Quantifying incubation patterns has often involved long observation periods in the field, video cameras, or the use of other electronic devices that sometimes require the partial destruction of clutches and insertion of artificial eggs. In this study, we used an inexpensive, nondestructive method involving temperature probes combined with data loggers to examine the incubation rhythm of female Black-throated Blue Warblers (Dendroica caerulescens). The method provided detailed records of on–off patterns for females for selected 24-h periods during incubation. Female warblers spent an average (±SE) of 64.0% of daylight hours incubating in bouts lasting 20.5 ± 1.5 min and made 2.4 ± 0.1 departures from the nest/h on trips that lasted 10.6 ± 0.7 min. Incubation bouts were longer and females spent more time incubating per hour in the mornings and late afternoons than at mid-day. Older females had longer incubation bouts and tended to have shorter incubation periods than did yearling females, suggesting that experienced individuals were more effective incubators. Because of its ease of use and because nests with probes were not depredated at a higher rate than controls, we suggest that the temperature probe/data logger method is an efficient and effective way to quantify incubation rhythms for open-cup nesting birds.
","language":"French, English","publisher":"Association of Field Ornithologists","doi":"10.1648/0273-8570-72.3.369","issn":"02738570","usgsCitation":"Joyce, E.M., Sillett, T., and Holmes, R.T., 2001, An inexpensive method for quantifying incubation patterns of open-cup nesting birds, with data for black-throated Blue warblers: Journal of Field Ornithology, v. 72, no. 3, p. 369-379, https://doi.org/10.1648/0273-8570-72.3.369.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"369","endPage":"379","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":232355,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"72","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059ea7be4b0c8380cd488b8","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Joyce, Elizabeth M.","contributorId":76094,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Joyce","given":"Elizabeth","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":397169,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Sillett, T. Scott","contributorId":80788,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Sillett","given":"T. Scott","affiliations":[{"id":7035,"text":"Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute, National Zoological Park","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":397170,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Holmes, Richard T.","contributorId":45269,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Holmes","given":"Richard","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":397168,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70023554,"text":"70023554 - 2001 - Methyl tert-butyl ether biodegradation by indigenous aquifer microorganisms under natural and artificial oxic conditions","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-12-03T08:38:44","indexId":"70023554","displayToPublicDate":"2001-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1565,"text":"Environmental Science & Technology","onlineIssn":"1520-5851","printIssn":"0013-936X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Methyl tert-butyl ether biodegradation by indigenous aquifer microorganisms under natural and artificial oxic conditions","docAbstract":"Microbial communities indigenous to a shallow groundwater system near Beaufort, SC, degraded milligram per liter concentrations of methyl tert-butyl ether (MTBE) under natural and artificial oxic conditions. Significant MTBE biodegradation was observed where anoxic, MTBE-contaminated groundwater discharged to a concrete-lined ditch. In the anoxic groundwater adjacent to the ditch, concentrations of MTBE were >1 mg/L. Where groundwater discharge occurs, dissolved oxygen (DO) concentrations beneath the ditch exceeded 1.0 mg/L to a depth of 1.5 m, and MTBE concentrations decreased to <1 μg/L prior to discharge. MTBE mass flux calculations indicate that 96% of MTBE mass loss occurs in the relatively small oxic zone prior to discharge. Samples of a natural microbial biofilm present in the oxic zone beneath the ditch completely degraded [U-14C]MTBE to [14C]CO2 in laboratory liquid culture studies, with no accumulation of intermediate compounds. Upgradient of the ditch in the anoxic, MTBE- and BTEX-contaminated aquifer, addition of a soluble oxygen release compound resulted in oxic conditions and rapid MTBE biodegradation by indigenous microorganisms. In an observation well located closest to the oxygen addition area, DO concentrations increased from 0.4 to 12 mg/L in <60 days and MTBE concentrations decreased from 20 to 3 mg/L. In the same time period at a downgradient observation well, DO increased from <0.2 to 2 mg/L and MTBE concentrations decreased from 30 to <5 mg/L. These results indicate that microorganisms indigenous to the groundwater system at this site can degrade milligram per liter concentrations of MTBE under natural and artificial oxic conditions.
Field and laboratory studies reveal that the mineral ferrihydrite, formed as a result of abiotic oxidation of aqueous ferrous to ferric Fe, contains Fe that is isotopically heavy relative to coexisting aqueous Fe. Because the electron transfer step of the oxidation process at pH >5 is essentially irreversible and should favor the lighter Fe isotopes in the ferric iron product, this result suggests that relatively heavy Fe isotopes are preferentially partitioned into the readily oxidized Fe(II)(OH)x(aq) species or their transition complexes prior to oxidation. The apparent Fe isotope fractionation factor, αferrihydrite- water, depends primarily on the relative abundances of the Fe(II)(aq)species. This study demonstrates that abiotic processes can fractionate the Fe isotopes to the same extent as biotic processes, and thus Fe isotopes on their own do not provide an effective biosignature.
","language":"English","publisher":"GSW","doi":"10.1130/0091-7613(2001)029<0699:DOSAII>2.0.CO;2","issn":"00917613","usgsCitation":"Bullen, T., White, A.F., Childs, C., Vivit, D., and Schultz, M., 2001, Demonstration of significant abiotic iron isotope fractionation in nature: Geology, v. 29, no. 8, p. 699-702, https://doi.org/10.1130/0091-7613(2001)029<0699:DOSAII>2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"699","endPage":"702","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":232667,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"29","issue":"8","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059fe91e4b0c8380cd4edcd","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bullen, T.D.","contributorId":79911,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bullen","given":"T.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":398670,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"White, A. F.","contributorId":36546,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"White","given":"A.","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":398668,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Childs, C.W.","contributorId":82891,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Childs","given":"C.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":398671,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Vivit, D.V.","contributorId":28609,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Vivit","given":"D.V.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":398667,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Schultz, M.S.","contributorId":66023,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schultz","given":"M.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":398669,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":1000861,"text":"1000861 - 2001 - Biological structure and dynamics of littoral fish assemblages in the eastern Finger Lakes","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-05-04T11:58:17","indexId":"1000861","displayToPublicDate":"2001-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":865,"text":"Aquatic Ecosystem Health & Management","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Biological structure and dynamics of littoral fish assemblages in the eastern Finger Lakes","docAbstract":"Fish assemblages from three of the New York Finger Lakes were examined for structure within and between lakes and over time. Species-area relationships indicated that local fish assemblages are the result of recent, lake-specific events that altered the regional species pool. Fish assemblages varied among seasons and those occupying eutrophic waters had different characteristics from those in oligotrophic waters. Bluntnose minnows (Pimephales notatus) were a persistent and important component of most assemblages, but abundance of bluegill (Lepomis macrochirus) was the most distinguishing feature. Species associations indicated that interactions among the fishes had little influence on assemblage structure. Correlations between community structure and abiotic factors were identified. Ten abiotic variables were strongly associated with the species assemblages, but could not fully explain differences between assemblages. Results indicate that the abundance and diversity of water column feeders was related to productivity of lake habitat. In general, fish populations were smaller in oligotrophic waters and water column feeders were poorly represented in those assemblages. Productivity at various trophic levels was implicated as a major factor determining lake fish assemblage structure.
","language":"English","publisher":"Taylor & Francis","doi":"10.1080/146349801753569306","usgsCitation":"McKenna, J., 2001, Biological structure and dynamics of littoral fish assemblages in the eastern Finger Lakes: Aquatic Ecosystem Health & Management, v. 4, no. 1, p. 91-114, https://doi.org/10.1080/146349801753569306.","productDescription":"24 p.","startPage":"91","endPage":"114","costCenters":[{"id":324,"text":"Great Lakes Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":134064,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"New York","otherGeospatial":"Finger Lakes","volume":"4","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a48e4b07f02db6234ee","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"McKenna, James E. Jr.","contributorId":56992,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McKenna","given":"James E.","suffix":"Jr.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":309640,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70024035,"text":"70024035 - 2001 - Experimental observations of pressure oscillations and flow regimes in an analogue volcanic system","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-11-17T18:23:02.915833","indexId":"70024035","displayToPublicDate":"2001-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2314,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Experimental observations of pressure oscillations and flow regimes in an analogue volcanic system","docAbstract":"Gas-liquid flows, designed to be analogous to those in volcanic conduits, are generated in the laboratory using organic gas-gum rosin mixtures expanding in a vertically mounted tube. The expanding fluid shows a range of both flow and pressure oscillation behaviors. Weakly supersaturated source liquids produce a low Reynolds number flow with foam expanding from the top surface of a liquid that exhibits zero fluid velocity at the tube wall; i.e., the conventional \"no-slip\" boundary condition. Pressure oscillations, often with strong long-period characteristics and consistent with longitudinal and radial resonant oscillation modes, are detected in these fluids. Strongly supersaturated source liquids generate more energetic flows that display a number of flow regimes. These regimes include a static liquid source, viscous flow, detached flow (comprising gas-pockets-at-wall and foam-in-gas annular flow, therefore demonstrating strong radial heterogeneity), and a fully turbulent transonic fragmented or mist flow. Each of these flow regimes displays characteristic pressure oscillations that can be related to resonance of flow features or wall impact phenomena. The pressure oscillations are produced by the degassing processes without the need of elastic coupling to the confining medium or flow restrictors and valvelike features. The oscillatory behavior of the experimental flows is compared to seismoacoustic data from a range of volcanoes where resonant oscillation of the fluid within the conduit is also often invoked as controlling the observed oscillation frequencies. On the basis of the experimental data we postulate on the nature of seismic signals that may be measured during large-scale explosive activity.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/2000JB900376","issn":"01480227","usgsCitation":"Lane, S., Chouet, B., Phillips, J., Dawson, P., Ryan, G., and Hurst, E., 2001, Experimental observations of pressure oscillations and flow regimes in an analogue volcanic system: Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth, v. 106, no. B4, p. 6461-6476, https://doi.org/10.1029/2000JB900376.","productDescription":"16 p.","startPage":"6461","endPage":"6476","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":478866,"rank":1,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2000jb900376","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":232097,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"106","issue":"B4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2001-04-10","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0dd9e4b0c8380cd53212","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lane, S.J.","contributorId":28771,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lane","given":"S.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":399752,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Chouet, B. A.","contributorId":31813,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chouet","given":"B. A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":399753,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Phillips, J.C.","contributorId":69329,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Phillips","given":"J.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":399756,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Dawson, P. 0000-0003-4065-0588","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4065-0588","contributorId":49529,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dawson","given":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":399755,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Ryan, G.A.","contributorId":82089,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ryan","given":"G.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":399757,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Hurst, E.","contributorId":36711,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hurst","given":"E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":399754,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":1000859,"text":"1000859 - 2001 - Caddisflies (Insecta: Trichoptera) of fringing wetlands of the Laurentian Great Lakes","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-10-17T17:01:09.239088","indexId":"1000859","displayToPublicDate":"2001-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2097,"text":"Internationale Vereinigung fur Theoretische und Angewandte Limnologie Verhandlungen","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Caddisflies (Insecta: Trichoptera) of fringing wetlands of the Laurentian Great Lakes","docAbstract":"Fringing wetlands of the Laurentian Great Lakes are subject to natural processes, such as water-level fluctuation and wave-induced erosion, and to human alterations. In order to evaluate the quality of these wetlands over space and time, biological communities are often examined. This paper reports on the use of adult caddisflies to evaluate fringing wetlands of Lake Huron, Lake Michigan, and Lake Superior.","language":"English","publisher":"Schweizerbart Science Publishers","publisherLocation":"Stuttgart, Germany","doi":"10.1080/03680770.1998.11902462","usgsCitation":"Armitage, B.J., Hudson, P.L., and Wilcox, D.A., 2001, Caddisflies (Insecta: Trichoptera) of fringing wetlands of the Laurentian Great Lakes: Internationale Vereinigung fur Theoretische und Angewandte Limnologie Verhandlungen, v. 27, no. 6, p. 3420-3424, https://doi.org/10.1080/03680770.1998.11902462.","productDescription":"5 p.","startPage":"3420","endPage":"3424","costCenters":[{"id":324,"text":"Great Lakes Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":478989,"rank":1,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1080/03680770.1998.11902462","text":"External 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channels to determine streamflow frequency and duration","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2026-02-12T16:20:25.070282","indexId":"70023602","displayToPublicDate":"2001-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3722,"text":"Water Resources Research","onlineIssn":"1944-7973","printIssn":"0043-1397","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Analysis of streambed temperatures in ephemeral channels to determine streamflow frequency and duration","docAbstract":"Spatial and temporal patterns in streamflow are rarely monitored for ephemeral streams. Flashy, erosive streamflows common in ephemeral channels create a series of operational and maintenance problems, which makes it impractical to deploy a series of gaging stations along ephemeral channels. Streambed temperature is a robust and inexpensive parameter to monitor remotely, leading to the possibility of analyzing temperature patterns to estimate streamflow frequency and duration along ephemeral channels. A simulation model was utilized to examine various atmospheric and hydrological upper boundary conditions compared with a series of hypothetical temperature‐monitoring depths within the streambed. Simulation results indicate that streamflow events were distinguished from changing atmospheric conditions with greater certainty using temperatures at shallow depths (e.g., 10–20 cm) as opposed to the streambed surface. Three ephemeral streams in the American Southwest were instrumented to monitor streambed temperature for determining the accuracy of using this approach to ascertain the long‐term temporal and spatial extent of streamflow along each stream channel. Streambed temperature data were collected at the surface or at shallow depth along each stream channel, using thermistors encased in waterproof, single‐channel data loggers tethered to anchors in the channel. On the basis of comparisons with site information, such as direct field observations and upstream flow records, diurnal temperature variations successfully detected the presence and duration of streamflow for all sites.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/2000WR900271","usgsCitation":"Constantz, J., Stonestrom, D.A., Stewart, A.E., Niswonger, R., and Smith, T.R., 2001, Analysis of streambed temperatures in ephemeral channels to determine streamflow frequency and duration: Water Resources Research, v. 37, no. 2, p. 317-328, https://doi.org/10.1029/2000WR900271.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"317","endPage":"328","costCenters":[{"id":465,"text":"Nevada Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":487471,"rank":2,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2000wr900271","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":232223,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"37","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059eb34e4b0c8380cd48ca7","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Constantz, James E. 0000-0002-4062-2096 jconstan@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4062-2096","contributorId":1962,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Constantz","given":"James E.","email":"jconstan@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":398178,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Stonestrom, David A. 0000-0001-7883-3385 dastones@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7883-3385","contributorId":2280,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stonestrom","given":"David","email":"dastones@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":398181,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Stewart, Amy E.","contributorId":22812,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stewart","given":"Amy","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":398179,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Niswonger, Richard G. rniswon@usgs.gov","contributorId":146549,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Niswonger","given":"Richard G.","email":"rniswon@usgs.gov","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":398177,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Smith, Tyson R.","contributorId":81959,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Smith","given":"Tyson","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":398180,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":44907,"text":"wri014045 - 2001 - Analysis of ambient conditions and simulation of hydrodynamics, constituent transport, and water-quality characteristics in Lake Maumelle, Arkansas, 1991-92","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-07-07T19:21:49.283202","indexId":"wri014045","displayToPublicDate":"2001-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2001-4045","title":"Analysis of ambient conditions and simulation of hydrodynamics, constituent transport, and water-quality characteristics in Lake Maumelle, Arkansas, 1991-92","docAbstract":"Lake Maumelle is the major drinking-water source for the Little Rock metropolitan area in central Arkansas. Urban and agricultural development has increased in the Lake Maumelle Basin and information is needed related to constituent transport and water quality response to changes in constituent loading or hydrologic regime. This report characterizes ambient conditions in Lake Maumelle and its major tributary, Maumelle River; describes the calibration and verification of a numerical model of hydrodynamics and water quality; and provides several simulations that describe constituent transport and water quality response to changes in constituent loading and hydrologic regime.
Ambient hydrologic and water-quality conditions demonstrate the relatively undisturbed nature of Lake Maumelle and the Maumelle River. Nitrogen and phosphorus concentrations were low, one to two orders of magnitude lower than estimates of national background nutrient concentrations. Phosphorus and chlorophyll a concentrations in Lake Maumelle demonstrate its oligotrophic/mesotrophic condition. However, concentrations of chlorophyll a appeared to increase since 1990 within the upper and middle reaches of the reservoir.
A two-dimensional, laterally averaged hydrodynamic and water-quality model developed and calibrated for Lake Maumelle simulates water level, currents, heat transport and temperature distribution, conservative material transport, and the transport and transformation of 11 chemical constituents. Simulations included the movement and dispersion of spills or releases in the reservoir during stratified and unstratified conditions, release of the fish nursery pond off the southern shore of Lake Maumelle, and algal responses to changes in external loading.
The model was calibrated using 1991 data and verified using 1992 data. Simulated temperature and dissolved oxygen concentrations related well when compared to measured values. Simulated nutrient and algal biomass also related reasonably well when compared to measured values. A simulated spill of conservative material at the upper end of Lake Maumelle during a major storm event took less than 102 hours to disperse the entire length of the reservoir. Simulation of a nursery pond release into a tributary to Lake Maumelle demonstrated how the released water plunges within the receiving embayment and enters the main stem of the reservoir at mid depths. Simulations of algal response to increases of nitrogen and phosphorus loads demonstrate the phosphorus limiting condition in Lake Maumelle.
Results from this study will provide water-resource management with information to better understand how changes in hydrology and water quality in the basin affects water quality in the reservoir. With this information, managers will be able to more effectively manage their drinking-water source supply.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri014045","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Little Rock Municipal Water Works","usgsCitation":"Green, W.R., 2001, Analysis of ambient conditions and simulation of hydrodynamics, constituent transport, and water-quality characteristics in Lake Maumelle, Arkansas, 1991-92: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 2001-4045, vi, 60 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri014045.","productDescription":"vi, 60 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":403213,"rank":3,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/2001/4045/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":400775,"rank":2,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_42702.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":161916,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/2001/4045/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Arkansas","otherGeospatial":"Lake Maumelle","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -92.67860412597655,\n 34.83691357851903\n ],\n [\n -92.47604370117186,\n 34.83691357851903\n ],\n [\n -92.47604370117186,\n 34.920282010051096\n ],\n [\n -92.67860412597655,\n 34.920282010051096\n ],\n [\n -92.67860412597655,\n 34.83691357851903\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ad0e4b07f02db680a53","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Green, W. Reed","contributorId":87886,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Green","given":"W.","email":"","middleInitial":"Reed","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":230659,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":1000836,"text":"1000836 - 2001 - Delineation of sympatric morphotypes of lake trout in Lake Superior","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-05-23T11:40:09","indexId":"1000836","displayToPublicDate":"2001-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3624,"text":"Transactions of the American Fisheries Society","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Delineation of sympatric morphotypes of lake trout in Lake Superior","docAbstract":"Three morphotypes of lake trout Salvelinus namaycush are recognized in Lake Superior: lean, siscowet, and humper. Absolute morphotype assignment can be difficult. We used a size-free, whole-body morphometric analysis (truss protocol) to determine whether differences in body shape existed among lake trout morphotypes. Our results showed discrimination where traditional morphometric characters and meristic measurements failed to detect differences. Principal components analysis revealed some separation of all three morphotypes based on head and caudal peduncle shape, but it also indicated considerable overlap in score values. Humper lake trout have smaller caudal peduncle widths to head length and depth characters than do lean or siscowet lake trout. Lean lake trout had larger head measures to caudal widths, whereas siscowet had higher caudal peduncle to head measures. Backward stepwise discriminant function analysis retained two head measures, three midbody measures, and four caudal peduncle measures; correct classification rates when using these variables were 83% for leans, 80% for siscowets, and 83% for humpers, which suggests the measures we used for initial classification were consistent. Although clear ecological reasons for these differences are not readily apparent, patterns in misclassification rates may be consistent with evolutionary hypotheses for lake trout within the Laurentian Great Lakes.
","language":"English","publisher":"Taylor & Francis","doi":"10.1577/1548-8659(2001)130<1233:DOSMOL>2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Moore, S.A., and Bronte, C.R., 2001, Delineation of sympatric morphotypes of lake trout in Lake Superior: Transactions of the American Fisheries Society, v. 130, no. 6, p. 1233-1240, https://doi.org/10.1577/1548-8659(2001)130<1233:DOSMOL>2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"1233","endPage":"1240","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":324,"text":"Great Lakes Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":133460,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"130","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4abae4b07f02db671cce","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Moore, Seth A.","contributorId":32490,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Moore","given":"Seth","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":309557,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bronte, Charles R.","contributorId":83050,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bronte","given":"Charles","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":309558,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":1000835,"text":"1000835 - 2001 - Burrowing mayflies (Hexagenia) as indicators of ecosystem health","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-05-04T11:57:05","indexId":"1000835","displayToPublicDate":"2001-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":865,"text":"Aquatic Ecosystem Health & Management","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Burrowing mayflies (Hexagenia) as indicators of ecosystem health","docAbstract":"Three State of the Lakes Ecosystem Conferences have been held since 1996 to encourage the development of Great Lakes indicators of ecosystem health for use in reporting on progress in restoring and maintaining the chemical, physical and biological integrity of the Great Lakes ecosystem. Here we report on the development of an indicator based on burrowing mayflies , Hexagenia (Ephemeroptera: Ephemeridae), using production and biomass as the indicator metrics. Burrowing mayflies were selected because they (1) were historically abundant in unpolluted, soft-bottomed mesotrophic habitats throughout the Great Lakes, (2) are intolerant of and were extirpated by pollution in most of those habitats during the 1940s to1950s, (3) have shown the ability to recover in one of those habitats following pollution abatement, (4) are ecologically important as bioturbators of lakebed sediments and as trophic integrators that link detrital energy resources directly to fishes that feed preferentially on them, and (5) have highly visible mating flights, which carry the message directly to an informed public that the source water body is healthy. In addition, their annual production can be estimated from their mean annual biomass by the sizefrequency method. Productivity and biomass can also could be estimated with a 'cohort-direct' method, using the biomass of mature nymphs collected in May or early June from the cohort that is about to emerge as subimagos in late June or early July. Although both the size-frequency and cohort-direct methods provide reliable estimates of productivity and biomass, the latter method greatly reduces sample collection and processing effort and thus makes it feasible to use Hexagenia as an indicator of ecosystem health in surveys requiring the collection of large numbers of samples.
","language":"English","publisher":"Taylor & Francis","doi":"10.1080/146349801753509186","usgsCitation":"Edsall, T.A., 2001, Burrowing mayflies (Hexagenia) as indicators of ecosystem health: Aquatic Ecosystem Health & Management, v. 4, no. 3, p. 283-292, https://doi.org/10.1080/146349801753509186.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"283","endPage":"292","costCenters":[{"id":324,"text":"Great Lakes Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":133400,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"4","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a07e4b07f02db5f991b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Edsall, Thomas A.","contributorId":84302,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Edsall","given":"Thomas","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":324,"text":"Great Lakes Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":309556,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":1003010,"text":"1003010 - 2001 - Organochlorine contaminants and biomarker response in double-crested cormorants nesting in Green Bay and Lake Michigan, Wisconsin, USA","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-01-11T15:43:04","indexId":"1003010","displayToPublicDate":"2001-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":887,"text":"Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Organochlorine contaminants and biomarker response in double-crested cormorants nesting in Green Bay and Lake Michigan, Wisconsin, USA","docAbstract":"Double-crested cormorant (Phalacrocorax auritus) eggs at pipping and sibling 10-day-old chicks were collected from two colonies in Green Bay, WI, one colony in Lake Michigan, WI, and reference colonies in South Dakota and Minnesota. Egg contents and chicks were analyzed for organochlorine contaminants including polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) congeners. Livers of embryos and chicks were assayed for hepatic microsomal ethoxyresorufin-O-dealkylase (EROD) activity. Eggshell thickness and the physical dimensions of embryo brains were measured. Concentrations of organochlorines, including p,p′-DDE (p,p′-dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene), PCBs, and PCB congeners were generally an order of magnitude higher in eggs and chicks from Wisconsin than from reference locations. Total PCBs averaged 10–13 μg/g wet weight in eggs from three Wisconsin colonies compared to 0.9 μg/g PCBs from reference locations. Double-crested cormorant chicks accumulated on average 33–66 μg PCBs/day and 7–12 μg p,p′-DDE/day in the Wisconsin colonies compared to 0 μg PCBs/day and 1 μg p,p′-DDE/day in the reference colonies. At pipping, EROD activity in the livers of cormorant embryos was significantly higher in the Wisconsin colonies and significantly correlated with PCBs and the toxic equivalents (TEQs) of aryl hydrocarbon-active PCB congeners relative to 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin. However, in 10-day-old chicks EROD activity was not consistently different among colonies and was not correlated with PCBs or TEQs. A significant negative relationship between embryo brain asymmetry and the size of the egg suggested that physical constraint might be an important factor influencing the response of this bioindicator. Thinner eggshells in two colonies located near Door County, Wisconsin, suggested that historic p,p′-DDE residues associated with orchards are still an important source of p,p′-DDE in the local environment.
","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1007/s002440010151","usgsCitation":"Custer, T., Custer, C.M., Hines, R.K., Stromborg, K., Allen, P., Melancon, M.J., and Henshel, D., 2001, Organochlorine contaminants and biomarker response in double-crested cormorants nesting in Green Bay and Lake Michigan, Wisconsin, USA: Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, v. 40, no. 1, p. 89-100, https://doi.org/10.1007/s002440010151.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"89","endPage":"100","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":606,"text":"Upper Midwest Environmental Sciences Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":133942,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Minnesota, South Dakota, Wisconsin","county":"Big Stone County, Brown County, Door County, Marshall County","otherGeospatial":"Cat 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L.","contributorId":34466,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stromborg","given":"K. L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":312589,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Allen, P. David","contributorId":76691,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Allen","given":"P. David","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":312591,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Melancon, M. J.","contributorId":96206,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Melancon","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":312593,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Henshel, D.S.","contributorId":68250,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Henshel","given":"D.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":312590,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}} ,{"id":70182763,"text":"70182763 - 2001 - Topography and flooding of coastal ecosystems on the Yukon-Kuskokwim Delta, Alaska: Implications for sea level rise","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-03-03T14:18:27","indexId":"70182763","displayToPublicDate":"2001-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2220,"text":"Journal of Coastal Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Topography and flooding of coastal ecosystems on the Yukon-Kuskokwim Delta, Alaska: Implications for sea level rise","docAbstract":"We measured surface elevations, stage of annual peak flooding, and sedimentation along 10 toposequences across coastal ecosystems on the Yukon-Kuskokwim (Y-K) Delta in western Alaska during 1994-1998 to assess some of the physical processes affecting ecosystem distribution. An ecotype was assigned to each of 566 points, and differences in elevations among 24 ecotypes were analyzed within individual toposequences and across the 40 x 40-km study area. Elevations of vegetated ecotypes along the longest toposequence rose only ~1 m over a distance of 7.5 km, and mean elevations of most ecotype across the study area were within 0.5 m of mean higher-high water (1.47 m). During 1994 to 1998, monitoring of annual peak stage using crest gauges revealed flooding from the highest fall storm surge reached 2.58 m (1.11 m above mean higher-high tide). In each year, only the highest surface was unaffected by flooding. Mean annual sedimentation rates for the various ecotypes were 8.0 ram/y on tidal flats, 1.4 to 3.8 mm/y on the active floodplain, 0.1-0.2 mm/y on the inactive floodplain, and 0 mm/ on the abandoned floodplain. If sea levels in the Bering Sea rise ~0.5 m by 2100, as predicted by some on a global basis, large portions of the coastal margin of the delta could be regularly inundated by water during high tides, and even the highest ecotypes could be affected by storm surges. Predicting the extent of future inundation is difficult, however, because of the changes in the ground-surface elevation through sedimentation, organic matter accumulation, and permafrost development.
","language":"English","publisher":"Coastal Education & Research Foundation, Inc.","usgsCitation":"Jorgenson, T., and Ely, C.R., 2001, Topography and flooding of coastal ecosystems on the Yukon-Kuskokwim Delta, Alaska: Implications for sea level rise: Journal of Coastal Research, v. 17, no. 1, p. 124-136.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"124","endPage":"136","costCenters":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":117,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology WTEB","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":336432,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":336822,"rank":2,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://www.jcronline.org/loi/coas?code=cerf-site","text":"Journal Archive"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"Yukon-Kuskokwim Delta","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -166.25,\n 61\n ],\n [\n -165,\n 61\n ],\n [\n -165,\n 61.6\n ],\n [\n -166.25,\n 61.6\n ],\n [\n -166.25,\n 61\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"17","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58b69a43e4b01ccd54ff3fcc","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Jorgenson, Torre","contributorId":45380,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jorgenson","given":"Torre","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":675148,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Ely, Craig R. 0000-0003-4262-0892 cely@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4262-0892","contributorId":3214,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ely","given":"Craig","email":"cely@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":117,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology WTEB","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":675149,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":1003747,"text":"1003747 - 2001 - Disease emergence in birds: Challenges for the twenty-first century","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-09-01T20:19:42.744859","indexId":"1003747","displayToPublicDate":"2001-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3544,"text":"The Auk","onlineIssn":"1938-4254","printIssn":"0004-8038","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Disease emergence in birds: Challenges for the twenty-first century","docAbstract":"The paper by Hartup et al. (2001) on House Finch (Carpodacus mexicanus) conjunctivitis is an example of the rapid geographic spread that can result from disease emergence in naïve populations. That event was neither novel nor transient relative to its occurrence or effects. Disease emergence and reemergence are hallmarks of the latter part of the twentieth century (Center for Disease Control 1994, Levins et al. 1994, DaSilva and Laccarino 1999, Gratz 1999). Current examples involving domestic animals include the problems in Europe with bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE, or “mad cow disease”) (Brown 2001) and foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) (Kitching 1999). Human health has been affected by diseases caused by an array of viruses (Morse 1993, Nichol et al. 1993, Murphy and Nathanson 1994), bacteria (Dennis 1998, DaSilva and Laccarino 1999), rickettsia (Walker and Dumier 1996, Azad et al. 1997), protozoans (Tuerrant 1997, Saini et al. 2000), and metazoan parasites (Hildreth et al. 1991, Gubler 1998), as well as other causes. Acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) has received the most notoriety of those diseases (Hahn et al. 2000, Schwartlander et al. 2000). A similar pattern exists on a global scale for free-ranging wildlife populations (Table 1) (Friend 1994, 1995; Epstein et al. 1998, Daszak et al. 2000). However, in comparison to disease emergence affecting humans and domestic animals, response to emerging diseases of wildlife is generally superficial. We present concepts and data to support our contention that failure to adequately address disease emergence in free-ranging wildlife is resulting in a diminished capability to achieve and sustain desired geographic distributions and population abundance for species of wild birds, including some threatened and endangered avifauna.
For clarity, we define disease and disease emergence in the context of our use of those terms because they are the focus of our comments. Disease is any departure from health (Guralnik 1982); that is, dysfunction contributing to physiological, physical, reproductive, behavioral, or other impairment that reduces the probability of survival of individuals. If enough individuals are affected, the collective effects can reduce the sustainability of the population. Although disease can result from exposure to a wide variety of physical, chemical, and biological agents and other conditions, we focus this paper on microbes and parasites and to overt mortality caused by them. Thus, disease effects presented only represent the proverbial “tip of the iceberg” relative to the challenges wild avifauna face from disease. Our perspective of disease emergence expands the earlier definitions of emerging diseases by others (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 1994, Morse 1995) to include all species. Our comments are defined by the context of disease occurrences that have increased within the past three decades, or threaten to increase in the near future relative to populations affected, geographic distribution, or magnitude of effects.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Ornithological Society","doi":"10.1093/auk/118.2.290","usgsCitation":"Friend, M., McLean, R.G., and Dein, F., 2001, Disease emergence in birds: Challenges for the twenty-first century: The Auk, v. 118, no. 2, p. 290-303, https://doi.org/10.1093/auk/118.2.290.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"290","endPage":"303","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":456,"text":"National Wildlife Health Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":550,"text":"Salton Sea Science Office","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":492036,"rank":1,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1093/auk/118.2.290","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":134208,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"118","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a81e4b07f02db64a50e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Friend, Milton 0000-0002-2882-3629","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2882-3629","contributorId":31332,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Friend","given":"Milton","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":456,"text":"National Wildlife Health Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":314175,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"McLean, R. G.","contributorId":24722,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McLean","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":314174,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Dein, F. J.","contributorId":97030,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dein","given":"F. J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":314176,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":7000002,"text":"7000002 - 2001 - Birth of the mountains : the geologic story of the southern Appalachian Mountains","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-06-28T13:05:55","indexId":"7000002","displayToPublicDate":"2001-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":6,"text":"USGS Unnumbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":363,"text":"General Interest Publication","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":6}},"title":"Birth of the mountains : the geologic story of the southern Appalachian Mountains","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/7000002","usgsCitation":"Clark, S.H., 2001, Birth of the mountains : the geologic story of the southern Appalachian Mountains (Version 1.0): General Interest Publication, 23 p. : col. ill., col. maps ; 24 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/7000002.","productDescription":"23 p. : col. ill., col. maps ; 24 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":365164,"rank":3,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/gip/birth/birth.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":18577,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/gip/birth/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":134207,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"edition":"Version 1.0","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a28e4b07f02db61120e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Clark, Sandra H. B.","contributorId":88706,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Clark","given":"Sandra","email":"","middleInitial":"H. B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":343945,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":1016911,"text":"1016911 - 2001 - Science by storm","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-12-17T11:08:35","indexId":"1016911","displayToPublicDate":"2001-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3339,"text":"Science Action","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Science by storm","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
Although Sarcocystis neurona has been identified in an array of terrestrial vertebrates, recent recognition of its capacity to infect marine mammals was unexpected. Here, sarcocysts from 2 naturally infected sea otters (Enhydra lutris) were characterized biologically, ultrastructurally, and genetically. DNA was extracted from frozen muscle of the first of these sea otters and was characterized as S. neurona by polymerase chain reation (PCR) amplification followed by restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis and sequencing. Sarcocysts from sea otter no. 1 were up to 350 I?m long, and the villar protrusions on the sarcocyst wall were up to 1.3 I?m long and up to 0.25 I?m wide. The villar protrusions were tapered towards the villar tip. Ultrastructurally, sarcocysts were similar to S. neurona sarcocysts from the muscles of cats experimentally infected with S. neurona sporocysts. Skeletal muscles from a second sea otter failed to support PCR amplification of markers considered diagnostic for S. neurona but did induce the shedding of sporocysts when fed to a laboratory-raised opossum (Didelphis virginiana). Such sporocysts were subsequently fed to knockout mice for the interferon-gamma gene, resulting in infections with an agent identified as S. neurona on the basis of immunohistochemistry, serum antibodies, and diagnostic sequence detection. Thus, sea otters exposed to S. neurona may support the development of mature sarcocysts that are infectious to competent definitive hosts.
","language":"English","publisher":"BioOne","doi":"10.1645/0022-3395(2001)087[1387:SNIISO]2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Dubey, J., Rosypal, A., Rosenthal, B., Thomas, N., Lindsay, D.S., Stanek, J., Reed, S., and Saville, W., 2001, Sarcocystis neurona infections in sea otter (Enhydra lutris): Evidence for natural infections with sarcocysts and transmission of infection to opossums (Didelphis virginiana): Journal of Parasitology, v. 87, no. 6, p. 1387-1393, https://doi.org/10.1645/0022-3395(2001)087[1387:SNIISO]2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"1387","endPage":"1393","numberOfPages":"7","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":456,"text":"National Wildlife Health Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":478994,"rank":1,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"http://hdl.handle.net/10919/49083","text":"External Repository"},{"id":134244,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Washington","otherGeospatial":"Olympic National Park","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -123.04687499999999,\n 48.05605376398125\n ],\n [\n -124.23339843749999,\n 48.20271028869972\n ],\n [\n -124.26635742187501,\n 47.66538735632654\n ],\n [\n -123.68408203124999,\n 47.286681888764214\n ],\n [\n -123.167724609375,\n 47.301584511330795\n ],\n [\n -122.904052734375,\n 47.73193447949174\n ],\n [\n -122.89306640624999,\n 48.04136507445029\n ],\n [\n -123.04687499999999,\n 48.05605376398125\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"87","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a7fe4b07f02db6486d5","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Dubey, J. P.","contributorId":80609,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Dubey","given":"J. P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":314804,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Rosypal, A.C.","contributorId":89860,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rosypal","given":"A.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":314805,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Rosenthal, B.M.","contributorId":54150,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rosenthal","given":"B.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":314801,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Thomas, N. J. 0000-0002-0161-0391","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0161-0391","contributorId":49731,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thomas","given":"N. J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":314800,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Lindsay, D. S.","contributorId":71132,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Lindsay","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":314802,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Stanek, J.F.","contributorId":77899,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stanek","given":"J.F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":314803,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Reed, S.M.","contributorId":96648,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Reed","given":"S.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":314806,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Saville, W.J.A.","contributorId":16801,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Saville","given":"W.J.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":314799,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8}]}} ,{"id":1008313,"text":"1008313 - 2001 - Petrodromus tetradactylus","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-12-22T17:40:13.198311","indexId":"1008313","displayToPublicDate":"2001-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2654,"text":"Mammalian Species","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Petrodromus tetradactylus","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"Oxford University Press","doi":"10.2307/0.682.1","usgsCitation":"Jennings, M.R., and Rathbun, G.B., 2001, Petrodromus tetradactylus: Mammalian Species, v. 682, p. 1-6, https://doi.org/10.2307/0.682.1.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"1","endPage":"6","costCenters":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":478983,"rank":1,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.2307/0.682.1","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":130718,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Angola, Burundi, Eswatini, Malawi, Mozambique, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Republic of the Congo, Rwanda, South Africa, Tanzania, Zambia, Zimbabwe","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n 14.806526136521114,\n 1.6602345878640392\n ],\n [\n 14.806526136521114,\n -8.896254470669504\n ],\n [\n 27.492099886650237,\n -8.896254470669504\n ],\n [\n 27.492099886650237,\n 1.6602345878640392\n ],\n [\n 14.806526136521114,\n 1.6602345878640392\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n },\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n 29.505443443422706,\n -1.2809217162669313\n ],\n [\n 28.780121600903755,\n -2.656499412938217\n ],\n [\n 28.902911175764444,\n -4.3421274448484155\n ],\n [\n 29.411335210145523,\n -6.460206927009253\n ],\n [\n 30.500459184851167,\n -8.22189330807197\n ],\n [\n 28.765572836840505,\n -8.526805063112263\n ],\n [\n 28.188362124832622,\n -9.337821213397334\n ],\n [\n 23.757138611165658,\n -9.937128508971739\n ],\n [\n 22.00427732161438,\n -10.855432499520035\n ],\n [\n 21.930450771538517,\n -16.381677834547702\n ],\n [\n 23.223892451430487,\n -17.55820608180882\n ],\n [\n 24.733233918741973,\n -17.720087950382876\n ],\n [\n 27.08780791757249,\n -18.183830342516615\n ],\n [\n 29.691772115370895,\n -16.417114630797087\n ],\n [\n 32.19442278354015,\n -17.426929217778152\n ],\n [\n 32.047570994806364,\n -19.619198172768435\n ],\n [\n 30.76231648581134,\n -21.765345185351293\n ],\n [\n 30.621408904801797,\n -26.719953958514147\n ],\n [\n 32.637077122182774,\n -28.797225298155347\n ],\n [\n 33.1504898395693,\n -26.546146523114892\n ],\n [\n 32.891546962126995,\n -25.665606441488606\n ],\n [\n 35.024861300780685,\n -24.907870900749273\n ],\n [\n 35.974550984702404,\n -24.366725866835168\n ],\n [\n 35.8028537835705,\n -22.925062073511143\n ],\n [\n 35.511036705716265,\n -21.557012243668638\n ],\n [\n 35.08905555195986,\n -20.009551668527195\n ],\n [\n 37.38509908090029,\n -18.062082221721866\n ],\n [\n 39.830982518392034,\n -17.05871778757951\n ],\n [\n 41.19377878872314,\n -14.616577180196728\n ],\n [\n 40.89181865914438,\n -14.126322183852807\n ],\n [\n 40.88211212449076,\n -10.489555587817819\n ],\n [\n 39.9724100173209,\n -9.714910499777488\n ],\n [\n 39.83559092190609,\n -8.776830322524788\n ],\n [\n 39.42663991437939,\n -4.73968716585739\n ],\n [\n 33.989971295666294,\n -1.1247651369136378\n ],\n [\n 33.10256344460933,\n -2.1073191671090257\n ],\n [\n 31.715735951079125,\n -2.4138715965497823\n ],\n [\n 31.607580786515058,\n -1.0487413328690849\n ],\n [\n 29.505443443422706,\n -1.2809217162669313\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"682","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2001-12-26","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ae0e4b07f02db68828c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Jennings, Mark R.","contributorId":31345,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jennings","given":"Mark","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":317370,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Rathbun, Galen B.","contributorId":17571,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rathbun","given":"Galen","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":317369,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":1001023,"text":"1001023 - 2001 - Fish community dynamics in northeastern Lake Ontario with emphasis on the growth and reproductive success of yellow perch (Perca flavescens) and white perch (Morone americana), 1978 to1997","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-05-23T11:50:30","indexId":"1001023","displayToPublicDate":"2001-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2330,"text":"Journal of Great Lakes Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Fish community dynamics in northeastern Lake Ontario with emphasis on the growth and reproductive success of yellow perch (Perca flavescens) and white perch (Morone americana), 1978 to1997","docAbstract":"Fishes were assessed in Guffin, Chaumount, and Black River bays in northeastern Lake Ontario with a 7.9-m (headrope) bottom trawl during late September and early October, 1978 to 1997. Fish density declined in the early 1990s with sharp declines in abundance of spottail shiner (Notropis hudsonius), trout-perch (Percopsis omiscomaycus), and johnny darter (Etheostoma nigrum) occurring in 1993 to 1995. Rising numbers of piscivores, walleye (Stizostedion vitreum) and double-crested cormorant (Phalacrocorax auritus), increased predation pressure, presumably acting in concert with oligotrophication to lower fish density, particularly after 1991 when large numbers of adult alewife (Alosa pseudoharengus) no longer migrated to the northeast basin in spring. Annual mortality of yellow perch (Perca flavescens) from age 2 to 5 rose from 33% in 1980–83 to 65% in 1992–95 and was positively related to piscivore numbers (P = 0.01, r = 0.96, n = 5). Annual mortality of yellow perch from age 0 to 2 also peaked in 1992–95. Abundance of yellow perch YOY in fall varied 40 fold and was not related to water warming in spring (P = 0.45, r = −0.19, n = 18) but was negatively related to the abundance of adult alewives in spring (P = 0.04, r = −0.49, n = 18). Although yellow perch produced moderate to strong year classes each year during 1991–95, stock size failed to increase because of rapidly accelerating mortality. Fully 85% of the variation in mean length of yellow perch YOY was explained by a multiple regression model which included YOY abundance, mean total phosphorus, and cumulative degree days > 13.5°C (P < 0.01, n = 15). Abundance of white perch (Morone americana) YOY varied nearly 200 fold and was not related to water warming or spring alewife abundance (P > 0.15). Variation in mean length of white perch YOY was related to cumulative degree days > 15°C (P < 0.01, r = 0.69).
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/S0380-1330(01)70652-1","usgsCitation":"O’Gorman, R., and Burnett, J.A., 2001, Fish community dynamics in northeastern Lake Ontario with emphasis on the growth and reproductive success of yellow perch (Perca flavescens) and white perch (Morone americana), 1978 to1997: Journal of Great Lakes Research, v. 27, no. 3, p. 367-383, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0380-1330(01)70652-1.","productDescription":"17 p.","startPage":"367","endPage":"383","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":324,"text":"Great Lakes Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":133598,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"27","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49f5e4b07f02db5f0e74","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"O’Gorman, Robert rogorman@usgs.gov","contributorId":3451,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"O’Gorman","given":"Robert","email":"rogorman@usgs.gov","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":310245,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Burnett, John A.D.","contributorId":54955,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Burnett","given":"John","email":"","middleInitial":"A.D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":310246,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70176091,"text":"70176091 - 2001 - Online bibliographic sources in hydrology","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-08-25T12:28:06","indexId":"70176091","displayToPublicDate":"2001-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"title":"Online bibliographic sources in hydrology","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Information and the professional scientist and engineer","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":15,"text":"Monograph"},"language":"English","publisher":"Haworth Information Press","publisherLocation":"Binghamton, NY","usgsCitation":"Haworth Information Press, 2001, Online bibliographic sources in hydrology, chap. of Information and the professional scientist and engineer.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":327846,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"57c016c9e4b0f2f0ceb8735b"} ,{"id":70174299,"text":"70174299 - 2001 - Contributions of atmospheric nitrogen deposition to U.S. estuaries: Summary and conclusions: Chapter 8","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-03-07T16:37:27","indexId":"70174299","displayToPublicDate":"2001-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"title":"Contributions of atmospheric nitrogen deposition to U.S. estuaries: Summary and conclusions: Chapter 8","docAbstract":"A NOAA project was initiated in 1998, with support from the U.S. EPA, to develop state-of-the-art estimates of atmospheric N deposition to estuarine watersheds and water surfaces and its delivery to the estuaries. Work groups were formed to address N deposition rates, indirect (from the watershed) yields from atmospheric and other anthropogenic sources, and direct deposition on the estuarine waterbodies, and to evaluate the levels of uncertainty within the estimates. Watershed N yields were estimated using both a land-use based process approach and a national (SPARROW) model, compared to each other, and compared to estimates of N yield from the literature. The total N yields predicted by the national model were similar to values found in the literature and the land-use derived estimates were consistently higher. Atmospheric N yield estimates were within a similar range for the two approaches, but tended to be higher in the land-use based estimates and were not wellcorrelated. Median atmospheric N yields were around 15% of the total N yield for both groups, but ranged as high as 60% when both direct and indirect deposition were considered. Although not the dominant source of anthropogenic N, atmospheric N is, and will undoubtedly continue to be, an important factor in culturally eutrophied estuarine systems, warranting additional research and management attention.
","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Nitrogen loading in coastal water bodies: An atmospheric perspective","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":15,"text":"Monograph"},"language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1029/CE057p0187","isbn":"9780875902715","usgsCitation":"Stacey, P.E., Greening, H., Kremer, J.N., Peterson, D., and Tomasko, D.A., 2001, Contributions of atmospheric nitrogen deposition to U.S. estuaries: Summary and conclusions: Chapter 8, chap. of Nitrogen loading in coastal water bodies: An atmospheric perspective, p. 187-226, https://doi.org/10.1029/CE057p0187.","productDescription":"40 p.","startPage":"187","endPage":"226","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":552,"text":"San Francisco Bay-Delta","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":5079,"text":"Pacific Regional Director's Office","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":324817,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2013-03-17","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"577f7d2ee4b0ef4d2f45fa9a","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Valigura, Richard A.","contributorId":172722,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Valigura","given":"Richard","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":641724,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Alexander, Richard B. 0000-0001-9166-0626 ralex@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9166-0626","contributorId":541,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Alexander","given":"Richard","email":"ralex@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[{"id":503,"text":"Office of Water Quality","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":451,"text":"National Water Quality Assessment Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":641725,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Castro, Mark S.","contributorId":172723,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Castro","given":"Mark","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":641726,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Meyers, Tilden P.","contributorId":146138,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Meyers","given":"Tilden","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[{"id":16598,"text":"NOAA/ATDD","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":641727,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Paerl, Hans W.","contributorId":172724,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Paerl","given":"Hans","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":641728,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Stacey, Paul E.","contributorId":172725,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Stacey","given":"Paul","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":641729,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Turner, R. Eugene","contributorId":172726,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Turner","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"Eugene","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":641730,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":7}],"authors":[{"text":"Stacey, Paul E.","contributorId":172725,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Stacey","given":"Paul","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":641719,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Greening, Holly","contributorId":64299,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Greening","given":"Holly","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":641720,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Kremer, James N.","contributorId":172727,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Kremer","given":"James","email":"","middleInitial":"N.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":641721,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Peterson, David","contributorId":15287,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Peterson","given":"David","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":641722,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Tomasko, David A.","contributorId":172728,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Tomasko","given":"David","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":641723,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70174311,"text":"70174311 - 2001 - Simplified conversions between specific conductance and salinity units for use with data from monitoring stations","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-10-18T13:18:13.91924","indexId":"70174311","displayToPublicDate":"2001-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3914,"text":"Interagency Ecological Program Newsletter","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Simplified conversions between specific conductance and salinity units for use with data from monitoring stations","docAbstract":"The U.S. Geological Survey, Bureau of Reclamation, and the California Department of Water Resources maintain a large number of monitoring stations that record specific conductance, often referred to as “electrical conductivity,” in San Francisco Bay Estuary and the Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta. Specific conductance units that have been normalized to a standard temperature are useful in fresh waters, but conversion to salinity units has some considerable advantages in brackish waters of the estuary and Delta. For example, salinity is linearly related to the mixing ratio of freshwater and seawater, which is not the case for specific conductance, even when values are normalized to a standard temperature. The Practical Salinity Scale 1978 is based on specific conductance, temperature, and pressure measurements of seawater and freshwater mixtures (Lewis 1980 and references therein). Equations and data that define the scale make possible conversions between specific conductance and salinity values.
\nThis article presents a simplified conversion to salinity units for use with specific conductance data from monitoring stations that have been normalized to a standard temperature of 25 °C and an equation for the reverse calculation. Although these previously undocumented methods have been shared with many IEP agencies over the last two decades, the sources of the equations and data are identified here so that the original literature can be accessed.
","language":"English","publisher":"Interagency Ecological Study Program for the Sacramento-San Joaquin Estuary","usgsCitation":"Schemel, L.E., 2001, Simplified conversions between specific conductance and salinity units for use with data from monitoring stations: Interagency Ecological Program Newsletter, v. 14, no. 1, p. 17-18.","productDescription":"2 p.","startPage":"17","endPage":"18","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":552,"text":"San Francisco Bay-Delta","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":5079,"text":"Pacific Regional Director's Office","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":324844,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":421958,"rank":2,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://iep.ca.gov/Publications/IEP-Newsletter"}],"volume":"14","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"577f7d33e4b0ef4d2f45fac7","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Schemel, Laurence E. lschemel@usgs.gov","contributorId":4085,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schemel","given":"Laurence","email":"lschemel@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":641799,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ]}