these rocks, as well as their geochemistry, suggest that their origin and possibly their ages are distinct from the granite in hole CC2. No datable zircons were obtained from rocks in CC1. The age of 584 Ma for the CC2 granite sample is within the range of published ages for plutonic rocks of the Avalon terrane and confirms the suggestion of Hutchinson et al. (1988) that the southern plutonic zone is a part of the Avalon terrane. The data also indicate that the Nauset anomaly is not the Avalon-Meguma terrane boundary in this area.
","language":"English","publisher":"Atlantic Geoscience Society","doi":"10.4138/1993","issn":"08435561","usgsCitation":"Leo, G.W., Mortensen, J., Barreiro, B., and Phillips, J., 1993, Petrology and U-Pb geochronology of buried Avalonian plutonic rocks on southeastern Cape Cod: Atlantic Geology, v. 29, no. 2, p. 103-113, https://doi.org/10.4138/1993.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"103","endPage":"113","numberOfPages":"11","costCenters":[{"id":35995,"text":"Geology, Geophysics, and Geochemistry Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":479481,"rank":1,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.4138/1993","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":228873,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Massachusetts","otherGeospatial":"Cape Cod","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -70.9991455078125,\n 41.343824581185686\n ],\n [\n -69.63134765625,\n 41.343824581185686\n ],\n [\n -69.63134765625,\n 42.114523952464246\n ],\n [\n -70.9991455078125,\n 42.114523952464246\n ],\n [\n -70.9991455078125,\n 41.343824581185686\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"29","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1993-07-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a7816e4b0c8380cd78624","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Leo, G. W.","contributorId":102899,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Leo","given":"G.","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":377997,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Mortensen, J.K.","contributorId":16597,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mortensen","given":"J.K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":377994,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Barreiro, B.","contributorId":42379,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Barreiro","given":"B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":377996,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Phillips, J. D. 0000-0002-6459-2821","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6459-2821","contributorId":22366,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Phillips","given":"J. D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":377995,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70017883,"text":"70017883 - 1993 - Natural gas hydrates of the Prudhoe Bay and Kuparuk River area, North Slope, Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-01-19T18:00:20.943182","indexId":"70017883","displayToPublicDate":"1993-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":701,"text":"American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Natural gas hydrates of the Prudhoe Bay and Kuparuk River area, North Slope, Alaska","docAbstract":"Gas hydrates are crystalline substances composed of water and gas, mainly methane, in which a solid-water lattice accommodates gas molecules in a cage-like structure, or clathrate. These substances commonly have been regarded as a potential unconventional source of natural gas because of their enormous gas-storage capacity. Significant quantities of naturally occurring gas hydrates have been detected in many regions of the Arctic, including Siberia, the Mackenzie River Delta, and the North Slope of Alaska. On the North Slope, the methane-hydrate stability zone is areally extensive beneath most of the coastal plain province and has thicknesses greater than 1000 m in the Prudhoe Bay area.
Gas hydrates have been inferred to occur in 50 North Slope exploratory and production wells on the basis of well-log responses calibrated to the response of an interval in a well where gas hydrates were recovered in a core by ARCO and Exxon. Most North Slope gas hydrates occur in six laterally continuous lower Tertiary sandstones and conglomerates; all these gas hydrates are geographically restricted to the area overlying the eastern part of the Kuparuk River oil field and the western part of the Prudhoe Bay oil field. The volume of gas within these gas hydrates is estimated to be about 1.0 × 1012 to 1.2 × 1012 m3 (37 to 44 tcf), or about twice the volume of conventional gas in the Prudhoe Bay field.
Geochemical analyses of well samples suggest that the inferred hydrates probably contain a mixture of deep-source thermogenic gas and shallow, microbial gas that was either directly converted to gas hydrate or first concentrated in existing traps and later converted to gas hydrate. The thermogenic gas probably migrated from deeper reservoirs along the same faults thought to have been migration pathways for the large volumes of heavy oil that occur in the shallow reservoirs of this area.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Association of Petroleum Geologists","doi":"10.1306/BDFF8D62-1718-11D7-8645000102C1865D","usgsCitation":"Collett, T.S., 1993, Natural gas hydrates of the Prudhoe Bay and Kuparuk River area, North Slope, Alaska: American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin, v. 77, no. 5, p. 793-812, https://doi.org/10.1306/BDFF8D62-1718-11D7-8645000102C1865D.","productDescription":"20 p.","startPage":"793","endPage":"812","numberOfPages":"20","costCenters":[{"id":171,"text":"Central Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":228779,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"Kuparuk River area, North Slope, Prudhoe Bay","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -141,\n 72\n ],\n [\n -168,\n 72\n ],\n [\n -168,\n 68\n ],\n [\n -141,\n 68\n ],\n [\n -141,\n 72\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"77","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a6304e4b0c8380cd72251","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Collett, Timothy S. 0000-0002-7598-4708 tcollett@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7598-4708","contributorId":1698,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Collett","given":"Timothy","email":"tcollett@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":255,"text":"Energy Resources Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":164,"text":"Central Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":171,"text":"Central Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":377831,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70017871,"text":"70017871 - 1993 - Geology and genesis of the Baid Al Jimalah tungsten deposit, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-01-03T17:32:36.928564","indexId":"70017871","displayToPublicDate":"1993-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1472,"text":"Economic Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Geology and genesis of the Baid Al Jimalah tungsten deposit, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia","docAbstract":"The Baid al Jimalah tungsten deposit in Saudi Arabia (lat 25 degrees 09'N, long 42 degrees 41'E) consists predominantly of swarms of steeply dipping, subparallel, tungsten-bearing quartz veins and of less abundant, smaller stockwork veins. It is spatially, temporally, and genetically associated with a 569 Ma, highly differentiated, porphyritic, two-feldspar granite that intrudes Late Proterozoic immature sandstones.Paragenetic data from crosscutting veins demonstrate unambiguously a single cycle of magma intrusion and hydrothermal mineralization. Hypogene mineralization can be divided into three periods: (1) early quartz-molybdenite stockwork veining, (2) wolframite- and scheelite-bearing, greisen-bordered veining, and (3) late, quartz-carbonate-fluorite veining. The first two of these three periods can be further divided into several stages that are transitional to each other. The greisen-bordered veins, in particular, show replacement of earlier mineral assemblages by later ones. Precious and base metal veins at Baid al Jimalah East, approximately 1.5 km east of the Baid al Jimalah tungsten deposit, are genetically related to the tungsten deposit and probably formed contemporaneously with the greisenized tungsten-bearing veins.Fluid inclusion and oxygen isotope data indicate that the Baid al Jimalah deposit formed over a temperature range of 120 degrees to 550 degrees C, from low salinity magmatic and metamorphic fluids, and at a depth of about 4.2 km. Early stockwork veins (period 1) formed at low magmatic temperatures (ca. 550 degrees C) from magma-derived (delta 18 O = 9.6-9.7ppm), low-salinity (1-2 wt % NaCl equiv) fluid. This hydrothermal fluid was generally low density and CO 2 rich. All other veins were formed from regionally derived fluid in equilibrium with metamorphic rocks (delta 18 O = 7.9 + or - 1.0ppm at the site of deposition). This fluid probably scavenged most of the period 2 ore-mineral components from a postulated granite batholith whose existence is indicated by a 6-mGal gravity low centered on the deposit. The greisen-bordered tungsten veins (period 2) formed from fluids in the liquid state at temperatures mostly between 380 degrees and 440 degrees C with salinities between 4.5 and 10.9 wt percent NaCl equiv. Late, barren veins (period 3) formed from liquids with salinities between 0.0 and 3.5 wt percent NaCl equiv at temperatures as low as 120 degrees C. The veins at Baid al Jimalah East formed from liquids with salinities between 0 and 4.2 wt percent NaCl equiv at temperatures mostly between about 340 degrees and 390 degrees C. Important volatile constituents in some hydrothermal fluids were CO 2 and CH 4 , in addition to H 2 O and HF. The delta 18 O data on mineral separates of fresh and altered Bald al Jimalah granite, and whole-rock delta 18 O data on country-rock samples as far as 16 km from the deposit, indicate that the rocks in the Bald al Jimalah area were pervasively infiltrated by a fluid with relatively high delta 18 O values. Interaction and exchange of the country rocks with this delta 18 O fluid led to an increase in the delta 18 O values of volcanic rocks of the Jurdhawiyah Group but to a decrease in the delta 18 O values of the high value delta 18 O Murdama Group sandstones, resulting in a hydrothermal anomaly exceeding 100 km 2 in area. This fluid had an estimated delta 18 O value of about 6 to 8 per mil, essentially identical to that of the metamorphic water calculated from the vein quartz, thus strongly supporting the conclusion that all of the mineral deposits at Baid al Jimalah (except for the early-stage quartz-molybdenite veins), as well as the 12-km 2 geochemical anomaly surrounding the deposit, were from the same metamorphic fluid.Bald al Jimalah is similar in character and origin to Phanerozoic tungsten-tin greisen deposits throughout the world, especially the Hemerdon deposit in Devon, England. It is also analogous to Climax-type molybdenum deposits, which contain virtually identical mineral assemblages, but with the relative proportions of molybdenum and tungsten mineralization reversed, primarily owing to differences in oxygen fugacity. This similarity in mineralization styles and fluid histories indicates that metallogenic processes in granite-related deposits in the late Precambrian were similar to those seen in the Phanerozoic.
","language":"English","publisher":"Society of Economic Geologists","doi":"10.2113/gsecongeo.88.7.1743","issn":"03610128","usgsCitation":"Kamilli, R., Cole, J.C., Elliott, J.E., and Criss, R., 1993, Geology and genesis of the Baid Al Jimalah tungsten deposit, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia: Economic Geology, v. 88, no. 7, p. 1743-1767, https://doi.org/10.2113/gsecongeo.88.7.1743.","productDescription":"25 p.","startPage":"1743","endPage":"1767","numberOfPages":"25","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":228632,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"88","issue":"7","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1993-11-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a22d6e4b0c8380cd57399","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kamilli, R.J.","contributorId":75550,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kamilli","given":"R.J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":377808,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Cole, J. C.","contributorId":51292,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cole","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":377807,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Elliott, J. E.","contributorId":19914,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Elliott","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":377806,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Criss, R.E.","contributorId":10075,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Criss","given":"R.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":377805,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70017479,"text":"70017479 - 1993 - Regional and economic geology of Pennsylvanian age coal beds of West Virginia","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-02-22T00:36:35.882075","indexId":"70017479","displayToPublicDate":"1993-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2033,"text":"International Journal of Coal Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Regional and economic geology of Pennsylvanian age coal beds of West Virginia","docAbstract":"West Virginia is the only place in the United States where an entire section of Pennsylvanian age (Upper Carboniferous) strata can be seen. These strata occur within a wedge of rock that thins to the north and west from the southeastern part of the State. The progressive north-northwesterly termination of older Pennsylvanian geologic units beneath younger ones prominently outlines the center of the Appalachian basin of West Virginia. Over most of West Virginia, Lower and/or Middle Pennsylvanian strata unconformably overly Upper Mississippian (Lower Carboniferous) strata. Sediment deposition was accomplished by a complex system of deltas prograding north and west from an eastern and southeastern source area.
More than 100 named coal beds occur within the Lower, Middle, and Upper Pennsylvanian rocks of West Virginia and at least 60 of these have been or are currently being mined commercially. Collectively, these coal beds account for original in-ground coal resources of almost 106.1×109 t (117×109 tons). West Virginia ranks fourth in the United States in demonstrated coal reserves. In 1988, West Virginia produced 131.4×106 t (144.9×106 T) of coal, third highest in the United States. Of this annual production, 75% was from underground mines. In 1988, West Virginia led the nation in the number of longwall mining sections currently in place. West Virginia's low-volatile coal beds are known worldwide as important metallurgical-grade coals, while the higher-volatile coal beds are utilized primarily for steam production.
Ground water is the main source of domestic and public supply in the Carson River Basin. Ground water originates as precipitation primarily in the Sierra Nevada in the western part of Carson and Eagle Valleys, and flows down gradient in the direction of the Carson River through Dayton and Churchill Valleys to a terminal sink in the Carson Desert. Because radionuclides dissolved in ground water can pose a threat to human health, the distribution and sources of several naturally occurring radionuclides that contribute to gross-alpha and gross-beta activities in the study area were investigated. Generally, alpha and beta activities and U concentration increase from the up-gradient to down-gradient hydrographic areas of the Carson River Basin, whereas222Rn concentration decreases. Both226Ra and228Ra concentrations are similar throughout the study area. Alpha and beta activities and U concentration commonly exceed 100 pCi/l in the Carson Desert at the distal end of the flow system. Radon-222 commonly exceeds 2,000 pCi/l in the western part of Carson and Eagle Valleys adjacent to the Sierra Nevada. Radium-226 and228Ra concentrations are <5pCi/l. Four ground water samples were analyzed for210Po and one sample contained a high concentration of 21 pCi/l. Seven samples were analyzed for210Pb; six contained <3pCi/l and one contained 12 pCi/l. Thorium-230 was detected at concentrations of 0.15 and 0.20 pCi/l in two of four samples.
Alpha-emitting radionuclides in the ground water originated from the dissolution of U-rich granitic rocks in the Sierra Nevada by CO2, oxygenated water. Dissolution of primary minerals, mainly titanite (sphene) in the granitic rocks, releases U to the water. Dissolved U is probably removed from the water by adsorption on Fe- and Mn-oxide coatings on fracture surfaces and fine-grained sediment, by adsorption on organic matter, and by coprecipitation with Fe and Mn oxides. These coated sediments are transported throughout the basin by fluvial processes. Thus, U is transported as dissolved and adsorbed species. A rise in the water table in the Carson Desert because of irrigation has resulted in the oxidation of U-rich organic matter and dissolution of U-bearing coatings on sediments, producing unusually high U concentration in the ground water.
Alpha activity in the ground water is almost entirely from the decay of U dissolved in the water. Beta activity in ground water samples is primarily from the decay of40K dissolved in the water and ingrowth of238U progeny in the sample before analysis. Approximately one-half of the measured beta activity may not be present in ground water in the aquifer, but instead is produced in the sample after collection and before analysis. Potassium-40 is primarily from the dissolution of K-containing minerals, probably K-feldspar and biotite. Radon-222 is primarily from the decay of226Ra in the aquifer materials. Radium in the ground water is thought to be mainly from alpha recoil associated with the decay of Th in the aquifer material. Some Ra may be from dissolution (or desorption) or Ra-rich coatings on sediments.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0883-2927(93)90075-R","issn":"08832927","usgsCitation":"Thomas, J.M., Welch, A., Lico, M., Hughes, J.L., and Whitney, R., 1993, Radionuclides in ground water of the Carson River Basin, western Nevada and eastern California, U.S.A.: Applied Geochemistry, v. 8, no. 5, p. 447-471, https://doi.org/10.1016/0883-2927(93)90075-R.","productDescription":"25 p.","startPage":"447","endPage":"471","numberOfPages":"25","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":228416,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California, Nevada","otherGeospatial":"Carson River Basin","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -120.77808191049472,\n 40.330949687966836\n ],\n [\n -120.77808191049472,\n 38.2575185828108\n ],\n [\n -118.25229909191118,\n 38.2575185828108\n ],\n [\n -118.25229909191118,\n 40.330949687966836\n ],\n [\n -120.77808191049472,\n 40.330949687966836\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"8","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a941ce4b0c8380cd811f3","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Thomas, J. M.","contributorId":62217,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thomas","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376352,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Welch, A. H.","contributorId":14836,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Welch","given":"A. H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376349,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Lico, M.S.","contributorId":36573,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lico","given":"M.S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376351,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Hughes, J. L.","contributorId":34940,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hughes","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376350,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Whitney, R.","contributorId":94808,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Whitney","given":"R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376353,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70207807,"text":"70207807 - 1992 - Chapter 4: Cretaceous thrusting and Neogene block rotation in the northern Portneuf Range region, southeastern Idaho","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-06-24T15:04:24.256565","indexId":"70207807","displayToPublicDate":"2020-01-14T12:47:23","publicationYear":"1992","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2711,"text":"Memoir of the Geological Society of America","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Chapter 4: Cretaceous thrusting and Neogene block rotation in the northern Portneuf Range region, southeastern Idaho","docAbstract":"The Putnam thrust has long been recognized as an important Mesozoic structure in the northern Portneuf Range, southeastern Idaho. At most localities, the thrust places Ordovician rocks above Permian and Pennsylvanian rocks, although near its southeastern extent, it ramps laterally downsection to the southeast. At its southeasternmost exposures, Cambrian rocks are juxtaposed above Mississippian rocks. New work indicates that the hanging wall of the Putnam thrust contains three imbricate thrust slices or subplates, which are, from structurally lowest to highest (and generally from north to south), the Lone Pine subplate, the Narrows subplate, and the Bear Canyon-Toponce subplate.
The steeply south-dipping, east-trending Narrows thrust overlies the Lone Pine subplate, underlies the Narrows subplate, and is a lateral ramp that merges eastward into the Putnam thrust. Where exposed, the Narrows thrust places Late Proterozoic quartzite of the Brigham Group over Ordovician and Cambrian rocks. The Bear Canyon thrust overlies the Narrows subplate and underlies the Bear Canyon-Toponce subplate, dips eastward along the west side of the Portneuf Range, and places lower Brigham Group quartzite above Cambrian limestone and Cambrian and Late Proterozoic upper Brigham Group quartzite and argillite. At its northern extent, the Bear Canyon thrust curves to the east, where it merges with the Putnam thrust. On the east side of the range, the intensely folded Toponce thrust places upper Brigham Group quartzite above Ordovician rocks; the Toponce is believed to be an eastward extension of the Bear Canyon thrust.
East-dipping rocks within the Lone Pine subplate were not strongly deformed during Cretaceous thrusting, in contrast to rocks within the Narrows subplate, where east-vergent recumbent folds, cleavage directions that fan about northerly strikes, and tectonic thickening and thinning of beds indicate intense, thrust-parallel shear. The deformation and thrust geometry within the Narrows subplate suggest that the Narrows subplate actually consists of several horses within a foreland-dipping duplex.
Late Miocene and younger basin deposits occur in north-trending valleys adjacent t o the northern Portneuf Range and, to the west, the Bannock and Pocatello ranges. At most places, the Neogene deposits dip to the east by as much as 35°, indicating that late Miocene and younger extension and down-to-the-east rotation occurred along mostly west-dipping listric faults that are inferred to merge on at least one regional detachment. Although range-bounding faults account for a large component of extension and rotation, an additional large component was contributed by numerous, relatively small-displacement normal faults within mountain ranges.
","language":"English","publisher":"GSA","doi":"10.1130/MEM179-p95","usgsCitation":"Kellogg, K.S., 1992, Chapter 4: Cretaceous thrusting and Neogene block rotation in the northern Portneuf Range region, southeastern Idaho: Memoir of the Geological Society of America, v. 179, p. 95-113, https://doi.org/10.1130/MEM179-p95.","productDescription":"19 p.","startPage":"95","endPage":"113","costCenters":[{"id":318,"text":"Geosciences and Environmental Change Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":371219,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Idaho","otherGeospatial":"Southeastern Idaho","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -113.44482421875,\n 42.309815415686664\n ],\n [\n -111.6650390625,\n 42.309815415686664\n ],\n [\n -111.6650390625,\n 44.15068115978094\n ],\n [\n -113.44482421875,\n 44.15068115978094\n ],\n [\n -113.44482421875,\n 42.309815415686664\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"179","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1992-01-01","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kellogg, Karl S. 0000-0002-6536-9066 kkellogg@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6536-9066","contributorId":1206,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kellogg","given":"Karl","email":"kkellogg@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":318,"text":"Geosciences and Environmental Change Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":779398,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70211062,"text":"70211062 - 1992 - A theoretical model for the flux of radon from rock to ground water","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-07-14T14:53:48.388553","indexId":"70211062","displayToPublicDate":"2020-01-01T09:51:36","publicationYear":"1992","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1727,"text":"GSA Special Papers","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A theoretical model for the flux of radon from rock to ground water","docAbstract":"A model is derived to predict the abundance of 222Rn in ground water in contact with a rock of known uranium content. The model assumes that secular equilibrium is attained in the rock-water system as a whole, but is independent of any microscopic geometric properties of the system. The key variables in the model are bulk properties such as porosity, uranium content of the rock, emanating efficiency, and rock density, all of which are measurable. Thus, the model is simplified by the averaging effects of a macroscopic view of the system. Although less rigorous than other models presented in the literature, it is more generally applicable to natural systems because it does not rely on microscopic properties of the system, which are impossible to quantify. Application of the model to crystalline aquifers in the eastern United States shows that bulk emanation rates of radon are generally less than about 30%.
","language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","doi":"10.1130/SPE271-p73","usgsCitation":"Wanty, R.B., Lawrence, E.P., and Gundersen, L.C., 1992, A theoretical model for the flux of radon from rock to ground water: GSA Special Papers, v. 271, 6 p., https://doi.org/10.1130/SPE271-p73.","productDescription":"6 p.","costCenters":[{"id":35995,"text":"Geology, Geophysics, and Geochemistry Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":376319,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"271","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wanty, Richard B. 0000-0002-2063-6423 rwanty@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2063-6423","contributorId":443,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wanty","given":"Richard","email":"rwanty@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[{"id":211,"text":"Crustal Geophysics and Geochemistry Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":792638,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Lawrence, Errol P.","contributorId":228974,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Lawrence","given":"Errol","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":792639,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Gundersen, Linda C. lgundersen@usgs.gov","contributorId":238,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gundersen","given":"Linda","email":"lgundersen@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":501,"text":"Office of Science Quality and Integrity","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":792640,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70180193,"text":"70180193 - 1992 - A postulated new source for the White River Ash, Alaska: A section in Geologic studies in Alaska by the US. Geological Survey, 1990","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":70180193,"text":"70180193 - 1992 - A postulated new source for the White River Ash, Alaska: A section in Geologic studies in Alaska by the US. Geological Survey, 1990","indexId":"70180193","publicationYear":"1992","noYear":false,"title":"A postulated new source for the White River Ash, Alaska: A section in Geologic studies in Alaska by the US. Geological Survey, 1990"},"predicate":"IS_PART_OF","object":{"id":33240,"text":"b1999 - 1992 - Geologic studies in Alaska by the U.S. Geological Survey, 1990","indexId":"b1999","publicationYear":"1992","noYear":false,"title":"Geologic studies in Alaska by the U.S. Geological Survey, 1990"},"id":1}],"isPartOf":{"id":33240,"text":"b1999 - 1992 - Geologic studies in Alaska by the U.S. Geological Survey, 1990","indexId":"b1999","publicationYear":"1992","noYear":false,"title":"Geologic studies in Alaska by the U.S. Geological Survey, 1990"},"lastModifiedDate":"2017-01-27T11:02:59","indexId":"70180193","displayToPublicDate":"2017-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1992","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":306,"text":"Bulletin","code":"B","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1999","title":"A postulated new source for the White River Ash, Alaska: A section in Geologic studies in Alaska by the US. Geological Survey, 1990","docAbstract":"The White River Ash (Lerbekmo and others, 1968), product of two of the most voluminous pyroclastic eruptions in North America in the past 2,000 yr, blankets much of the Yukon Terrtory, Canada, and a small part of adjoining eastern Alaska. Lerbekmo and Campbell (1969) narrowed the source of the ash to an area northeast of the Mt. Bona-Mt. Churchill massif in the St. Elias Mountains of southern Alaska. Based on indirect evidence, Lerbekmo and Campbell (1969) further suggested that the vent was beneath the Klutlan Glacier, adjacent to a mound of coarse pumice, 16 km northeast of Mt. Bona. Recently discovered pumice and ash deposits and a possible vent structure near the summit of Mt. Churchill suggest an alternate source area. The White River Ash is a bilobate plinian fallout deposit covering more than 340,000 km2 and containing an estimated 25-50 km3 of tephra (Bostock, 1952; Berger, 1960; fig. 1). Radiocarbon ages indicate that the northern lobe was deposited about 1,887 yr B.P. and the eastern, and larger, lobe about 1,250 yr B.P. (Lerbekmo and others, 1975). The axes of the two lobes converge near Mt. Bona (16,420 ft (5,005 m)) and Mt. Churchill [15,638 ft (4,766 m)], which together form a prominent massif in the St. Elias Mountains. The Klutlan Glacier, a large valley glacier that flows eastward into Canada, has its principal source on the eastern flank of the massif.
","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"Geologic studies in Alaska by the US. Geological Survey, 1990 (Bulletin 1999)","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Denver, CO","doi":"10.3133/70180193","usgsCitation":"McGimsey, R.G., Richter, D.H., DuBois, G.D., and Miller, T.P., 1992, A postulated new source for the White River Ash, Alaska: A section in Geologic studies in Alaska by the US. Geological Survey, 1990: U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin 1999, 7 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/70180193.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"212","endPage":"218","numberOfPages":"7","costCenters":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":333934,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":333933,"rank":1,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/bul/1999/report.pdf#page=220","text":"Start page in larger work"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"White River","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5889c7bee4b0ba3b075e062d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"McGimsey, Robert G. 0000-0001-5379-7779 mcgimsey@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5379-7779","contributorId":2352,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McGimsey","given":"Robert","email":"mcgimsey@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":660721,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Richter, Donald H.","contributorId":61021,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Richter","given":"Donald","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":660722,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"DuBois, Gregory D.","contributorId":6824,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"DuBois","given":"Gregory","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":660723,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Miller, T. P.","contributorId":49345,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Miller","given":"T.","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":660724,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70006995,"text":"70006995 - 1992 - Puffins as samplers of juvenile pollock and other forage fish in the Gulf of Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-05-22T14:53:21.88409","indexId":"70006995","displayToPublicDate":"2012-01-01T12:36:52","publicationYear":"1992","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2663,"text":"Marine Ecology Progress Series","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Puffins as samplers of juvenile pollock and other forage fish in the Gulf of Alaska","docAbstract":"We sampled the nestling diets of tufted puffins (Fratercula cirrhata) and horned puffins (F. corniculata) in 3 years at colonies from the north-central Gulf of Alaska to the eastern Aleutian Islands, Alaska, USA. Overall, tufted puffins consumed (by weight) 41% sandlance (Ammodytes hexapterus), 22% capelin (Mallotus villosus), 19% walleye pollock (Theragra chalcogramma), 13% other fish, and 5% invertebrates, whereas horned puffins took 85% sandlance, 4% capelin, 2% pollock, 8% other fish, and <1 % invertebrates. All of the pollock consumed were young of the year, whereas 4 year-classes of capelin were present, from young of the year through spawning adults. Puffins took mostly first-year sandlance, but fish in their second year or older were also common at colonies near Kodiak, Alaska. The importance of juvenile pollock in the diet of tufted puffins varied geographically from little or no use in the north-central Gulf and Kodiak areas to moderate use (5 to 20%) in the Semidi and Shumagin Islands to heavy use (25 to 75%) in the Sandman Reefs and eastern Aleutians. An estimated 11 billion pollock were consumed by tufted puffins throughout the region in 1986. The proportion of pollock in puffin diets at the Semidi Islands was strongly correlated with independent estimates of cohort strength in 3 years. Puffins may thus provide a useful index of distribution and year class abundance of first-year pollock, a species that currently supports an important commercial fishery in the Gulf of Alaska.","language":"English","publisher":"Inter-Research Science Publisher","doi":"10.3354/meps080001","usgsCitation":"Hatch, S., and Sanger, G.A., 1992, Puffins as samplers of juvenile pollock and other forage fish in the Gulf of Alaska: Marine Ecology Progress Series, v. 80, p. 1-14, https://doi.org/10.3354/meps080001.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"1","endPage":"14","numberOfPages":"14","costCenters":[{"id":106,"text":"Alaska Biological Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":488001,"rank":2,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.3354/meps080001","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":259710,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"Gulf Of Alaska","volume":"80","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a9020e4b0c8380cd7fb4d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hatch, Scott","contributorId":16268,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hatch","given":"Scott","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":355628,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Sanger, Gerald A.","contributorId":10660,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sanger","given":"Gerald","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":6654,"text":"USFWS","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":355627,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":5222882,"text":"5222882 - 1992 - Organochlorines and mercury in osprey eggs from the eastern United States","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:15:10","indexId":"5222882","displayToPublicDate":"2010-06-16T12:18:05","publicationYear":"1992","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2442,"text":"Journal of Raptor Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Organochlorines and mercury in osprey eggs from the eastern United States","docAbstract":"Organochlorine and mercury concentrations were determined in Osprey eggs collected from Maryland, Virginia, and Massachusetts during 1986-87. DDE concentrations were significantly different among locations. Median DDE concentrations did not decline significantly in eggs from Glenn L. Martin National Wildlife Refuge, Maryland, between 1973 and 1986. The median DDE residue for eggs from Martin Refuge in 1986 surpassed the value associated with 10% eggshell thinning, but was below the value associated with production of 1.0 young per active nest, a level assumed to represent a stable population. DDD, DDT, dieldrin, PCB, and mercury residues in all eggs appeared insignificant with regard to potential effects on shell thickness or reproduction. DDE and PCB residues were lower in eggs collected in 1986-87 than in those collected in the 1970s for each area. DDD, DDT, and dieldrin were not detected in Martin Refuge eggs in 1986, representing a significant reduction since 1973. DDD, DDT, and dieldrin levels in Massachusetts and Virginia eggs in 1986-87 were similar to those in eggs from the 1970s for each state. Mercury residues in eggs from Martin Refuge may be increasing and although not significant in this study, may warrant future monitoring.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Raptor Research","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","usgsCitation":"Audet, D., Scott, D., and Wiemeyer, S.N., 1992, Organochlorines and mercury in osprey eggs from the eastern United States: Journal of Raptor Research, v. 26, no. 4, p. 219-224.","productDescription":"219-224","startPage":"219","endPage":"224","numberOfPages":"6","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":195954,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":16370,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://elibrary.unm.edu/sora/jrr/v026n04/p00219-p00224.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"volume":"26","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ae5e4b07f02db68a756","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Audet, D. 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J.","contributorId":97030,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dein","given":"F. J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":328842,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":10}]}} ,{"id":5210602,"text":"5210602 - 1992 - Geographic patterns in population trends of neotropical migrants in North America","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:15:15","indexId":"5210602","displayToPublicDate":"2009-06-09T09:23:17","publicationYear":"1992","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"title":"Geographic patterns in population trends of neotropical migrants in North America","docAbstract":"We use the route-regression method to estimate the population trends of 100 species of Neotropical migrants using data from the North American Breeding Bird Survey (BBS). We examine long-term (1966-1988) and recent (1978-1988) trends. In the long-term, more species of Neotropical migrants were increasing than were decreasing in the eastern and western parts of the continent, but recent trends indicate that more species decreased than increased in their population index in the east. Recent population declines in the eastern part of the continent were primarily associated with bird species that breed in forested habitat. No association was detected between changes in forest acreages by state and population trends of Neotropical migrants in the United States and Canada.","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Ecology and Conservation of Neotropical Migrant Landbirds","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":4,"text":"Other Government Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"Smithsonian Institution Press","publisherLocation":"Washington, DC","usgsCitation":"Sauer, J., and Droege, S., 1992, Geographic patterns in population trends of neotropical migrants in North America, chap. of Ecology and Conservation of Neotropical Migrant Landbirds, p. 26-42.","productDescription":"xiii, 609","startPage":"26","endPage":"42","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":200669,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b1be4b07f02db6a907d","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Hagan, John M. 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Very large volumes of basaltic magma were generated and partly erupted before substantial lithospheric extension began. Volcanism continued, along with extension and deep rift subsidence, for the ensuing 15 m.y. Much of the basaltic magma, including some of the earliest flows, was formed by partial melting of isotopically primitive asthenosphere contained in the plume head. The intense but relatively short duration of rifting and magmatism is a result of the dissipation of thermal and mechanical energy in the plume head. As the plume head spread beneath the lithosphere, it stretched the overlying lithosphere radially away from the Lake Superior region, the triple junction of the rift system, and partially melted to form the great volume of basalt and related intrusive rocks of the region.
The plume arrived beneath a continent that was under compression as a result of the ongoing Grenville orogeny that affected a large region east of the rift. That compression prevented full continental separation and eventually returned the region to compressional tectonics as the energy of the plume head waned.
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