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,{"id":70023617,"text":"70023617 - 2001 - Habitat evaluation using GIS a case study applied to the San Joaquin Kit Fox","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:12","indexId":"70023617","displayToPublicDate":"2001-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2603,"text":"Landscape and Urban Planning","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Habitat evaluation using GIS a case study applied to the San Joaquin Kit Fox","docAbstract":"Concern over the fate of plant and animal species throughout the world has accelerated over recent decades. Habitat loss is considered the main culprit in reducing many species' abundance and range, leading to numerous efforts to plan and manage habitat preservation. Our work uses Geographic Information Systems (GIS) data and modeling to define a spatially explicit analysis of habitat value, using the San Joaquin Kit Fox (Vulpes macrotis mutica) of California (USA) as an example. Over the last 30 years, many field studies and surveys have enhanced our knowledge of the life history, behavior, and needs of the kit fox, which has been proposed as an umbrella or indicator species for grassland habitat in the San Joaquin Valley of California. There has yet been no attempt to convert much of this field knowledge into a model of spatial habitat value useful for planning purposes. This is a significant omission given the importance and visibility of the imperiled kit fox and increasing trends toward spatially explicit modeling and planning. In this paper we apply data from northern California to derive a small-cell GIS raster of habitat value for the kit fox that incorporates both intrinsic habitat quality and neighborhood context, as well the effects of barriers such as roads. Such a product is a useful basis for assessing the presence and amounts of good (and poor) quality habitat and for eventually constructing GIS representations of viable animal territories that could be included in future reserves. ?? 2001 Elsevier Science B.V.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Landscape and Urban Planning","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/S0169-2046(00)00119-5","issn":"01692046","usgsCitation":"Gerrard, R., Stine, P., Church, R., and Gilpin, M., 2001, Habitat evaluation using GIS a case study applied to the San Joaquin Kit Fox: Landscape and Urban Planning, v. 52, no. 4, p. 239-255, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0169-2046(00)00119-5.","startPage":"239","endPage":"255","numberOfPages":"17","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":207500,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0169-2046(00)00119-5"},{"id":232497,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"52","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a2f0ae4b0c8380cd5ca23","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Gerrard, R.","contributorId":99737,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gerrard","given":"R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":398226,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Stine, P.","contributorId":26361,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stine","given":"P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":398223,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Church, R.","contributorId":95233,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Church","given":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":398225,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Gilpin, M.","contributorId":65965,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gilpin","given":"M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":398224,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70023392,"text":"70023392 - 2001 - Holocene lake-level fluctuations of Lake Aricota, Southern Peru","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:14","indexId":"70023392","displayToPublicDate":"2001-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3218,"text":"Quaternary Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Holocene lake-level fluctuations of Lake Aricota, Southern Peru","docAbstract":"Lacustrine deposits exposed around Lake Aricota, Peru (17?? 22???S), a 7.5-km2 lake dammed by debris flows, provide a middle to late Holocene record of lake-level fluctuations. Chronological context for shoreline deposits was obtained from radiocarbon dating of vascular plant remains and other datable material with minimal 14C reservoir effects (<350 yr). Diatomites associated with highstands several meters above the modern lake level indicate wet episodes. Maximum Holocene lake level was attained before 6100 14C yr B.P. and ended ???2700 14C yr B.P. Moderately high lake levels occurred at 1700 and 1300 14C yr B.P. The highstand at Lake Aricota during the middle Holocene is coeval with a major lowstand at Lake Titicaca (16?? S), which is only 130 km to the northeast and shares a similar climatology. Comparisons with other marine and terrestrial records highlight emerging contradictions over the nature of mid-Holocene climate in the central Andes. ?? 2001 University of Washington.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Quaternary Research","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1006/qres.2001.2263","issn":"00335894","usgsCitation":"Placzek, C., Quade, J., and Betancourt, J., 2001, Holocene lake-level fluctuations of Lake Aricota, Southern Peru: Quaternary Research, v. 56, no. 2, p. 181-190, https://doi.org/10.1006/qres.2001.2263.","startPage":"181","endPage":"190","numberOfPages":"10","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":207622,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1006/qres.2001.2263"},{"id":232729,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"56","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2017-01-20","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a31e9e4b0c8380cd5e340","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Placzek, C.","contributorId":30404,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Placzek","given":"C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":397497,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Quade, Jay","contributorId":22108,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Quade","given":"Jay","affiliations":[{"id":7042,"text":"University of Arizona","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":397496,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Betancourt, J.L. 0000-0002-7165-0743","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7165-0743","contributorId":87505,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Betancourt","given":"J.L.","affiliations":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":397498,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70023616,"text":"70023616 - 2001 - A comparison of susceptibility to Myxobolus cerebralis among strains of rainbow trout and steelhead in field and laboratory trials","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:12","indexId":"70023616","displayToPublicDate":"2001-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2177,"text":"Journal of Aquatic Animal Health","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A comparison of susceptibility to Myxobolus cerebralis among strains of rainbow trout and steelhead in field and laboratory trials","docAbstract":"Three strains of rainbow trout and steelhead Oncorhynchus mykiss were evaluated for the presence of whirling disease in field and laboratory trials. In the field exposures, fingerling Salmon River steelhead and Cayuga Lake and Randolph strains of rainbow trout were placed in wire cages in an earthen, stream-fed pond in New York State that was known to harbor Myxobolus cerebralis. Control fish were held at another hatchery that was free of whirling disease. In the controlled trials at the National Fish Health Research Laboratory, fingerling steelhead and Cayuga Lake and Mount Lassen rainbow trout were exposed to triactinomyxons at low (200 triactinomyxons/fish) or high (2,000 triactinomyxons/fish) levels for 2 h. Controls of each group were sham-exposed. Following an incubation period of 154 d for laboratory trials and 180 d for field trials, cranial tissue samples were taken for spore enumeration (field and laboratory trials) and histological analyses (laboratory only). Clinical signs of disease, including whirling behavior, blacktail, and skeletal deformities, were recorded for each fish in the laboratory trial at the terminal sampling. No clinical evidence of disease was noted among fish in the field trials. Clinical signs were noted among all strains in the laboratory trials at both exposure levels, and these signs were consistently greatest for the Mount Lassen strain. Whirling and skeletal deformities were more evident in the steelhead than in the Cayuga Lake rainbow trout; blacktail was more common in the Cayuga Lake fish. In both field and laboratory trials, spore counts were significantly higher for Cayuga Lake rainbow trout than in steelhead. In laboratory trials, moderate to marked cranial tissue lesions predominated in all three strains.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Aquatic Animal Health","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1577/1548-8667(2001)013<0220:ACOSTM>2.0.CO;2","issn":"08997659","usgsCitation":"Densmore, C.L., Blazer, V., Cartwright, D.D., Schill, W.B., Schachte, J.H., Petrie, C.J., Batur, M., Waldrop, T., Mack, A., and Pooler, P., 2001, A comparison of susceptibility to Myxobolus cerebralis among strains of rainbow trout and steelhead in field and laboratory trials: Journal of Aquatic Animal Health, v. 13, no. 3, p. 220-227, https://doi.org/10.1577/1548-8667(2001)013<0220:ACOSTM>2.0.CO;2.","startPage":"220","endPage":"227","numberOfPages":"8","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":207475,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1577/1548-8667(2001)013<0220:ACOSTM>2.0.CO;2"},{"id":232456,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"13","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e376e4b0c8380cd46044","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Densmore, Christine L.","contributorId":18316,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Densmore","given":"Christine","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":398213,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Blazer, V. S. 0000-0001-6647-9614","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6647-9614","contributorId":56991,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Blazer","given":"V. S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":398217,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Cartwright, Deborah D.","contributorId":28202,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cartwright","given":"Deborah","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":398215,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Schill, W. B.","contributorId":60146,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schill","given":"W.","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":398218,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Schachte, J. H.","contributorId":27399,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Schachte","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":398214,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Petrie, C. J.","contributorId":69929,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Petrie","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":398219,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Batur, M.V.","contributorId":43709,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Batur","given":"M.V.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":398216,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Waldrop, T.B.","contributorId":82262,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Waldrop","given":"T.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":398221,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Mack, A.","contributorId":92620,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mack","given":"A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":398222,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9},{"text":"Pooler, P.S.","contributorId":78686,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pooler","given":"P.S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":398220,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":10}]}}
,{"id":70023391,"text":"70023391 - 2001 - Conodont and fusulinid biostratigraphy and history of the Pennsylvanian to Lower Permian Keeler Basin, east-central California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:14","indexId":"70023391","displayToPublicDate":"2001-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1077,"text":"Brigham Young University Geology Studies","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Conodont and fusulinid biostratigraphy and history of the Pennsylvanian to Lower Permian Keeler Basin, east-central California","docAbstract":"The Pennsylvanian-Lower Permian Keeler Canyon Formation and lower part of the Lower Permian Lone Pine Formation in east-central California were deposited in a deep-water basin that originated in the Morrowan (Early Pennsylvanian), was fully established by the Desmoinesian (Middle Pennsylvanian), and lasted into the Sakmarian (Early Permian). Stratigraphic studies indicate that the Keeler Canyon Formation can be divided into members recognizable throughout the area of our detailed mapping. From older to younger they are the Tinemaha Reservoir, Tihvipah Limestone, Cerro Gordo Spring, and Salt Tram Members. Rocks in this basin, here referred to as the Keeler basin, contain numerous fusulinid and conodont faunas most of which were deposited by sediment-gravity flows probably originating at the margin of the Bird Spring carbonate platform to the northeast. Sixty-one species of Atokan to Sakmarian fusulinids and 38 species of Desmoinesian to Sakmarian conodonts are recognized. These, in addition to four species of Morrowan conodonts previously reported, show that every stage from the Morrowan to Sakmarian is represented in the basin. The fusulinid faunas are composed largely of taxa of the North American craton, especially the south-central USA, with important endemic constituents and some McCloud Limestone forms, representing the Eastern Klamath terrane. Conodonts are closely similar to species in the Ural Mountains region of Russia and Kazakhstan, as well as the American midcontinent. The co-occurrence of fusulinids and conodonts in the Keeler basin results in a better correlation of zones based on these two groups of fossils than generally is possible.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Brigham Young University Geology Studies","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","issn":"00681016","usgsCitation":"Stevens, C., Stone, P., and Ritter, S., 2001, Conodont and fusulinid biostratigraphy and history of the Pennsylvanian to Lower Permian Keeler Basin, east-central California: Brigham Young University Geology Studies, v. 46, p. 99-142.","startPage":"99","endPage":"142","numberOfPages":"44","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":232728,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"46","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f9cee4b0c8380cd4d7bb","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Stevens, C.H.","contributorId":16102,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stevens","given":"C.H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":397493,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Stone, P.","contributorId":93632,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stone","given":"P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":397495,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Ritter, S.M.","contributorId":41167,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ritter","given":"S.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":397494,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70022750,"text":"70022750 - 2001 - Detection of buried targets using a new enhanced very early time electromagnetic (VETEM) prototype system","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:37","indexId":"70022750","displayToPublicDate":"2001-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1944,"text":"IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Detection of buried targets using a new enhanced very early time electromagnetic (VETEM) prototype system","docAbstract":"In this paper, numerical simulations of a new enhanced very early time electromagnetic (VETEM) prototype system are presented, where a horizontal transmitting loop and two horizontal receiving loops are used to detect buried targets, in which three loops share the same axis and the transmitter is located at the center of receivers. In the new VETEM system, the difference of signals from two receivers is taken to eliminate strong direct-signals from the transmitter and background clutter and furthermore to obtain a better SNR for buried targets. Because strong coupling exists between the transmitter and receivers, accurate analysis of the three-loop antenna system is required, for which a loop-tree basis function method has been utilized to overcome the low-frequency breakdown problem. In the analysis of scattering problem from buried targets, a conjugate gradient (CG) method with fast Fourier transform (FFT) is applied to solve the electric field integral equation. However, the convergence of such CG-FFT algorithm is extremely slow at very low frequencies. In order to increase the convergence rate, a frequency-hopping approach has been used. Finally, the primary, coupling, reflected, and scattered magnetic fields are evaluated at receiving loops to calculate the output electric current. Numerous simulation results are given to interpret the new VETEM system. Comparing with other single-transmitter-receiver systems, the new VETEM has better SNR and ability to reduce the clutter.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1109/36.975004","issn":"01962892","usgsCitation":"Cui, T., Chew, W., Aydiner, A., Wright, D., and Smith, D., 2001, Detection of buried targets using a new enhanced very early time electromagnetic (VETEM) prototype system: IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing, v. 39, no. 12, p. 2702-2712, https://doi.org/10.1109/36.975004.","startPage":"2702","endPage":"2712","numberOfPages":"11","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":233856,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":208244,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1109/36.975004"}],"volume":"39","issue":"12","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059ff71e4b0c8380cd4f1b8","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Cui, T.J.","contributorId":72552,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cui","given":"T.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":394773,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Chew, W.C.","contributorId":19730,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chew","given":"W.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":394771,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Aydiner, A.A.","contributorId":76088,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Aydiner","given":"A.A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":394774,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Wright, D.L.","contributorId":88758,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wright","given":"D.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":394775,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Smith, D.V.","contributorId":31143,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smith","given":"D.V.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":394772,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}}
,{"id":70023549,"text":"70023549 - 2001 - Beryllium-7 as a tracer of short-term sediment deposition and resuspension in the Fox River Wisconsin","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-11-14T17:41:47.79043","indexId":"70023549","displayToPublicDate":"2001-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1565,"text":"Environmental Science & Technology","onlineIssn":"1520-5851","printIssn":"0013-936X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Beryllium-7 as a tracer of short-term sediment deposition and resuspension in the Fox River Wisconsin","docAbstract":"<p><span>Short-term (∼monthly) sediment deposition and resuspension rates of surficial bed sediments in two PCB-laden impoundments on the Fox River, WI, were determined in the summer and fall of 1998 using&nbsp;</span><sup>7</sup><span>Be, a naturally occurring radioisotope produced in the atmosphere. Decay-corrected activities and inventories of&nbsp;</span><sup>7</sup><span>Be were measured in bed sediment and in suspended particles. Beryllium-7 activities generally decreased with depth in the top 5−10 cm of sediments and ranged from undetectable to ∼0.9 pCi cm</span><sup>-</sup><sup>3</sup><span>. Inventories of&nbsp;</span><sup>7</sup><span>Be, calculated from the sum of activities from all depths, ranged from 0.87 to 3.74 pCi cm</span><sup>-</sup><sup>2</sup><span>, and the values covaried between sites likely reflecting a common atmospheric input signal. Activities of&nbsp;</span><sup>7</sup><span>Be did not correlate directly with rainfall. Partitioning the&nbsp;</span><sup>7</sup><span>Be flux into “new” and “residual” components indicated that net deposition was occurring most of the time during the summer. Net erosion, however, was observed at the upstream site from the final collection in the fall. This erosion event was estimated to have removed 0.10 g (cm of sediment)</span><sup>-</sup><sup>2</sup><span>, corresponding to ∼0.5 cm of sediment depth, and ∼6−10 kg of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) over the whole deposit. Short-term accumulation rates were up to ∼130 times higher than the long-term rates calculated from&nbsp;</span><sup>137</sup><span>Cs profiles, suggesting an extremely dynamic sediment transport environment, even within an impounded river system.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"ACS","publisherLocation":"Washington, DC, United States","doi":"10.1021/es000951c","issn":"0013936X","usgsCitation":"Fitzgerald, S., Klump, J., Swarzenski, P., Mackenzie, R., and Richards, K., 2001, Beryllium-7 as a tracer of short-term sediment deposition and resuspension in the Fox River Wisconsin: Environmental Science & Technology, v. 35, no. 2, p. 300-305, https://doi.org/10.1021/es000951c.","startPage":"300","endPage":"305","numberOfPages":"6","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":232611,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":207559,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es000951c"}],"volume":"35","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2000-12-13","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f0cde4b0c8380cd4a90f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Fitzgerald, S.A.","contributorId":94348,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fitzgerald","given":"S.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":398004,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Klump, J.V.","contributorId":107468,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Klump","given":"J.V.","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":7200,"text":"University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":398005,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Swarzenski, P.W. 0000-0003-0116-0578","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0116-0578","contributorId":29487,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Swarzenski","given":"P.W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":398002,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Mackenzie, R.A.","contributorId":86930,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mackenzie","given":"R.A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":398003,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Richards, K.D.","contributorId":28635,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Richards","given":"K.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":398001,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}}
,{"id":70023357,"text":"70023357 - 2001 - Environmental geochemistry at the global scale","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:00","indexId":"70023357","displayToPublicDate":"2001-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Environmental geochemistry at the global scale","docAbstract":"Land degradation and pollution caused by population pressure and economic development pose a threat to the sustainability of the earth's surface, especially in tropical regions where a long history of chemical weathering has made the surface environment particularly fragile. Systematic baseline geochemical data provide a means of monitoring the state of the environment and identifying problem areas. Regional surveys have already been carried out in some countries, and with increased national and international funding they can be extended to cover the rest of the land surface of the globe. Preparations have been made, under the auspices of the International Union of Geological Surveys (IUGS) and the International Association of Geochemistry and Cosmochemistry (IAGC) for the establishment of just such an integrated global database. ?? 2001 NERC. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd.","largerWorkTitle":"Applied Geochemistry","language":"English","doi":"10.1016/S0883-2927(01)00036-1","issn":"08832927","usgsCitation":"Plant, J., Smith, D., Smith, B., and Williams, L., 2001, Environmental geochemistry at the global scale, <i>in</i> Applied Geochemistry, v. 16, no. 11-12, p. 1291-1308, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0883-2927(01)00036-1.","startPage":"1291","endPage":"1308","numberOfPages":"18","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":478966,"rank":10000,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"http://nora.nerc.ac.uk/id/eprint/19087/1/GeoscienceAbst.pdf","text":"External Repository"},{"id":207296,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0883-2927(01)00036-1"},{"id":232126,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"16","issue":"11-12","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a09c5e4b0c8380cd52065","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Plant, J.","contributorId":7445,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Plant","given":"J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":397378,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Smith, D.","contributorId":60978,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smith","given":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":397381,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Smith, B.","contributorId":53740,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smith","given":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":397380,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Williams, L.","contributorId":9421,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Williams","given":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":397379,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70023304,"text":"70023304 - 2001 - A minimalist probabilistic description of root zone soil water","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-03-27T17:07:56","indexId":"70023304","displayToPublicDate":"2001-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3722,"text":"Water Resources Research","onlineIssn":"1944-7973","printIssn":"0043-1397","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A minimalist probabilistic description of root zone soil water","docAbstract":"<p><span>The probabilistic response of depth‐integrated soil water to given climatic forcing can be described readily using an existing supply‐demand‐storage model. An apparently complex interaction of numerous soil, climate, and plant controls can be reduced to a relatively simple expression for the equilibrium probability density function of soil water as a function of only two dimensionless parameters. These are the index of dryness (ratio of mean potential evaporation to mean precipitation) and a dimensionless storage capacity (active root zone soil water capacity divided by mean storm depth). The first parameter is mainly controlled by climate, with surface albedo playing a subsidiary role in determining net radiation. The second is a composite of soil (through moisture retention characteristics), vegetation (through rooting characteristics), and climate (mean storm depth). This minimalist analysis captures many essential features of a more general probabilistic analysis, but with a considerable reduction in complexity and consequent elucidation of the critical controls on soil water variability. In particular, it is shown that (1) the dependence of mean soil water on the index of dryness approaches a step function in the limit of large soil water capacity; (2) soil water variance is usually maximized when the index of dryness equals 1, and the width of the peak varies inversely with dimensionless storage capacity; (3) soil water has a uniform probability density function when the index of dryness is 1 and the dimensionless storage capacity is large; and (4) the soil water probability density function is bimodal if and only if the index of dryness is &lt;1, but this bimodality is pronounced only for artificially small values of the dimensionless storage capacity.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/2000WR900337","usgsCitation":"Milly, P., 2001, A minimalist probabilistic description of root zone soil water: Water Resources Research, v. 37, no. 3, p. 457-463, https://doi.org/10.1029/2000WR900337.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"457","endPage":"463","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":478920,"rank":1,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2000wr900337","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":232558,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"37","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e467e4b0c8380cd46633","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Milly, P. C. D.","contributorId":100489,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Milly","given":"P. C. D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":397209,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70023356,"text":"70023356 - 2001 - Ecosystem impacts of three sequential hurricanes (Dennis, Floyd, and Irene) on the United States' largest lagoonal estuary, Pamlico Sound, NC","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:00","indexId":"70023356","displayToPublicDate":"2001-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3165,"text":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Ecosystem impacts of three sequential hurricanes (Dennis, Floyd, and Irene) on the United States' largest lagoonal estuary, Pamlico Sound, NC","docAbstract":"Three sequential hurricanes, Dennis, Floyd, and Irene, affected coastal North Carolina in September and October 1999. These hurricanes inundated the region with up to 1 m of rainfall, causing 50- to 500-year flooding in the watershed of the Pamlico Sound, the largest lagoonal estuary in the United States and a key West Atlantic fisheries nursery. We investigated the ecosystem-level impacts on and responses of the Sound to the floodwater discharge. Floodwaters displaced three-fourths of the volume of the Sound, depressed salinity by a similar amount, and delivered at least half of the typical annual nitrogen load to this nitrogen-sensitive ecosystem. Organic carbon concentrations in floodwaters entering Pamlico Sound via a major tributary (the Neuse River Estuary) were at least 2-fold higher than concentrations under prefloodwater conditions. A cascading set of physical, chemical, and ecological impacts followed, including strong vertical stratification, bottom water hypoxia, a sustained increase in algal biomass, displacement of many marine organisms, and a rise in fish disease. Because of the Sound's long residence time (???1 year), we hypothesize that the effects of the short-term nutrient enrichment could prove to be multiannual. A predicted increase in the frequency of hurricane activity over the next few decades may cause longer-term biogeochemical and trophic changes in this and other estuarine and coastal habitats.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1073/pnas.101097398","issn":"00278424","usgsCitation":"Paerl, H., Bales, J., Ausley, L., Buzzelli, C., Crowder, L., Eby, L., Fear, J., Go, M., Peierls, B., Richardson, T., and Ramus, J., 2001, Ecosystem impacts of three sequential hurricanes (Dennis, Floyd, and Irene) on the United States' largest lagoonal estuary, Pamlico Sound, NC: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, v. 98, no. 10, p. 5655-5660, https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.101097398.","startPage":"5655","endPage":"5660","numberOfPages":"6","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":488033,"rank":10000,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/33268","text":"External Repository"},{"id":207295,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.101097398"},{"id":232125,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"98","issue":"10","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2001-05-08","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a059ee4b0c8380cd50e94","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Paerl, H.W.","contributorId":36893,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Paerl","given":"H.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":397371,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bales, J. D.","contributorId":21569,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bales","given":"J. D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":397369,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Ausley, L.W.","contributorId":34386,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ausley","given":"L.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":397370,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Buzzelli, C.P.","contributorId":21419,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Buzzelli","given":"C.P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":397368,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Crowder, L.B.","contributorId":104437,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Crowder","given":"L.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":397377,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Eby, L.A.","contributorId":57018,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Eby","given":"L.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":397373,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Fear, J.M.","contributorId":38845,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fear","given":"J.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":397372,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Go, M.","contributorId":10288,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Go","given":"M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":397367,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Peierls, B.L.","contributorId":65332,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Peierls","given":"B.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":397374,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9},{"text":"Richardson, T.L.","contributorId":78607,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Richardson","given":"T.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":397375,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":10},{"text":"Ramus, J.S.","contributorId":91747,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ramus","given":"J.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":397376,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":11}]}}
,{"id":70023358,"text":"70023358 - 2001 - Stock structure of sea otters (Enhydra lutris kenyoni) in Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-12-22T18:20:11.277964","indexId":"70023358","displayToPublicDate":"2001-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2671,"text":"Marine Mammal Science","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"displayTitle":"Stock structure of sea otters (<i>Enhydra lutris kenyoni</i>) in Alaska","title":"Stock structure of sea otters (Enhydra lutris kenyoni) in Alaska","docAbstract":"<p><span>Sea otters in Alaska are recognized as a single subspecies (</span><i>Enhydra lutris kenyoni</i><span>) and currently managed as a single, interbreeding population. However, geographic and behavioral mechanisms undoubrably constrain sea otter movements on much smaller scales. This paper applies the phylogeographic method (Dizon&nbsp;</span><i>et al</i><span>. 1992) and considers distribution, population response, phenotype and genotype data to identify stocks of sea otters within Alaska. The evidence for separate stock identity is genotypic (all stocks), phenotypic (Southcentral and Southwest stocks), and geographic distribution (Southeast stock), whereas population response data are equivocal (all stocks). Differences in genotype frequencies and the presence of unique genotypes among areas indicate restricted gene flow. Genetic exchange may be limited by little or no movement across proposed stock boundaries and discontinuities in distribution at proposed stock boundaries. Skull size differences (phenotypic) between Southwest and Southcentral Alaska populations further support stock separation. Population response information was equivocal in either supporting or refuting stock identity. On the basis of this review, we suggest the following: (1) a Southeast stock extending from Dixon Entrance to Cape Yakataga; (2) a Southcentral stock extending from Cape Yakataga to Cape Douglas including Prince William Sound and Kenai peninsula coast; and (3) a Southwest stock including Alaska Peninsula coast, the Aleutians to Attu Island, Barren, Kodiak, Pribilof Islands, and Bristol Bay.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1111/j.1748-7692.2001.tb01009.x","issn":"08240469","usgsCitation":"Gorbics, C., and Bodkin, J.L., 2001, Stock structure of sea otters (Enhydra lutris kenyoni) in Alaska: Marine Mammal Science, v. 17, no. 3, p. 632-647, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-7692.2001.tb01009.x.","productDescription":"16 p.","startPage":"632","endPage":"647","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":232127,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -129.75656945245078,\n              54.33642628169483\n            ],\n            [\n              -129.99976695139455,\n              64.02665335699373\n            ],\n            [\n              -180.16395806282878,\n              59.21348709793503\n            ],\n            [\n              -179.58666584584697,\n              51.101452268730185\n            ],\n            [\n              -129.75656945245078,\n              54.33642628169483\n            ]\n          ]\n        ],\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"17","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2006-08-26","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b9858e4b08c986b31bfb0","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Gorbics, C.S.","contributorId":23721,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gorbics","given":"C.S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":397382,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bodkin, James L. 0000-0003-1641-4438 jbodkin@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1641-4438","contributorId":748,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bodkin","given":"James","email":"jbodkin@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":116,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology MFEB","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":397383,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70023355,"text":"70023355 - 2001 - Large carbon isotope fractionation associated with oxidation of methyl halides by methylotrophic bacteria","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-12-03T09:05:25","indexId":"70023355","displayToPublicDate":"2001-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3165,"text":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Large carbon isotope fractionation associated with oxidation of methyl halides by methylotrophic bacteria","docAbstract":"<div id=\"abstract-1\" class=\"section abstract\"><p id=\"p-3\">The largest biological fractionations of stable carbon isotopes observed in nature occur during production of methane by methanogenic archaea. These fractionations result in substantial (as much as ≈70‰) shifts in δ<sup>13</sup>C relative to the initial substrate. We now report that a stable carbon isotopic fractionation of comparable magnitude (up to 70‰) occurs during oxidation of methyl halides by methylotrophic bacteria. We have demonstrated biological fractionation with whole cells of three methylotrophs (strain IMB-1, strain CC495, and strain MB2) and, to a lesser extent, with the purified cobalamin-dependent methyltransferase enzyme obtained from strain CC495. Thus, the genetic similarities recently reported between methylotrophs, and methanogens with respect to their pathways for C<sub>1</sub>-unit metabolism are also reflected in the carbon isotopic fractionations achieved by these organisms. We found that only part of the observed fractionation of carbon isotopes could be accounted for by the activity of the corrinoid methyltransferase enzyme, suggesting fractionation by enzymes further along the degradation pathway. These observations are of potential biogeochemical significance in the application of stable carbon isotope ratios to constrain the tropospheric budgets for the ozone-depleting halocarbons, methyl bromide and methyl chloride.</p></div><p id=\"p-4\">Methyl bromide (MeBr) and methyl chloride (MeCl) are, respectively, the most abundant volatile bromo- and chlorocarbons in the troposphere and are major contributors to stratospheric ozone destruction (1). Both compounds have natural and human-influenced sources and a predominant sink by reaction with OH in the troposphere (2–4). MeBr also has a bacterial soil sink (5) that represents about 20% of the estimated total removal from the troposphere, and it is likely that a soil sink of similar magnitude exists for MeCl (6). Hence, if an isotopic fractionation is associated with the soil sink, it will influence the isotopic compositions of MeBr and MeCl in the lower atmosphere (7). The δ<span>&nbsp;</span><sup>13</sup>C value of industrially produced MeBr ranges between −43.5‰ and −66.4‰ (7), but δ<span>&nbsp;</span><sup>13</sup>C values of tropospheric MeBr and natural sources are not yet known. The δ<span>&nbsp;</span><sup>13</sup>C of atmospheric MeCl has been measured from −22‰ to −45‰ (8,<span>&nbsp;</span>9). If carbon isotope ratios are to be used to constrain the budgets of these methyl halides, it is essential to determine the extent of carbon isotope fractionation that occurs during biological degradation of these compounds.</p><p id=\"p-5\">Methylotrophic bacteria use C<sub>1</sub><span>&nbsp;</span>compounds, which are simple organic molecules that contain no carbon–carbon bonds. Strains IMB-1, CC495, and MB2 are as-yet-unnamed facultative methylotrophs isolated from agricultural soil, woodland leaf litter, and coastal seawater, respectively (10–13), environments where methyl halides are produced. They are members of the α subgroup of the<span>&nbsp;</span><i>Proteobacteria</i>. On the basis of 16S rRNA gene sequences, strains IMB-1 and CC495 show some phylogenetic alignment with the genus<i>Rhizobium</i><span>&nbsp;</span>(10,<span>&nbsp;</span>11) and are very closely related to the new genus<span>&nbsp;</span><i>Pseudoaminobacte</i>r (I. McDonald, personal communication). Strain MB2 aligns within the<span>&nbsp;</span><i>Ruegeria</i><span>&nbsp;</span>clade [J. K. Schaefer, K. D. Goodwin, I. R. McDonald, J. C. Murrell and R.S.O., unpublished work]. All of these aerobic bacteria are methylotrophs in that they can grow by using MeBr or MeCl as their sole carbon source, but they do not metabolize methane. They oxidize MeBr, MeCl, and methyl iodide (MeI) to CO<sub>2</sub>.</p><p id=\"p-6\">Soil bacteria are known to consume MeBr at the ambient tropospheric mixing ratio of around 10 parts per trillion by volume (5). Preliminary experiments with strain IMB-1 indicate that it can oxidize MeBr at these mixing ratios**<span>&nbsp;</span>and is therefore likely to be characteristic of bacteria associated with MeBr uptake by soils. We examined δ<span>&nbsp;</span><sup>13</sup>C of MeCl, MeBr, and MeI during oxidation by whole-cell suspensions of IMB-1 and CC495 and also the change in δ<span>&nbsp;</span><sup>13</sup>C values of the three methyl halides during oxidation by the marine strain MB2. In addition, we measured the fractionation of carbon isotopes during formation of methane thiol (MeSH) from MeCl by the purified cobalamin-dependent enzyme, halomethane:bisulphide/halide ion methyltransferase (11) from CC495, to determine whether this initial step in MeCl degradation could account for the observed fractionation by whole cells. Finally, we determined the fractionation associated with the degradation of MeBr during field studies with agricultural soil by monitoring MeBr concentration and δ<span>&nbsp;</span><sup>13</sup>C of MeBr in the headspace of flux chambers under fumigation conditions.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"PNAS","doi":"10.1073/pnas.101129798","issn":"00278424","usgsCitation":"Miller, L., Kalin, R.M., McCauley, S., Hamilton, J.T., Harper, D., Millet, D., Oremland, R., and Goldstein, A.H., 2001, Large carbon isotope fractionation associated with oxidation of methyl halides by methylotrophic bacteria: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, v. 98, no. 10, p. 5833-5837, https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.101129798.","productDescription":"5 p.","startPage":"5833","endPage":"5837","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":478908,"rank":10000,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.101129798","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":232727,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":207621,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.101129798"}],"volume":"98","issue":"10","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2001-05-08","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a4477e4b0c8380cd66b26","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Miller, L.G.","contributorId":32522,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Miller","given":"L.G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":397361,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Kalin, Robert M.","contributorId":24133,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kalin","given":"Robert","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":397360,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"McCauley, S.E.","contributorId":47120,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McCauley","given":"S.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":397362,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Hamilton, John T.G.","contributorId":53123,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hamilton","given":"John","email":"","middleInitial":"T.G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":397363,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Harper, D.B.","contributorId":76506,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Harper","given":"D.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":397365,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Millet, D.B.","contributorId":64425,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Millet","given":"D.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":397364,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Oremland, R.S.","contributorId":97512,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Oremland","given":"R.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":397366,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Goldstein, Allen H.","contributorId":7452,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Goldstein","given":"Allen","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":397359,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8}]}}
,{"id":70023582,"text":"70023582 - 2001 - Digital terrain modeling and industrial surface metrology: Converging realms","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-12-23T15:50:40.086316","indexId":"70023582","displayToPublicDate":"2001-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3191,"text":"Professional Geographer","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Digital terrain modeling and industrial surface metrology: Converging realms","docAbstract":"Digital terrain modeling has a micro-and nanoscale counterpart in surface metrology, the numerical characterization of industrial surfaces. Instrumentation in semiconductor manufacturing and other high-technology fields can now contour surface irregularities down to the atomic scale. Surface metrology has been revolutionized by its ability to manipulate square-grid height matrices that are analogous to the digital elevation models (DEMs) used in physical geography. Because the shaping of industrial surfaces is a spatial process, the same concepts of analytical cartography that represent ground-surface form in geography evolved independently in metrology: The surface topography of manufactured components, exemplified here by automobile-engine cylinders, is routinely modeled by variogram analysis, relief shading, and most other techniques of parameterization and visualization familiar to geography. This article introduces industrial surface-metrology, examines the field in the context of terrain modeling and geomorphology and notes their similarities and differences, and raises theoretical issues to be addressed in progressing toward a unified practice of surface morphometry.","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/S0890-6955(01)00052-9","issn":"00330124","usgsCitation":"Pike, R., 2001, Digital terrain modeling and industrial surface metrology: Converging realms: Professional Geographer, v. 53, no. 2, p. 263-274, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0890-6955(01)00052-9.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"263","endPage":"274","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":232536,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"53","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a018ee4b0c8380cd4fc5d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Pike, R.J.","contributorId":72814,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pike","given":"R.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":398115,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70023316,"text":"70023316 - 2001 - Nonlinear inversion of borehole-radar tomography data to reconstruct velocity and attenuation distribution in earth materials","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-10-15T11:42:44","indexId":"70023316","displayToPublicDate":"2001-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2165,"text":"Journal of Applied Geophysics","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Nonlinear inversion of borehole-radar tomography data to reconstruct velocity and attenuation distribution in earth materials","docAbstract":"<p>A nonlinear tomographic inversion method that uses first-arrival travel-time and amplitude-spectra information from cross-hole radar measurements was developed to simultaneously reconstruct electromagnetic velocity and attenuation distribution in earth materials. Inversion methods were developed to analyze single cross-hole tomography surveys and differential tomography surveys. Assuming the earth behaves as a linear system, the inversion methods do not require estimation of source radiation pattern, receiver coupling, or geometrical spreading. The data analysis and tomographic inversion algorithm were applied to synthetic test data and to cross-hole radar field data provided by the US Geological Survey (USGS). The cross-hole radar field data were acquired at the USGS fractured-rock field research site at Mirror Lake near Thornton, New Hampshire, before and after injection of a saline tracer, to monitor the transport of electrically conductive fluids in the image plane. Results from the synthetic data test demonstrate the algorithm computational efficiency and indicate that the method robustly can reconstruct electromagnetic (EM) wave velocity and attenuation distribution in earth materials. The field test results outline zones of velocity and attenuation anomalies consistent with the finding of previous investigators; however, the tomograms appear to be quite smooth. Further work is needed to effectively find the optimal smoothness criterion in applying the Tikhonov regularization in the nonlinear inversion algorithms for cross-hole radar tomography.&nbsp;</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/S0926-9851(01)00071-4","issn":"09269851","usgsCitation":"Zhou, C., Liu, L., and Lane, J., 2001, Nonlinear inversion of borehole-radar tomography data to reconstruct velocity and attenuation distribution in earth materials: Journal of Applied Geophysics, v. 47, no. 3-4, p. 271-284, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0926-9851(01)00071-4.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"271","endPage":"284","numberOfPages":"14","costCenters":[{"id":493,"text":"Office of Ground Water","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":232724,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"New Hampshire","city":"Thornton","otherGeospatial":"Mirror Lake","volume":"47","issue":"3-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a6785e4b0c8380cd73391","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Zhou, C.","contributorId":88466,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zhou","given":"C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":397241,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Liu, L.","contributorId":18481,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Liu","given":"L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":397239,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Lane, J.W. Jr.","contributorId":66723,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lane","given":"J.W.","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":397240,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70023318,"text":"70023318 - 2001 - Thermal thickness and evolution of Precambrian lithosphere: A global study","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-05-04T19:24:45.46671","indexId":"70023318","displayToPublicDate":"2001-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2314,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Thermal thickness and evolution of Precambrian lithosphere: A global study","docAbstract":"<div class=\"article-section__content en main\"><p>The thermal thickness of Precambrian lithosphere is modeled and compared with estimates from seismic tomography and xenolith data. We use the steady state thermal conductivity equation with the same geothermal constraints for all of the Precambrian cratons (except Antarctica) to calculate the temperature distribution in the stable continental lithosphere. The modeling is based on the global compilation of heat flow data by<span>&nbsp;</span><i>Pollack et al.</i><span>&nbsp;</span>[1993] and more recent data. The depth distribution of heat‐producing elements is estimated using regional models for ∼300 blocks with sizes varying from 1°×1° to about 5°×5° in latitude and longitude and is constrained by laboratory, seismic and petrologic data and, where applicable, empirical heat flow/heat production relationships. Maps of the lateral temperature distribution at depths 50, 100, and 150 km are presented for all continents except Antarctica. The thermal thickness of the lithosphere is calculated assuming a conductive layer overlying the mantle with an adiabat of 1300°C. The Archean and early Proterozoic lithosphere is found to have two typical thicknesses, 200–220 km and 300–350 km. In general, thin (∼220 km) roots are found for Archean and early Proterozoic cratons in the Southern Hemisphere (South Africa, Western Australia, South America, and India) and thicker (&gt;300 km) roots are found in the Northern Hemisphere (Baltic Shield, Siberian Platform, West Africa, and possibly the Canadian Shield). We find that the thickness of continental lithosphere generally decreases with age from &gt;200 km beneath Archean cratons to intermediate values of 200±50 km in early Proterozoic lithosphere, to about 140±50 km in middle and late Proterozoic cratons. Using known crustal thickness, our calculated geotherms, and assuming that isostatic balance is achieved at the base of the lithosphere, we find that Archean and early Proterozoic mantle lithosphere is 1.5% less dense (chemically depleted) than the underlying asthenosphere, while middle and late Proterozoic subcrustal lithosphere should be depleted by ∼0.6–0.7%. Our results suggest three contrasting stages of lithosphere formation at the following ages: &gt;2.5 Ga, 2.5–1.8 Ga, and &lt;1.8 Ga. Ages of komatiites, greenstone belts, and giant dike swarms broadly define similar stages and apparently reflect secular changes in mantle temperature and, possibly, convection patterns.</p></div>","largerWorkTitle":"","language":"English","publisher":"AGU","doi":"10.1029/2000JB900439","issn":"01480227","usgsCitation":"Artemieva, I., and Mooney, W.D., 2001, Thermal thickness and evolution of Precambrian lithosphere: A global study: Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth, v. 106, no. B8, p. 16387-16414, https://doi.org/10.1029/2000JB900439.","productDescription":"25 p.","startPage":"16387","endPage":"16414","numberOfPages":"28","costCenters":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":478895,"rank":1,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2000jb900439","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":232123,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"106","issue":"B8","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2001-08-10","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bb262e4b08c986b325786","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Artemieva, I.M.","contributorId":71728,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Artemieva","given":"I.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":397243,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Mooney, Walter D. 0000-0002-5310-3631 mooney@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5310-3631","contributorId":3194,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mooney","given":"Walter","email":"mooney@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":397244,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70023319,"text":"70023319 - 2001 - Paleoproterozoic basin development and sedimentation in the Lake Superior region, North America","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:00","indexId":"70023319","displayToPublicDate":"2001-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3368,"text":"Sedimentary Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Paleoproterozoic basin development and sedimentation in the Lake Superior region, North America","docAbstract":"The peneplaned Archean craton in the Lake Superior region was the platform upon which a continental margin assemblage was deposited. Extension resulted in localized rifts that received thicker accumulations of sediments and volcanic rocks than did adjacent parts of the platform. Seas transgressed onto the continent several times and an ocean basin opened south of the present-day Lake Superior. Island arcs that formed during subduction collided with the craton margin as the ocean basin closed; oceanic crust is poorly preserved as a dismembered ophiolite sequence. The arc volcanics are preserved as the Wisconsin magmatic terranes. The collision resulted in a fold-and-thrust belt known as the Penokean orogen. To the north of the fold-and-thrust belt, a northward-migrating foreland basin - the Animikie basin - developed. Thick turbidite successions were deposited along the basin axis, and terrigenous clastics and Lake Superior-type iron-formation were deposited on the shelf along the northern margin of the basin. The primary paleoclimatic indicators are: (1) glaciogenic rocks at the base of the Paleoproterozoic succession in Michigan indicating ice-house conditions; 2) remnants of a paleosol on the glaciogenic rocks indicative of deep weathering, probably under subtropical conditions and therefore of greenhouse conditions; and (3) carbonate minerals after gypsum, halite, and anhydrite in stromatolitic dolomite, indicative of aridity. Three second-order depositional sequences are bounded by major unconformities, and can be correlated throughout the Lake Superior region. ?? 2001 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Sedimentary Geology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/S0037-0738(01)00081-1","issn":"00370738","usgsCitation":"Ojakangas, R., Morey, G.B., and Southwick, D.L., 2001, Paleoproterozoic basin development and sedimentation in the Lake Superior region, North America: Sedimentary Geology, v. 141-142, p. 319-341, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0037-0738(01)00081-1.","startPage":"319","endPage":"341","numberOfPages":"23","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":207294,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0037-0738(01)00081-1"},{"id":232124,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"141-142","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a743fe4b0c8380cd7752c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ojakangas, R.W.","contributorId":8541,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ojakangas","given":"R.W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":397245,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Morey, G. B.","contributorId":14406,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Morey","given":"G.","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":397246,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Southwick, D. L.","contributorId":57130,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Southwick","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":397247,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70023320,"text":"70023320 - 2001 - Biodegradation of trichloroethylene and its anaerobic daughter products in freshwater wetland sediments","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-03-19T22:16:47","indexId":"70023320","displayToPublicDate":"2001-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1042,"text":"Bioremediation Journal","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Biodegradation of trichloroethylene and its anaerobic daughter products in freshwater wetland sediments","docAbstract":"Laboratory microcosms were prepared under methanogenic, sulfate-reducing, and aerobic conditions using sediment and groundwater from a freshwater wetland that is a discharge area for a trichloroethylene (TCE) to evaluate potential biodegradation rates of TCE and its anaerobic daughter products (cis-1,2-dichloroethylene, trans-1,2-dichloroethylene, and vinyl chloride (VC)). Anaerobic degradation of TCE was about an order of magnitude faster under methanogenic conditions than under sulfate-reducing conditions. Both 12DCE and VC were found under sulfate-reducing conditions in the microcosms containing the wetland sediment, but their production, especially for VC, was substantially slower than under methanogenic conditions. Methane concentrations remained approximately constant (when losses in the formalin-amended controls are considered) in the microcosms amended with TCE and increased in the microcosms amended with the 12DCE isomers and VC during the first 18-25 days of incubation. The most rapid decrease in concentrations of TCE, cis-12DCE, trans-12DCE, and VC was found after aerobic methane-oxidizing conditions were definitely established.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Bioremediation Journal","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Taylor and Francis","doi":"10.1080/20018891079221","issn":"10889868","usgsCitation":"Lorah, M., and Olsen, L., 2001, Biodegradation of trichloroethylene and its anaerobic daughter products in freshwater wetland sediments: Bioremediation Journal, v. 5, no. 2, p. 101-118, https://doi.org/10.1080/20018891079221.","startPage":"101","endPage":"118","numberOfPages":"18","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":232162,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":269730,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1080/20018891079221"}],"volume":"5","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f148e4b0c8380cd4ab64","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lorah, M.M.","contributorId":29002,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lorah","given":"M.M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":397248,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Olsen, L.D.","contributorId":97520,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Olsen","given":"L.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":397249,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70023322,"text":"70023322 - 2001 - Performance of stationary and portable passive transponder detection systems for monitoring of fish movements","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:00","indexId":"70023322","displayToPublicDate":"2001-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2285,"text":"Journal of Fish Biology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Performance of stationary and portable passive transponder detection systems for monitoring of fish movements","docAbstract":"A stationary system for long-range detection of PIT tags in fish was efficient under high water conditions in streams. A portable system was particularly effective for detecting habitat use by fish without recapture.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Fish Biology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1006/jfbi.2000.1540","issn":"00221112","usgsCitation":"Zydlewski, G., Haro, A., Whalen, K., and McCormick, S., 2001, Performance of stationary and portable passive transponder detection systems for monitoring of fish movements: Journal of Fish Biology, v. 58, no. 5, p. 1471-1475, https://doi.org/10.1006/jfbi.2000.1540.","startPage":"1471","endPage":"1475","numberOfPages":"5","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":207317,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1006/jfbi.2000.1540"},{"id":232164,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"58","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a768ee4b0c8380cd7819b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Zydlewski, G.B.","contributorId":78119,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zydlewski","given":"G.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":397257,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Haro, A.","contributorId":6792,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Haro","given":"A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":397255,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Whalen, K.G.","contributorId":88692,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Whalen","given":"K.G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":397258,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"McCormick, S. D. 0000-0003-0621-6200","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0621-6200","contributorId":20278,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McCormick","given":"S. D.","affiliations":[{"id":365,"text":"Leetown Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":397256,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70023323,"text":"70023323 - 2001 - Density, aggregation, and body size of northern pikeminnow preying on juvenile salmonids in a large river","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-04-21T16:31:45","indexId":"70023323","displayToPublicDate":"2001-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2285,"text":"Journal of Fish Biology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Density, aggregation, and body size of northern pikeminnow preying on juvenile salmonids in a large river","docAbstract":"<p>Predation by northern pikeminnow Ptychocheilus oregonensis on juvenile salmonids Oncorhynchus spp. occurred probably during brief feeding bouts since diets were either dominated by salmonids (&gt;80% by weight), or contained other prey types and few salmonids (&lt;5%). In samples where salmonids had been consumed, large rather than small predators were more likely to have captured salmonids. Transects with higher catch-per-unit of effort of predators also had higher incidences of salmonids in predator guts. Predators in two of three reservoir areas were distributed more contagiously if they had preyed recently on salmonids. Spatial and temporal patchiness of salmonid prey may be generating differences in local density, aggregation, and body size of their predators in this large river.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1006/jfbi.2000.1524","issn":"00221112","usgsCitation":"Petersen, J., 2001, Density, aggregation, and body size of northern pikeminnow preying on juvenile salmonids in a large river: Journal of Fish Biology, v. 58, no. 4, p. 1137-1148, https://doi.org/10.1006/jfbi.2000.1524.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"1137","endPage":"1148","numberOfPages":"12","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":654,"text":"Western Fisheries Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":232201,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":207336,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1006/jfbi.2000.1524"}],"volume":"58","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059feaae4b0c8380cd4ee65","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Petersen, J.H.","contributorId":72154,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Petersen","given":"J.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":397259,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70023579,"text":"70023579 - 2001 - Nitrogen release from rock and soil under simulated field conditions","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:11","indexId":"70023579","displayToPublicDate":"2001-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1213,"text":"Chemical Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Nitrogen release from rock and soil under simulated field conditions","docAbstract":"A laboratory study was performed to simulate field weathering and nitrogen release from bedrock in a setting where geologic nitrogen has been suspected to be a large local source of nitrate. Two rock types containing nitrogen, slate (1370 mg N kg-1) and greenstone (480 mg N kg-1), were used along with saprolite and BC horizon sand from soils derived from these rock types. The fresh rock and weathered material were used in batch reactors that were leached every 30 days over 6 months to simulate a single wet season. Nitrogen was released from rock and soil materials at rates between 10-20 and 10-19 mo1 N cm-2 s-1. Results from the laboratory dissolution experiments were compared to in situ soil solutions and available mineral nitrogen pools from the BC horizon of both soils. Concentrations of mineral nitrogen (NO3- + NH4+) in soil solutions reached the highest levels at the beginning of the rainy season and progressively decreased with increased leaching. This seasonal pattern was repeated for the available mineral nitrogen pool that was extracted using a KCl solution. Estimates based on these laboratory release rates bracket stream water NO3-N fluxes and changes in the available mineral nitrogen pool over the active leaching period. These results confirm that geologic nitrogen, when present, may be a large and reactive pool that may contribute as a non-point source of nitrate contamination to surface and ground waters. ?? 2001 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Chemical Geology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/S0009-2541(00)00290-4","issn":"00092541","usgsCitation":"Holloway, J., Dahlgren, R., and Casey, W., 2001, Nitrogen release from rock and soil under simulated field conditions: Chemical Geology, v. 174, no. 4, p. 403-414, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0009-2541(00)00290-4.","startPage":"403","endPage":"414","numberOfPages":"12","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":207498,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0009-2541(00)00290-4"},{"id":232495,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"174","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a66eee4b0c8380cd7309f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Holloway, J.M. 0000-0003-3603-7668","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3603-7668","contributorId":103041,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Holloway","given":"J.M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":398107,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Dahlgren, R.A.","contributorId":28409,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dahlgren","given":"R.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":398105,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Casey, W.H.","contributorId":73780,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Casey","given":"W.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":398106,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70023577,"text":"70023577 - 2001 - Observations of basin ground motions from a dense seismic array in San Jose, California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:11","indexId":"70023577","displayToPublicDate":"2001-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1135,"text":"Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America","onlineIssn":"1943-3573","printIssn":"0037-1106","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Observations of basin ground motions from a dense seismic array in San Jose, California","docAbstract":"We installed a dense array of 41 digital seismographs in San Jose, California, to evaluate in detail the effects of a deep sedimentary basin and shallow sedimentary deposits on earthquake ground motions. This urban array is located near the eastern edge of the Santa Clara Valley and spans the Evergreen sedimentary basin identified by gravity data. Average station spacing is 1 km, with three stations initially spaced 110 m apart. Despite the high-noise urban environment, the stations of the array successfully triggered on and recorded small local earthquakes (M 2.5-2.8 at 10-25 km distance) and larger regional events such as the M 5.0 Bolinas earthquake (90 km distance), M 4.6-5.6 earthquakes near Mammoth Lakes (270 km distance), M 4.9-5.6 events in western Nevada (420 km distance) and the M 7.1 Hector Mine earthquake (590 km distance). Maps of spectral ratios across the array show that the highest amplitudes in all frequency bands studied (0.125-8 Hz) are generally observed at stations farther from the eastern edge of the Santa Clara Valley. Larger spectral amplitudes are often observed above the western edge of the Evergreen Basin. Snapshots of the recorded wavefield crossing the array for regional events to the east reveal that large, low-frequency (0.125-0.5 Hz) arrivals after the S-wave travel from south to north across the array. A moving-window, cross-correlation analysis finds that these later arrivals are surface waves traveling from the south. The timing and propagation direction of these arrivals indicates that they were likely produced by scattering of incident S waves at the border of the Santa Clara Valley to the south of the array. It is remarkable that the largest low-frequency phases at many of the valley sites for regional events to the east are basin surface waves coming from a direction about 70 degrees different from that of the epicenters. Basin surface waves emanating from the eastern edge of the valley are also identified by the cross-correlation analysis.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1785/0120000071","issn":"00371106","usgsCitation":"Frankel, A., Carver, D., Cranswick, E., Bice, T., Sell, R., and Hanson, S., 2001, Observations of basin ground motions from a dense seismic array in San Jose, California: Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, v. 91, no. 1, p. 1-12, https://doi.org/10.1785/0120000071.","startPage":"1","endPage":"12","numberOfPages":"12","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":207472,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1785/0120000071"},{"id":232453,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"91","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a6a85e4b0c8380cd741f1","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Frankel, A. 0000-0001-9119-6106","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9119-6106","contributorId":41593,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Frankel","given":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":398099,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Carver, D.","contributorId":22792,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Carver","given":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":398095,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Cranswick, E.","contributorId":85948,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cranswick","given":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":398100,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Bice, T.","contributorId":37398,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bice","given":"T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":398098,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Sell, R.","contributorId":32754,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sell","given":"R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":398096,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Hanson, S.","contributorId":35781,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hanson","given":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":398097,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}}
,{"id":70023551,"text":"70023551 - 2001 - Equilibration times, compound selectivity, and stability of diffusion samplers for collection of ground-water VOC concentrations","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:11","indexId":"70023551","displayToPublicDate":"2001-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":654,"text":"Advances in Environmental Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Equilibration times, compound selectivity, and stability of diffusion samplers for collection of ground-water VOC concentrations","docAbstract":"Vapor-filled polyethylene diffusion samplers (typically used to locate discharge zones of volatile organic compound contaminated ground water beneath streams and lakes) and water-filled polyethylene diffusion bag samplers (typically used to obtain volatile organic compound concentrations in ground-water at wells) were tested to determine compound selectivity, equilibration times, and sample stability. The aqueous concentrations of several volatile organic compounds obtained from within water-filled diffusion samplers closely matched concentrations in ambient water outside the samplers. An exception was methyl-tert-butyl ether, which was detectable, but not reliably quantifiable using the diffusion samplers. The samplers equilibrated to a variety of volatile organic compounds within 24 h for vapor-filled passive diffusion vial samplers and within 48 h for water-filled passive diffusion bag samplers. Under field conditions, however, a longer equilibration time may be required to account for environmental disturbances caused by sampler deployment. An equilibrium period for both vapor- and water-filled diffusion samplers of approximately 2 weeks probably is adequate for most investigations in sandy formations. Longer times may be required for diffusion-sampler equilibration in poorly permeable sediment. The vapor-filled samplers should be capped and water from the diffusion bag samplers should be transferred to sampling vials immediately upon recovery to avoid volatilization losses of the gasses. ?? 2001 Elsevier Science Ltd.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Advances in Environmental Research","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/S1093-0191(00)00036-8","issn":"10930191","usgsCitation":"Vroblesky, D., and Campbell, T., 2001, Equilibration times, compound selectivity, and stability of diffusion samplers for collection of ground-water VOC concentrations: Advances in Environmental Research, v. 5, no. 1, p. 1-12, https://doi.org/10.1016/S1093-0191(00)00036-8.","startPage":"1","endPage":"12","numberOfPages":"12","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":207585,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S1093-0191(00)00036-8"},{"id":232654,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"5","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0a27e4b0c8380cd52209","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Vroblesky, D.A.","contributorId":101691,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Vroblesky","given":"D.A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":398009,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Campbell, T.R.","contributorId":99594,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Campbell","given":"T.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":398008,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70023546,"text":"70023546 - 2001 - A comparison of solute-transport solution techniques and their effect on sensitivity analysis and inverse modeling results","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-10-17T15:21:48.913436","indexId":"70023546","displayToPublicDate":"2001-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1861,"text":"Ground Water","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A comparison of solute-transport solution techniques and their effect on sensitivity analysis and inverse modeling results","docAbstract":"Five common numerical techniques for solving the advection-dispersion equation (finite difference, predictor corrector, total variation diminishing, method of characteristics, and modified method of characteristics) were tested using simulations of a controlled conservative tracer-test experiment through a heterogeneous, two-dimensional sand tank. The experimental facility was constructed using discrete, randomly distributed, homogeneous blocks of five sand types. This experimental model provides an opportunity to compare the solution techniques: the heterogeneous hydraulic-conductivity distribution of known structure can be accurately represented by a numerical model, and detailed measurements can be compared with simulated concentrations and total flow through the tank. The present work uses this opportunity to investigate how three common types of results - simulated breakthrough curves, sensitivity analysis, and calibrated parameter values - change in this heterogeneous situation given the different methods of simulating solute transport. The breakthrough curves show that simulated peak concentrations, even at very fine grid spacings, varied between the techniques because of different amounts of numerical dispersion. Sensitivity-analysis results revealed: (1) a high correlation between hydraulic conductivity and porosity given the concentration and flow observations used, so that both could not be estimated; and (2) that the breakthrough curve data did not provide enough information to estimate individual values of dispersivity for the five sands. This study demonstrates that the choice of assigned dispersivity and the amount of numerical dispersion present in the solution technique influence estimated hydraulic conductivity values to a surprising degree.","language":"English","publisher":"National Groundwater Association","doi":"10.1111/j.1745-6584.2001.tb02312.x","issn":"0017467X","usgsCitation":"Mehl, S., and Hill, M.C., 2001, A comparison of solute-transport solution techniques and their effect on sensitivity analysis and inverse modeling results: Ground Water, v. 39, no. 2, p. 300-307, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6584.2001.tb02312.x.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"300","endPage":"307","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":232534,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"39","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2005-12-13","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e375e4b0c8380cd46033","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Mehl, S.","contributorId":20114,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mehl","given":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":397991,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hill, M. C.","contributorId":48993,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hill","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":397992,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70023554,"text":"70023554 - 2001 - Methyl tert-butyl ether biodegradation by indigenous aquifer microorganisms under natural and artificial oxic conditions","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-12-03T08:38:44","indexId":"70023554","displayToPublicDate":"2001-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1565,"text":"Environmental Science & Technology","onlineIssn":"1520-5851","printIssn":"0013-936X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Methyl tert-butyl ether biodegradation by indigenous aquifer microorganisms under natural and artificial oxic conditions","docAbstract":"<div class=\"hlFld-Abstract\"><div id=\"abstractBox\"><p class=\"articleBody_abstractText\">Microbial communities indigenous to a shallow groundwater system near Beaufort, SC, degraded milligram per liter concentrations of methyl<span>&nbsp;</span><i>tert</i>-butyl ether (MTBE) under natural and artificial oxic conditions. Significant MTBE biodegradation was observed where anoxic, MTBE-contaminated groundwater discharged to a concrete-lined ditch. In the anoxic groundwater adjacent to the ditch, concentrations of MTBE were &gt;1 mg/L. Where groundwater discharge occurs, dissolved oxygen (DO) concentrations beneath the ditch exceeded 1.0 mg/L to a depth of 1.5 m, and MTBE concentrations decreased to &lt;1 μg/L prior to discharge. MTBE mass flux calculations indicate that 96% of MTBE mass loss occurs in the relatively small oxic zone prior to discharge. Samples of a natural microbial biofilm present in the oxic zone beneath the ditch completely degraded [U-<sup>14</sup>C]MTBE to [<sup>14</sup>C]CO<sub>2</sub><span>&nbsp;</span>in laboratory liquid culture studies, with no accumulation of intermediate compounds. Upgradient of the ditch in the anoxic, MTBE- and BTEX-contaminated aquifer, addition of a soluble oxygen release compound resulted in oxic conditions and rapid MTBE biodegradation by indigenous microorganisms. In an observation well located closest to the oxygen addition area, DO concentrations increased from 0.4 to 12 mg/L in &lt;60 days and MTBE concentrations decreased from 20 to 3 mg/L. In the same time period at a downgradient observation well, DO increased from &lt;0.2 to 2 mg/L and MTBE concentrations decreased from 30 to &lt;5 mg/L. These results indicate that microorganisms indigenous to the groundwater system at this site can degrade milligram per liter concentrations of MTBE under natural and artificial oxic conditions.</p></div></div>","language":"English","publisher":"ACS","doi":"10.1021/es0013879","issn":"0013936X","usgsCitation":"Landmeyer, J., Chapelle, F.H., Herlong, H., and Bradley, P., 2001, Methyl tert-butyl ether biodegradation by indigenous aquifer microorganisms under natural and artificial oxic conditions: Environmental Science & Technology, v. 35, no. 6, p. 1118-1126, https://doi.org/10.1021/es0013879.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"1118","endPage":"1126","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":232696,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":207605,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es0013879"}],"volume":"35","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2001-02-10","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a5616e4b0c8380cd6d345","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Landmeyer, J. E.","contributorId":91140,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Landmeyer","given":"J. E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":398025,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Chapelle, F. H.","contributorId":101697,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chapelle","given":"F.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":398026,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Herlong, H.H.","contributorId":106391,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Herlong","given":"H.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":398027,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Bradley, P. M. 0000-0001-7522-8606","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7522-8606","contributorId":29465,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bradley","given":"P. M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":398024,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70023324,"text":"70023324 - 2001 - A look inside 'black box' hydrograph separation models: A study at the hydrohill catchment","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:59","indexId":"70023324","displayToPublicDate":"2001-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1924,"text":"Hydrological Processes","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A look inside 'black box' hydrograph separation models: A study at the hydrohill catchment","docAbstract":"Runoff sources and dominant flowpaths are still poorly understood in most catchments; consequently, most hydrograph separations are essentially 'black box' models where only external information is used. The well-instrumented 490 m2 Hydrohill artificial grassland catchment located near Nanjing (China) was used to examine internal catchment processes. Since groundwater levels never reach the soil surface at this site, two physically distinct flowpaths can unambiguously be defined: surface and subsurface runoff. This study combines hydrometric, isotopic and geochemical approaches to investigating the relations between the chloride, silica, and oxygen isotopic compositions of subsurface waters and rainfall. During a 120 mm storm over a 24 h period in 1989, 55% of event water input infiltrated and added to soil water storage; the remainder ran off as infiltration-excess overland flow. Only about 3-5% of the pre-event water was displaced out of the catchment by in-storm rainfall. About 80% of the total flow was quickflow, and 10% of the total flow was pre-event water, mostly derived from saturated flow from deeper soils. Rain water with high ??18O values from the beginning of the storm appeared to be preferentially stored in shallow soils. Groundwater at the end of the storm shows a wide range of isotopic and chemical compositions, primarily reflecting the heterogeneous distribution of the new and mixed pore waters. High chloride and silica concentrations in quickflow runoff derived from event water indicate that these species are not suitable conservative tracers of either water sources or flowpaths in this catchment. Determining the proportion of event water alone does not constrain the possible hydrologic mechanisms sufficiently to distinguish subsurface and surface flowpaths uniquely, even in this highly controlled artificial catchment. We reconcile these findings with a perceptual model of stormflow sources and flowpaths that explicitly accounts for water, isotopic, and chemical mass balance. Copyright ?? 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Hydrological Processes","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1002/hyp.245","issn":"08856087","usgsCitation":"Kendall, C., McDonnell, J.J., and Gu, W., 2001, A look inside 'black box' hydrograph separation models: A study at the hydrohill catchment: Hydrological Processes, v. 15, no. 10, p. 1877-1902, https://doi.org/10.1002/hyp.245.","startPage":"1877","endPage":"1902","numberOfPages":"26","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":207337,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1002/hyp.245"},{"id":232202,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"15","issue":"10","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2001-07-11","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e441e4b0c8380cd46520","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kendall, C. 0000-0002-0247-3405","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0247-3405","contributorId":35050,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kendall","given":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":397261,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"McDonnell, Jeffery J. 0000-0002-3880-3162","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3880-3162","contributorId":62723,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"McDonnell","given":"Jeffery","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":397262,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Gu, W.","contributorId":6629,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gu","given":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":397260,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
]}