For an ecological monitoring program to be successful over the long-term, the perceived benefits of the information must justify the cost. Financial limitations will always restrict the scope of a monitoring program, hence the program’s focus must be carefully prioritized. Clearly identifying the costs and benefits of a program will assist in this prioritization process, but this is easier said than done. Frequently, the true costs of monitoring are not recognized and are, therefore, underestimated. Benefits are rarely evaluated, because they are difficult to quantify. The intent of this review is to assist the designers and managers of long-term ecological monitoring programs by providing a general framework for building and operating a cost-effective program. Previous considerations of monitoring costs have focused on sampling design optimization. We present cost considerations of monitoring in a broader context. We explore monitoring costs, including both budgetary costs, what dollars are spent on, and economic costs, which include opportunity costs. Often, the largest portion of a monitoring program budget is spent on data collection, and other, critical aspects of the program, such as scientific oversight, training, data management, quality assurance, and reporting, are neglected. Recognizing and budgeting for all program costs is therefore a key factor in a program’s longevity. The close relationship between statistical issues and cost is discussed, highlighting the importance of sampling design, replication and power, and comparing the costs of alternative designs through pilot studies and simulation modeling. A monitoring program development process that includes explicit checkpoints for considering costs is presented. The first checkpoint occurs during the setting of objectives and during sampling design optimization. The last checkpoint occurs once the basic shape of the program is known, and the costs and benefits, or alternatively the cost-effectiveness, of each program element can be evaluated. Moving into the implementation phase without careful evaluation of costs and benefits is risky because if costs are later found to exceed benefits, the program will fail. The costs of development, which can be quite high, will have been largely wasted. Realistic expectations of costs and benefits will help ensure that monitoring programs survive the early, turbulent stages of development and the challenges posed by fluctuating budgets during implementation.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/S1470-160X(01)00015-2","usgsCitation":"Caughlan, L., and Oakley, K., 2001, Cost considerations for long-term ecological monitoring: Ecological Indicators, v. 1, no. 2, p. 123-134, https://doi.org/10.1016/S1470-160X(01)00015-2.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"123","endPage":"134","costCenters":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":132958,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"1","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ad6e4b07f02db683ff8","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Caughlan, L.","contributorId":38498,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Caughlan","given":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":322333,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Oakley, K.L.","contributorId":101592,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Oakley","given":"K.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":322334,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70023492,"text":"70023492 - 2001 - Agonistic behavior of Cooper's Hawks","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:11","indexId":"70023492","displayToPublicDate":"2001-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2442,"text":"Journal of Raptor Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Agonistic behavior of Cooper's Hawks","docAbstract":"[No abstract available]","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Raptor Research","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","issn":"08921016","usgsCitation":"Boal, G., 2001, Agonistic behavior of Cooper's Hawks: Journal of Raptor Research, v. 35, no. 3, p. 253-256.","startPage":"253","endPage":"256","numberOfPages":"4","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":232410,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"35","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e90de4b0c8380cd4807a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Boal, G.W.","contributorId":10194,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Boal","given":"G.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":397822,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":1008174,"text":"1008174 - 2001 - Pneumocystosis in wild small mammals from California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-05-08T14:02:26.075505","indexId":"1008174","displayToPublicDate":"2001-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2507,"text":"Journal of Wildlife Diseases","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Pneumocystosis in wild small mammals from California","docAbstract":"Cyst forms of the opportunistic fungal parasite Pneumocystis carinii were found in the lungs of 34% of the desert shrew, Notiosorex crawfordi (n = 59), 13% of the ornate shrew, Sorex ornatus (n = 55), 6% of the dusky-footed wood rat, Neotoma fuscipes (n = 16), 2.5% of the California meadow vole, Microtus californicus (n = 40), and 50% of the California pocket mouse, Chaetodipus californicus (n = 2) caught from southern California between February 1998 and February 2000. Cysts were not found in any of the harvest mouse, Reithrodontomys megalotis (n = 21), California mouse, Peromyscus californicus (n = 20), brush mouse, Peromyscus boylii (n = 7) or deer mouse, Peromyscus maniculatus (n = 4) examined. All infections were mild; extrapulmonary infections were not observed. Other lung parasites detected were Hepatozoon sp./spp. from M. californicus and Notiosorex crawfordi, Chrysosporium sp. (Emmonsia) from M. californicus, and a nematode from S. ornatus.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wildlife Disease Association","doi":"10.7589/0090-3558-37.2.408","usgsCitation":"Laakkonen, J., Fisher, R., and Case, T.J., 2001, Pneumocystosis in wild small mammals from California: Journal of Wildlife Diseases, v. 37, no. 2, p. 408-412, https://doi.org/10.7589/0090-3558-37.2.408.","productDescription":"5 p.","startPage":"408","endPage":"412","costCenters":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":478872,"rank":2,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.7589/0090-3558-37.2.408","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":132006,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -122.11584276129304,\n 36.7732903928685\n ],\n [\n -122.19549018291437,\n 36.588702027568715\n ],\n [\n -121.4642546397815,\n 35.73984528577502\n ],\n [\n -120.76335328612657,\n 35.07175814622612\n ],\n [\n -120.76394075172678,\n 34.49365258397246\n ],\n [\n -120.62613283767047,\n 34.33462498447115\n ],\n [\n -119.55010799855603,\n 34.303182915413984\n ],\n [\n -119.2380089801992,\n 33.96518919806073\n ],\n [\n -118.60666657575467,\n 33.918247044581776\n ],\n [\n -118.47382495955083,\n 33.63056742630427\n ],\n [\n -117.95410030728607,\n 33.56103465735289\n ],\n [\n -117.43615311125501,\n 33.09122256512457\n ],\n [\n -117.24469805052442,\n 32.492181791734566\n ],\n [\n -114.59717168285499,\n 32.664725748099144\n ],\n [\n -114.3951976319455,\n 32.89506830747209\n ],\n [\n -114.39011437951837,\n 33.05853696613592\n ],\n [\n -114.62645460677433,\n 33.15644937813569\n ],\n [\n -114.59813785916964,\n 33.37334620499655\n ],\n [\n -114.46270543190454,\n 33.51445019539513\n ],\n [\n -114.42612166422478,\n 33.94805525907151\n ],\n [\n -114.31113143085986,\n 34.08947793450665\n ],\n [\n -114.10600686936226,\n 34.264253292416484\n ],\n [\n -114.31605446530085,\n 34.54176414337314\n ],\n [\n -114.44311910749366,\n 34.68986305009274\n ],\n [\n -114.69407585886955,\n 35.09362543216557\n ],\n [\n -117.19955373671348,\n 37.022752229716076\n ],\n [\n -122.11584276129304,\n 36.7732903928685\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"37","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ad9e4b07f02db684cf5","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Laakkonen, Juha","contributorId":28918,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Laakkonen","given":"Juha","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":316929,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Fisher, Robert N. 0000-0002-2956-3240","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2956-3240","contributorId":51675,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fisher","given":"Robert N.","affiliations":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":316927,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Case, Ted J.","contributorId":70714,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Case","given":"Ted","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":316928,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":1015613,"text":"1015613 - 2001 - [Book review] Environmental change in mountains and uplands, by Martin Beniston","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-02-21T17:58:45","indexId":"1015613","displayToPublicDate":"2001-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1578,"text":"Eos, Transactions, American Geophysical Union","onlineIssn":"2324-9250","printIssn":"0096-394","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"[Book review] Environmental change in mountains and uplands, by Martin Beniston","docAbstract":"Review of: Environmental Change in Mountains and Uplands. Martin Beniston. ISBN13: 9780340706367, ISBN10: 0340706368. Paperback, 192 pages. May 2000.","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/01EO00022","usgsCitation":"Baron, J., 2001, [Book review] Environmental change in mountains and uplands, by Martin Beniston: Eos, Transactions, American Geophysical Union, v. 82, no. 3, p. 30-30, https://doi.org/10.1029/01EO00022.","productDescription":"1 p.","startPage":"30","endPage":"30","numberOfPages":"1","costCenters":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":132608,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":15396,"rank":100,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1029/01EO00022","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"},"description":"5319.000000000000000"}],"volume":"82","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2006-10-19","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a16e4b07f02db603d50","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Baron, Jill 0000-0002-5902-6251 jill_baron@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5902-6251","contributorId":194124,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Baron","given":"Jill","email":"jill_baron@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":322999,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":1015203,"text":"1015203 - 2001 - The interplay of habitat change, human disturbance and species interactions in a waterbird colony","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-03-29T16:08:49","indexId":"1015203","displayToPublicDate":"2001-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":737,"text":"American Midland Naturalist","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The interplay of habitat change, human disturbance and species interactions in a waterbird colony","docAbstract":"Potential responses to human disturbance at breeding colonies of waterbirds include reproductive failure, population declines and displacement from activity areas. Several additional factors, including species interactions and environmental change, can either mask or intensify the effects of human activity. This study highlights the importance of considering these factors in concert with breeding biology when assessing the impacts of human disturbance on wildlife. We studied the effects of a Wildlife Viewing Area (WVA) at Chatfield State Recreation Area, Colorado, on a nesting colony of great blue herons (Ardea herodias) and double-crested cormorants (Phalacrocorax auritus). We stratified the colony's nest trees into near, middle and far areas relative to distances from the WVA and compared the distribution of nests, nesting and fledging success and breeding chronology among areas 2 y before and 2 y after construction of the WVA. We also evaluated whether adult nest attendance patterns and chick behavior differed relative to distance from the WVA. The number of active heron nests and nest success of herons declined during the study, but evidence that these declines were due solely to human disturbance is equivocal. These changes were most likely due to the interplay of habitat changes (loss of 14 of 31 original nest trees by windfall), acquisition of heron nests by cormorants and human disturbance. We found no evidence that cormorants were adversely affected by the WVA in distribution of nests, nesting and fledging success, breeding chronology, adult nest attendance or chick behaviors. Habitat changes and adverse weather contributed to nesting failures of cormorants.
","language":"English","publisher":"University of Notre Dame","doi":"10.1674/0003-0031(2001)145[0018:TIOHCH]2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Skagen, S.K., Melcher, C.P., and Muths, E.L., 2001, The interplay of habitat change, human disturbance and species interactions in a waterbird colony: American Midland Naturalist, v. 145, no. 1, p. 18-28, https://doi.org/10.1674/0003-0031(2001)145[0018:TIOHCH]2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"18","endPage":"28","costCenters":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":132794,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"145","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a85e4b07f02db64d385","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Skagen, Susan K. 0000-0002-6744-1244 skagens@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6744-1244","contributorId":2009,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Skagen","given":"Susan","email":"skagens@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":322519,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Melcher, Cynthia P. 0000-0002-8044-9689 melcherc@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8044-9689","contributorId":5094,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Melcher","given":"Cynthia","email":"melcherc@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":322518,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Muths, Erin L. 0000-0002-5498-3132 muthse@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5498-3132","contributorId":1260,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Muths","given":"Erin","email":"muthse@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":322517,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":1015204,"text":"1015204 - 2001 - Economic development and conservation of biological and cultural diversity in Yunnan Province, China","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-03-08T12:34:37","indexId":"1015204","displayToPublicDate":"2001-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1533,"text":"Environmental Development and Sustainability","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Economic development and conservation of biological and cultural diversity in Yunnan Province, China","docAbstract":"Chinese and American scientists are co-operating to develop concepts, strategies, agreements, and proposals in support of an economic development and sustainable ecosystems project in Yunnan Province, People's Republic of China. Yunnan's Provincial Government has initiated a major programme to develop and further utilise its biological resources to help improve economic conditions for its citizens. They are co-operating with the US Geological Survey (USGS) on evaluation and management of biological resources so economic development will be compatible with sustainable ecological systems. Scientists from the USGS and co-operating universities will provide expertise on synthesising biological data, conducting a Gap Analysis for the Province, evaluating innovative economic opportunities, and designing an effective education, training, and outreach programme.
","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1023/A:1011490730789","usgsCitation":"Stendell, R., Johnson, R.L., Mosesso, J., and Zhang, X., 2001, Economic development and conservation of biological and cultural diversity in Yunnan Province, China: Environmental Development and Sustainability, v. 2, no. 3-4, p. 333-345, https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1011490730789.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"333","endPage":"345","costCenters":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":133002,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"2","issue":"3-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a4be4b07f02db625b02","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Stendell, Rey C.","contributorId":82263,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stendell","given":"Rey C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":322523,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Johnson, Richard L.","contributorId":32626,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Johnson","given":"Richard","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":322520,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Mosesso, J.P.","contributorId":65815,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mosesso","given":"J.P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":322522,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Zhang, X.","contributorId":30193,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zhang","given":"X.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":322521,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":1015198,"text":"1015198 - 2001 - Assessing ecosystem effects of reservoir operations using food web-energy transfer and water quality models","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-12-17T11:22:30","indexId":"1015198","displayToPublicDate":"2001-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1478,"text":"Ecosystems","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Assessing ecosystem effects of reservoir operations using food web-energy transfer and water quality models","docAbstract":"We investigated the effects on the reservoir food web of a new temperature control device (TCD) on the dam at Shasta Lake, California. We followed a linked modeling approach that used a specialized reservoir water quality model to forecast operation-induced changes in phytoplankton production. A food web–energy transfer model was also applied to propagate predicted changes in phytoplankton up through the food web to the predators and sport fishes of interest. The food web–energy transfer model employed a 10% trophic transfer efficiency through a food web that was mapped using carbon and nitrogen stable isotope analysis. Stable isotope analysis provided an efficient and comprehensive means of estimating the structure of the reservoir's food web with minimal sampling and background data. We used an optimization procedure to estimate the diet proportions of all food web components simultaneously from their isotopic signatures. Some consumers were estimated to be much more sensitive than others to perturbations to phytoplankton supply. The linked modeling approach demonstrated that interdisciplinary efforts enhance the value of information obtained from studies of managed ecosystems. The approach exploited the strengths of engineering and ecological modeling methods to address concerns that neither of the models could have addressed alone: (a) the water quality model could not have addressed quantitatively the possible impacts to fish, and (b) the food web model could not have examined how phytoplankton availability might change due to reservoir operations.
","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1007/s100210000062","usgsCitation":"Saito, L., Johnson, B., Bartholow, J., and Hanna, R., 2001, Assessing ecosystem effects of reservoir operations using food web-energy transfer and water quality models: Ecosystems, v. 4, no. 2, p. 105-125, https://doi.org/10.1007/s100210000062.","productDescription":"21 p.","startPage":"105","endPage":"125","costCenters":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":133224,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"4","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4abbe4b07f02db672aa4","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Saito, L.","contributorId":59402,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Saito","given":"L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":322504,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Johnson, B. M.","contributorId":71511,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Johnson","given":"B. M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":322506,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Bartholow, J.","contributorId":62181,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bartholow","given":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":322505,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Hanna, R.B.","contributorId":48922,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hanna","given":"R.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":322503,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":1015195,"text":"1015195 - 2001 - The densest terrestrial vertebrate","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-01-01T21:42:47","indexId":"1015195","displayToPublicDate":"2001-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2487,"text":"Journal of Tropical Ecology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The densest terrestrial vertebrate","docAbstract":"An understanding of the abundance of organisms is central to understanding ecology, but many population density estimates are unrepresentative because they were obtained from study areas chosen for the high abundance of the target species. For example, from a pool of 1072 lizard density estimates that we compiled from the literature, we sampled 303 estimates and scored each for its assessment of the degree to which the study site was representative. Less than half (45%) indicated that the study area was chosen to be representative of the population or habitat. An additional 15% reported that individual plots or transects were chosen randomly, but this often indicated only that the sample points were located randomly within a study area chosen for its high abundance of the target species. The remainder of the studies either gave no information or specified that the study area was chosen because the focal species was locally abundant.
No abstract available.
Hawaiian honeycreepers have radiated into a diversity of trophic niches and patterns of space-use. We investigated space-use in two honeycreeper species, the ‘Ākohekohe (Palmeria dolei), an endangered nectarivore, and Maui Parrotbill (Pseudonestor xanthophrys), an endangered wood excavator, by mapping the home ranges and dispersion of color-banded individuals at a study site in relatively undisturbed montane cloud forest on Maui Island, Hawai‘i. With 20% of outlying points excluded, home-range size averaged much smaller for adult male ‘Ākohekohe (0.56 ha) than for male Maui Parrotbill (2.26 ha). In both species, a female's home range mostly overlapped that of her mate. Adult male Maui Parrotbill defended year-round home ranges from which they excluded conspecifics except for their mates and dependent offspring. Although our data suggest that ‘Ākohekohe also maintained all-purpose territories, the evidence is less convincing because these birds were seen feeding in the home ranges of other individuals. By defending all-purpose territories, these two species depart from the more common honeycreeper pattern of sharing large, undefended home ranges.
","language":"English","publisher":"Cooper Ornithological Society","doi":"10.1650/0010-5422(2001)103[0746:HRATOT]2.0.CO;2","issn":"00105422","usgsCitation":"Pratt, T.K., Simon, J.C., Farm, B.P., Berlin, K.E., and Kowalsky, J.R., 2001, Home range and territoriality of two Hawaiian honeycreepers, the 'Akohekohe and Maui Parrotbill: Condor, v. 103, no. 4, p. 746-755, https://doi.org/10.1650/0010-5422(2001)103[0746:HRATOT]2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"746","endPage":"755","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":231688,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"103","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a3204e4b0c8380cd5e456","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Pratt, Thane K. tkpratt@usgs.gov","contributorId":5495,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pratt","given":"Thane","email":"tkpratt@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[{"id":5049,"text":"Pacific Islands Ecosys Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":400500,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Simon, John C.","contributorId":71673,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Simon","given":"John","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":400503,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Farm, Brian P.","contributorId":88512,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Farm","given":"Brian","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":400504,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Berlin, Kim E.","contributorId":70522,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Berlin","given":"Kim","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":400502,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Kowalsky, James R.","contributorId":54707,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kowalsky","given":"James","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":400501,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":1003993,"text":"1003993 - 2001 - Crow deaths as a sentinel surveillance system for West Nile virus in the northeastern United States, 1999","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-10-11T18:37:45.252523","indexId":"1003993","displayToPublicDate":"2001-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1493,"text":"Emerging Infectious Diseases","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Crow deaths as a sentinel surveillance system for West Nile virus in the northeastern United States, 1999","docAbstract":"In addition to human encephalitis and meningitis cases, the West Nile (WN) virus outbreak in the summer and fall of 1999 in New York State resulted in bird deaths in New York, New Jersey, and Connecticut. From August to December 1999, 295 dead birds were laboratory-confirmed with WN virus infection; 262 (89%) were American Crows (Corvus brachyrhynchos). The New York State Department of Health received reports of 17,339 dead birds, including 5,697 (33%) crows; in Connecticut 1,040 dead crows were reported. Bird deaths were critical in identifying WN virus as the cause of the human outbreak and defining its geographic and temporal limits. If established before a WN virus outbreak, a surveillance system based on bird deaths may provide a sensitive method of detecting WN virus.
","language":"English","publisher":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention","doi":"10.3201/eid0704.017402","usgsCitation":"Eidson, M., Komar, N., Sorhage, F., Nelson, R., Talbot, T., Mostashari, F., McLean, R., and West Nile Virus Avian Mortality Surveillance Group, 2001, Crow deaths as a sentinel surveillance system for West Nile virus in the northeastern United States, 1999: Emerging Infectious Diseases, v. 7, no. 4, p. 615-620, https://doi.org/10.3201/eid0704.017402.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"615","endPage":"620","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":456,"text":"National Wildlife Health Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":478991,"rank":1,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.3201/eid0704.017402","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":135113,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United 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","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Fort Collins, CO","usgsCitation":"Stottlemyer, R., Baron, J., Edmonds, R., Scherbarth, L., and Stelzer, H., 2001, Long-term ecosystem studies in Isle Royale, Olympic and Rocky Mountain National Parks; Noatak National Preserve, and Fraser Experimental Forest, 32 p.","productDescription":"32 p.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":326796,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"57b6dc69e4b03fd6b7d94c65","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Stottlemyer, R.","contributorId":70320,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stottlemyer","given":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":646076,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Baron, Jill 0000-0002-5902-6251 jill_baron@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5902-6251","contributorId":194124,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Baron","given":"Jill","email":"jill_baron@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":646077,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Edmonds, R.","contributorId":91807,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Edmonds","given":"R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":646078,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Scherbarth, L.","contributorId":15956,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Scherbarth","given":"L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":646079,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Stelzer, H.","contributorId":173816,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Stelzer","given":"H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":646080,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70174311,"text":"70174311 - 2001 - Simplified conversions between specific conductance and salinity units for use with data from monitoring stations","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-10-18T13:18:13.91924","indexId":"70174311","displayToPublicDate":"2001-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3914,"text":"Interagency Ecological Program Newsletter","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Simplified conversions between specific conductance and salinity units for use with data from monitoring stations","docAbstract":"The U.S. Geological Survey, Bureau of Reclamation, and the California Department of Water Resources maintain a large number of monitoring stations that record specific conductance, often referred to as “electrical conductivity,” in San Francisco Bay Estuary and the Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta. Specific conductance units that have been normalized to a standard temperature are useful in fresh waters, but conversion to salinity units has some considerable advantages in brackish waters of the estuary and Delta. For example, salinity is linearly related to the mixing ratio of freshwater and seawater, which is not the case for specific conductance, even when values are normalized to a standard temperature. The Practical Salinity Scale 1978 is based on specific conductance, temperature, and pressure measurements of seawater and freshwater mixtures (Lewis 1980 and references therein). Equations and data that define the scale make possible conversions between specific conductance and salinity values.
\nThis article presents a simplified conversion to salinity units for use with specific conductance data from monitoring stations that have been normalized to a standard temperature of 25 °C and an equation for the reverse calculation. Although these previously undocumented methods have been shared with many IEP agencies over the last two decades, the sources of the equations and data are identified here so that the original literature can be accessed.
","language":"English","publisher":"Interagency Ecological Study Program for the Sacramento-San Joaquin Estuary","usgsCitation":"Schemel, L.E., 2001, Simplified conversions between specific conductance and salinity units for use with data from monitoring stations: Interagency Ecological Program Newsletter, v. 14, no. 1, p. 17-18.","productDescription":"2 p.","startPage":"17","endPage":"18","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":552,"text":"San Francisco Bay-Delta","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":5079,"text":"Pacific Regional Director's Office","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":324844,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":421958,"rank":2,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://iep.ca.gov/Publications/IEP-Newsletter"}],"volume":"14","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"577f7d33e4b0ef4d2f45fac7","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Schemel, Laurence E. lschemel@usgs.gov","contributorId":4085,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schemel","given":"Laurence","email":"lschemel@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":641799,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":53889,"text":"53889 - 2001 - The Brown Tree Snake on Guam: How the Arrival of One Invasive Species Damaged the Ecology, Commerce, Electrical Systems and Human Health on Guam: A Comprehensive Information Source","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-01-12T08:25:56","indexId":"53889","displayToPublicDate":"2001-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":1,"text":"Federal Government Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":37,"text":"Information and Technology Report","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":1}},"seriesNumber":"2002-0009","title":"The Brown Tree Snake on Guam: How the Arrival of One Invasive Species Damaged the Ecology, Commerce, Electrical Systems and Human Health on Guam: A Comprehensive Information Source","docAbstract":"Synopsis -- Shortly after World War II, and before 1952, the brown tree snake was accidentally transported from its native range in the South Pacific to Guam, probably as a stowaway in ship cargo. As a result of abnormally abundant prey resources on Guam and the absence of natural predators and other population controls, brown tree snake populations reached unprecedented numbers. Snakes caused the extirpation of most of the native forest vertebrate species; thousands of power outages affecting private, commercial, and military activities; widespread loss of domestic birds and pets; and considerable emotional trauma to residents and visitors alike when snakes invaded human habitats with the potential for severe envenomation of small children. Since Guam is a major transportation hub in the Pacific, numerous opportunities exist for the brown tree snakes on Guam to be introduced accidentally to other Pacific islands as passive stowaways in ship and air traffic from Guam. Numerous sightings of this species have been reported on other islands, and an incipient population is probably established on Saipan. It is important that people who may come in contact with the brown tree snake, particularly on neighboring islands and other high-risk sites, understand the scope of this problem and how to identify the snake so proper action can be taken. This resource has been developed to provide source materials on the history of the invasion, continuing threats, research results, and containment and management of the brown tree snake (Boiga irregularis) in Guam and its relevance to other islands and mild continental environments.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service","usgsCitation":"Fritts, T.H., and Leasman-Tanner, D., 2001, The Brown Tree Snake on Guam: How the Arrival of One Invasive Species Damaged the Ecology, Commerce, Electrical Systems and Human Health on Guam: A Comprehensive Information Source: Information and Technology Report 2002-0009, 1 CD-ROM : col. ill., col. maps ; 4 3/4 in.","productDescription":"1 CD-ROM : col. ill., col. maps ; 4 3/4 in.","startPage":"1","endPage":"0","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":178119,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":4724,"rank":100,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/itr/2002/0009/report.zip","linkFileType":{"id":6,"text":"zip"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505ba6afe4b08c986b32123a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Fritts, Thomas H.","contributorId":77204,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fritts","given":"Thomas","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":248591,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Leasman-Tanner, Dawn","contributorId":57143,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Leasman-Tanner","given":"Dawn","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":248590,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70174299,"text":"70174299 - 2001 - Contributions of atmospheric nitrogen deposition to U.S. estuaries: Summary and conclusions: Chapter 8","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-03-07T16:37:27","indexId":"70174299","displayToPublicDate":"2001-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"title":"Contributions of atmospheric nitrogen deposition to U.S. estuaries: Summary and conclusions: Chapter 8","docAbstract":"A NOAA project was initiated in 1998, with support from the U.S. EPA, to develop state-of-the-art estimates of atmospheric N deposition to estuarine watersheds and water surfaces and its delivery to the estuaries. Work groups were formed to address N deposition rates, indirect (from the watershed) yields from atmospheric and other anthropogenic sources, and direct deposition on the estuarine waterbodies, and to evaluate the levels of uncertainty within the estimates. Watershed N yields were estimated using both a land-use based process approach and a national (SPARROW) model, compared to each other, and compared to estimates of N yield from the literature. The total N yields predicted by the national model were similar to values found in the literature and the land-use derived estimates were consistently higher. Atmospheric N yield estimates were within a similar range for the two approaches, but tended to be higher in the land-use based estimates and were not wellcorrelated. Median atmospheric N yields were around 15% of the total N yield for both groups, but ranged as high as 60% when both direct and indirect deposition were considered. Although not the dominant source of anthropogenic N, atmospheric N is, and will undoubtedly continue to be, an important factor in culturally eutrophied estuarine systems, warranting additional research and management attention.
","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Nitrogen loading in coastal water bodies: An atmospheric perspective","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":15,"text":"Monograph"},"language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1029/CE057p0187","isbn":"9780875902715","usgsCitation":"Stacey, P.E., Greening, H., Kremer, J.N., Peterson, D., and Tomasko, D.A., 2001, Contributions of atmospheric nitrogen deposition to U.S. estuaries: Summary and conclusions: Chapter 8, chap. of Nitrogen loading in coastal water bodies: An atmospheric perspective, p. 187-226, https://doi.org/10.1029/CE057p0187.","productDescription":"40 p.","startPage":"187","endPage":"226","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":552,"text":"San Francisco Bay-Delta","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":5079,"text":"Pacific Regional Director's Office","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":324817,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2013-03-17","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"577f7d2ee4b0ef4d2f45fa9a","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Valigura, Richard A.","contributorId":172722,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Valigura","given":"Richard","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":641724,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Alexander, Richard B. 0000-0001-9166-0626 ralex@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9166-0626","contributorId":541,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Alexander","given":"Richard","email":"ralex@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[{"id":503,"text":"Office of Water Quality","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":451,"text":"National Water Quality Assessment Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":641725,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Castro, Mark S.","contributorId":172723,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Castro","given":"Mark","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":641726,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Meyers, Tilden P.","contributorId":146138,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Meyers","given":"Tilden","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[{"id":16598,"text":"NOAA/ATDD","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":641727,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Paerl, Hans W.","contributorId":172724,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Paerl","given":"Hans","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":641728,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Stacey, Paul E.","contributorId":172725,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Stacey","given":"Paul","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":641729,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Turner, R. 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A network of recently developed tree-ring chronologies for Southern and Baja California extends the instrumental record and reveals decadal-scale variability back to 1661. The Pacific decadal oscillation (PDO) is closely matched by the dominant mode of tree-ring variability that provides a preliminary view of multiannual climate fluctuations spanning the past four centuries. The reconstructed PDO index features a prominent bidecadal oscillation, whose amplitude weakened in the late l700s to mid-1800s. A comparison with proxy records of ENSO suggests that the greatest decadal-scale oscillations in Pacific climate between 1706 and 1977 occurred around 1750, 1905, and 1947.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Meteorological Society","doi":"10.1175/1520-0442(2001)014%3C0005:NPDCVS%3E2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Biondi, F., Gershunov, A., and Cayan, D.R., 2001, North Pacific decadal climate variability since 1661: Journal of Climate, v. 14, no. 1, p. 5-10, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0442(2001)014%3C0005:NPDCVS%3E2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"5","endPage":"10","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":337528,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"14","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58c9012ae4b0849ce97abd1d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Biondi, Franco","contributorId":75849,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Biondi","given":"Franco","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":684278,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Gershunov, Alexander","contributorId":45238,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gershunov","given":"Alexander","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":684279,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Cayan, Daniel R. 0000-0002-2719-6811 drcayan@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2719-6811","contributorId":1494,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cayan","given":"Daniel","email":"drcayan@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":684280,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70180468,"text":"70180468 - 2001 - Quaternary geology, Cold Bay and False Pass quadrangles, Alaska Peninsula","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":70180468,"text":"70180468 - 2001 - Quaternary geology, Cold Bay and False Pass quadrangles, Alaska Peninsula","indexId":"70180468","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"title":"Quaternary geology, Cold Bay and False Pass quadrangles, Alaska Peninsula"},"predicate":"IS_PART_OF","object":{"id":38272,"text":"pp1633 - 2001 - Geologic studies in Alaska by the U.S. Geological Survey, 1999","indexId":"pp1633","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"title":"Geologic studies in Alaska by the U.S. Geological Survey, 1999"},"id":1}],"isPartOf":{"id":38272,"text":"pp1633 - 2001 - Geologic studies in Alaska by the U.S. Geological Survey, 1999","indexId":"pp1633","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"title":"Geologic studies in Alaska by the U.S. Geological Survey, 1999"},"lastModifiedDate":"2021-08-30T21:03:50.009945","indexId":"70180468","displayToPublicDate":"2001-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":331,"text":"Professional Paper","code":"PP","onlineIssn":"2330-7102","printIssn":"1044-9612","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"subseriesTitle":"1633","title":"Quaternary geology, Cold Bay and False Pass quadrangles, Alaska Peninsula","docAbstract":"Recent mapping and interpretation of Quaternary geologic features has improved our understanding of the interaction between volcanic, glacial, and tectonic activity in the Cold Bay and False Pass 1:250,000-scale quadrangles on the Alaska Peninsula. The glacial and volcanic record of the map area strongly suggests that continental-shelf glaciations and two massive volcanic centers were the dominant controls over landscape development during Pleistocene time. Ancestral Morzhovoi and Emmons Volcanoes were major impediments to flow of shelf glaciers during much of the Pleistocene. Our mapping suggests that the area around Emmons Volcano may have also been an important source area for glaciers during this period. Our data further indicate that Frosty Volcano developed late in the Pleistocene, having had no apparent impact on early Brooks Lake glacial advances but serving as a source area for later glacial advances during late Brooks Lake time. We also believe that major Holocene eruptions of Frosty Volcano have yielded multiple debris and ash flows resulting in the construction of a new south summit cone that filled an earlier crater. Frosty Volcano was the source area for multiple Holocene glacial advances, and its flanks preserve the best record of Neoglacial activity in the map area.
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In this study, the behaviour of 39 pesticides is examined as a function of scale across 14 orders of magnitude from the field to the ocean. Data on pesticide loads in streams from two US Geological Survey programs were combined with literature data from field and watershed studies. The annual load as percent of use (LAPU) was quantified for each of the fields and watersheds and was used as the normalization factor across watersheds and compounds. The in-stream losses of each pesticide were estimated for a model stream with a 15 day travel time (similar in characteristics to the upper Mississippi River). These estimated in-stream losses agreed well with the observed changes in apparent LAPU values as a function of watershed area. In general, herbicides applied to the soil surface had the greatest LAPU values and minimal in-stream losses. Soil-incorporated herbicides had smaller LAPU values and substantial in-stream losses. Insecticides generally had LAPU values similar to the incorporated herbicides, but had more variation in their in-stream losses. On the basis of the LAPU values of the 39 pesticides as a function of watershed area, a generalized conceptual model of the movement of pesticides from the field to the ocean is suggested. 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We suggest that the tendency for sea lamprey attacks to occur on the anterior half of the fish is related to the lower amplitude of lateral body movement there during swimming and thus the lower likelihood of being dislodged.
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These results are based on an analysis of campaign and continuous Global Positioning System (GPS) data collected between 1992 and 2000 in central California. The zone of compression between the Coast Ranges and the Great Valley is 25 km wide. The observations clearly show 3.8±1.5 mm yr−1 of shortening over this narrow zone. The strike slip components are best fit by a model with 20.8±1.9 mm yr−1 slip on the San Andreas fault, 10.3±2.6 mm yr−1 on the Rodgers Creek fault, and 8.1±2.1 mm yr−1 on the Green Valley fault. The Pacific-Sierra Nevada-Great Valley motion totals 39.2±3.8 mm yr−1 across a zone that is 120 km wide (at the latitude of San Francisco). Standard deviations are one σ. The geodetic results suggest a higher than geologic rate for the Green Valley fault. The geodetic results also suggest an inconsistency between geologic estimates of the San Andreas rate and seismologic estimates of the depth of locking on the San Andreas fault. The only convergence observed is in the narrow zone along the border between the Great Valley and the Coast Ranges.
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