{"pageNumber":"3101","pageRowStart":"77500","pageSize":"25","recordCount":184828,"records":[{"id":1001772,"text":"1001772 - 2001 - Winter severity and wolf predation on a formerly wolf-free elk herd","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-01-04T11:41:17","indexId":"1001772","displayToPublicDate":"2001-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2508,"text":"Journal of Wildlife Management","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Winter severity and wolf predation on a formerly wolf-free elk herd","docAbstract":"We studied wolf (Canis lupus) predation on elk (Cervus elaphus) in Yellowstone National Park from 17 March to 15 April 1997 (severe winter conditions) and from 2 to 31 March 1998 (mild winter conditions) 2-3 years after wolves were reintroduced to the park. Elk composed 91 % of 117 kills. Data comparisons for 1997 versus 1998 were: hunting success rate, 26% versus 15%; kill rate, 17.1 kg/wolf/day versus 6.1; percent of kill consumed in first day, 7 versus 86; percent femur marrow fat of adult kills, 27 versus 70; calf:adult ratios of kills, 2:33 versus 17:23; sex ratio of kills, 14M:19F versus 17M:6F; mean age of elk killed, males 6.1 years, females 15.2 versus males, 4.8, females 13.0. Winter severity influenced the wolf-elk relationship more than the naivete of the elk herd to predation by wolves.","language":"English","publisher":"Wildlife Society","doi":"10.2307/3803048","usgsCitation":"Mech, L.D., Smith, D.W., Murphy, K.M., and MacNulty, D.R., 2001, Winter severity and wolf predation on a formerly wolf-free elk herd: Journal of Wildlife Management, v. 65, no. 4, p. 998-1003, https://doi.org/10.2307/3803048.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"998","endPage":"1003","costCenters":[{"id":480,"text":"Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":486806,"rank":1,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.2307/3803048","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":130265,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"65","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4857e4b07f02db50261d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Mech, L. David 0000-0003-3944-7769 david_mech@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3944-7769","contributorId":2518,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mech","given":"L.","email":"david_mech@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"David","affiliations":[{"id":480,"text":"Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":311719,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Smith, Douglas W.","contributorId":95727,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smith","given":"Douglas","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":311717,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Murphy, Kerry M.","contributorId":14279,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Murphy","given":"Kerry","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":311718,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"MacNulty, Daniel R.","contributorId":64069,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"MacNulty","given":"Daniel","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":311716,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":1003621,"text":"1003621 - 2001 - Lead poisoning of waterfowl by contaminated sediment in the Coeur D'Alene River","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-02-22T14:52:38","indexId":"1003621","displayToPublicDate":"2001-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":887,"text":"Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Lead poisoning of waterfowl by contaminated sediment in the Coeur D'Alene River","docAbstract":"<p>The Coeur d'Alene River basin in Idaho has been contaminated by mine tailings that have impaired the health of wildlife since the early 1900s. In other parts of the world, virtually all lead poisoning of waterfowl is caused by the ingestion of manmade lead artifacts, primarily spent lead shotshell pellets or, occasionally, fishing sinkers. However, in the Coeur d'Alene River basin in Idaho, nonartifactual lead poisoning was the ultimate cause of death of most of 219 (77%) of 285 waterfowl carcasses that had been found sick or dead from 1992 through 1997. The majority of these 219 waterfowl (172 tundra swans [Cygnus columbianus], 33 Canada geese [Branta canadensis], and 14 other species) were poisoned by ingesting river sediment that was contaminated with lead. The next most common cause of death (20 instances, 7%) was lead poisoning accompanied by ingested shotshell pellets. The remaining 46 waterfowl succumbed to trauma, infectious diseases (aspergillosis, avian cholera, tuberculosis), or miscellaneous problems, or the cause of death was not determined.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1007/s002440010260","usgsCitation":"Sileo, L., Creekmore, L.H., Audet, D., Snyder, M., Meteyer, C., Franson, J.C., Locke, L.N., Smith, M.R., and Finley, D., 2001, Lead poisoning of waterfowl by contaminated sediment in the Coeur D'Alene River: Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, v. 41, no. 3, p. 364-368, https://doi.org/10.1007/s002440010260.","productDescription":"5 p.","startPage":"364","endPage":"368","numberOfPages":"5","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":456,"text":"National Wildlife Health Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":135709,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Idaho","otherGeospatial":"Cour d'Alene River Basin","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -117.11700439453125,\n              47.84450101574877\n            ],\n            [\n              -117.1307373046875,\n              46.837649560937464\n            ],\n            [\n              -116.510009765625,\n              46.568302354495195\n            ],\n            [\n              -115.94696044921875,\n              46.470024689385305\n            ],\n            [\n              -114.949951171875,\n              46.604167162931844\n            ],\n            [\n              -114.89501953124999,\n              46.78501604269254\n            ],\n            [\n              -115.37841796874999,\n              47.27922900257082\n            ],\n            [\n              -115.4498291015625,\n              47.45780853075031\n            ],\n            [\n              -115.77392578125,\n              47.787325537803106\n            ],\n            [\n              -115.99914550781249,\n              47.89424772020999\n            ],\n            [\n              -116.3067626953125,\n              47.99359789867388\n            ],\n            [\n              -116.6912841796875,\n              47.98256841921402\n            ],\n            [\n              -117.11700439453125,\n              47.84450101574877\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"41","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b1ae4b07f02db6a846e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Sileo, L.","contributorId":46895,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sileo","given":"L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":313707,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Creekmore, L. H.","contributorId":15137,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Creekmore","given":"L.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":313703,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Audet, D. J.","contributorId":38949,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Audet","given":"D. J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":313705,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Snyder, M.R.","contributorId":20302,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Snyder","given":"M.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":313704,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Meteyer, C.U. 0000-0002-4007-3410","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4007-3410","contributorId":74327,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Meteyer","given":"C.U.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":313709,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Franson, J. Christian 0000-0002-0251-4238 jfranson@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0251-4238","contributorId":140358,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Franson","given":"J.","email":"jfranson@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"Christian","affiliations":[{"id":456,"text":"National Wildlife Health Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":313711,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Locke, L. N.","contributorId":73539,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Locke","given":"L.","email":"","middleInitial":"N.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":313708,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Smith, M. R.","contributorId":40551,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smith","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":313706,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Finley, D.L.","contributorId":91809,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Finley","given":"D.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":313710,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9}]}}
,{"id":1003886,"text":"1003886 - 2001 - Dual Sarcocystis neurona and Toxoplasma gondii infection in a northern sea otter from Washington state, USA","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-06-15T13:27:50","indexId":"1003886","displayToPublicDate":"2001-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3686,"text":"Veterinary Parasitology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Dual Sarcocystis neurona and Toxoplasma gondii infection in a northern sea otter from Washington state, USA","docAbstract":"<p>Dual Sarcocystis neurona and Toxoplasma gondii infection was observed in a Northern sea otter from Washington, USA. The animal was found stranded, convulsed, and died shortly thereafter. Encephalitis caused by both S. neurona and T. gondii was demonstrated in histological sections of brain. Immunohistochemical examination of sections with S. neurona specific antisera demonstrated developmental stages that divided by endopolygeny and produced numerous merozoites. PCR of brain tissue from the sea otter using primer pairs JNB33/JNB54 resulted in amplification of a 1100 bp product. This PCR product was cut in to 884 and 216 bp products by Dra I but was not cut by Hinf I indicating that it was S. neurona [J. Parasitol. 85 (1999) 221]. No PCR product was detected in the brain of a sea otter which had no lesions of encephalitis. Examination of brain sections using T. gondii specific antisera demonstrated tachyzoites and tissue cysts of T. gondii. The lesions induced by T. gondii suggested that the sea otter was suffering from reactivated toxoplasmosis. T. gondii was isolated in mice inoculated with brain tissue. A cat that was fed infected mouse brain tissue excreted T. gondii oocysts which were infective for mice. This is apparently the first report of dual S. neurona and T. gondii in a marine mammal.</p>","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Veterinary Parasitology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","usgsCitation":"Lindsay, D.S., Thomas, N., Rosypal, A., and Dubey, J., 2001, Dual Sarcocystis neurona and Toxoplasma gondii infection in a northern sea otter from Washington state, USA: Veterinary Parasitology, v. 97, no. 4, p. 319-327.","productDescription":"p. 319-327","startPage":"319","endPage":"327","numberOfPages":"9","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":456,"text":"National Wildlife Health Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":134045,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":15212,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index 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,{"id":1003667,"text":"1003667 - 2001 - Quantitative analysis of herpes virus sequences from normal tissue and fibropapillomas of marine turtles with real-time PCR","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-10-04T10:17:57","indexId":"1003667","displayToPublicDate":"2001-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3696,"text":"Virology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Quantitative analysis of herpes virus sequences from normal tissue and fibropapillomas of marine turtles with real-time PCR","docAbstract":"<p>Quantitative real-time PCR has been used to measure fibropapilloma-associated turtle herpesvirus (FPTHV) pol DNA loads in fibropapillomas, fibromas, and uninvolved tissues of green, loggerhead, and olive ridley turtles from Hawaii, Florida, Costa Rica, Australia, Mexico, and the West Indies. The viral DNA loads from tumors obtained from terminal animals were relatively homogenous (range 2a??20 copies/cell), whereas DNA copy numbers from biopsied tumors and skin of otherwise healthy turtles displayed a wide variation (range 0.001a??170 copies/cell) and may reflect the stage of tumor development. FPTHV DNA loads in tumors were 2.5a??4.5 logs higher than in uninvolved skin from the same animal regardless of geographic location, further implying a role for FPTHV in the etiology of fibropapillomatosis. Although FPTHV pol sequences amplified from tumors are highly related to each other, single signature amino acid substitutions distinguish the Australia/Hawaii, Mexico/Costa Rica, and Florida/Caribbean groups.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1006/viro.2001.1023","usgsCitation":"Quackenbush, S., Casey, R., Murcek, R., Paul, T., Work, T.M., Limpus, C., Chaves, A., duToit, L., Perez, J., Aguirre, A., Spraker, T., Horrocks, J., Vermeer, L., Balazs, G., and Casey, J., 2001, Quantitative analysis of herpes virus sequences from normal tissue and fibropapillomas of marine turtles with real-time PCR: Virology, v. 287, no. 1, p. 105-111, https://doi.org/10.1006/viro.2001.1023.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"105","endPage":"111","numberOfPages":"7","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":456,"text":"National Wildlife Health Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":478973,"rank":1,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1006/viro.2001.1023","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":129052,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Australia, Costa Rica, Mexico, United States, West Indies","state":"Florida, 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T.A.","contributorId":38503,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Paul","given":"T.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":313861,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Work, Thierry M. 0000-0002-4426-9090 thierry_work@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4426-9090","contributorId":1187,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Work","given":"Thierry","email":"thierry_work@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":456,"text":"National Wildlife Health Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":313860,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Limpus, C.J.","contributorId":12413,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Limpus","given":"C.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":313857,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Chaves, A.","contributorId":23488,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chaves","given":"A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":313859,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"duToit, L.","contributorId":40154,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"duToit","given":"L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":313862,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Perez, J.V.","contributorId":54924,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Perez","given":"J.V.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":313864,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9},{"text":"Aguirre, A.A.","contributorId":107647,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Aguirre","given":"A.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":313869,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":10},{"text":"Spraker, T.R.","contributorId":19907,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Spraker","given":"T.R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":313858,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":11},{"text":"Horrocks, J.A.","contributorId":107229,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Horrocks","given":"J.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":313868,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":12},{"text":"Vermeer, L.A.","contributorId":64596,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Vermeer","given":"L.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":313865,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":13},{"text":"Balazs, G.S.","contributorId":6794,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Balazs","given":"G.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":313855,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":14},{"text":"Casey, J.W.","contributorId":11987,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Casey","given":"J.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":313856,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":15}]}}
,{"id":70023239,"text":"70023239 - 2001 - Effects of a test flood on fishes of the Colorado River in Grand Canyon, Arizona","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-10-07T17:18:34.223","indexId":"70023239","displayToPublicDate":"2001-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1450,"text":"Ecological Applications","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Effects of a test flood on fishes of the Colorado River in Grand Canyon, Arizona","docAbstract":"<p><span>A beach/habitat-building flow (i.e., test flood) of 1274 m</span><sup>3</sup><span>/s, released from Glen Canyon Dam down the Colorado River through Grand Canyon, had little effect on distribution, abundance, or movement of native fishes, and only short-term effects on densities of some nonnative species. Shoreline and backwater catch rates of native fishes, including juvenile humpback chub (</span><i>Gila cypha</i><span>), flannelmouth suckers (</span><i>Catostomus latipinnis</i><span>), and bluehead suckers (</span><i>C. discobolus</i><span>), and all ages of speckled dace (</span><i>Rhinichthys osculus</i><span>), were not significantly different before and after the flood. Annual spring spawning migrations of flannelmouth suckers into the Paria River and endangered humpback chub into the Little Colorado River (LCR) took place during and after the flood, indicating no impediment to fish migrations. Pre-spawning adults staged in large slack water pools formed at the mouths of these tributaries during the flood. Net movement and habitat used by nine radio-tagged adult humpback chub during the flood were not significantly different from prior observations. Diet composition of adult humpback chub varied, but total biomass did not differ significantly before, during, and after the flood, indicating opportunistic feeding for a larger array of available food items displaced by the flood. Numbers of nonnative rainbow trout (</span><i>Oncorhynchus mykiss</i><span>) &lt;152 mm total length decreased by ∼8% in electrofishing samples from the dam tailwaters (0–25 km downstream of the dam) during the flood. Increased catch rates in the vicinity of the LCR (125 km downstream of the dam) and Hell's Hollow (314 km downstream of the dam) suggest that these young trout were displaced downstream by the flood, although displacement distance was unknown since some fish could have originated from local populations associated with intervening tributaries. Abundance, catch rate, body condition, and diet of adult rainbow trout in the dam tailwaters were not significantly affected by the flood, and the flood did not detrimentally affect spawning success; catch of young-of-year increased by 20% in summer following the flood. Post-flood catch rates of nonnative fathead minnows (</span><i>Pimephales promelas</i><span>) in shorelines and backwaters, and plains killifish (</span><i>Fundulus zebrinus</i><span>) in backwaters decreased in the vicinity of the LCR, and fathead minnows increased near Hell's Hollow, suggesting that the flood displaced this nonnative species. Densities of rainbow trout and fathead minnows recovered to pre-flood levels eight months after the flood by reinvasion from tributaries and reproduction in backwaters. We concluded that the flood was of insufficient magnitude to substantially reduce populations of nonnative fishes, but that similar managed floods can disadvantage alien predators and competitors and enhance survival of native fishes.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Ecological Society of America","doi":"10.1890/1051-0761(2001)011[0686:EOATFO]2.0.CO;2","issn":"10510761","usgsCitation":"Valdez, R., Hoffnagle, T., McIvor, C., McKinney, T., and Leibfried, W., 2001, Effects of a test flood on fishes of the Colorado River in Grand Canyon, Arizona: Ecological Applications, v. 11, no. 3, p. 686-700, https://doi.org/10.1890/1051-0761(2001)011[0686:EOATFO]2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"15 p.","startPage":"686","endPage":"700","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":232758,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Arizona","otherGeospatial":"Colorado River, Grand 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T.","contributorId":81279,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McKinney","given":"T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":396965,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Leibfried, W.C.","contributorId":29997,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Leibfried","given":"W.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":396962,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}}
,{"id":1003923,"text":"1003923 - 2001 - Oral chytridiomycosis in the mountain yellow-legged frog (Rana muscosa)","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-12-05T23:56:34.710278","indexId":"1003923","displayToPublicDate":"2001-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1337,"text":"Copeia","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"displayTitle":"Oral chytridiomycosis in the mountain yellow-legged frog (<i>Rana muscosa</i>)","title":"Oral chytridiomycosis in the mountain yellow-legged frog (Rana muscosa)","docAbstract":"<p><span>The chytrid fungus <i>Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis</i> was originally reported in wild frog populations in Panama and Australia, and from captive frogs in the U.S. National Zoological Park (Washington, DC). This recently described fungus affects the keratinized epidermis of amphibians and has been implicated as a causative factor in the declines of frog populations. We report here the presence of <i>B. dendrobatidis</i> in larval and recently metamorphosed mountain yellow-legged frogs (<i>Rana muscosa</i>) in or near the Sierra Nevada Mountains of California, an area where declines have been documented in all five species of native anurans. Forty-one percent (158 of 387) of larval <i>R. muscosa</i> examined in the field with a hand lens and 18% (14 of 79) of preserved larvae had abnormalities of the oral disc. Twenty-eight larvae were collected from 10 sites where tadpoles had been observed with missing or abnormally keratinized mouthparts, and 24 of these were examined for infection. Sixty-seven percent (16 of 24) of these tadpoles were infected with B. dendrobatidis. Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis was cultured from both tadpoles and recent metamorphs from one of these sites. Tadpoles with mouthpart abnormalities or confirmed chytrid fungus infections were collected at 23 sites spanning a distance of &gt; 440 km and an elevational range from 1658-3550 m. Life-history traits of <i>R. muscosa</i> may make this species particularly susceptible to infection by <i>Batrachochytrium</i>. We recommend that biologists examine tadpoles for oral disc abnormalities as a preliminary indication of chytridiomycosis. Further, we believe that biologists should take precautions to prevent spreading this and other amphibian diseases from one site to another.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"American Society of Ichthyologists and Herpetologists","doi":"10.1643/0045-8511(2001)001[0945:OCITMY]2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Fellers, G.M., Green, D.E., and Longcore, J., 2001, Oral chytridiomycosis in the mountain yellow-legged frog (Rana muscosa): Copeia, v. 2001, no. 4, p. 945-953, https://doi.org/10.1643/0045-8511(2001)001[0945:OCITMY]2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"945","endPage":"953","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":456,"text":"National Wildlife Health Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":478893,"rank":1,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1643/0045-8511(2001)001[0945:ocitmy]2.0.co;2","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":134289,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"Cascade Mountains, Sierra Nevada","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -119.44335937499999,\n              48.99463598353408\n            ],\n            [\n              -119.86083984375,\n              47.97521412341618\n            ],\n            [\n              -120.25634765624999,\n              46.48326472915561\n            ],\n            [\n              -120.80566406250001,\n              44.99588261816546\n            ],\n            [\n              -120.95947265624999,\n              43.929549935614595\n            ],\n            [\n              -120.65185546875,\n              43.16512263158296\n            ],\n            [\n              -119.90478515625,\n              42.439674178149424\n            ],\n            [\n              -119.794921875,\n              41.1290213474951\n            ],\n            [\n              -120.16845703125,\n              40.697299008636755\n            ],\n            [\n              -119.59716796875,\n              39.774769485295465\n            ],\n            [\n              -118.037109375,\n              37.00255267215955\n            ],\n            [\n              -117.75146484375,\n              35.51434313431818\n            ],\n            [\n              -117.88330078125,\n              34.74161249883172\n            ],\n            [\n              -118.89404296875,\n              34.56085936708384\n            ],\n            [\n              -119.20166015625,\n              34.687427949314845\n            ],\n            [\n              -119.13574218749999,\n              35.24561909420681\n            ],\n            [\n              -118.87207031250001,\n              35.85343961959182\n            ],\n            [\n              -119.4873046875,\n              36.491973470593685\n            ],\n            [\n              -120.4541015625,\n              37.56199695314352\n            ],\n            [\n              -121.77246093750001,\n              38.993572058209466\n            ],\n            [\n              -122.2119140625,\n              40.17887331434696\n            ],\n            [\n              -122.93701171874999,\n              41.96765920367816\n            ],\n            [\n              -123.6181640625,\n              43.50075243569041\n            ],\n            [\n              -123.134765625,\n              45.07352060670971\n            ],\n            [\n              -122.93701171874999,\n              46.800059446787316\n            ],\n            [\n              -122.54150390625,\n              48.07807894349862\n            ],\n            [\n              -122.62939453125001,\n              49.15296965617039\n            ],\n            [\n              -119.44335937499999,\n              48.99463598353408\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"2001","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4aeee4b07f02db691349","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Fellers, G. M.","contributorId":82653,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fellers","given":"G.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":314654,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Green, D. E. 0000-0002-7663-1832","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7663-1832","contributorId":58971,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Green","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":314653,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Longcore, J.E.","contributorId":102852,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Longcore","given":"J.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":314655,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70023294,"text":"70023294 - 2001 - Adiabatic temperature changes of magma-gas mixtures during ascent and eruption","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-10-07T15:23:46.270145","indexId":"70023294","displayToPublicDate":"2001-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1336,"text":"Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Adiabatic temperature changes of magma-gas mixtures during ascent and eruption","docAbstract":"<p><span>Most quantitative studies of flow dynamics in eruptive conduits during volcanic eruptions use a simplified energy equation that ignores either temperature changes, or the thermal effects of gas exsolution. In this paper we assess the effects of those simplifications by analyzing the influence of equilibrium gas exsolution and expansion on final temperatures, velocities, and liquid viscosities of magma–gas mixtures during adiabatic decompression. For a given initial pressure (</span><i>p</i><span>&nbsp;</span><sub><i>1</i><span>&nbsp;</span></sub><span>), temperature (</span><i>T</i><span>&nbsp;</span><sub><i>1</i><span>&nbsp;</span></sub><span>) and melt composition, the final temperature (</span><i>T</i><span>&nbsp;</span><sub><i>f</i><span>&nbsp;</span></sub><span>) and velocity (</span><i>u</i><span>&nbsp;</span><sub><i>max</i><span>&nbsp;</span></sub><span>) will vary depending on the degree to which friction and other irreversible processes reduce mechanical energy within the conduit. The final conditions range between two thermodynamic end members: (1) constant enthalpy (</span><i>dh</i><span>=0), in which</span><i><span>&nbsp;</span>T</i><span>&nbsp;</span><sub><i>f</i><span>&nbsp;</span></sub><span>is maximal and no energy goes into lifting or acceleration; and (2) constant entropy (</span><i>ds</i><span>=0), in which</span><i><span>&nbsp;</span>T</i><span>&nbsp;</span><sub><i>f</i><span>&nbsp;</span></sub><span>is minimal and maximum energy goes into lifting and acceleration. For</span><i><span>&nbsp;</span>ds</i><span>=0,</span><i><span>&nbsp;</span>T</i><span>&nbsp;</span><sub><i>1</i><span>&nbsp;</span></sub><span>=900&nbsp;°C and</span><i><span>&nbsp;</span>p</i><span>&nbsp;</span><sub><i>1</i><span>&nbsp;</span></sub><span>=200&nbsp;MPa, a water-saturated albitic melt cools by ~200&nbsp;°C during decompression, but only about 250&nbsp;°C of this temperature decrease can be attributed to the energy of gas exsolution per se: the remainder results from expansion of gas that has already exsolved. For the same</span><i><span>&nbsp;</span>T</i><span>&nbsp;</span><sub><i>1</i><span>&nbsp;</span></sub><span>and</span><i><span>&nbsp;</span>p</i><span>&nbsp;</span><sub><i>1</i><span>&nbsp;</span></sub><span>, and</span><i><span>&nbsp;</span>dh</i><span>=0,</span><i><span>&nbsp;</span>T</i><span>&nbsp;</span><sub><i>f</i><span>&nbsp;</span></sub><span>is 10–15&nbsp;°C hotter than</span><i><span>&nbsp;</span>T</i><span>&nbsp;</span><sub><i>1</i><span>&nbsp;</span></sub><span>but is about 10–25&nbsp;°C cooler than</span><i><span>&nbsp;</span>T</i><span>&nbsp;</span><sub><i>f</i><span>&nbsp;</span></sub><span>in similar calculations that ignore the energy of gas exsolution. For</span><i><span>&nbsp;</span>ds</i><span>=0,</span><i><span>&nbsp;</span>p</i><span>&nbsp;</span><sub><i>1</i><span>&nbsp;</span></sub><span>=200&nbsp;MPa and</span><i><span>&nbsp;</span>T</i><span>&nbsp;</span><sub><i>1</i><span>&nbsp;</span></sub><span>=9,000&nbsp;°C, assuming that all the enthalpy change of decompression goes into kinetic energy, a water-saturated albitic mixture can theoretically accelerate to ~800&nbsp;m/s. Similar calculations that ignore gas exsolution (but take into account gas expansion) give velocities about 10–15% higher. For the same</span><i><span>&nbsp;</span>T</i><span>&nbsp;</span><sub><i>1</i><span>&nbsp;</span></sub><span>,</span><i><span>&nbsp;</span>p</i><span>&nbsp;</span><sub><i>I</i><span>&nbsp;</span></sub><span>=200&nbsp;MPa, and</span><i><span>&nbsp;</span>ds</i><span>=0, the cooling associated with gas expansion and exsolution increases final melt viscosity more than 2.5 orders of magnitude. For</span><i><span>&nbsp;</span>dh</i><span>=0, isenthalpic heating decreases final melt viscosity by about 0.7 orders of magnitude. Thermal effects of gas exsolution are responsible for less than 10% of these viscosity changes. Isenthalpic heating could significantly reduce flow resistance in eruptive conduits if heat generation were concentrated along conduit walls, where shearing is greatest. Isentropic cooling could enhance clast fragmentation in near-surface vents in cases where extremely rapid pressure drops reduce gas temperatures and chill the margins of expanding pyroclasts.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1007/s004100000210","issn":"00107999","usgsCitation":"Mastin, L., and Ghiorso, M., 2001, Adiabatic temperature changes of magma-gas mixtures during ascent and eruption: Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, v. 141, no. 3, p. 307-321, https://doi.org/10.1007/s004100000210.","productDescription":"15 p.","startPage":"307","endPage":"321","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":232357,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"141","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e6f4e4b0c8380cd47752","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Mastin, L.G.","contributorId":80313,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mastin","given":"L.G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":397173,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Ghiorso, M.S.","contributorId":82495,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ghiorso","given":"M.S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":397174,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70023432,"text":"70023432 - 2001 - 1r2dinv: A finite-difference model for inverse analysis of two dimensional linear or radial groundwater flow","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:14","indexId":"70023432","displayToPublicDate":"2001-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1315,"text":"Computers & Geosciences","printIssn":"0098-3004","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"1r2dinv: A finite-difference model for inverse analysis of two dimensional linear or radial groundwater flow","docAbstract":"We have developed a program for inverse analysis of two-dimensional linear or radial groundwater flow problems. The program, 1r2dinv, uses standard finite difference techniques to solve the groundwater flow equation for a horizontal or vertical plane with heterogeneous properties. In radial mode, the program simulates flow to a well in a vertical plane, transforming the radial flow equation into an equivalent problem in Cartesian coordinates. The physical parameters in the model are horizontal or x-direction hydraulic conductivity, anisotropy ratio (vertical to horizontal conductivity in a vertical model, y-direction to x-direction in a horizontal model), and specific storage. The program allows the user to specify arbitrary and independent zonations of these three parameters and also to specify which zonal parameter values are known and which are unknown. The Levenberg-Marquardt algorithm is used to estimate parameters from observed head values. Particularly powerful features of the program are the ability to perform simultaneous analysis of heads from different tests and the inclusion of the wellbore in the radial mode. These capabilities allow the program to be used for analysis of suites of well tests, such as multilevel slug tests or pumping tests in a tomographic format. The combination of information from tests stressing different vertical levels in an aquifer provides the means for accurately estimating vertical variations in conductivity, a factor profoundly influencing contaminant transport in the subsurface. ?? 2001 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Computers and Geosciences","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/S0098-3004(01)00036-X","issn":"00983004","usgsCitation":"Bohling, G.C., and Butler, J., 2001, 1r2dinv: A finite-difference model for inverse analysis of two dimensional linear or radial groundwater flow: Computers & Geosciences, v. 27, no. 10, p. 1147-1156, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0098-3004(01)00036-X.","startPage":"1147","endPage":"1156","numberOfPages":"10","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":232733,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":207624,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0098-3004(01)00036-X"}],"volume":"27","issue":"10","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e242e4b0c8380cd45a5d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bohling, Geoffrey C.","contributorId":43109,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Bohling","given":"Geoffrey","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":397638,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Butler, J.J. Jr.","contributorId":12194,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Butler","given":"J.J.","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":397637,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":1016041,"text":"1016041 - 2001 - From open to closed canopy: A century of change in Douglas-fir forest, Orcas Island, Washington","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:04:46","indexId":"1016041","displayToPublicDate":"2001-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2900,"text":"Northwest Science","onlineIssn":"2161-9859","printIssn":"0029-344X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"From open to closed canopy: A century of change in Douglas-fir forest, Orcas Island, Washington","docAbstract":"During the past century, forest structure on south-facing slopes of Mount Constitution,\r\nOrcas Island, Washington, has changed from open-grown Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga\r\nmenziesii) mixed with prairie to primarily closed canopy forest. Density of open-grown\r\nDouglas-fir was approximately 7 stems/ha in the 19th century, while current density of\r\ntrees in closed-canopy mature forest is 426 stems/ha. Trees occur at intermediate\r\ndensities in areas of transition from savanna-like stands to closed canopy. Analysis of fire\r\nscars indicates that at least seven fires have occurred on Mount Constitution since 1736,\r\nbut only one fire has occurred since 1893, which suggests that the recent increase in stem\r\ndensity has been caused primarily by fire exclusion. The high stem densities currently\r\nfound in this landscape put the relict (120-350+ years old) Douglas-fir at risk from\r\ncontemporary fires, which would likely be high-intensity crown fires. Given the\r\ntransition of forests on Orcas Island during the 20th century to closed canopy structure,\r\nundisturbed open-grown coniferous forest is now extremely rare in the San Juan Islands.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Northwest Science","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","usgsCitation":"Peterson, D.L., and Hammer, R., 2001, From open to closed canopy: A century of change in Douglas-fir forest, Orcas Island, Washington: Northwest Science, v. 75, no. 3, p. 262-269.","productDescription":"p. 262-269","startPage":"262","endPage":"269","numberOfPages":"8","costCenters":[{"id":290,"text":"Forest and Rangeland Ecosystem Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":134116,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"75","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b32e4b07f02db6b449e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Peterson, D. L.","contributorId":36484,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Peterson","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":323553,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hammer, R.D.","contributorId":23907,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hammer","given":"R.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":323552,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":1016043,"text":"1016043 - 2001 - Salmonberry and salal annual aerial stem production: The maintenance of shrub cover in forest stands","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:04:41","indexId":"1016043","displayToPublicDate":"2001-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1170,"text":"Canadian Journal of Forest Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Salmonberry and salal annual aerial stem production: The maintenance of shrub cover in forest stands","docAbstract":"Annual sprouting of aerial stems and ramets enables populations of salmonberry (Rubus spectabilis Pursh), salal (Gaultheria shallon Pursh), and probably other forest shrubs to maintain dense covers (>20 000 stems/ha). We studied annual stem production of salmonberry on cut (all stems cut within 15 cm of the ground) and uncut (stems were not treated) plots for 8 years and salal for 5 years in the understories of Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco), alder, and riparian stands, as well as clearcuts, which are all common stand types in western Oregon. Mean salmonberry stem production on uncut plots ranged from 4.7 stemsA?ma??2A?yeara??1 (95% CI 2.9a??7.4) in alder stands and clearcuts to 1.6 stemsA?ma??2A?yeara??1 (95% CI 1.0a??2.6) in conifer stands. Mean salal production was greater, ranging from 58 stemsA?ma??2A?yeara??1 (95% CI 25a??135) to 8.6 stemsA?ma??2A?yeara??1 (95% CI 3.7a??20.1) on uncut plots in clearcuts and unthinned Douglas-fir stands, respectively. Annual production of both species was somewhat greater on cut plots. Most stems produced in early spring die by December, but enough are recruited to replace mortality of older stems. Stem density was maintained for 8 years for salmonberry and 5 years for salal on both cut and uncut plots. Based on length of rhizomes and bud density we estimate that only 1a??5% of the buds in the rhizomes are needed to support this annual stem production. Although these species sprout vigorously after their aerial stems are killed, disturbance is not necessary for maintaining a dense cover. It appears that, once established, salal, salmonberry, and probably other clonal forest shrubs can maintain a dense cover that can interfere with establishment of trees and other shrubs in canopy gaps or other openings.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Canadian Journal of Forest Research","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","usgsCitation":"Tappeiner, J.C., Zasada, J., Huffman, D., and Ganio, L., 2001, Salmonberry and salal annual aerial stem production: The maintenance of shrub cover in forest stands: Canadian Journal of Forest Research, v. 31, no. 9, p. 1629-1638.","productDescription":"p. 1629-1638","startPage":"1629","endPage":"1638","numberOfPages":"10","costCenters":[{"id":290,"text":"Forest and Rangeland Ecosystem Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":133233,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"31","issue":"9","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a08e4b07f02db5fa2de","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Tappeiner, J. C. II","contributorId":103235,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tappeiner","given":"J.","suffix":"II","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":323557,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Zasada, J.","contributorId":79071,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zasada","given":"J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":323556,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Huffman, D.","contributorId":77106,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Huffman","given":"D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":323555,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Ganio, L.","contributorId":63773,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ganio","given":"L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":323554,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70023664,"text":"70023664 - 2001 - Evolution of the December 14, 1989 precursory long-period event swarm at Redoubt volcano, Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:12","indexId":"70023664","displayToPublicDate":"2001-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2499,"text":"Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Evolution of the December 14, 1989 precursory long-period event swarm at Redoubt volcano, Alaska","docAbstract":"The intermittency pattern and evolution in waveforms of long-period (LP) seismic events during the intense, 23-h swarm that preceded the December 14, 1989 eruption of Redoubt volcano are investigated. Utilizing cross correlation to exploit the high degree of similarity among waveforms, a substantially more complete event catalog is generated than was available from near realtime detection based on short-term/long-term amplitude ratios, which was saturated by the high rate of activity. The temporal magnitude distribution of the predominant LP events is found to have an unusual banded structure in which the average magnitude of each band slowly increases and then decreases through time. A bifurcation that appears in the uppermost band shortly after the peak in magnitudes is characterized by a quasi-periodicity in intermittency and magnitude that is reminiscent of one of the classic routes to chaotic behavior in some non-linear systems. The waveforms of the predominant events evolve slowly but unsteadily through time. These gradual changes appear to result from variations in the relative amplitudes of spectral peaks that remain stable in frequency, which suggests that they are due to differential excitation of a single, resonant source. Two other previously unrecognized, repetitive waveforms are also identified, but the signals from these secondary events are not clearly recorded at distances beyond the closest station. Similarities among the spectra of the predominant and secondary events suggest that the signals from these events also could represent different modes of exciting the same source. Significant changes in the rates and the sizes of the largest of these secondary events appear to coincide with the peak in the size distribution of the predominant LPs. At least some of the non-repetitive LP waveforms in the swarm appear to be the result of the superposition of signals from the rapid repetition of predominant LP source, thus placing a constraint on the repeat time of the triggering mechanism for this source. A lone hybrid event, which has a waveform character intermediate between the predominant LP events and high-frequency volcano-tectonic events, was also identified in the swarm; the occurrence of this event provides important evidence that the low-frequency character of the LP events is a source rather than a path or site effect. ?? 2001 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/S0377-0273(00)00308-5","issn":"03770273","usgsCitation":"Stephens, C., and Chouet, B., 2001, Evolution of the December 14, 1989 precursory long-period event swarm at Redoubt volcano, Alaska: Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, v. 109, no. 1-3, p. 133-148, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0377-0273(00)00308-5.","startPage":"133","endPage":"148","numberOfPages":"16","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":207542,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0377-0273(00)00308-5"},{"id":232578,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"109","issue":"1-3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0d88e4b0c8380cd5308b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Stephens, C.D.","contributorId":18752,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stephens","given":"C.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":398375,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Chouet, B. A.","contributorId":31813,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chouet","given":"B. A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":398376,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70023634,"text":"70023634 - 2001 - Lack of selection for resistance to whirling disease among progeny of Colorado River rainbow trout","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:10","indexId":"70023634","displayToPublicDate":"2001-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2177,"text":"Journal of Aquatic Animal Health","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Lack of selection for resistance to whirling disease among progeny of Colorado River rainbow trout","docAbstract":"We compared the resistance to whirling disease of two groups of Colorado River rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss and a domestic strain of rainbow trout in a controlled laboratory challenge. These three groups represented the progeny of wild rainbow trout known to have recruited (1) during the early years of infestation by Myxobolus cerebralis of the Colorado River or (2) before the presence of M. cerebralis in the system and (3) the Erwin strain of rainbow trout. The severity of whirling disease in each group was dependent on the dose of triactinomyxons of M. cerebralis to which the fish were exposed. Microscopic lesions and spore counts both increased with increasing parasite dose. Survival of the progeny of Colorado fish that recruited before the presence of M. cerebralis in the system was significantly less than was that of the domestic fish exposed to 0 and 1,000 triactinomyxons/fish. The parents that recruited to the system before the presence of M. cerebralis were considerably older than were those used for our domestic strain; this difference in parent age probably resulted in the difference in survival because egg quality decreases with age in rainbow trout. There was no difference in microscopic lesions, spore counts, or swimming performance among the three groups of rainbow trout when exposed at the same parasite level, indicating that there was no difference in resistance to whirling disease among these groups of fish.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Aquatic Animal Health","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1577/1548-8667(2001)013<0063:LOSFRT>2.0.CO;2","issn":"08997659","usgsCitation":"Ryce, E., Zale, A., and Nehring, R., 2001, Lack of selection for resistance to whirling disease among progeny of Colorado River rainbow trout: Journal of Aquatic Animal Health, v. 13, no. 1, p. 63-68, https://doi.org/10.1577/1548-8667(2001)013<0063:LOSFRT>2.0.CO;2.","startPage":"63","endPage":"68","numberOfPages":"6","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":207631,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1577/1548-8667(2001)013<0063:LOSFRT>2.0.CO;2"},{"id":232745,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"13","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a412be4b0c8380cd6535e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ryce, E.K.N.","contributorId":35508,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ryce","given":"E.K.N.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":398280,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Zale, A.V.","contributorId":15793,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zale","given":"A.V.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":398279,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Nehring, R.B.","contributorId":38741,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nehring","given":"R.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":398281,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70023740,"text":"70023740 - 2001 - Effect of 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid herbicide Escherichia coli growth, chemical, composition, and cellular envelope","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:12","indexId":"70023740","displayToPublicDate":"2001-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1570,"text":"Environmental Toxicology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Effect of 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid herbicide Escherichia coli growth, chemical, composition, and cellular envelope","docAbstract":"2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) is a herbicide widely used in the world and mainly excreted by the renal route in exposed humans and animals. Herbicides can affect other nontarget organisms, such as Escherichia coli. We observed that a single exposure to 1 mM 2,4-D diminished growth and total protein content in all E. coli strains tested in vitro. In addition, successive exposures to 0.01 mM 2,4-D had a toxic effect decreasing growth up to early stationary phase. Uropathogenic E. coli adhere to epithelial cells mediated by fimbriae, adhesins, and hydrophobic properties. 2,4-D exposure of uropathogenic E. coli demonstrated altered hydrophobicity and fimbriation. Hydrophobicity index values obtained by partition in p-xylene/water were 300-420% higher in exposed cells than in control ones. Furthermore, values of hemagglutination titer, protein contents in fimbrial crude extract, and electron microscopy demonstrated a significant diminution of fimbriation in treated cells. Other envelope alterations could be detected, such as lipoperoxidation, evidenced by decreased polyunsaturated fatty acids and increased lipid degradation products (malonaldehyde), and motility diminution. These alterations decreased cell adherence to erythrocytes, indicating a diminished pathogenic capacity of the 2,4-D-exposed E. coli. ?? 2001 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Environmental Toxicology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1002/1522-7278(2001)16:1<43::AID-TOX50>3.0.CO;2-R","issn":"15204081","usgsCitation":"Carr, R., Biedenbach, J., and Hooten, R., 2001, Effect of 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid herbicide Escherichia coli growth, chemical, composition, and cellular envelope: Environmental Toxicology, v. 16, no. 1, p. 43-53, https://doi.org/10.1002/1522-7278(2001)16:1<43::AID-TOX50>3.0.CO;2-R.","startPage":"43","endPage":"53","numberOfPages":"11","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":232544,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":207524,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1002/1522-7278(2001)16:1<43::AID-TOX50>3.0.CO;2-R"}],"volume":"16","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a05b2e4b0c8380cd50ef1","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Carr, R.S.","contributorId":31353,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Carr","given":"R.S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":398643,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Biedenbach, J.M.","contributorId":108262,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Biedenbach","given":"J.M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":398644,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Hooten, R.L.","contributorId":25323,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hooten","given":"R.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":398642,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":1008256,"text":"1008256 - 2001 - Mourning dove productivity in California during 1992-95: Was it sufficient to balance mortality?","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-12-21T18:17:21.567681","indexId":"1008256","displayToPublicDate":"2001-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2508,"text":"Journal of Wildlife Management","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Mourning dove productivity in California during 1992-95: Was it sufficient to balance mortality?","docAbstract":"<p><span>Mourning dove (<i>Zenaida macroura</i>) populations have declined steadily in the western United States since 1966. We investigated the role of recruitment in this long-term problem by studying nesting ecology of mourning doves from March to September 1992-95, in the northern Central Valley, California, USA. We studied nesting doves in blue oak woodlands (<i>Quercus douglasii</i>), willow-cottonwood riparian habitats (<i>Salix</i> spp., <i>Populus fremontii</i>), and commercial walnut, prune, pistachio, and cherry orchards. We used 3,047 nests for our analyses. Doves initiated nests from 14 March to 28 August; nesting season lengths ranged from 105 to 158 days. Only 2-5% of nests remained active after 1 September each year, and latest dates that young fledged ranged from 28 August to 21 September. Mayfield estimates of nest success rates varied inconsistently among study areas; annual success rates ranged from 35-59% for incubation, 49-79% for brooding, and 22-45% for total. Akaike's Information Criteria (AIC) analysis showed that total nest success was higher during years with relatively warm-dry springs (March-May, 1992 and 1994 [35-45% success]) than years with relatively cool-wet springs (1993 and 1995 [22-37% success]). Additionally, AIC analysis showed that fledglings produced/pair and fledglings/nesting attempt were highest during the warm-dry years. Likewise, we recorded more total pairs, nests, and total fledglings, and longer nesting seasons during the warm-dry years. The lower limit of the 95% confidence interval for fledglings produced/pair for all years exceeded the value of 2.5 previously estimated with banding data from 1967-74 as the value required to maintain breeding populations in California. Thus, if our productivity estimates reflected the general population, and annual survival rates had not changed, recruitment should have been adequate to produce an increasing population. Since this was not occurring, managers should complement population surveys with annual banding and harvest surveys to enable thorough examination of the relationships among survival, productivity, and abundance.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.2307/3802909","usgsCitation":"Miller, M.R., Stemler, C., and Blankenship, S., 2001, Mourning dove productivity in California during 1992-95: Was it sufficient to balance mortality?: Journal of Wildlife Management, v. 65, no. 2, p. 300-311, https://doi.org/10.2307/3802909.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"300","endPage":"311","costCenters":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":130666,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"Central Valley","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -121.68879038587669,\n              37.89884232470439\n            ],\n            [\n              -120.57917198459393,\n              38.25637481244462\n            ],\n            [\n              -120.74396690646884,\n              38.686442615442274\n            ],\n            [\n              -120.93073448459367,\n              38.97742153534605\n            ],\n            [\n              -121.3921602658437,\n              39.64891749996272\n            ],\n            [\n              -121.66681846896888,\n              39.97803587925594\n            ],\n            [\n              -121.80964073459387,\n              40.26367260597959\n            ],\n            [\n              -121.73273643771864,\n              40.37256936347333\n            ],\n            [\n              -121.86457237521884,\n              40.656545364107785\n            ],\n            [\n              -122.08429893771871,\n              40.70653388259217\n            ],\n            [\n              -122.31501182834373,\n              40.72318839062456\n            ],\n            [\n              -122.4358614377188,\n              40.64821029982821\n            ],\n            [\n              -122.97419151584371,\n              40.36419892596484\n            ],\n            [\n              -122.7324922970939,\n              40.02011652432955\n            ],\n            [\n              -122.65558800021869,\n              39.29272194281796\n            ],\n            [\n              -122.1282435108768,\n              38.35687774342253\n            ],\n            [\n              -121.68879038587669,\n              37.89884232470439\n            ]\n          ]\n        ],\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"65","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b32e4b07f02db6b47d9","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Miller, M. R.","contributorId":19104,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Miller","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":317172,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Stemler, C.L.","contributorId":88679,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stemler","given":"C.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":317174,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Blankenship, S.D.","contributorId":77480,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Blankenship","given":"S.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":317173,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":1014983,"text":"1014983 - 2001 - Survey protocol for assessment of endangered freshwater mussels the Allegheny River, Pennsylvania","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-12-02T19:26:40.736572","indexId":"1014983","displayToPublicDate":"2001-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2402,"text":"Journal of North American Benthological Society","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Survey protocol for assessment of endangered freshwater mussels the Allegheny River, Pennsylvania","docAbstract":"<p><span>The United States Endangered Species Act (ESA) requires a biological assessment of any activity that is authorized, funded, or carried out by a federal agency and likely to affect a federally listed endangered species or its critical habitat. We developed a standardized survey protocol for biological assessments of the effects of bridge replacements on 2 federally listed endangered freshwater mussels,&nbsp;</span><i>Epioblasma torulosa rangiana</i><span>&nbsp;and&nbsp;</span><i>Pleurobema clava,</i><span>&nbsp;found in the Allegheny River, Pennsylvania. The protocol combines qualitative sampling to determine species present with quantitative sampling to estimate density. Data on species present satisfy the minimum requirement of a biological assessment, whereas estimates of density are needed to assess the number of individuals that would die as a result of bridge replacement. Some excavation of substrate is necessary for unbiased population estimates because of species and sex-specific differences in detection at the substrate surface. We reduced the amount of excavation and cost of the survey by using a statistical sampling technique called double sampling, which uses counts from excavating a subset of quadrats to calibrate counts from searching the substrate surface of all quadrats. We applied the survey protocol to the Allegheny River at West Hickory where&nbsp;</span><i>E. t. rangiana</i><span>&nbsp;was the 3</span><sup>rd</sup><span>&nbsp;and&nbsp;</span><i>P. clava</i><span>&nbsp;was the 4</span><sup>th</sup><span>&nbsp;most abundant mussel at the site. Only 31% of&nbsp;</span><i>P. clava</i><span>&nbsp;and 52% of&nbsp;</span><i>E. t. rangiana</i><span>&nbsp;(80% of females, 45% of males) were detected at the substrate surface. We estimated that 9173 (95% CI: 6309–13,336)&nbsp;</span><i>E. t. rangiana</i><span>&nbsp;and 7010 (95% CI: 4462–11,013)&nbsp;</span><i>P. clava</i><span>&nbsp;lived within 50 m of the existing bridge and would be affected immediately by bridge construction. (Population estimates did not include mussels too small to be retained on a 6.35-mm-mesh sieve.) Application of the protocol is not limited to biological assessment under the ESA, but is appropriate where site-specific status of freshwater mussel populations is required.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"University of Chicago Press","doi":"10.2307/1468193","usgsCitation":"Smith, D., Villella, R., and Lemarie, D.P., 2001, Survey protocol for assessment of endangered freshwater mussels the Allegheny River, Pennsylvania: Journal of North American Benthological Society, v. 20, no. 1, p. 118-132, https://doi.org/10.2307/1468193.","productDescription":"15 p.","startPage":"118","endPage":"132","costCenters":[{"id":365,"text":"Leetown Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":130472,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Pennsylvania","county":"Forest County","city":"Harmony Township, Hickory Township","otherGeospatial":"Allegheny River","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -79.41431544044042,\n              41.56318885766913\n            ],\n            [\n              -79.40135625118123,\n              41.56023492519307\n            ],\n            [\n              -79.39564905856062,\n              41.56434470753317\n            ],\n            [\n              -79.39384678720627,\n              41.569096317528334\n            ],\n            [\n              -79.39685057279664,\n              41.5796898653023\n            ],\n            [\n              -79.4098955845015,\n              41.57869478778517\n            ],\n            [\n              -79.41367177210023,\n              41.57294871774209\n            ],\n            [\n              -79.41431544044042,\n              41.56318885766913\n            ]\n          ]\n        ],\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"20","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ae1e4b07f02db688796","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Smith, D. R. 0000-0001-6074-9257","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6074-9257","contributorId":44108,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smith","given":"D. R.","affiliations":[{"id":365,"text":"Leetown Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":321741,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Villella, R.F.","contributorId":53323,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Villella","given":"R.F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":321742,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Lemarie, D. P.","contributorId":23100,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lemarie","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":321740,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":1014993,"text":"1014993 - 2001 - A comparison of susceptibility to Myxobolus cerebralis among strains of rainbow trout and steelhead field and laboratory trials","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-10-26T16:14:05.864951","indexId":"1014993","displayToPublicDate":"2001-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2177,"text":"Journal of Aquatic Animal Health","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"displayTitle":"A comparison of susceptibility to <i>Myxobolus cerebralis</i> among strains of rainbow trout and steelhead field and laboratory trials","title":"A comparison of susceptibility to Myxobolus cerebralis among strains of rainbow trout and steelhead field and laboratory trials","docAbstract":"<p><span>Three strains of rainbow trout and steelhead&nbsp;</span><i>Oncorhynchus mykiss</i><span>&nbsp;were evaluated for the presence of whirling disease in field and laboratory trials. In the field exposures, fingerling Salmon River steelhead and Cayuga Lake and Randolph strains of rainbow trout were placed in wire cages in an earthen, stream-fed pond in New York State that was known to harbor&nbsp;</span><i>Myxobolus cerebralis.</i><span>&nbsp;Control fish were held at another hatchery that was free of whirling disease. In the controlled trials at the National Fish Health Research Laboratory, fingerling steelhead and Cayuga Lake and Mount Lassen rainbow trout were exposed to triactinomyxons at low (200 triactinomyxons/fish) or high (2,000 triactinomyxons/fish) levels for 2 h. Controls of each group were sham-exposed. Following an incubation period of 154 d for laboratory trials and 180 d for field trials, cranial tissue samples were taken for spore enumeration (field and laboratory trials) and histological analyses (laboratory only). Clinical signs of disease, including whirling behavior, blacktail, and skeletal deformities, were recorded for each fish in the laboratory trial at the terminal sampling. No clinical evidence of disease was noted among fish in the field trials. Clinical signs were noted among all strains in the laboratory trials at both exposure levels, and these signs were consistently greatest for the Mount Lassen strain. Whirling and skeletal deformities were more evident in the steelhead than in the Cayuga Lake rainbow trout; blacktail was more common in the Cayuga Lake fish. In both field and laboratory trials, spore counts were significantly higher for Cayuga Lake rainbow trout than in steelhead. In laboratory trials, moderate to marked cranial tissue lesions predominated in all three strains.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"American Fisheries Society","doi":"10.1577/1548-8667(2001)013<0220:ACOSTM>2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Densmore, C.L., Blazer, V., Cartwright, D.D., Schill, W.B., Schachte, J.H., Petrie, C.J., Batur, M., Waldrop, T., Mack, A., and Pooler, P., 2001, A comparison of susceptibility to Myxobolus cerebralis among strains of rainbow trout and steelhead field and laboratory trials: Journal of Aquatic Animal Health, v. 13, p. 220-227, https://doi.org/10.1577/1548-8667(2001)013<0220:ACOSTM>2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"220","endPage":"227","costCenters":[{"id":365,"text":"Leetown Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":130602,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"New 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S. 0000-0001-6647-9614","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6647-9614","contributorId":56991,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Blazer","given":"V. S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":321768,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Cartwright, Deborah D.","contributorId":28202,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cartwright","given":"Deborah","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":321766,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Schill, W. B.","contributorId":60146,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schill","given":"W.","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":321769,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Schachte, J. H.","contributorId":27399,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Schachte","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":321765,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Petrie, C. J.","contributorId":69929,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Petrie","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":321770,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Batur, M.V.","contributorId":43709,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Batur","given":"M.V.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":321767,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Waldrop, T.B.","contributorId":82262,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Waldrop","given":"T.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":321772,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Mack, A.","contributorId":92620,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mack","given":"A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":321773,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9},{"text":"Pooler, P.S.","contributorId":78686,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pooler","given":"P.S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":321771,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":10}]}}
,{"id":1014994,"text":"1014994 - 2001 - Guidance of yearling shortnose and pallid sturgeon using vertical bar rack and louver arrays","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-12-22T20:26:43.969637","indexId":"1014994","displayToPublicDate":"2001-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2886,"text":"North American Journal of Fisheries Management","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Guidance of yearling shortnose and pallid sturgeon using vertical bar rack and louver arrays","docAbstract":"<p><span>Some populations of shortnose sturgeon&nbsp;</span><i>Acipenser brevirostrum</i><span>&nbsp;and pallid sturgeon&nbsp;</span><i>Scaphirhynchus albus</i><span>&nbsp;have been divided by hydroelectric dams, and migration downstream past the dams likely continues. No protection for downstream migrants is presently available, and the behavior of sturgeon to guidance structures has not been studied. We conducted experiments in a 5.4-m-long × 1.5-m-wide flume with a water depth of 37 cm to determine the guidance efficiency and behavior of yearling shortnose and pallid sturgeon to two guidance structures, a bar rack and a louver array. We tested one vertical bar rack configuration with slats spaced 3.9 cm apart (clear spacing). The bar rack slats were oriented directly into the approach flow, and the row of slats was oriented at a 45° angle to the flow. We tested two louver array configurations, one with slats spaced 3.9 cm apart and one with slats spaced 9.0 cm apart (clear spacing). Louver slats were oriented at a 90° angle to the flow, and the row of slats was oriented at a 20° angle to the approach flow. Mean approach velocity to both structures was 31–34 cm/s. Eighteen shortnose sturgeon tagged with passive integrated transponders were tested once in each configuration; 24–38 pallid sturgeon were tested in each configuration. Shortnose sturgeon showed some behavioral differences due to experience with the bar rack, but experience did not affect the percent guided. Both sturgeon species were guided efficiently by the louver array (96–100%) but less efficiently by the bar rack (58–80%). Shortnose sturgeon were more likely to contact the bar rack at night than during the day (</span><i>P</i><span>&nbsp;= 0.01) and at night were more likely to contact the bar rack than the louver array (</span><i>P</i><span>&nbsp;= 0.006). Bar racks guided fewer individuals at night than during the day. For pallid sturgeon, the percentages guided by day and night were 80 and 58, respectively; for shortnose sturgeon, the percentages were 80 and 67. Both species used vision to avoid structures because both increased contact with structures at night. Shortnose sturgeon were superior to pallid sturgeon at swimming off the bottom and avoiding structures.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"American Fisheries Society","doi":"10.1577/1548-8675(2001)021<0561:GOYSAP>2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Kynard, B., and Horgan, M., 2001, Guidance of yearling shortnose and pallid sturgeon using vertical bar rack and louver arrays: North American Journal of Fisheries Management, v. 21, no. 3, p. 561-570, https://doi.org/10.1577/1548-8675(2001)021<0561:GOYSAP>2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"561","endPage":"570","costCenters":[{"id":365,"text":"Leetown Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":130603,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Massachusetts","otherGeospatial":"S. O. Conte Anadromous Fish Research Center","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -72.5786390403882,\n              42.58851067756049\n            ],\n            [\n              -72.57876839137604,\n              42.58900270989463\n            ],\n            [\n              -72.57873605362943,\n              42.58944712285822\n            ],\n            [\n              -72.57833722141632,\n              42.591280292839656\n            ],\n            [\n              -72.57838033841247,\n              42.59178023893199\n            ],\n            [\n              -72.57849891015144,\n              42.5921135340993\n            ],\n            [\n              -72.57860670264157,\n              42.59243095641085\n            ],\n            [\n              -72.57862826113782,\n              42.592931326286134\n            ],\n            [\n              -72.5785312478966,\n              42.5934471299536\n            ],\n            [\n              -72.57833722141483,\n              42.59385976981369\n            ],\n            [\n              -72.57810007793687,\n              42.59414544196238\n            ],\n            [\n              -72.57770124572441,\n              42.594486659757564\n            ],\n            [\n              -72.57778747971611,\n              42.59474058806711\n            ],\n            [\n              -72.57818631192922,\n              42.594954839273015\n            ],\n            [\n              -72.57860670264009,\n              42.59531192297996\n            ],\n            [\n              -72.57909176884486,\n              42.595034191384826\n            ],\n            [\n              -72.5803744994752,\n              42.59478026427206\n            ],\n            [\n              -72.58099969591673,\n              42.59457394773068\n            ],\n            [\n              -72.58178455735006,\n              42.59394097146128\n            ],\n            [\n              -72.58189234984016,\n              42.59384574724481\n            ],\n            [\n              -72.58225884430598,\n              42.593282334319554\n            ],\n            [\n              -72.58250676703281,\n              42.592687174289495\n            ],\n            [\n              -72.5827007935146,\n              42.59170316390674\n            ],\n            [\n              -72.58264689726956,\n              42.59129844545012\n            ],\n            [\n              -72.58252832553055,\n              42.59102863168573\n            ],\n            [\n              -72.58229118205263,\n              42.59079055974732\n            ],\n            [\n              -72.58212949331745,\n              42.59070326647529\n            ],\n            [\n              -72.5808791004351,\n              42.59046678706582\n            ],\n            [\n              -72.58016767000122,\n              42.59020490552268\n            ],\n            [\n              -72.57969338304598,\n              42.58990334359527\n            ],\n            [\n              -72.57948857731465,\n              42.589577972510256\n            ],\n            [\n              -72.57949935656355,\n              42.589204984055556\n            ],\n            [\n              -72.57939156407409,\n              42.58873676134661\n            ],\n            [\n              -72.57928377158402,\n              42.58860978509037\n            ],\n            [\n              -72.57903584885715,\n              42.58853042479879\n            ],\n            [\n              -72.5786390403882,\n              42.58851067756049\n            ]\n          ]\n        ],\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"21","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a8fe4b07f02db65515e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kynard, B.","contributorId":51232,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kynard","given":"B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":321775,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Horgan, Martin","contributorId":23492,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Horgan","given":"Martin","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":321774,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70023717,"text":"70023717 - 2001 - Chlorine-36, bromide, and the origin of spring water","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:03","indexId":"70023717","displayToPublicDate":"2001-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1213,"text":"Chemical Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Chlorine-36, bromide, and the origin of spring water","docAbstract":"Natural ratios of chlorine-36 (36Cl) to stable chlorine (i.e., 36Cl/Cl ?? 10-15) vary in shallow groundwater of the United States from about 50 in coastal areas to about 1400 in the northern Rocky Mountains. Ratios lower than these indicate the presence of chloride (Cl-) that has been isolated from the atmosphere for hundreds of thousands of years, if not longer. Higher ratios, which can exceed 5000, usually originate from fallout from testing thermonuclear devices in the western Pacific in the 1950s. Natural mass ratios of chloride to bromide (Cl-/Br-) in precipitation vary in the United States from about 250 in coastal areas to about 50 in the north-central states. Lower ratios may suggest contamination from human sources. Higher ratios, which may exceed 2000, commonly reflect the dissolution of halite. Seawater has a Cl-/Br- ratio of 290. Both 36Cl and Cl-/Br- ratios have been measured in 21 samples of spring water collected from springs in 10 different states. Brackish water from Saratoga Springs area in New York has low values for both 36Cl and Cl-/Br- ratios. This indicates that a large component of the water has a very deep origin. Brackish water from Alexander Springs in Florida has a low 36Cl ratio but a high Cl-/Br- ratio similar to seawater. This suggests the addition of ancient seawater that may be trapped in the aquifer. Big Spring in Iowa discharges water with a very high Cl-/Br- ratio but a moderate 36Cl ratio. The high ratio of Cl-/Br- may be produced by dissolution of road salt or agricultural chemicals. Of the 21 springs sampled, only 10 appeared to have potable water not significantly affected by human activity. Chlorine-36 from testing of nuclear devices is still being flushed out of four of the spring systems that were sampled. Thus, more than 45 years have passed since 36Cl was introduced into the aquifers feeding the springs and the systems, as yet, have not been purged. Published by Elsevier Science B.V.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Chemical Geology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/S0009-2541(01)00312-6","issn":"00092541","usgsCitation":"Davis, S., Cecil, L., Zreda, M., and Moysey, S., 2001, Chlorine-36, bromide, and the origin of spring water: Chemical Geology, v. 179, no. 1-4, p. 3-16, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0009-2541(01)00312-6.","startPage":"3","endPage":"16","numberOfPages":"14","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":207308,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0009-2541(01)00312-6"},{"id":232148,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"179","issue":"1-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f5cfe4b0c8380cd4c42d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Davis, S.N.","contributorId":51918,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Davis","given":"S.N.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":398541,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Cecil, L.D.","contributorId":62616,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cecil","given":"L.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":398542,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Zreda, M.","contributorId":72557,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zreda","given":"M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":398543,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Moysey, S.","contributorId":100153,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Moysey","given":"S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":398544,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":1008212,"text":"1008212 - 2001 - Restoring fire to wilderness: Sequoia and Kings Canyon National Parks","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-09-30T09:55:58","indexId":"1008212","displayToPublicDate":"2001-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1639,"text":"Fire Management Today","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Restoring fire to wilderness: Sequoia and Kings Canyon National Parks","docAbstract":"<p>Sequoia and Kings Canyon National Parks, established in 1890, consist of 863,741 acres (349,551 ha) of Sierra Nevada foothills, mid-elevation conifer forest, and high-elevation alpine environment. The parks contain 36 giant sequoia (Sequoiadendron giganteum) groves, including the largest known tree, the General Sherman. Ninety-four percent of the parklands is in designated or proposed wilderness (fig. 1), with conditions resembling roadless areas in national forests. </p>","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"language":"English","publisher":" U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service","publisherLocation":"Washington, D.C.","usgsCitation":"Manley, J., Keifer, M., Stephenson, N.L., and Kaage, W., 2001, Restoring fire to wilderness: Sequoia and Kings Canyon National Parks: Fire Management Today, v. 61, no. 2, p. 24-28.","productDescription":"5 p.","startPage":"24","endPage":"28","numberOfPages":"5","costCenters":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":132600,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":329214,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://www.fs.fed.us/fire/fmt/fmt_pdfs/fmn61-2.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"volume":"61","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a25e4b07f02db60ee7b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Manley, Jeffrey","contributorId":175056,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Manley","given":"Jeffrey","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":317045,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Keifer, MaryBeth","contributorId":21841,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Keifer","given":"MaryBeth","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":317048,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Stephenson, Nathan L. 0000-0003-0208-7229 nstephenson@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0208-7229","contributorId":2836,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stephenson","given":"Nathan","email":"nstephenson@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":317046,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Kaage, William","contributorId":175057,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Kaage","given":"William","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":317047,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70023771,"text":"70023771 - 2001 - Standard reference water samples for rare earth element determinations","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-12-03T09:21:29","indexId":"70023771","displayToPublicDate":"2001-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":835,"text":"Applied Geochemistry","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Standard reference water samples for rare earth element determinations","docAbstract":"<div id=\"abstracts\" class=\"Abstracts\"><div id=\"aep-abstract-id12\" class=\"abstract author\"><div id=\"aep-abstract-sec-id13\"><p>Standard reference water samples (SRWS) were collected from two mine sites, one near Ophir, CO, USA and the other near Redding, CA, USA. The samples were filtered, preserved, and analyzed for rare earth element (REE) concentrations (La, Ce, Pr, Nd, Sm, Eu, Gd, Tb, Dy, Ho, Er, Tm, Yb, and Lu) by inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). These two samples were acid mine waters with elevated concentrations of REEs (0.45–161&nbsp;μg/l). Seventeen international laboratories participated in a ‘round-robin’ chemical analysis program, which made it possible to evaluate the data by robust statistical procedures that are insensitive to outliers. The resulting most probable values are reported. Ten to 15 of the participants also reported values for Ba, Y, and Sc. Field parameters, major ion, and other trace element concentrations, not subject to statistical evaluation, are provided.</p></div></div></div>","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/S0883-2927(00)00030-5","issn":"08832927","usgsCitation":"Verplanck, P., Antweiler, R.C., Nordstrom, D.K., and Taylor, H.E., 2001, Standard reference water samples for rare earth element determinations: Applied Geochemistry, v. 16, no. 2, p. 231-244, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0883-2927(00)00030-5.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"231","endPage":"244","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":232389,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":207439,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0883-2927(00)00030-5"}],"volume":"16","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b96ace4b08c986b31b648","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Verplanck, P. L. 0000-0002-3653-6419","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3653-6419","contributorId":106565,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Verplanck","given":"P. L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":398792,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Antweiler, Ronald C. 0000-0001-5652-6034 antweil@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5652-6034","contributorId":1481,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Antweiler","given":"Ronald","email":"antweil@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":5044,"text":"National Research Program - Central Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":398790,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Nordstrom, D. Kirk 0000-0003-3283-5136 dkn@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3283-5136","contributorId":749,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nordstrom","given":"D.","email":"dkn@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"Kirk","affiliations":[{"id":5044,"text":"National Research Program - Central Branch","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":37277,"text":"WMA - Earth System Processes Division","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":398791,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Taylor, Howard E. hetaylor@usgs.gov","contributorId":1551,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Taylor","given":"Howard","email":"hetaylor@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":5044,"text":"National Research Program - Central Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":398789,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":1008207,"text":"1008207 - 2001 - Integration of genotoxicity and population genetic analyses in kangaroo rats (<i>Dipodomys merriami</i>) exposed to radionuclide contamination at the Nevada Test Site, USA","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-09-26T10:13:33","indexId":"1008207","displayToPublicDate":"2001-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1571,"text":"Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Integration of genotoxicity and population genetic analyses in kangaroo rats (<i>Dipodomys merriami</i>) exposed to radionuclide contamination at the Nevada Test Site, USA","docAbstract":"We examined effects of radionuclide exposure at two atomic blast sites on kangaroo rats (Dipodomys merriami) at the Nevada Test Site, Nevada, USA, using genotoxicity and population genetic analyses. We assessed chromosome damage by micronucleus and flow cytometric assays and genetic variation by randomly amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) and mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) analyses. The RAPD analysis showed no population structure, but mtDNA exhibited differentiation among and within populations. Genotoxicity effects were not observed when all individuals were analyzed. However, individuals with mtDNA haplotypes unique to the contaminated sites had greater chromosomal damage than contaminated-site individuals with haplotypes shared with reference sites. When interpopulation comparisons used individuals with unique haplotypes, one contaminated site had greater levels of chromosome damage than one or both of the reference sites. We hypothesize that shared-haplotype individuals are potential migrants and that unique-haplotype individuals are potential long-term residents. A parsimony approach was used to estimate the minimum number of migration events necessary to explain the haplotype distributions on a phylogenetic tree. The observed predominance of migration events into the contaminated sites supported our migration hypothesis. We conclude the atomic blast sites are ecological sinks and that immigration masks the genotoxic effects of radiation on the resident populations.","language":"English","publisher":"Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry","publisherLocation":"Pensacola, FL","doi":"10.1002/etc.5620200212","usgsCitation":"Theodorakis, C.W., Bickham, J.W., Lamb, T., Medica, P.A., and Lyne, T.B., 2001, Integration of genotoxicity and population genetic analyses in kangaroo rats (<i>Dipodomys merriami</i>) exposed to radionuclide contamination at the Nevada Test Site, USA: Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, v. 20, no. 2, p. 317-326, https://doi.org/10.1002/etc.5620200212.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"317","endPage":"326","numberOfPages":"10","temporalStart":"1991-04-01","temporalEnd":"1991-05-26","costCenters":[{"id":135,"text":"Biological Resources Division","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":130996,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Nevada","otherGeospatial":"Department Of Energy Nevada Test Site","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -120,35 ], [ -120,42 ], [ -114,42 ], [ -114,35 ], [ -120,35 ] ] ] } } ] }","volume":"20","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2001-02-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49b4e4b07f02db5cac8b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Theodorakis, Christopher W.","contributorId":87495,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Theodorakis","given":"Christopher","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":317026,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bickham, John W.","contributorId":56184,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bickham","given":"John","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":317024,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Lamb, Trip","contributorId":15146,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lamb","given":"Trip","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":317022,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Medica, Philip A.","contributorId":55780,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Medica","given":"Philip","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":317023,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Lyne, T. Barrett","contributorId":83875,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lyne","given":"T.","email":"","middleInitial":"Barrett","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":317025,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}}
,{"id":1015010,"text":"1015010 - 2001 - Fish species composition two second-order headwater streams the North Central Appalachians ecoregion","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-10-26T18:06:34.908287","indexId":"1015010","displayToPublicDate":"2001-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2299,"text":"Journal of Freshwater Ecology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Fish species composition two second-order headwater streams the North Central Appalachians ecoregion","docAbstract":"<p><span>Fish species composition was determined for two second-order headwater streams within the North Central Appalachians ecoregion in northern Pennsylvania. The two streams were widely spaced geographically (over 193 km apart) and occurred in different drainage systems. Streams were sampled in the spring and fall over two years (1996–98) yielding similar fish assemblages. A total of five species was collected. Mottled sculpin (</span><i>Cottus bairdli</i><span>), slimy sculpin (</span><i>Cottus cognatus</i><span>), brook trout (</span><i>Salvetinus fontinalis</i><span>), and brown trout (</span><i>Salmo trutta</i><span>) were the dominant adult fishes. Two creek chubs (</span><i>Semotilus atromaculatus</i><span>) were also collected. No significant differences were found in sculpin weight, sculpin length, salmonid length, or brook trout length between streams. Paired t-tests detected eight significant seasonal differences within sites. Brook trout and mottled sculpin lengths were significantly greater in fall versus spring, while the reverse was found with slimy sculpins. Catches per unit effort were similar between the two streams, yielding 8.46 and 8.07 fish per minute of electrofishing. Both streams were very similar in faunal assemblages attributed to small, coldwater, high quality headwater streams in other regions.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Taylor & Francis","doi":"10.1080/02705060.2001.9663785","usgsCitation":"DiLauro, M.N., and Bennett, R.M., 2001, Fish species composition two second-order headwater streams the North Central Appalachians ecoregion: Journal of Freshwater Ecology, v. 16, no. 1, p. 35-43, https://doi.org/10.1080/02705060.2001.9663785.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"35","endPage":"43","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":478985,"rank":1,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1080/02705060.2001.9663785","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":130824,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Pennsylvanaia","county":"McKean County, Tioga County","otherGeospatial":"Appalachian Mountains, Buck Run, Mud Lick Run","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -77.5079,\n              41.60584\n            ],\n            [\n              -77.5079,\n              41.60583\n            ],\n            [\n              -77.5077,\n              41.60583\n            ],\n            [\n              -77.5077,\n              41.60584\n            ],\n            [\n              -77.5079,\n              41.60584\n            ]\n          ]\n        ],\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n      }\n    },\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -78.91177,\n              41.78019\n            ],\n            [\n              -78.91177,\n              41.78018\n            ],\n            [\n              -78.91176,\n              41.78018\n            ],\n            [\n              -78.91176,\n              41.78019\n            ],\n            [\n              -78.91177,\n              41.78019\n            ]\n          ]\n        ],\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"16","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2011-01-06","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49f3e4b07f02db5ef64a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"DiLauro, M. N.","contributorId":75475,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"DiLauro","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"N.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":321806,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bennett, R. M.","contributorId":97852,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bennett","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":321807,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":1015017,"text":"1015017 - 2001 - Snapping turtles (Chelydra serpentina) as monitors for mercury contamination of aquatic environments","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-10-12T15:32:54.932361","indexId":"1015017","displayToPublicDate":"2001-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1552,"text":"Environmental Monitoring and Assessment","onlineIssn":"1573-2959","printIssn":"0167-6369","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"displayTitle":"Snapping turtles (<i>Chelydra serpentina</i>) as monitors for mercury contamination of aquatic environments","title":"Snapping turtles (Chelydra serpentina) as monitors for mercury contamination of aquatic environments","docAbstract":"<p><span>We assessed the distribution of mercury in snapping turtles (</span><i>Chelydra serpentina</i><span>) by analyzing front shoulder muscle, back leg muscle, tail muscle, blood, liver, and marginal carapacial scute (shell) of 26 adult turtles from five small lakes. Total mercury concentration in muscle ranged from 50 to500 ng g</span><sup>−1</sup><span>&nbsp;wet weight and was highly correlated among the three tissue locations. There was no relationship between muscle mercury concentration and body size. Mercury concentration in blood was similar to muscle; the correlation with muscle mercury concentration was significant but there was some variability. Mercury concentration in shell was much higher than in muscle or blood, ranging from 500 to 3300 ng g</span><sup>−1</sup><span>, and was highly correlated with muscle mercury concentration. Liver mercury concentration was similar to shell, but was highly variable and uncorrelated with any other tissue. We conclude that snapping turtles accumulate mercury from their environment and may be useful monitors of mercury contamination.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1023/A:1011802117198","usgsCitation":"Golet, W., and Haines, T., 2001, Snapping turtles (Chelydra serpentina) as monitors for mercury contamination of aquatic environments: Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, v. 71, p. 211-220, https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1011802117198.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"211","endPage":"220","costCenters":[{"id":365,"text":"Leetown Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":130823,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Connecticut","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -72.40367889404297,\n              41.482476441030705\n            ],\n            [\n              -72.38531112670898,\n              41.49559247175826\n            ],\n            [\n              -72.36642837524414,\n              41.50793454554471\n            ],\n            [\n              -72.37380981445312,\n              41.52837093073045\n            ],\n            [\n              -72.39063262939453,\n              41.550342482216045\n            ],\n            [\n              -72.39870071411133,\n              41.550470948866845\n            ],\n            [\n              -72.42719650268555,\n              41.536466581314365\n            ],\n            [\n              -72.42496490478516,\n              41.52785688696333\n            ],\n            [\n              -72.43062973022461,\n              41.51307638202855\n            ],\n            [\n              -72.42685317993164,\n              41.495206744049845\n            ],\n            [\n              -72.41621017456055,\n              41.48569140009698\n            ],\n            [\n              -72.40367889404297,\n              41.482476441030705\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"71","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49f0e4b07f02db5edf04","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Golet, W.J.","contributorId":96220,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Golet","given":"W.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":321827,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Haines, T.A.","contributorId":83062,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Haines","given":"T.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":321826,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70023681,"text":"70023681 - 2001 - A portfolio approach to evaluating natural hazard mitigation policies: An application to lateral-spread ground failure in coastal California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-10-17T16:20:03.892804","indexId":"70023681","displayToPublicDate":"2001-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2020,"text":"International Geology Review","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A portfolio approach to evaluating natural hazard mitigation policies: An application to lateral-spread ground failure in coastal California","docAbstract":"<p>In the past, efforts to prevent catastrophic losses from natural hazards have largely been undertaken by individual property owners based on site—specific evaluations of risks to particular buildings. Public efforts to assess community vulnerability and encourage mitigation have focused on either aggregating site—specific estimates or adopting standards based upon broad assumptions about regional risks. This paper develops an alternative, intermediate—scale approach to regional risk assessment and the evaluation of community mitigation policies. Properties are grouped into types with similar land uses and levels of hazard, and hypothetical community mitigation strategies for protecting these properties are modeled like investment portfolios. The portfolios consist of investments in mitigation against the risk to a community posed by a specific natural hazard. and are defined by a community's mitigation budget and the proportion of the budget invested in locations of each type.</p><p>The usefulness of this approach is demonstrated through an integrated assessment of earthquake—induced lateral—spread ground failure risk in the Watsonville, California area. Data from the magnitude 6.9 Loma Prieta earthquake of 1989 are used to model lateral—spread ground failure susceptibility. Earth science and economic data are combined and analyzed in a Geographic Information System (CIS). The portfolio model is then used to evaluate the benefits of mitigating the risk in different locations. Two mitigation policies, one that prioritizes mitigation by land use type and the other by hazard zone, are compared with a status quo policy of doing no further mitigation beyond that which already exists. The portfolio representing the hazard zone rule yields a higher expected return than the land use portfolio does; however, the hazard zone portfolio experiences a higher standard deviation. Therefore, neither portfolio is clearly preferred. The two mitigation policies both reduce expected losses and increase overall expected community wealth compared to the status quo policy.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Taylor & Francis","doi":"10.1080/00206810109465024","issn":"00206814","usgsCitation":"Bernknopf, R., Dinitz, L., Rabinovici, S., and Evans, A., 2001, A portfolio approach to evaluating natural hazard mitigation policies: An application to lateral-spread ground failure in coastal California: International Geology Review, v. 43, no. 5, p. 424-440, https://doi.org/10.1080/00206810109465024.","productDescription":"17 p.","startPage":"424","endPage":"440","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":232184,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","city":"Watsonville","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -121.92901611328125,\n              36.74438649742862\n            ],\n            [\n              -121.22177124023436,\n              36.74438649742862\n            ],\n            [\n              -121.22177124023436,\n              36.99816565700228\n            ],\n            [\n              -121.92901611328125,\n              36.99816565700228\n            ],\n            [\n              -121.92901611328125,\n              36.74438649742862\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"43","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2010-08-18","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e4e3e4b0c8380cd469cf","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bernknopf, R. L.","contributorId":46082,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bernknopf","given":"R. L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":398429,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Dinitz, L.B.","contributorId":16192,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dinitz","given":"L.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":398427,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Rabinovici, S.J.M.","contributorId":103832,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rabinovici","given":"S.J.M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":398430,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Evans, A.M.","contributorId":20117,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Evans","given":"A.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":398428,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70023769,"text":"70023769 - 2001 - New digital magnetic anomaly database for North America","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-12-22T17:10:01.942784","indexId":"70023769","displayToPublicDate":"2001-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3568,"text":"The Leading Edge","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"New digital magnetic anomaly database for North America","docAbstract":"<p>The Geological Survey of Canada (GSC), U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), and Consejo de Recursos Minerales of Mexico (CRM) are compiling an upgraded digital magnetic anomaly database and map for North America. This trinational project is expected to be completed by late 2002.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Society of Exploration Geophysicists","doi":"10.1190/1.1487297","issn":"1070485X","usgsCitation":"Finn, C., Pilkington, M., Cuevas, A., Hernandez, I., and Urrutia, J., 2001, New digital magnetic anomaly database for North America: The Leading Edge, v. 20, no. 8, p. 870-872, https://doi.org/10.1190/1.1487297.","productDescription":"3 p.","startPage":"870","endPage":"872","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":232387,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"otherGeospatial":"North 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