A variety of extensional and contractional structures is produced by strike slip faulting. The variety and extent of the structures are directly related to the kind and extent of geometric complexities of the fault zone or system. The area of convergence of the San Andreas fault zone and the much younger San Jacinto fault zone in the eastern Transverse Ranges is exquisitely complex. We propose that the San Jacinto fault zone formed in response to a structural knot in San Gorgonio Pass probably within the past 1.5 Ma. In the area of their convergence we propose that slip is transferred both east and west from the San Jacinto fault zone northward to the San Andreas fault zone over a 60-to 70-km band that extends northwestward from the south end of the San Bernardino basin to the east end of the San Gabriel Mountains. We further propose several structural adjustments as a consequence of onset or acceleration of lateral movement on the San Jacinto fault zone: accelerated uplift of the eastern San Gabriel Mountains, development or accentuation of an arcuate schuppen-like structure in the eastern San Gabriel Mountains, inception of the San Bernardino basin, cessation of deposition in the present-day San Timoteo badlands area, inception of the San Jacinto basin, and an increase in compression and uplift in the San Gorgonio Pass area. We interpret the uplift and compression in San Gorgonio Pass to result from two formerly disparate structural blocks—the eastern San Bernardino and San Jacinto blocks—becoming a relatively coherent block, and the San Gorgonio Pass area constituting a left step between the San Andreas fault zone in the Coachella Valley area and the San Jacinto fault zone in the San Jacinto Valley area. The compression and uplift led to the formation of the San Gorgonio Pass thrust faults and disruption of any through-going San Andreas strands, at least at the surface.
In partitioning slip between the San Andreas and San Jacinto fault zones, consideration should be given to the bandwidth over which horizontal strain has accumulated. The average slip rate of the northern part of the San Jacinto fault zone during the past 1.5 m.y. may have been about 20 mm/yr and about 15 mm/yr on the San Andreas. South of the San Bernardino basin, current strain accumulation based on repeated geodetic surveys is nearly equally divided between the San Jacinto and San Andreas fault zones.
","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"The San Andreas Fault system: Displacement, palinspastic reconstruction, and geologic evolution","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":15,"text":"Monograph"},"language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","doi":"10.1130/MEM178-p217","usgsCitation":"Morton, D.M., and Matti, J.C., 1993, Extension and contraction within an evolving divergent strike-slip fault complex: The San Andreas and San Jacinto fault zones at their convergence in southern California, chap. 5 of The San Andreas Fault system: Displacement, palinspastic reconstruction, and geologic evolution, v. 178, p. 217-230, https://doi.org/10.1130/MEM178-p217.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"217","endPage":"230","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":417046,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"San Andreas Fault, San Jacinto Fault","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -118.03778134184878,\n 34.169761266360595\n ],\n [\n -117.79184388689664,\n 34.11607835820631\n ],\n [\n -117.43239683735126,\n 34.1518707537096\n ],\n [\n -116.94322453684228,\n 33.94809962505339\n ],\n [\n -116.65404533156907,\n 33.90549224485568\n ],\n [\n -116.39189222024662,\n 33.734849792222306\n ],\n [\n -115.98920342037982,\n 33.669646541457595\n ],\n [\n -115.84596512244083,\n 34.17870510099938\n ],\n [\n -116.40270265782672,\n 34.40645227418864\n ],\n [\n -116.8675514737802,\n 34.488913716669316\n ],\n [\n -117.9675134975766,\n 34.44657882005089\n ],\n [\n -118.03778134184878,\n 34.169761266360595\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"178","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1993-01-01","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Powell, Robert E. 0000-0001-7682-1655 rpowell@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7682-1655","contributorId":4210,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Powell","given":"Robert","email":"rpowell@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":872649,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Weldon, R.J. II","contributorId":37088,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Weldon","given":"R.J.","suffix":"II","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":872650,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":2}],"authors":[{"text":"Morton, Douglas M. scamp@usgs.gov","contributorId":4102,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Morton","given":"Douglas","email":"scamp@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":872647,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Matti, Jonathan C. 0000-0001-5961-9869 jmatti@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5961-9869","contributorId":167192,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Matti","given":"Jonathan","email":"jmatti@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":872648,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70100271,"text":"70100271 - 1993 - Landfill mapping using multi-disciplinary geophysical techniques at the U.S. Air Force Academy, Colorado Springs, CO","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-03-31T12:04:02","indexId":"70100271","displayToPublicDate":"1993-01-01T11:59:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":12,"text":"Conference publication"},"title":"Landfill mapping using multi-disciplinary geophysical techniques at the U.S. Air Force Academy, Colorado Springs, CO","docAbstract":"This paper describes a multi-disciplinary geophysical survey conducted over a\nlandfill on the U.S. Air Force Academy grounds near Colorado Springs, Colorado.\nThe landfill is known to contain waste generated during the construction of the\nAcademy and reportedly contains buried steel drums. The purpose of the\ngeophysical surveys was to determine the subsurface distribution of buried\nmetallic objects within the landfill.\nDifferent geophysical techniques were evaluated along a test line to determine\ntheir relative effectiveness at this site. The geophysical methods included\ntotal magnetic field, vertical magnetic gradient, VLF, horizontal and vertical\ncoplanar electromagnetic, GPR and seismic refraction.\nMagnetic and coplanar electromagnetic (EM) methods were chosen to survey the\nentire landfill because they easily detected magnetic and conductive sources and\nhave better anomaly resolution than other methods evaluated, as demonstrated by\nthe test line results. In addition, these methods are rapid and cost effective\nfor surveys involving a large number of measurements.\nSurveys of the landfill identified numerous magnetic and conductive anomalies\nindicating the presence of buried metallic objects. The vertical gradient and\nEM measurements indicate that several of the large total field anomalies are\nproduced by groups of smaller objects rather than by single, large buried\nsources. Many of the smaller anomalies are associated with the position of a\nrecently dismantled railroad track and result from iron and steel parts buried\nalong the abandoned grade.\nTwo long, narrow conductive anomalies were identified by the electromagnetic\nsurveys. These conductive features have no surface expression and apparently run\nthe length of the landfill. The EM data indicates these conductors are narrow\nand relatively shallow. One conductor is relatively magnetic, the other\nconductor has no magnetic signature suggesting a different composition.\nThe geophysical surveys determined that large areas of the landfill are\nrelatively free of buried metal due to the lack of observed magnetic or\nconductive anomalies. The geophysical data also suggests the landfill may be\nlarger than originally thought. Numerous magnetic and conductive responses were\nobserved beyond the eastern edge of the present landfill in an area thought to\nbe natural terrain.","largerWorkTitle":"Proceedings of the symposium on the application of geophysics to engineering and environmental problems: SAGEEP '93","conferenceTitle":"6th EEGS Symposium on the Application of Geophysics to Engineering and Environmental Problems","conferenceDate":"1993-04-18T00:00:00","conferenceLocation":"San Diego, CA","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","usgsCitation":"Horton, R., Busby, J.W., Powers, M.H., and Knoshaug, R.N., 1993, Landfill mapping using multi-disciplinary geophysical techniques at the U.S. Air Force Academy, Colorado Springs, CO, p. 109-128.","productDescription":"p. 109-128","numberOfPages":"20","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":285146,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Colorado","city":"Colorado Springs","otherGeospatial":"U.S. Air Force Academy","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -104.898664,38.958696 ], [ -104.898664,39.023096 ], [ -104.833061,39.023096 ], [ -104.833061,38.958696 ], [ -104.898664,38.958696 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"535594a9e4b0120853e8c040","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Horton, Robert 0000-0001-5578-3733 rhorton@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5578-3733","contributorId":612,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Horton","given":"Robert","email":"rhorton@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":211,"text":"Crustal Geophysics and Geochemistry Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":492148,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Busby, John W.","contributorId":85088,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Busby","given":"John","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":492150,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Powers, Michael H. 0000-0002-4480-7856 mhpowers@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4480-7856","contributorId":851,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Powers","given":"Michael","email":"mhpowers@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[{"id":211,"text":"Crustal Geophysics and Geochemistry Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":492149,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Knoshaug, Ronald N.","contributorId":104812,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Knoshaug","given":"Ronald","email":"","middleInitial":"N.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":492151,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70135742,"text":"70135742 - 1993 - Temporal and spatial variation in habitat characteristics of Tilefish (Lopholatilus Chamaeleonticeps) off the east coast of Florida","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-10-04T13:58:26","indexId":"70135742","displayToPublicDate":"1993-01-01T11:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1106,"text":"Bulletin of Marine Science","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Temporal and spatial variation in habitat characteristics of Tilefish (Lopholatilus Chamaeleonticeps) off the east coast of Florida","docAbstract":"The tilefish, Lopholatilus chamaeleonticeps, constructs burrows in carbonate sediments off the central east coast of Florida at similar temperatures (8.6-15.4°C) and in similar sediment textures (high proportion of silts and clays) to conspecifics in the Mid-Atlantic Bight. The depths at which we observed tile fish off Florida (150-290 m), based on submersible observations and sidescan sonar operations during 1983 and 1984, were similar to those recorded in 1975-1977 (137-266 m) before the inception of the directed fishery. Both are similar to the range observed in the Mid-Atlantic Bight although tilefish there can be found at shallower and slightly deeper depths (80-305 m). The largest burrows off Florida (1.5-m diameter) were smaller than those observed in the Mid-Atlantic Bight (up to 5 m). The behavior of tile fish around the burrow and the invertebrates and fishes co-inhabiting the burrows off Florida are nearly identical to those in the Mid-Atlantic Bight. Despite the relatively narrow annual temperature range observed off Florida, abrupt changes in temperatures (+6°C) occurred over a 48-h period based on thermograph records. Our observations, and those of others from several areas along the U.S. east coast, suggest that this species probably constructs burrows throughout its geographic range, and that temperature and sediment composition largely determine its distribution. Exclusion experiments off Florida, along with prior removal experiments in the Mid-Atlantic Bight, indicate that tilefish construct and maintain the burrows.
","language":"English","publisher":"Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science","publisherLocation":"Coral Gables, FL","usgsCitation":"Able, K.W., Grimes, C.B., Jones, R., and Twichell, D.C., 1993, Temporal and spatial variation in habitat characteristics of Tilefish (Lopholatilus Chamaeleonticeps) off the east coast of Florida: Bulletin of Marine Science, v. 53, no. 3, p. 1013-1026.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"1013","endPage":"1026","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":296704,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":296703,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/umrsmas/bullmar/1993/00000053/00000003/art00005"}],"country":"United States","state":"Florida","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -81.49658203125,\n 25.839449402063185\n ],\n [\n -79.727783203125,\n 25.839449402063185\n ],\n [\n -79.727783203125,\n 30.36339623960374\n ],\n [\n -81.49658203125,\n 30.36339623960374\n ],\n [\n -81.49658203125,\n 25.839449402063185\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"53","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"549165d8e4b0d0759afaada4","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Able, Kenneth W.","contributorId":16448,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Able","given":"Kenneth","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":536785,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Grimes, Churchill B.","contributorId":93839,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Grimes","given":"Churchill","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":536786,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Jones, Robert","contributorId":76773,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jones","given":"Robert","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":536787,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Twichell, David C.","contributorId":37730,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Twichell","given":"David","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":536788,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70127891,"text":"70127891 - 1993 - The Pajarito Plateau: A bibliography","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-01-17T16:50:36","indexId":"70127891","displayToPublicDate":"1993-01-01T10:59:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":1,"text":"Federal Government Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":5598,"text":"NPS Southwest Cultural Resources Center Professional Paper","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":1}},"seriesNumber":"49","title":"The Pajarito Plateau: A bibliography","docAbstract":"This bibliography is the result of two initially independent projects. As the consulting archaeologist at Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL), Charlie R. Steen collected entries at the suggestion of the staff of the Environmental Surveillance Group of the Health, Safety, and Environmental Division, HSE-8. The primary purpose was to aid the staff in evaluating cultural resources on LANL lands. In addition to works that related to the archaeology and history of the area, Steen included notations of a few books and articles in other fields such as geology and natural history. It was hoped that they also would be of value to other organizations and to students of past human activities on the Pajarito Plateau.
At the same time, the National Park Service (NPS) was planning a major survey of Bandelier National Monument (BNM). As part of this plan, the author was asked to prepare a background document that described research previously carried out in the area, including an annotated bibliography. Although the survey would be limited to the park boundaries, the larger Pajarito Plateau is a more logical study area from physiographic, environmental, and cultural perspectives; hence the focus was on this larger region. Mathien (1986) also included some references to natural resources studies, particularly those initiated by NPS within Bandelier National Monument.
Both bibliographies were made available to Colleen Olinger and Beverly Larson of the Health and Environmental Services Group at Los Alamos. They realized that while neither was complete, each included entries missing from the other. Larson suggested the two bibliographies be combined. (At this time, Craig Allen was studying the landscape of the Jemez Mountains [Allen 1984c, 1989]. His investigations included much detailed information on natural resource studies and were added in 1991 and 1992.)
To limit the scope of their work, Steen and Mathien had chosen their parameter: the Pajarito Plateau. Geographically, the Pajarito Plateau is described as the high tableland that lies between the Jemez Mountains on the west and the Rio Grande on the east. From north to south, it extends from the Chama Valley to La Cañada de Cochiti (Hewett 1906:14)(Figure 1). Because human activity rarely stops at such definite boundaries, major ethnographic studies of Tewa (San Ildefonso and Santa Clara) and Keres (Cochiti) linguistic groups are included. (Even though most of the historic pueblos occupied by the Tewa and Keres are not located on the Pajarito Plateau, oral traditions and archaeological data suggest that these groups once occupied sites on the plateau.) Towa studies are not included because Steen believed Towa ancestors were not involved in major cultural developments of the Pajarito Plateau. In addition, a bibliography of the Jemez area (home of Towa people) has been prepared by Michael Elliott (1982) and included with his nomination of large Pueblo sites near Jemez Springs to the National Register of Historic Places that is on file at the Museum of New Mexico, Laboratory of Anthropology, in Santa Fe. Both Steen and Mathien included references to geographically and historically related material that does not focus on the Pajarito Plateau but, nonetheless, is important to understanding the area's archaeology and physical environment, for example, lithic resources available from Cerro Pedernal or in the Sangre de Cristo Mountains.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. National Park Service Branch of Cultural Research","publisherLocation":"Washington, D.C.","usgsCitation":"Mathien, F.J., Steen, C.R., and Allen, C.D., 1993, The Pajarito Plateau: A bibliography: NPS Southwest Cultural Resources Center Professional Paper 49, xiii, 129 p.","productDescription":"xiii, 129 p.","numberOfPages":"142","costCenters":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":294792,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":350476,"rank":2,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://www.nps.gov/parkhistory/online_books/band/pajarito_plateau.pdf"}],"country":"United States","state":"New Mexico","otherGeospatial":"Pajarito Plateau","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"542e6986e4b092f17df5aaa4","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Mathien, Frances Joan","contributorId":73128,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mathien","given":"Frances","email":"","middleInitial":"Joan","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":502615,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Steen, Charlie R.","contributorId":62156,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Steen","given":"Charlie","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":502614,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Allen, Craig D. 0000-0002-8777-5989 craig_allen@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8777-5989","contributorId":2597,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Allen","given":"Craig","email":"craig_allen@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":290,"text":"Forest and Rangeland Ecosystem Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":502613,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70243550,"text":"70243550 - 1993 - A speculative history of the San Andreas fault in the central Transverse Ranges, California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-05-11T15:50:25.757131","indexId":"70243550","displayToPublicDate":"1993-01-01T10:30:51","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"chapter":"3","title":"A speculative history of the San Andreas fault in the central Transverse Ranges, California","docAbstract":"It is generally accepted that the San Andreas fault formed between 4 and 5 Ma and that rocks west of it are now part of the Pacific plate, moving northwest relative to North America at 5 to 6 cm/yr. This model is inconsistent with the geologic record in the central Transverse Ranges.
Right-lateral shear began in the vicinity of the San Andreas fault system in early Miocene time. The San Andreas fault system in the central Transverse Ranges has since evolved through three major phases; this development has led to a generally simpler, more throughgoing main trace. Slip rates on the San Andreas system were about 1 cm/yr in the Miocene, increasing to their current level of 3.5 cm/yr between 4 and 5 Ma. The modern San Andreas fault still only accounts for just over half the current relative plate rate and retains kinematic complexities inherited from its earliest geometry.
The Early San Andreas transform system originated during early Miocene time in one of three transtensive zones that lay interior to the continent and east of the locus of transform motion between the Pacific and North American plates. The current three-fold division of motion in the plate boundary between the San Andreas fault, a coastal system, and an eastern California system dates to this time, as does the “anomalous” trend of the San Andreas fault through the Transverse Ranges. Basins and volcanic centers associated with this transtensive zone became dismembered as faults became integrated into a throughgoing system. Early motion led to juxtaposition of different rocks across faults now recognized as part of the Early San Andreas transform system, and to the development of sedimentary provincialism associated with uplift along the fault zone. Middle Miocene basins, including the Caliente, Cajon, Crowder, and Santa Ana basins that had previously received most of their sediments from sources far to the east, began to reflect local Transverse Ranges provenance. At least 100 km of slip is associated with the Early San Andreas transform system during early and middle Miocene time.
Slip across the geometrically complex late Miocene San Gabriel transform system—which includes the San Gabriel, Cajon Valley, and early Punchbowl faults—produced uplift in the proto-Transverse Ranges at a postulated restraining bend in the fault system. Compressional structures associated with this restraining bend include the Squaw Peak and Liebre Mountain thrusts, related east-striking late Miocene reverse faults and folds, and, perhaps, northeast-striking left-lateral faults in the San Gabriel Mountains. Narrow fault-controlled basins formed during this period, including the Ridge basin, Devil’s Punchbowl basin, Mill Creek basin, and part of the Santa Ana Sandstone basin. Offset of structures and relief associated with the proto-Transverse Ranges provides the best evidence for late Miocene restorations of the modern San Andreas fault. As much as 60 km of offset is associated with the late Miocene San Gabriel transform system.
Between 4 and 5 Ma, the modern San Andreas fault became the dominant member of the plate boundary system, cutting through the proto-Transverse Ranges and connecting more northerly striking traces to the north and south. The slip rate across the San Andreas fault system accelerated from 1 cm/yr to its current slip rate of 3.5 cm/yr prior to 4 Ma. The Pliocene rocks in the central Transverse Ranges do not contain evidence for relief as great as that of late Miocene or Quaternary time. The Pliocene trace of the modern San Andreas fault may have temporarily “solved” the geometric problem that led to late Miocene uplift. About 90 km of right-lateral displacement occurred on the modern San Andreas fault during Pliocene time.
During Quaternary time new regions of localized vertical deformation developed in the Transverse Ranges, apparently as the result of new geometric problems within the Pliocene solution to the restraining geometry of the fault system. Left-lateral motion on east-striking faults, probably due to a northward increase in Basin and Range extension, kinked the San Andreas fault at both ends of the Transverse Ranges, producing regions of extreme shortening and uplift. The development of young right-lateral faults through the Peninsular Ranges, including the San Jacinto and Elsinore faults, also contributed to renewed uplift in the Transverse Ranges. Sixty kilometers of right-lateral slip occurred across the San Andreas fault zone during Quaternary time.
","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"The San Andreas Fault system: Displacement, palinspastic reconstruction, and geologic evolution","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":15,"text":"Monograph"},"language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","doi":"10.1130/MEM178-p161","usgsCitation":"Weldon, R., Meisling, K.E., and Alexander, J., 1993, A speculative history of the San Andreas fault in the central Transverse Ranges, California, chap. 3 of The San Andreas Fault system: Displacement, palinspastic reconstruction, and geologic evolution, v. 178, p. 161-198, https://doi.org/10.1130/MEM178-p161.","productDescription":"38 p.","startPage":"161","endPage":"198","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":416965,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"San Andreas Fault, Transverse Ranges","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -118.32670360722449,\n 34.53945838957824\n ],\n [\n -118.32670360722449,\n 33.57782718236726\n ],\n [\n -116.18553180969667,\n 33.57782718236726\n ],\n [\n -116.18553180969667,\n 34.53945838957824\n ],\n [\n -118.32670360722449,\n 34.53945838957824\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"178","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1993-01-01","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Powell, Robert E. 0000-0001-7682-1655 rpowell@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7682-1655","contributorId":4210,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Powell","given":"Robert","email":"rpowell@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":872314,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Matti, Jonathan C. 0000-0001-5961-9869 jmatti@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5961-9869","contributorId":167192,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Matti","given":"Jonathan","email":"jmatti@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":872315,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":2}],"authors":[{"text":"Weldon, R.J. II","contributorId":37088,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Weldon","given":"R.J.","suffix":"II","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":872311,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Meisling, K. E.","contributorId":305319,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Meisling","given":"K.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":872312,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Alexander, J.","contributorId":305320,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Alexander","given":"J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":872313,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70243571,"text":"70243571 - 1993 - Chapter 6: Chronology of displacement on the San Andreas fault in central California: Evidence from reversed positions of exotic rock bodies near Parkfield, California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-05-12T11:37:27.21386","indexId":"70243571","displayToPublicDate":"1993-01-01T06:29:38","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"title":"Chapter 6: Chronology of displacement on the San Andreas fault in central California: Evidence from reversed positions of exotic rock bodies near Parkfield, California","docAbstract":"This chapter presents a synthesis of data pertaining to post-early Miocene slip on the San Andreas fault in central California and suggests a three-phase evolition of the San Andreas system. The cricial evidence that supports the three phases of evolution conies from the reversed positions of two exotic rock fragments in the vicinity of Parkfield, California. The three-phase evolution of the San Andreas is also supported by the correlation of other exotic fragments, the basement rocks on which they lie, overlying Tertiary stratigraphic sequences, and distinctive Miocene strata derived from these fragments during their transport along the fault.
The 40-km-long section of the San Andreas fault near Parkfield is characterized by exotic blocks composed of Cretaceous hornblende quartz gabbro at Gold Hill and lower Miocene volcanic rocks in Lang Canyon. The gabbro is correlated petrographically with similar rocks near Eagle Rest Peak, 145 km to the southeast, and near Logan, 165 km to the northwest. The lower Miocene volcanic rocks, informally termed the volcanic rocks of Lang Canyon, are correlated with the Neenach Volcanics 220 km to the southeast and the Pinnacles Volcanics 95 km to the northwest. All three fragments of volcanic rocks are unconformably overlain by similar successions of Tertiary sedimentary rocks.
The original positions of the bodies of gabbro and volcanic bodies and their overlying sedimentary cover may be reconstructed from these exotic fragments that now lie along the San Andreas fault between San Juan Bautista and the northwestern Mojave Desert. The original undeformed gabbroic body was composed of the hornblende quartz gabbro of Eagle Rest Peak, Gold Hill, and Logan. In its initial prefaulted position, the original gabbroic body lay about 55 km northwest of the early Miocene volcanic assemblage. The undeformed volcanic assemblage was composed of the Neenach Volcanics, Pinnacles Volcanics, and volcanic rocks of Lang Canyon. The original spatial relationship between the undeformed gabbro and volcanic assemblage and their sedimentary cover is preserved in the present position of the gabbro of Logan and the Pinnacles Volcanics. However, in the Parkfield segment of the San Andreas, the gabbro of Gold Hill lies east of the main trace of the San Andreas fault, and the volcanic rocks of Lang Canyon lie 2 km west of the fault. The reversed relative positions of the gabbro of Gold Hill and the volcanic rocks of Lang Canyon suggest a complex history of movement on the San Andreas fault.
Consequently, plainspastic reconstruction of these bodies and their overlying sedimentary cover is constrained by the unusual distribution of exotic blocks near Parkfield. The resulting proposed history of movement is divided into three stages that begins with the eruption of the early Miocene volcanic rocks about 24 Ma. The Neenach-Pinnacles Volcanics, erupted after passage of the Mendocino triple junction, were soon cut by the growing San Andreas transform system.
During the first phase of movement the Salinian block, which contains the Pinnacles and Logan godies, was detached from the Mojave and Sierran blocks. The Pinnacles and Logan bodies were transported about 95 km northwest from the Neenach Volcanics and the gabbro of Eagle Rest Peak. At the end of the first phase, the Logan and Pinnacles fragments lay adjacent to the west side of what is now the San Joaquin Valley. Concurrently, fan-deltas deposited debris that was derived from the Gabilan Range, the fan-deltas spread across the San Andreas fault into the middle Miocene sea in the San Joaquin trough.
During the second phase of movement, the San Andreas—at least locally—stepped eastward and detached a second fragment from the Neenach Volcanics. This fragment consists of the volcanic rocks of Lang Canyon. Slip was transferred to the new trace of the San Andreas fault, and the older trace became completely or largely inactive. After transferral of slip to the new trace of the San Andreas fault, the volcanic rocks of Lang Canyon and the Pinnacles Volcanics remained about 95 km apart on the Salinian Block west of the San Andreas fault.
During the third phase, the Gold Hill fragement was slivered off the Logan fragment and was tectonically emplaced on the east side of the San Andreas fault when the Logan fragment lay at the latitude of Gold Hill. The process of slivering off of the Gold Hill fragment was accomplished by deformation of the San Andreas in an eastward bend along what is now the Jack Ranch fault. Bending of the fault was stimulated by the presence of highly sheared Franciscan rocks that crop out near the San Andreas and extend to great depth. Eventually the San Andreas bent to such a degree that slip could not be conducted around the bend, and a new, stable, straight segment was formed. The straightening of the fault resulted in slivering of the Gold Hill fragment from the Logan fragment.
After detachment of the Gold Hill fragment, the Salinian block containing the gabbro of Logan, the Pinnacles Volcanics, and the volcanic rocks of Lang Canyon was transported an additional 160 km northwest to its present position. This reconstruction honors the current positions of all the related exotic fragments of gabbro, volcanics, and sedimentary rocks. The timing of the sequence of movements required to reconstruct the original bodies suggests that the three phases of evolution of the San Andreas fault in central California are characterized by increasing slip rates. The rate for the first phase probably averaged about 10 mm/yr over a period of about 8 m.y. The rate for the second phase averaged about 8 mm/yr over a period of about 7 m.y. The rate rate for the third phase averaged about 33 mm/yr over a period of about 5 m.y.
","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"The San Andreas Fault system: Displacement, palinspastic reconstruction, and geologic evolution","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":15,"text":"Monograph"},"language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","doi":"10.1130/MEM178-p231","usgsCitation":"Sims, J.D., 1993, Chapter 6: Chronology of displacement on the San Andreas fault in central California: Evidence from reversed positions of exotic rock bodies near Parkfield, California, chap. of The San Andreas Fault system: Displacement, palinspastic reconstruction, and geologic evolution, v. 178, p. 231-256, https://doi.org/10.1130/MEM178-p231.","productDescription":"26 p.","startPage":"231","endPage":"256","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":416981,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","city":"Parkfield","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -120.55488223548215,\n 36.11782733582001\n ],\n [\n -120.55488223548215,\n 36.03400573507581\n ],\n [\n -120.39156074944957,\n 36.03400573507581\n ],\n [\n -120.39156074944957,\n 36.11782733582001\n ],\n [\n -120.55488223548215,\n 36.11782733582001\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"178","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1993-01-01","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Powell, Robert E. 0000-0001-7682-1655 rpowell@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7682-1655","contributorId":4210,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Powell","given":"Robert","email":"rpowell@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":872436,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Weldon, R.J. II","contributorId":37088,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Weldon","given":"R.J.","suffix":"II","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":872437,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Matti, Jonathan C. jmatti@usgs.gov","contributorId":3666,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Matti","given":"Jonathan","email":"jmatti@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":872438,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":3}],"authors":[{"text":"Sims, John D.","contributorId":60202,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sims","given":"John","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":872435,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70186305,"text":"70186305 - 1993 - Allogenic and autogenic controls on sedimentation in the central Sumatra basin as an analogue for Pennsylvanian coal-bearing strata in the Appalachian basin","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-04-03T16:13:58","indexId":"70186305","displayToPublicDate":"1993-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1727,"text":"GSA Special Papers","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Allogenic and autogenic controls on sedimentation in the central Sumatra basin as an analogue for Pennsylvanian coal-bearing strata in the Appalachian basin","docAbstract":"Recent sedimentation patterns in the central Sumatra basin, Republic of Indonesia, may help to explain the cyclic stratigraphy of the Pennsylvanian System of the eastern United States. Modern influx of fluvial siliciclastic sediment to the epeiric seas of the Sunda shelf, including the Strait of Malacca, appears to be highly restricted by rain forest cover within the ever-wet climate belt of equatorial Sumatra. As a result, much of the marine and estuarine environments appear to be erosional or nondepositional except for localized deposition of sediment in slack water areas, such as the down-stream end of islands. Contemporaneously, thick (>13 m), laterally extensive (>70,000 km2), peat deposits are forming on poorly drained coastal lowlands. Modern peat formation in this study, therefore, is not coeval with aggrading fluvial siliciclastic systems, a situation that commonly is assumed in many depositional models of coal formation. The stratigraphy of Pleistocene and Holocene sediments on the Sunda shelf, as well as those of the Pennsylvanian System, appears to be better explained by the allocyclic controls of climate and sea-level change on sediment flux rather than by depositional models that are based on autocyclic processes. The objective of this paper is to evaluate allocyclic and autocyclic controls on sedimentation in an epeiric setting in a humid (ever-wet) tropical region. Of particular interest are the factors that control peat formation and siliciclastic sediment flux in rivers, estuaries, and open marine environments.
","language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","doi":"10.1130/SPE286-p3","usgsCitation":"Cecil, C.B., Dulong, F.T., and Cobb, J.C., 1993, Allogenic and autogenic controls on sedimentation in the central Sumatra basin as an analogue for Pennsylvanian coal-bearing strata in the Appalachian basin: GSA Special Papers, v. 286, p. 3-22, https://doi.org/10.1130/SPE286-p3.","productDescription":"20 p. ","startPage":"3","endPage":"22","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":339098,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"286","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1993-01-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58e35f91e4b09da67997ed1c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Cecil, C. Blaine 0000-0002-9032-1689","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9032-1689","contributorId":22797,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cecil","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"Blaine","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":688287,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Dulong, Frank T. 0000-0001-7388-647X fdulong@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7388-647X","contributorId":650,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dulong","given":"Frank","email":"fdulong@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[{"id":241,"text":"Eastern Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":688288,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Cobb, James C.","contributorId":92654,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cobb","given":"James","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":688289,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70194140,"text":"70194140 - 1993 - Seasonal use of conservation reserve program lands by white-tailed deer in east-central South Dakota ","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-11-29T13:53:56","indexId":"70194140","displayToPublicDate":"1993-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3779,"text":"Wildlife Society Bulletin","onlineIssn":"1938-5463","printIssn":"0091-7648","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Seasonal use of conservation reserve program lands by white-tailed deer in east-central South Dakota ","docAbstract":"The Conservation Reserve Program (CRP_, a provision of the 1985 Food Security Act, subsidizes landowners to take highly erodible lands out of cultivation and seed them to perennial cover for 10years. In eastern South Dakota, 0.5 million ha were enrolled in the CRP from 1985 to 1990 (Agric. Stabilization and Conserv. Serv., Brookings, S.D., unpubl. Data), which represents the largest change in conservation land-use practices in the region since the 1956 Soil Bank Program (Goetz 1987).
Although the CRP is anticipated to produce substantial benefits for some wildlife species, particularly ground-nesting birds, its significance to white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) in the northern Great Plains agricultural region is poorly understood. Higgins et al. (1987) speculated that proliferation of CRP grasslands may provide a missing habitat component in intensively managed farmland, thereby enhancing several species of wildlife, including white-tailed deer. Deer managers in the region have expressed concerns that improved cover associated with DRP plantings on private land could attract deer and reduce hunter success rates or lead to increased depredation of adjacent croplands or stored winter forages (L. Rice, S.D. Dep. Game, Fish, and Parks, Rapid City, pers. comm., 1989). Our objectives were to describe variation in deer use of CRP lands by season, diel period, and deer activity class as a means of assessing seasonal importance of CRP fields to white-tailed deer in agricultural Midwest.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","usgsCitation":"Gould, J.H., and Jenkins, K.J., 1993, Seasonal use of conservation reserve program lands by white-tailed deer in east-central South Dakota : Wildlife Society Bulletin, v. 21, no. 3, p. 250-255.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"250","endPage":"255","costCenters":[{"id":290,"text":"Forest and Rangeland Ecosystem Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":348948,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":348947,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/3782862"}],"country":"United States","state":"South 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Dakota\",\"nation\":\"USA \"}}]}","volume":"21","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5a6130ede4b06e28e9c25e2f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Gould, Jeffrey H.","contributorId":63441,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Gould","given":"Jeffrey","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":722330,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Jenkins, Kurt J. 0000-0003-1415-6607 kurt_jenkins@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1415-6607","contributorId":3415,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jenkins","given":"Kurt","email":"kurt_jenkins@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":289,"text":"Forest and Rangeland Ecosys Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":290,"text":"Forest and Rangeland Ecosystem Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":722331,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70195829,"text":"70195829 - 1993 - A guide to continent-ocean transect E-1: Adirondacks to Georges Bank","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-03-05T15:22:14","indexId":"70195829","displayToPublicDate":"1993-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"seriesTitle":{"id":5642,"text":"GSA's DNAG Continent-Ocean Transect Series","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":24}},"seriesNumber":"17","title":"A guide to continent-ocean transect E-1: Adirondacks to Georges Bank","docAbstract":"The geologic strip-map for Transect E-l cuts a swath from the Thousand Islands region on the New York-Ontario border to the Atlantic Ocean floor off Georges Bank (see Fig. 1). It includes portions of New York, Ontario and of all of the New England states. The western part, mainly in New York, belongs to the North American craton. The remainder of the onland portion, east of Logan's Line, belongs to the Appalachian Orogen.
Southeastward from Logan's Line the transect crosses a series of distinctive terranes. Several of these terranes are believed to be exotic, and to have been accreted to the North American craton during the Paleozoic. Superposed on these are several grabens and half-grabens containing early Mesozoic sediments and mafic volcanics. There are also Mesozoic eruptive complexes of an alkalic nature cutting across the Appalachian Orogen from southern Quebec, across New England, and continuing as a chain of seamounts offshore. Cenozoic rocks are limited to a small, but significant occurrence near Brandon, Vermont (BL on Fig. 2) and a few occurrences in the Cape Cod region and on the adjacent islands in southeastern Massachusetts.
","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"E-1 Adirondacks to Georges Bank (GSA's DNAG Continent-Ocean Transect Series, volume 17)","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":15,"text":"Monograph"},"language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","doi":"10.1130/DNAG-COT-E-1.1","isbn":"9780813754369","usgsCitation":"Thompson, J.B., Bothner, W.A., Robinson, P., Isachsen, Y.W., and Klitgord, K.D., 1993, A guide to continent-ocean transect E-1: Adirondacks to Georges Bank, chap. of E-1 Adirondacks to Georges Bank (GSA's DNAG Continent-Ocean Transect Series, volume 17): GSA's DNAG Continent-Ocean Transect Series, v. 17, 43 p., https://doi.org/10.1130/DNAG-COT-E-1.1.","productDescription":"43 p.","costCenters":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":352217,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","volume":"17","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5aff25b1e4b0da30c1bfd6f2","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Thompson, James B. Jr.","contributorId":48273,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Thompson","given":"James","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":730197,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bothner, Wallace A.","contributorId":80270,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bothner","given":"Wallace","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":730198,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Robinson, Peter","contributorId":31458,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Robinson","given":"Peter","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":730199,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Klitgord, Kim D.","contributorId":82307,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Klitgord","given":"Kim","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":730200,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":4}],"authors":[{"text":"Thompson, James B. Jr.","contributorId":48273,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Thompson","given":"James","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":730192,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bothner, Wallace A.","contributorId":80270,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bothner","given":"Wallace","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":730193,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Robinson, Peter","contributorId":31458,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Robinson","given":"Peter","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":730194,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Isachsen, Yngvar W.","contributorId":104177,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Isachsen","given":"Yngvar","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":730195,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Klitgord, Kim D.","contributorId":82307,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Klitgord","given":"Kim","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":730196,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70017407,"text":"70017407 - 1993 - Radionuclides in ground water of the Carson River Basin, western Nevada and eastern California, U.S.A.","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-02-14T12:26:10.372875","indexId":"70017407","displayToPublicDate":"1993-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":835,"text":"Applied Geochemistry","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Radionuclides in ground water of the Carson River Basin, western Nevada and eastern California, U.S.A.","docAbstract":"Ground water is the main source of domestic and public supply in the Carson River Basin. Ground water originates as precipitation primarily in the Sierra Nevada in the western part of Carson and Eagle Valleys, and flows down gradient in the direction of the Carson River through Dayton and Churchill Valleys to a terminal sink in the Carson Desert. Because radionuclides dissolved in ground water can pose a threat to human health, the distribution and sources of several naturally occurring radionuclides that contribute to gross-alpha and gross-beta activities in the study area were investigated. Generally, alpha and beta activities and U concentration increase from the up-gradient to down-gradient hydrographic areas of the Carson River Basin, whereas222Rn concentration decreases. Both226Ra and228Ra concentrations are similar throughout the study area. Alpha and beta activities and U concentration commonly exceed 100 pCi/l in the Carson Desert at the distal end of the flow system. Radon-222 commonly exceeds 2,000 pCi/l in the western part of Carson and Eagle Valleys adjacent to the Sierra Nevada. Radium-226 and228Ra concentrations are <5pCi/l. Four ground water samples were analyzed for210Po and one sample contained a high concentration of 21 pCi/l. Seven samples were analyzed for210Pb; six contained <3pCi/l and one contained 12 pCi/l. Thorium-230 was detected at concentrations of 0.15 and 0.20 pCi/l in two of four samples.
Alpha-emitting radionuclides in the ground water originated from the dissolution of U-rich granitic rocks in the Sierra Nevada by CO2, oxygenated water. Dissolution of primary minerals, mainly titanite (sphene) in the granitic rocks, releases U to the water. Dissolved U is probably removed from the water by adsorption on Fe- and Mn-oxide coatings on fracture surfaces and fine-grained sediment, by adsorption on organic matter, and by coprecipitation with Fe and Mn oxides. These coated sediments are transported throughout the basin by fluvial processes. Thus, U is transported as dissolved and adsorbed species. A rise in the water table in the Carson Desert because of irrigation has resulted in the oxidation of U-rich organic matter and dissolution of U-bearing coatings on sediments, producing unusually high U concentration in the ground water.
Alpha activity in the ground water is almost entirely from the decay of U dissolved in the water. Beta activity in ground water samples is primarily from the decay of40K dissolved in the water and ingrowth of238U progeny in the sample before analysis. Approximately one-half of the measured beta activity may not be present in ground water in the aquifer, but instead is produced in the sample after collection and before analysis. Potassium-40 is primarily from the dissolution of K-containing minerals, probably K-feldspar and biotite. Radon-222 is primarily from the decay of226Ra in the aquifer materials. Radium in the ground water is thought to be mainly from alpha recoil associated with the decay of Th in the aquifer material. Some Ra may be from dissolution (or desorption) or Ra-rich coatings on sediments.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0883-2927(93)90075-R","issn":"08832927","usgsCitation":"Thomas, J.M., Welch, A., Lico, M., Hughes, J.L., and Whitney, R., 1993, Radionuclides in ground water of the Carson River Basin, western Nevada and eastern California, U.S.A.: Applied Geochemistry, v. 8, no. 5, p. 447-471, https://doi.org/10.1016/0883-2927(93)90075-R.","productDescription":"25 p.","startPage":"447","endPage":"471","numberOfPages":"25","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":228416,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California, Nevada","otherGeospatial":"Carson River Basin","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -120.77808191049472,\n 40.330949687966836\n ],\n [\n -120.77808191049472,\n 38.2575185828108\n ],\n [\n -118.25229909191118,\n 38.2575185828108\n ],\n [\n -118.25229909191118,\n 40.330949687966836\n ],\n [\n -120.77808191049472,\n 40.330949687966836\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"8","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a941ce4b0c8380cd811f3","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Thomas, J. M.","contributorId":62217,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thomas","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376352,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Welch, A. H.","contributorId":14836,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Welch","given":"A. H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376349,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Lico, M.S.","contributorId":36573,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lico","given":"M.S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376351,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Hughes, J. L.","contributorId":34940,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hughes","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376350,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Whitney, R.","contributorId":94808,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Whitney","given":"R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376353,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70018210,"text":"70018210 - 1993 - Oxygen buffering of Kilauea volcanic gases and the oxygen fugacity of Kilauea basalt","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-04-12T16:15:08.171924","indexId":"70018210","displayToPublicDate":"1993-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1759,"text":"Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Oxygen buffering of Kilauea volcanic gases and the oxygen fugacity of Kilauea basalt","docAbstract":"Volcanic gases collected during episode 1 of the Puu Oo eruption along the east rift zone of Kilauea Volcano, Hawaii, have uniform C-O-H-S-Cl-F compositions that are sharply depleted in CO2. The CO2-poor gases are typical of Type II volcanic gases (gerlach and Graeber, 1985) and were emitted from evolved magma stored for a prolonged period of time in the east rift zone after releasing CO2-rich gases during an earlier period of temporary residence in the summit magma chamber. The samples are remarkably free of contamination by atmospheric gases and meteoric water. Thermodynamic evaluation of the analytical data shows that the episode 1 gases have equilibrium compositions appropriate for temperatures between 935 and 1032°C. Open- and closed-system equilibrium models of species distributions for the episode 1 gases show unequivocally that coexisting lavas buffered the gas oxygen fugacities during cooling. These models indicate that the fO2 buffering process occurs by transfer of oxygen from the major species in the gas phase (H2O, CO2, SO2) to the lava during cooling and that the transfer of oxygen also controls the fugacities of several minor and trace species (H2, CO, H2S, S2, Cl2, F2), in addition to O2 during cooling. Gas/lava exchanges of other components are apparently insignificant and exert little influence, compared to oxygen exchange, during cooling. Oxygen transfer during cooling is variable, presumably reflecting short-term fluctuations in gas flow rates. Higher flow rates restrict the time available for gas/lava oxygen transfer and result in gases with higher equilibrium temperatures. Lower flow rates favor fO2-constrained equilibration by oxygen transfer down to lower temperatures. Thus, the chemical equilibrium preserved in these gases is a heterogeneous equilibrium constrained by oxygen fugacity, and the equilibrium temperatures implied by the compositions of the gases reflect the temperatures at which gas/lava oxygen exchange ceased. This conclusion challenges the common assumption that volcanic gases are released from lava in a state of chemical equilibrium and then continue equilibrating homogeneously with falling temperature until reaction rates are unable to keep pace with cooling. No evidence is found, moreover, that certain gas species are kinetically more responsive and able to equilibrate down to lower temperatures than those of the last gas/lava oxygen exchange. Homogeneous reaction rates in the gas phase are apparently slow compared to the time it took for the gases to move from the last site of gas/lava equilibration to the site of collection. An earlier set of data for higher temperature CO2-rich Type I volcanic gases, which come from sustained summit lava lake eruptions supplied by magma that experienced substantially shorter periods of crustal storage, shows fO2 buffering by oxygen transfer up to 1185°C. Oxygen fugacity measurements in drill holes into ponded lava flows suggest that buffering by oxygen transfer may control the fO2 of residual gases down to several hundred degrees below the solidus in the early stages of cooling. Although the details of the fO2 buffering mechanisms for oxygen transfer are unknown, the fact that fO2 buffering is effective from molten to subsolidus conditions suggests that the reaction mechanisms must change with cooling as the reactants change from predominantly melt, to melt plus crystals, to glass plus crystals. Mass balance calculations suggest that redox reactions between the gas and ferrous/ferric iron in the lava are plausible mechanisms for the oxygen transfer and that the fO2 of the gases is buffered by sliding ferrous/ferric equilibria in the erupting lavas. Contrary to expectations based on models predicting the oxidation of basalt by H2 and CO escape during crustal storage, CO2-rich Type I gases and CO2-poor Type II gases have identical oxygen fugacities despite greatly different crustal storage and degassing histories. Volcanic gas data give a tightly constrained log fO2 of NNO − 0.5 (±0.05) for subaerially erupted Kilauea basalt from liquidus to solidus temperatures, consistent with recent fO2 determinations for the mantle source regions of ocean island basalts. Because the oxygen fugacities of volcanic gases emitted by subaerial lavas imply that the fO2 of Kilauea basalt is unchanged during crustal storage, Kilauea basalt either arrives in the crust with an oxygen fugacity between NNO and FMQ, or it develops an oxygen fugacity in this range immediately upon arrival in the summit chamber.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0016-7037(93)90169-W","issn":"00167037","usgsCitation":"Gerlach, T., 1993, Oxygen buffering of Kilauea volcanic gases and the oxygen fugacity of Kilauea basalt: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 57, no. 4, p. 795-814, https://doi.org/10.1016/0016-7037(93)90169-W.","productDescription":"20 p.","startPage":"795","endPage":"814","numberOfPages":"20","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":227501,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"57","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a7288e4b0c8380cd76b5c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Gerlach, T.M.","contributorId":38713,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gerlach","given":"T.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":378884,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70017915,"text":"70017915 - 1993 - Response of a 42-storey steel-frame building to the Ms = 7.1 Loma Prieta earthquake","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-10-17T16:10:00.194042","indexId":"70017915","displayToPublicDate":"1993-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1518,"text":"Engineering Structures","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"displayTitle":"Response of a 42-storey steel-frame building to the Ms = 7.1 Loma Prieta earthquake","title":"Response of a 42-storey steel-frame building to the Ms = 7.1 Loma Prieta earthquake","docAbstract":"A set of 14 acceleration records was obtained from a 42-storey steel-frame building, the Chevron Building, in San Francisco during the
Current theories on the causes of extinction at the Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary have been based on previously published data; however, few workers have stopped to ask the question, 'How good is the basic data set?' To test the accuracy of the published record, a quantitative and qualitative analysis of the Crassatellidae (Mollusca, Bivalvia) of the Gulf and Mid-Atlantic Coastal Plains of the United States for the Upper Cretaceous and lower Tertiary was conducted. Thirty-eight species names and four generic names are used in publications for the Crassatellidae within the geographic and stratigraphic constraints of this analysis. Fourteen of the 38 species names are represented by statistically valid numbers of specimens and were tested by using canonical discriminant analysis. All 38 names, with the exception of 1 invalid name and 4 names for which no representative specimen could be located, were evaluated qualitatively. The results show that the published fossil record is highly inaccurate. Only 8 valid, recognizable species exist in the Crassatellidae within the limits of this study, 14 names are synonymized, and 11 names are represented by indeterminate molds or poorly preserved specimens. Three of the four genera are well founded; the fourth is based on the juvenile of another genus and therefore synonymized. This detailed taxonomic analysis of the Crassatellidae illustrates that the published fossil record is not reliable. Calculations of evolutionary and paleobiologic significance based on poorly defined, overly split fossil groups, such as the Crassatellidae, are biased in the following ways: Rates of evolution and extinction are higher, Faunal turnover at mass extinctions appears more catastrophic, Species diversity is high, Average species durations are shortened, and Geographic ranges are restricted. The data on the taxonomically standardized Crassatellidae show evolutionary rates one-quarter to one-half that of the published fossil record; faunal change at the Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary that was not catastrophic; a constant number of species on each side of the Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary; a decrease in abundance in the Tertiary; and lower species diversity, longer average species durations, and expanded geographic ranges. Similar detailed taxonomic studies need to be conducted on other groups of organisms to test the patterns illustrated for the Crassatellidae and to determine the extent and direction of the bias in the published fossil record. Answers to our questions about evolutionary change cannot be found in the literature but rather with the fossils themselves. Evolution and extinction occur within small populations of species groups, and it is only through detailed analysis of these groups that we can achieve an understanding of the causes and effects of evolution and extinction.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/pp1535","usgsCitation":"Wingard, G.L., 1993, A detailed taxonomy of Upper Cretaceous and lower Tertiary Crassatellidae in the eastern United States: An example of the nature of extinction at the boundary: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1535, vi, 131 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/pp1535.","productDescription":"vi, 131 p.","costCenters":[{"id":243,"text":"Eastern Geology and Paleoclimate Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":40020,"text":"Florence Bascom Geoscience Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":423102,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_93042.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":64730,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1535/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":124330,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1535/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -72.31843671960584,\n 41.91574510718331\n ],\n [\n -78.11137540806459,\n 41.53216003813202\n ],\n [\n -90.93733444360878,\n 38.97077793287397\n ],\n [\n -90.63886590274505,\n 30.049321069710757\n ],\n [\n -77.07516083053278,\n 33.00820859835066\n ],\n [\n -72.31843671960584,\n 41.91574510718331\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b25e4b07f02db6af172","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wingard, G. Lynn 0000-0002-3833-5207 lwingard@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3833-5207","contributorId":605,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wingard","given":"G.","email":"lwingard@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"Lynn","affiliations":[{"id":40020,"text":"Florence Bascom Geoscience Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":243,"text":"Eastern Geology and Paleoclimate Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":219712,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":26056,"text":"wri924180 - 1993 - Ground-water withdrawals, water levels, and ground-water quality in the Houston district, Texas, with emphasis on 1985-89","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-09-25T14:53:55.530996","indexId":"wri924180","displayToPublicDate":"1993-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"92-4180","title":"Ground-water withdrawals, water levels, and ground-water quality in the Houston district, Texas, with emphasis on 1985-89","docAbstract":"This report is one in a series of reports prepared by the U.S. Geological Survey, beginning in 1937, on the ground-water resources in the Houston district. The Houston district includes Harris and Galveston Counties, and parts of Brazoria, Fort Bend, Waller, Montgomery, Liberty, and Chambers Counties. The primary emphasis of this report includes ground-water resources information for the district from 1985-89. Some data collected before 1985 and in early 1990 are included to present long-term trends and relations.
\nGround-water withdrawal in the Houston district decreased from 451 to 419 Mgal/d (million gallons per day) between 1985 and 1989. Public supply used 77 percent of the ground water withdrawn in the district in 1985. From 1985 through 1989, withdrawals for public supply decreased from 349 to 338 Mgal/d, withdrawals for industrial use decreased from 37 to 32 Mgal/d, and withdrawals for irrigation use decreased from 65 to 49 Mgal/d.
\nFrom 1985 through 1989, ground-water withdrawals decreased from about 197.9 Mgal/d to about 166.9 Mgal/d in the Houston area and increased from about 179.5 Mgal/d to about 180.8 Mgal/d in the Katy area, and remained constant at about 67 Mgal/d in the rest of Harris County. Galveston County ground-water withdrawal decreased from about 6.1 to 4.0 Mgal/d during 1985-89.
\nDuring 1977-90, water levels in wells completed in the Chicot aquifer in the eastern part of the Houston district rose as much as 160 ft (feet) and declined as much as 80 ft in the western part. During 1985-90, water levels in wells completed in the Chicot aquifer in the western part of the Houston district rose as much as 140 ft, and declined as much as 40 ft in the western part.
\nDuring 1977-90, water levels in wells completed in the Evangeline aquifer in the southeastern part of the Houston district rose as much as 140 ft and declined as much as 200 ft in the northwestern part. During 1985-90, water levels in wells completed in the Evangeline aquifer in the eastern part of the Houston district rose as much as 40 ft, and declined as much as 140 ft in the northern part.
\nDissolved-chloride concentrations in water from wells in the Houston district have not changed more than 100 mg/L during 1985-89, except for a decrease at one well in the eastern part of Galveston County. Well KH-65-48-316 yielded water with dissolved-chloride concentration decreasing from 720 mg/L in 1986 to 590 mg/L in 1989.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/wri924180","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the City of Houston and the Harris-Galveston Coastal Subsidence District","usgsCitation":"Barbie, D., and Locke, G., 1993, Ground-water withdrawals, water levels, and ground-water quality in the Houston district, Texas, with emphasis on 1985-89: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 92-4180, Report: v, 28 p.; 8 Plates: 24.52 x 17.52 inches or smaller, https://doi.org/10.3133/wri924180.","productDescription":"Report: v, 28 p.; 8 Plates: 24.52 x 17.52 inches or smaller","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":583,"text":"Texas Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":366933,"rank":9,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1992/4180/plate-7.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":366932,"rank":8,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1992/4180/plate-6.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":366931,"rank":10,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1992/4180/plate-8.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":366934,"rank":7,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1992/4180/plate-5.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":366935,"rank":6,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1992/4180/plate-4.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":366936,"rank":5,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1992/4180/plate-3.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":366937,"rank":4,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1992/4180/plate-2.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":366938,"rank":3,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1992/4180/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":122735,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1992/4180/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":54837,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1992/4180/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Texas","city":"Houston","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -95.877685546875,\n 29.439597566602902\n ],\n [\n -94.888916015625,\n 29.439597566602902\n ],\n [\n -94.888916015625,\n 30.15462722077597\n ],\n [\n -95.877685546875,\n 30.15462722077597\n ],\n [\n -95.877685546875,\n 29.439597566602902\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a96e4b07f02db65a1fd","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Barbie, D.L.","contributorId":61459,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Barbie","given":"D.L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":195724,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Locke, G.L.","contributorId":59065,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Locke","given":"G.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":195723,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70017871,"text":"70017871 - 1993 - Geology and genesis of the Baid Al Jimalah tungsten deposit, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-01-03T17:32:36.928564","indexId":"70017871","displayToPublicDate":"1993-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1472,"text":"Economic Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Geology and genesis of the Baid Al Jimalah tungsten deposit, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia","docAbstract":"The Baid al Jimalah tungsten deposit in Saudi Arabia (lat 25 degrees 09'N, long 42 degrees 41'E) consists predominantly of swarms of steeply dipping, subparallel, tungsten-bearing quartz veins and of less abundant, smaller stockwork veins. It is spatially, temporally, and genetically associated with a 569 Ma, highly differentiated, porphyritic, two-feldspar granite that intrudes Late Proterozoic immature sandstones.Paragenetic data from crosscutting veins demonstrate unambiguously a single cycle of magma intrusion and hydrothermal mineralization. Hypogene mineralization can be divided into three periods: (1) early quartz-molybdenite stockwork veining, (2) wolframite- and scheelite-bearing, greisen-bordered veining, and (3) late, quartz-carbonate-fluorite veining. The first two of these three periods can be further divided into several stages that are transitional to each other. The greisen-bordered veins, in particular, show replacement of earlier mineral assemblages by later ones. Precious and base metal veins at Baid al Jimalah East, approximately 1.5 km east of the Baid al Jimalah tungsten deposit, are genetically related to the tungsten deposit and probably formed contemporaneously with the greisenized tungsten-bearing veins.Fluid inclusion and oxygen isotope data indicate that the Baid al Jimalah deposit formed over a temperature range of 120 degrees to 550 degrees C, from low salinity magmatic and metamorphic fluids, and at a depth of about 4.2 km. Early stockwork veins (period 1) formed at low magmatic temperatures (ca. 550 degrees C) from magma-derived (delta 18 O = 9.6-9.7ppm), low-salinity (1-2 wt % NaCl equiv) fluid. This hydrothermal fluid was generally low density and CO 2 rich. All other veins were formed from regionally derived fluid in equilibrium with metamorphic rocks (delta 18 O = 7.9 + or - 1.0ppm at the site of deposition). This fluid probably scavenged most of the period 2 ore-mineral components from a postulated granite batholith whose existence is indicated by a 6-mGal gravity low centered on the deposit. The greisen-bordered tungsten veins (period 2) formed from fluids in the liquid state at temperatures mostly between 380 degrees and 440 degrees C with salinities between 4.5 and 10.9 wt percent NaCl equiv. Late, barren veins (period 3) formed from liquids with salinities between 0.0 and 3.5 wt percent NaCl equiv at temperatures as low as 120 degrees C. The veins at Baid al Jimalah East formed from liquids with salinities between 0 and 4.2 wt percent NaCl equiv at temperatures mostly between about 340 degrees and 390 degrees C. Important volatile constituents in some hydrothermal fluids were CO 2 and CH 4 , in addition to H 2 O and HF. The delta 18 O data on mineral separates of fresh and altered Bald al Jimalah granite, and whole-rock delta 18 O data on country-rock samples as far as 16 km from the deposit, indicate that the rocks in the Bald al Jimalah area were pervasively infiltrated by a fluid with relatively high delta 18 O values. Interaction and exchange of the country rocks with this delta 18 O fluid led to an increase in the delta 18 O values of volcanic rocks of the Jurdhawiyah Group but to a decrease in the delta 18 O values of the high value delta 18 O Murdama Group sandstones, resulting in a hydrothermal anomaly exceeding 100 km 2 in area. This fluid had an estimated delta 18 O value of about 6 to 8 per mil, essentially identical to that of the metamorphic water calculated from the vein quartz, thus strongly supporting the conclusion that all of the mineral deposits at Baid al Jimalah (except for the early-stage quartz-molybdenite veins), as well as the 12-km 2 geochemical anomaly surrounding the deposit, were from the same metamorphic fluid.Bald al Jimalah is similar in character and origin to Phanerozoic tungsten-tin greisen deposits throughout the world, especially the Hemerdon deposit in Devon, England. It is also analogous to Climax-type molybdenum deposits, which contain virtually identical mineral assemblages, but with the relative proportions of molybdenum and tungsten mineralization reversed, primarily owing to differences in oxygen fugacity. This similarity in mineralization styles and fluid histories indicates that metallogenic processes in granite-related deposits in the late Precambrian were similar to those seen in the Phanerozoic.
","language":"English","publisher":"Society of Economic Geologists","doi":"10.2113/gsecongeo.88.7.1743","issn":"03610128","usgsCitation":"Kamilli, R., Cole, J.C., Elliott, J.E., and Criss, R., 1993, Geology and genesis of the Baid Al Jimalah tungsten deposit, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia: Economic Geology, v. 88, no. 7, p. 1743-1767, https://doi.org/10.2113/gsecongeo.88.7.1743.","productDescription":"25 p.","startPage":"1743","endPage":"1767","numberOfPages":"25","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":228632,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"88","issue":"7","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1993-11-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a22d6e4b0c8380cd57399","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kamilli, R.J.","contributorId":75550,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kamilli","given":"R.J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":377808,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Cole, J. C.","contributorId":51292,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cole","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":377807,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Elliott, J. E.","contributorId":19914,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Elliott","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":377806,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Criss, R.E.","contributorId":10075,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Criss","given":"R.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":377805,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70018274,"text":"70018274 - 1993 - Subsurface temperatures and geothermal gradients on the north slope of Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-09-08T16:51:39.977751","indexId":"70018274","displayToPublicDate":"1993-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1264,"text":"Cold Regions Science and Technology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Subsurface temperatures and geothermal gradients on the north slope of Alaska","docAbstract":"On the North Slope of Alaska, geothermal gradient data are available from high-resolution, equilibrated well-bore surveys and from estimates based on well-log identification of the base of ice-bearing permafrost. A total of 46 North Slope wells, considered to be in or near thermal equilibrium, have been surveyed with high-resolution temperatures devices and geothermal gradients can be interpreted directly from these recorded temperature profiles. To augment the limited North Slope temperature data base, a new method of evaluating local geothermal gradients has been developed. In this method, a series of well-log picks for the base of the ice-bearing permafrost from 102 wells have been used, along with regional temperature constants derived from the high-resolution stabilized well-bore temperature surveys, to project geothermal gradients. Geothermal gradients calculated from the high-resolution temperature surveys generally agree with those projected from known ice-bearing permafrost depths over most of the North Slope. Values in the ice-bearing permafrost range from
Three major earthquakes (7.0≤M<8.0) occurred during this reporting period. the first, a magnitude 7.2 on September 10, struck near the coast of Chiapas, Mexico. the seocond and third, both with magnitudes of 7.0, shook eastern New Guiena on October 2 and October 25. Earthquake-related deaths were reported in India, Japan, Guatemala, Papua New Guinea, and in the United States.
\nThe fatalities in the United States were caused by two earthquakes in southern Oregon on September 21. These earthquakes, both with magnitude 6.0 and separated in time by about 2 hrs, led to the deaths of two people. One of these deaths was apparently due to a heart attack induced by the earthquake.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S Geological Survey","usgsCitation":"Person, W., 1993, Earthquakes, September-October 1993: Earthquakes & Volcanoes (USGS), v. 24, no. 5, p. 235-239.","productDescription":"5 p.","startPage":"235","endPage":"239","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":318476,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"24","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"56d6cb5ce4b015c306f32ce9","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Person, W. J.","contributorId":91472,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Person","given":"W. J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":621669,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70168768,"text":"70168768 - 1993 - Earthquakes November-December 1993","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-03-01T15:35:11","indexId":"70168768","displayToPublicDate":"1993-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1437,"text":"Earthquakes & Volcanoes (USGS)","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Earthquakes November-December 1993","docAbstract":"Two major earthquakes (7.0≤M<8.0) occurred during the last two months of 1993. A magnitude 7.0 earthquake occurred off the coast of Kamchatka in eastern Russia on November 13, and a magntidue 7.0 earthquake shook the Vanuatu Islands in the southwest Pacific Ocean on December 29. The only earthquake-related fatality during the last two months of the year occurred in Nicaragua, where on death was reproted.
\nNo significant earthquakes were reported in the United States during this reporting period.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S Geological Survey","usgsCitation":"Person, W., 1993, Earthquakes November-December 1993: Earthquakes & Volcanoes (USGS), v. 24, no. 6, p. 292-294.","productDescription":"3 p.","startPage":"292","endPage":"294","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":318475,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"24","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"56d6cb3ee4b015c306f32c69","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Person, W. J.","contributorId":91472,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Person","given":"W. J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":621664,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70017958,"text":"70017958 - 1993 - Constraints in the hot-dry-rock resources of the united states","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:55","indexId":"70017958","displayToPublicDate":"1993-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Constraints in the hot-dry-rock resources of the united states","docAbstract":"As with hydrothermal systems, the western U.S has higher HDR potential overall than the eastern U.S. because geothermal gradients on average are higher in the west. Nevertheless, some attractive exploration targets occur in the eastern U.S. The most favorable target in the eastern U.S. (defined here to include the Great Plains province) is one in which the heat flow from the basement rocks is higher than average, either due to heat generation from highly radioactive rocks or to a plume of hot water driven upwards from greater depths by convection, and where such basement rocks are blanketed by one or more kilometers of sedimentary material having a low thermal conductivity.","largerWorkTitle":"Transactions - Geothermal Resources Council","conferenceTitle":"Proceedings of the 1993 Annual Meeting on Utilities and Geothermal: An Emerging Partnership","conferenceDate":"10 October 1993 through 13 October 1993","conferenceLocation":"Burlingame, CA, USA","language":"English","publisher":"Publ by Geothermal Resources Council","publisherLocation":"Davis, CA, United States","issn":"01935933","isbn":"0934412715","usgsCitation":"Sass, J., and Guffanti, M., 1993, Constraints in the hot-dry-rock resources of the united states, in Transactions - Geothermal Resources Council, v. 17, Burlingame, CA, USA, 10 October 1993 through 13 October 1993, p. 343-346.","startPage":"343","endPage":"346","numberOfPages":"4","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":229052,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"17","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059fa09e4b0c8380cd4d8c0","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Anon","contributorId":128316,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"Anon","id":536403,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1}],"authors":[{"text":"Sass, John","contributorId":14130,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sass","given":"John","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":378036,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Guffanti, Marianne","contributorId":68257,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Guffanti","given":"Marianne","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":378037,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70184425,"text":"70184425 - 1993 - Cytonuclear genetic architecture in mosquitofish populations and the possible roles of introgressive hybridization","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-03-08T14:46:28","indexId":"70184425","displayToPublicDate":"1993-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2774,"text":"Molecular Ecology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Cytonuclear genetic architecture in mosquitofish populations and the possible roles of introgressive hybridization","docAbstract":"Spatial genetic structure in populations of mosquitofish (Gambusia) sampled throughout the south-eastern United States was characterized using mitochondrial (mt) DNA and allozyme markers. Both sets of data revealed a pronounced genetic discontinuity (along a broad path extending from south-eastern Mississippi to north-eastern Georgia) that corresponds to a recently recognized distinction between the nominal forms G. affinis to the west and G. holbrookito the east. However, several populations from the general contact region exhibited unusual allelic associations in high frequency, suggestive of evolutionary processes within a zone of introgressive hybridization. These involve: (i) cytonuclear profiles representing combinations of nuclear and mitochondrial genotypes that tended to be more nearly species-specific and concordant elsewhere; and (ii) significant nuclear gametic disequilibria, perhaps attributable to positive assortative mating and/or differential fitnesses of homospecific vs. recombinant genotypes. However, outside this suspected hybrid region, ‘heterospecific’ genetic markers also appeared in low frequency, thus complicating interpretations. These discordant alleles on a broader geographic scale may reflect: (a) the retention of polymorphisms from an ancestral gene pool; (b) occasional evolutionary convergence (especially with respect to electrophoretic mobility of allozyme alleles); (c) the ‘footprints’ of a moving hybrid zone; or (d) differential introgressive penetrance across the current hybrid region.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1111/j.1365-294X.1993.tb00103.x","usgsCitation":"Scribner, K.T., and Avise, J.C., 1993, Cytonuclear genetic architecture in mosquitofish populations and the possible roles of introgressive hybridization: Molecular Ecology, v. 2, no. 3, p. 139-149, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-294X.1993.tb00103.x.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"139","endPage":"149","costCenters":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":479507,"rank":0,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"https://escholarship.org/uc/item/1zz768mc","text":"External Repository"},{"id":337128,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"2","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2008-04-14","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58c12664e4b014cc3a3d3531","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Scribner, Kim T.","contributorId":146113,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Scribner","given":"Kim","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[{"id":16582,"text":"Department of Fisheries and Wildlife and Department of Zoology, 480 Wilson Rd. 13 Natural Resources Building, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824","active":true,"usgs":false},{"id":135,"text":"Biological Resources Division","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":681444,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Avise, John C.","contributorId":182338,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Avise","given":"John","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":681445,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70168766,"text":"70168766 - 1993 - Earthquakes, May-June 1993","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-03-01T15:24:48","indexId":"70168766","displayToPublicDate":"1993-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1437,"text":"Earthquakes & Volcanoes (USGS)","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Earthquakes, May-June 1993","docAbstract":"A major earthquake (7.0≤M<8.0) occurred on June 8 during this reporting period. This magnitude 7.3 earthquake was centered off the east coast of Kamchatka. there were no earthquake-related deaths during the months of May and June.
\nSeismicity in the United States included two strong earthquakes in Alaska. The first, a magntidue 6.8 earthquake on May 13, was centered on the Alaska Peninsula. The second, a magntidue 6.5 earthquake on May 15, struck the Andreanof Islands in the Aleutian chain. The California-Nevada border region experienced a magntidue 6.0 earthquake on MAy 17.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S Geological Survey","usgsCitation":"Person, W., 1993, Earthquakes, May-June 1993: Earthquakes & Volcanoes (USGS), v. 24, no. 3, p. 147-152.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"147","endPage":"152","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":318471,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"24","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"56d6cb56e4b015c306f32ccb","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Person, W. J.","contributorId":91472,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Person","given":"W. J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":621659,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70156291,"text":"70156291 - 1993 - Patterns of orographic uplift in the Sierra Nevada and their relationship to upper-level atmospheric circulation","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-07-27T11:47:47","indexId":"70156291","displayToPublicDate":"1993-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Patterns of orographic uplift in the Sierra Nevada and their relationship to upper-level atmospheric circulation","docAbstract":"We examine monthly and seasonal patterns of precipitation across various elevations of the eastern Central Valley of California and the Sierra Nevada. A measure of the strength of the orographic effect called the “precipitation ratio” is calculated, and we separate months into four groups based on being wet or dry and having low or high precipitation ratios. Using monthly maps of mean 700-mb height anomalies, we describe the northern hemisphere mid-tropospheric circulation patterns associated with each of the four groups. Wet months are associated with negative height anomalies over the eastern Pacific, as expected. However, the orientation of the trough is different for years with high and low precipitation ratios. Wet months with high ratios typically have circulation patterns factoring a west-southwest to east-northeast storm track from around the Hawaiian Islands to the Pacific Northwest of the United States. Wet months with low precipitation ratios are associated with a trough centered near the Aleutians and a northwest to southeast storm track. Dry months are marked by anticyclones in the Pacific, but this feature is more localized to the eastern Pacific for months with low precipitation ratios than for those with high ratios. Using precipitation gauge and snow course data from the American River and Truckee-Tahoe basins, we determined that the strength of the orographic effect on a seasonal basis is spatially coherent at low and high elevations and on opposite sides of the Sierra Nevada crestline.
","largerWorkType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"largerWorkTitle":"Proceedings of the ninth annual pacific climate (PACLIM) workshop","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"conferenceTitle":"Ninth annual pacific climate (PACLIM) workshop","conferenceDate":"April 21-24, 1992","conferenceLocation":"Asilomar, CA","language":"English","publisher":"California Department of Water Resources","usgsCitation":"Aguado, E., Cayan, D.R., Reece, B.D., and Riddle, L., 1993, Patterns of orographic uplift in the Sierra Nevada and their relationship to upper-level atmospheric circulation, in Proceedings of the ninth annual pacific climate (PACLIM) workshop, Asilomar, CA, April 21-24, 1992, p. 153-163.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"153","endPage":"163","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":552,"text":"San Francisco Bay-Delta","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":5079,"text":"Pacific Regional Director's Office","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":307003,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"Sierra Nevada, Central Valley","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -122.62939453125001,\n 40.22921818870117\n ],\n [\n -120.32226562500001,\n 40.51379915504413\n ],\n [\n -119.06982421874999,\n 38.30718056188316\n ],\n [\n -117.3779296875,\n 35.47856499535729\n ],\n [\n -118.49853515625,\n 35.0120020431607\n ],\n [\n -119.28955078124999,\n 35.37113502280101\n ],\n [\n -121.35498046875,\n 37.24782120155428\n ],\n [\n -122.18994140624999,\n 38.71980474264239\n ],\n [\n -122.3876953125,\n 39.18117526158749\n ],\n [\n -122.54150390625,\n 39.62261494094297\n ],\n [\n -122.62939453125001,\n 40.22921818870117\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"579889bde4b0589fa1c6bade","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Aguado, Edward","contributorId":146639,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Aguado","given":"Edward","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":568538,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Cayan, Daniel R. 0000-0002-2719-6811 drcayan@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2719-6811","contributorId":1494,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cayan","given":"Daniel","email":"drcayan@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":568539,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Reece, Brian D. bdreece@usgs.gov","contributorId":2129,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Reece","given":"Brian","email":"bdreece@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":568540,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Riddle, Larry","contributorId":146638,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Riddle","given":"Larry","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":568541,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70162684,"text":"70162684 - 1993 - Landslides caused by the Klamath Falls, Oregon, earthquakes of September 20, 1993","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-02-16T16:24:28","indexId":"70162684","displayToPublicDate":"1993-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1437,"text":"Earthquakes & Volcanoes (USGS)","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Landslides caused by the Klamath Falls, Oregon, earthquakes of September 20, 1993","docAbstract":"The Klamath Falls earthquakes caused landslides throughout an area of about 420 sq km and as far as about 29 km from the epicenter, a distribution that is typical for magnitude 6 earthquakes (see graphs on following pages). Most of the landslides were rock falls or shallow, highly disrupted rock slides from roadcuts, quarries, and steep bluff faces. Such landslides are also among the most common types caused by other earthquakes of comparable magnitude.
\nIn the Klamath Falls area, the most numerous earthquake-induced rock falls were along the east-to southeast-facing flank of a ridge immediately south and west of Howard Bay (locality 1 on the accompanying map), 18 km east-southeast of the epicenter of the magntiude 6.0 shock at 10:45 p.m. This ridge is more than 240 m high and has slopes steeper than 45° in places. The upper part of the ridge is composed of material from basaltic lava flows, an the lower slopes are covered with colluvium and talus deposits containing abundant boulders.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S Geological Survey","usgsCitation":"Keefer, D.K., and Schuster, R.L., 1993, Landslides caused by the Klamath Falls, Oregon, earthquakes of September 20, 1993: Earthquakes & Volcanoes (USGS), v. 24, no. 3, p. 140-146.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"140","endPage":"146","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":315010,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Oregon","otherGeospatial":"Klamath Falls","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -122.04711914062499,\n 42.74701217318067\n ],\n [\n -121.9647216796875,\n 42.744995166137286\n ],\n [\n -121.72302246093749,\n 42.32403179535469\n ],\n [\n -121.6351318359375,\n 42.1552594657786\n ],\n [\n -122.27783203125,\n 42.0615286181226\n ],\n [\n -122.310791015625,\n 42.49842801732158\n ],\n [\n -122.288818359375,\n 42.72482148625276\n ],\n [\n -122.13775634765625,\n 42.744995166137286\n ],\n [\n -122.04711914062499,\n 42.74701217318067\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"24","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"56ab49c9e4b07ca61bfea581","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Keefer, D. K.","contributorId":21176,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Keefer","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":590130,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Schuster, R. L.","contributorId":19135,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schuster","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":590131,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70162367,"text":"70162367 - 1993 - The Klamath Falls, Oregon, earthquakes on September 20, 1993","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-02-04T16:24:45","indexId":"70162367","displayToPublicDate":"1993-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1437,"text":"Earthquakes & Volcanoes (USGS)","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The Klamath Falls, Oregon, earthquakes on September 20, 1993","docAbstract":"The strongest earthquake to strike Oregon in more than 50 yrs struck the southern part of the State on September 20, 1993. These shocks, a magnitude 5.9 earthquake at 8:28pm and a magnitude 6.0 earthquake at 10:45pm, were the opening salvo in a swarm of earthquakes that continued for more than three months. During this period, several thousand aftershocks, many strong enough to be felt, were recorded by seismographs.
\nThe mainshocks caused light moderate damage at Klamath Falls, a town of about 18,000 residents located only about 20 km east of the epicentral area. Damage included toppled chimneys, cracked masonry, and fallen parapets. Power outages occurred after the strongest shocks. In addition, strong shaking broke water mains, and landslides temporarily blocked highways. the earthquakes also caused two fatalities. A rockfall crushed an automobile, killing a motorist, and an elderly lady had a heart attack. the low population density in the epicentral area- less than five people per sq km- kept the toatl dollar loss to about 7.5 million dollars.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S Geological Survey","usgsCitation":"Brantley, S., 1993, The Klamath Falls, Oregon, earthquakes on September 20, 1993: Earthquakes & Volcanoes (USGS), v. 24, no. 3, p. 104-146.","productDescription":"43 p.","startPage":"104","endPage":"146","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":314647,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Oregon","otherGeospatial":"Klamath Falls","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -121.89743041992189,\n 42.27629267135368\n ],\n [\n -121.68182373046875,\n 42.30270602152243\n ],\n [\n -121.57745361328125,\n 42.12980284036181\n ],\n [\n -121.79443359375,\n 42.06050904321049\n ],\n [\n -121.92489624023436,\n 42.270195710001786\n ],\n [\n -121.89743041992189,\n 42.27629267135368\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"24","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"56a20f4fe4b0961cf2811c30","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Brantley, S.R.","contributorId":42611,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brantley","given":"S.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":589305,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70186532,"text":"70186532 - 1993 - Paleogeographic implications of molluscan assemblages in the Upper Cretaceous (Campanian) Pigeon Point Formation, California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-04-05T10:12:26","indexId":"70186532","displayToPublicDate":"1993-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"title":"Paleogeographic implications of molluscan assemblages in the Upper Cretaceous (Campanian) Pigeon Point Formation, California","docAbstract":"The Pigeon Point Formation crops out along the San Mateo County coastline in a northern and southern sequence of folded and faulted strata. Correlation of the two sequences remains somewhat equivocal, although on the basis of biostratigraphy and a reversed magnetic interval both appear to have been deposited during the early to middle Campanian. Sedimentary structures suggest that the northern sequence was deposited by turbidity currents in a continental rise setting, whereas the southern sequence primarily reflects deposition in shelf and slope environments . Right-lateral offset on the San Andreas and subsidiary faults to the east of the Pigeon Point Formation can account for 100's of km of northward transport since its deposition. However, Champion and others (1984) suggested 2500 km of northward transport from a tropical setting of about 21°N. Molluscan assemblages in the formation argue strongly for a less tropical site of deposition. Relative abundances of warm and temperate taxa and the presence or absence of key species are similar to those of the Santa Ana Mountains Cretaceous section, and are indicative of a war
","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Mesozoic paleogeography of the Western United States","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":15,"text":"Monograph"},"language":"English","publisher":"Mineralogists, Society of Economic Paleontologist","usgsCitation":"Elder, W.P., and Saul, L., 1993, Paleogeographic implications of molluscan assemblages in the Upper Cretaceous (Campanian) Pigeon Point Formation, California, chap. of Mesozoic paleogeography of the Western United States, p. 695-732.","productDescription":"38 p. ","startPage":"695","endPage":"732","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":339194,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58e6027ae4b09da6799ac6d7","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Elder, William P.","contributorId":61058,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Elder","given":"William","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":688633,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Saul, LouElla","contributorId":16941,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Saul","given":"LouElla","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":688634,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ]}