{"pageNumber":"3119","pageRowStart":"77950","pageSize":"25","recordCount":184828,"records":[{"id":70023325,"text":"70023325 - 2001 - Applying the scientific method to small catchment studies: Areview of the Panola Mountain experience","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:59","indexId":"70023325","displayToPublicDate":"2001-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1924,"text":"Hydrological Processes","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Applying the scientific method to small catchment studies: Areview of the Panola Mountain experience","docAbstract":"A hallmark of the scientific method is its iterative application to a problem to increase and refine the understanding of the underlying processes controlling it. A successful iterative application of the scientific method to catchment science (including the fields of hillslope hydrology and biogeochemistry) has been hindered by two factors. First, the scale at which controlled experiments can be performed is much smaller than the scale of the phenomenon of interest. Second, computer simulation models generally have not been used as hypothesis-testing tools as rigorously as they might have been. Model evaluation often has gone only so far as evaluation of goodness of fit, rather than a full structural analysis, which is more useful when treating the model as a hypothesis. An iterative application of a simple mixing model to the Panola Mountain Research Watershed is reviewed to illustrate the increase in understanding gained by this approach and to discern general principles that may be applicable to other studies. The lessons learned include the need for an explicitly stated conceptual model of the catchment, the definition of objective measures of its applicability, and a clear linkage between the scale of observations and the scale of predictions. Published in 2001 by John Wiley & Sons. Ltd.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Hydrological Processes","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1002/hyp.255","issn":"08856087","usgsCitation":"Hooper, R.P., 2001, Applying the scientific method to small catchment studies: Areview of the Panola Mountain experience: Hydrological Processes, v. 15, no. 10, p. 2039-2050, https://doi.org/10.1002/hyp.255.","startPage":"2039","endPage":"2050","numberOfPages":"12","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":479048,"rank":10000,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1002/hyp.255","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":207338,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1002/hyp.255"},{"id":232203,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"15","issue":"10","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2001-07-11","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059ecd1e4b0c8380cd494ec","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hooper, R. P.","contributorId":26321,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hooper","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":397263,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70023324,"text":"70023324 - 2001 - A look inside 'black box' hydrograph separation models: A study at the hydrohill catchment","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:59","indexId":"70023324","displayToPublicDate":"2001-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1924,"text":"Hydrological Processes","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A look inside 'black box' hydrograph separation models: A study at the hydrohill catchment","docAbstract":"Runoff sources and dominant flowpaths are still poorly understood in most catchments; consequently, most hydrograph separations are essentially 'black box' models where only external information is used. The well-instrumented 490 m2 Hydrohill artificial grassland catchment located near Nanjing (China) was used to examine internal catchment processes. Since groundwater levels never reach the soil surface at this site, two physically distinct flowpaths can unambiguously be defined: surface and subsurface runoff. This study combines hydrometric, isotopic and geochemical approaches to investigating the relations between the chloride, silica, and oxygen isotopic compositions of subsurface waters and rainfall. During a 120 mm storm over a 24 h period in 1989, 55% of event water input infiltrated and added to soil water storage; the remainder ran off as infiltration-excess overland flow. Only about 3-5% of the pre-event water was displaced out of the catchment by in-storm rainfall. About 80% of the total flow was quickflow, and 10% of the total flow was pre-event water, mostly derived from saturated flow from deeper soils. Rain water with high ??18O values from the beginning of the storm appeared to be preferentially stored in shallow soils. Groundwater at the end of the storm shows a wide range of isotopic and chemical compositions, primarily reflecting the heterogeneous distribution of the new and mixed pore waters. High chloride and silica concentrations in quickflow runoff derived from event water indicate that these species are not suitable conservative tracers of either water sources or flowpaths in this catchment. Determining the proportion of event water alone does not constrain the possible hydrologic mechanisms sufficiently to distinguish subsurface and surface flowpaths uniquely, even in this highly controlled artificial catchment. We reconcile these findings with a perceptual model of stormflow sources and flowpaths that explicitly accounts for water, isotopic, and chemical mass balance. Copyright ?? 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Hydrological Processes","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1002/hyp.245","issn":"08856087","usgsCitation":"Kendall, C., McDonnell, J.J., and Gu, W., 2001, A look inside 'black box' hydrograph separation models: A study at the hydrohill catchment: Hydrological Processes, v. 15, no. 10, p. 1877-1902, https://doi.org/10.1002/hyp.245.","startPage":"1877","endPage":"1902","numberOfPages":"26","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":207337,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1002/hyp.245"},{"id":232202,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"15","issue":"10","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2001-07-11","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e441e4b0c8380cd46520","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kendall, C. 0000-0002-0247-3405","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0247-3405","contributorId":35050,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kendall","given":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":397261,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"McDonnell, Jeffery J. 0000-0002-3880-3162","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3880-3162","contributorId":62723,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"McDonnell","given":"Jeffery","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":397262,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Gu, W.","contributorId":6629,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gu","given":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":397260,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70023323,"text":"70023323 - 2001 - Density, aggregation, and body size of northern pikeminnow preying on juvenile salmonids in a large river","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-04-21T16:31:45","indexId":"70023323","displayToPublicDate":"2001-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2285,"text":"Journal of Fish Biology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Density, aggregation, and body size of northern pikeminnow preying on juvenile salmonids in a large river","docAbstract":"<p>Predation by northern pikeminnow Ptychocheilus oregonensis on juvenile salmonids Oncorhynchus spp. occurred probably during brief feeding bouts since diets were either dominated by salmonids (&gt;80% by weight), or contained other prey types and few salmonids (&lt;5%). In samples where salmonids had been consumed, large rather than small predators were more likely to have captured salmonids. Transects with higher catch-per-unit of effort of predators also had higher incidences of salmonids in predator guts. Predators in two of three reservoir areas were distributed more contagiously if they had preyed recently on salmonids. Spatial and temporal patchiness of salmonid prey may be generating differences in local density, aggregation, and body size of their predators in this large river.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1006/jfbi.2000.1524","issn":"00221112","usgsCitation":"Petersen, J., 2001, Density, aggregation, and body size of northern pikeminnow preying on juvenile salmonids in a large river: Journal of Fish Biology, v. 58, no. 4, p. 1137-1148, https://doi.org/10.1006/jfbi.2000.1524.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"1137","endPage":"1148","numberOfPages":"12","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":654,"text":"Western Fisheries Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":232201,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":207336,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1006/jfbi.2000.1524"}],"volume":"58","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059feaae4b0c8380cd4ee65","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Petersen, J.H.","contributorId":72154,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Petersen","given":"J.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":397259,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70023322,"text":"70023322 - 2001 - Performance of stationary and portable passive transponder detection systems for monitoring of fish movements","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:00","indexId":"70023322","displayToPublicDate":"2001-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2285,"text":"Journal of Fish Biology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Performance of stationary and portable passive transponder detection systems for monitoring of fish movements","docAbstract":"A stationary system for long-range detection of PIT tags in fish was efficient under high water conditions in streams. A portable system was particularly effective for detecting habitat use by fish without recapture.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Fish Biology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1006/jfbi.2000.1540","issn":"00221112","usgsCitation":"Zydlewski, G., Haro, A., Whalen, K., and McCormick, S., 2001, Performance of stationary and portable passive transponder detection systems for monitoring of fish movements: Journal of Fish Biology, v. 58, no. 5, p. 1471-1475, https://doi.org/10.1006/jfbi.2000.1540.","startPage":"1471","endPage":"1475","numberOfPages":"5","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":207317,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1006/jfbi.2000.1540"},{"id":232164,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"58","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a768ee4b0c8380cd7819b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Zydlewski, G.B.","contributorId":78119,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zydlewski","given":"G.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":397257,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Haro, A.","contributorId":6792,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Haro","given":"A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":397255,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Whalen, K.G.","contributorId":88692,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Whalen","given":"K.G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":397258,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"McCormick, S. D. 0000-0003-0621-6200","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0621-6200","contributorId":20278,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McCormick","given":"S. D.","affiliations":[{"id":365,"text":"Leetown Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":397256,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70023320,"text":"70023320 - 2001 - Biodegradation of trichloroethylene and its anaerobic daughter products in freshwater wetland sediments","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-03-19T22:16:47","indexId":"70023320","displayToPublicDate":"2001-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1042,"text":"Bioremediation Journal","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Biodegradation of trichloroethylene and its anaerobic daughter products in freshwater wetland sediments","docAbstract":"Laboratory microcosms were prepared under methanogenic, sulfate-reducing, and aerobic conditions using sediment and groundwater from a freshwater wetland that is a discharge area for a trichloroethylene (TCE) to evaluate potential biodegradation rates of TCE and its anaerobic daughter products (cis-1,2-dichloroethylene, trans-1,2-dichloroethylene, and vinyl chloride (VC)). Anaerobic degradation of TCE was about an order of magnitude faster under methanogenic conditions than under sulfate-reducing conditions. Both 12DCE and VC were found under sulfate-reducing conditions in the microcosms containing the wetland sediment, but their production, especially for VC, was substantially slower than under methanogenic conditions. Methane concentrations remained approximately constant (when losses in the formalin-amended controls are considered) in the microcosms amended with TCE and increased in the microcosms amended with the 12DCE isomers and VC during the first 18-25 days of incubation. The most rapid decrease in concentrations of TCE, cis-12DCE, trans-12DCE, and VC was found after aerobic methane-oxidizing conditions were definitely established.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Bioremediation Journal","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Taylor and Francis","doi":"10.1080/20018891079221","issn":"10889868","usgsCitation":"Lorah, M., and Olsen, L., 2001, Biodegradation of trichloroethylene and its anaerobic daughter products in freshwater wetland sediments: Bioremediation Journal, v. 5, no. 2, p. 101-118, https://doi.org/10.1080/20018891079221.","startPage":"101","endPage":"118","numberOfPages":"18","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":232162,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":269730,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1080/20018891079221"}],"volume":"5","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f148e4b0c8380cd4ab64","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lorah, M.M.","contributorId":29002,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lorah","given":"M.M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":397248,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Olsen, L.D.","contributorId":97520,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Olsen","given":"L.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":397249,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70023358,"text":"70023358 - 2001 - Stock structure of sea otters (Enhydra lutris kenyoni) in Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-12-22T18:20:11.277964","indexId":"70023358","displayToPublicDate":"2001-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2671,"text":"Marine Mammal Science","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"displayTitle":"Stock structure of sea otters (<i>Enhydra lutris kenyoni</i>) in Alaska","title":"Stock structure of sea otters (Enhydra lutris kenyoni) in Alaska","docAbstract":"<p><span>Sea otters in Alaska are recognized as a single subspecies (</span><i>Enhydra lutris kenyoni</i><span>) and currently managed as a single, interbreeding population. However, geographic and behavioral mechanisms undoubrably constrain sea otter movements on much smaller scales. This paper applies the phylogeographic method (Dizon&nbsp;</span><i>et al</i><span>. 1992) and considers distribution, population response, phenotype and genotype data to identify stocks of sea otters within Alaska. The evidence for separate stock identity is genotypic (all stocks), phenotypic (Southcentral and Southwest stocks), and geographic distribution (Southeast stock), whereas population response data are equivocal (all stocks). Differences in genotype frequencies and the presence of unique genotypes among areas indicate restricted gene flow. Genetic exchange may be limited by little or no movement across proposed stock boundaries and discontinuities in distribution at proposed stock boundaries. Skull size differences (phenotypic) between Southwest and Southcentral Alaska populations further support stock separation. Population response information was equivocal in either supporting or refuting stock identity. On the basis of this review, we suggest the following: (1) a Southeast stock extending from Dixon Entrance to Cape Yakataga; (2) a Southcentral stock extending from Cape Yakataga to Cape Douglas including Prince William Sound and Kenai peninsula coast; and (3) a Southwest stock including Alaska Peninsula coast, the Aleutians to Attu Island, Barren, Kodiak, Pribilof Islands, and Bristol Bay.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1111/j.1748-7692.2001.tb01009.x","issn":"08240469","usgsCitation":"Gorbics, C., and Bodkin, J.L., 2001, Stock structure of sea otters (Enhydra lutris kenyoni) in Alaska: Marine Mammal Science, v. 17, no. 3, p. 632-647, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-7692.2001.tb01009.x.","productDescription":"16 p.","startPage":"632","endPage":"647","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":232127,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -129.75656945245078,\n              54.33642628169483\n            ],\n            [\n              -129.99976695139455,\n              64.02665335699373\n            ],\n            [\n              -180.16395806282878,\n              59.21348709793503\n            ],\n            [\n              -179.58666584584697,\n              51.101452268730185\n            ],\n            [\n              -129.75656945245078,\n              54.33642628169483\n            ]\n          ]\n        ],\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"17","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2006-08-26","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b9858e4b08c986b31bfb0","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Gorbics, C.S.","contributorId":23721,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gorbics","given":"C.S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":397382,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bodkin, James L. 0000-0003-1641-4438 jbodkin@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1641-4438","contributorId":748,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bodkin","given":"James","email":"jbodkin@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":116,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology MFEB","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":397383,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70023359,"text":"70023359 - 2001 - Vertical tectonics in northern Escanaba Trough as recorded by thick late Quaternary turbidites","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-11-30T17:22:27.330012","indexId":"70023359","displayToPublicDate":"2001-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2314,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Vertical tectonics in northern Escanaba Trough as recorded by thick late Quaternary turbidites","docAbstract":"<p>Escanaba Trough, the southernmost segment of the Gorda Ridge, is filled by as much as 500 m of late Quaternary turbidite and hemipelagic sediment. Coring at Deep Sea Drilling Project Site 35 and Ocean Drilling Program (ODP) Sites 1037 and 1038 together with 4.5-kHz deep-tow and 3.5-kHz surface-ship seismic reflection profiles enable a distinct pattern of reflections to be mapped throughout Escanaba Trough in the upper part of this sediment fill. The uppermost 80 m of turbidite sediment, which includes at least 11 turbidity current events, were deposited in &lt;7 kyr. Nine of these turbidites are found throughout Escanaba Trough at water depths &gt;3200 m. The turbidity currents were trapped upon entering Escanaba Trough, resulting in all of the sediment in suspension in the flows being deposited. The thickness of the turbidite layers reflects both the flow thickness and the vertical grain concentration within the flow that deposited the layer. Variations in the turbidite thickness with respect to water depth can be used to estimate the degree of relative vertical movement within the floor of Escanaba Trough. In the area of hydrothermal activity near ODP Site 1038, uplift of as much as 140 m has occurred over the past 8 kyr.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/2001JB000341","issn":"01480227","usgsCitation":"Normark, W.R., and Serra, F., 2001, Vertical tectonics in northern Escanaba Trough as recorded by thick late Quaternary turbidites: Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth, v. 106, no. B7, p. 13793-13802, https://doi.org/10.1029/2001JB000341.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"13793","endPage":"13802","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":479029,"rank":1,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2001jb000341","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":232165,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"Escanaba Trough, Gorda Ridge, Pacific Ocean","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -129.6647860634004,\n              40.1811967325163\n            ],\n            [\n              -127.44290388878522,\n              40.208115436322544\n            ],\n            [\n              -127.46798728891605,\n              41.186590130929886\n            ],\n            [\n              -129.69841516420286,\n              41.14074510425124\n            ],\n            [\n              -129.6647860634004,\n              40.1811967325163\n            ]\n          ]\n        ],\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"106","issue":"B7","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2001-07-10","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bc247e4b08c986b32aa35","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Normark, W. R.","contributorId":87137,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Normark","given":"W.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":397385,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Serra, F.","contributorId":22520,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Serra","given":"F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":397384,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70023319,"text":"70023319 - 2001 - Paleoproterozoic basin development and sedimentation in the Lake Superior region, North America","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:00","indexId":"70023319","displayToPublicDate":"2001-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3368,"text":"Sedimentary Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Paleoproterozoic basin development and sedimentation in the Lake Superior region, North America","docAbstract":"The peneplaned Archean craton in the Lake Superior region was the platform upon which a continental margin assemblage was deposited. Extension resulted in localized rifts that received thicker accumulations of sediments and volcanic rocks than did adjacent parts of the platform. Seas transgressed onto the continent several times and an ocean basin opened south of the present-day Lake Superior. Island arcs that formed during subduction collided with the craton margin as the ocean basin closed; oceanic crust is poorly preserved as a dismembered ophiolite sequence. The arc volcanics are preserved as the Wisconsin magmatic terranes. The collision resulted in a fold-and-thrust belt known as the Penokean orogen. To the north of the fold-and-thrust belt, a northward-migrating foreland basin - the Animikie basin - developed. Thick turbidite successions were deposited along the basin axis, and terrigenous clastics and Lake Superior-type iron-formation were deposited on the shelf along the northern margin of the basin. The primary paleoclimatic indicators are: (1) glaciogenic rocks at the base of the Paleoproterozoic succession in Michigan indicating ice-house conditions; 2) remnants of a paleosol on the glaciogenic rocks indicative of deep weathering, probably under subtropical conditions and therefore of greenhouse conditions; and (3) carbonate minerals after gypsum, halite, and anhydrite in stromatolitic dolomite, indicative of aridity. Three second-order depositional sequences are bounded by major unconformities, and can be correlated throughout the Lake Superior region. ?? 2001 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Sedimentary Geology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/S0037-0738(01)00081-1","issn":"00370738","usgsCitation":"Ojakangas, R., Morey, G.B., and Southwick, D.L., 2001, Paleoproterozoic basin development and sedimentation in the Lake Superior region, North America: Sedimentary Geology, v. 141-142, p. 319-341, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0037-0738(01)00081-1.","startPage":"319","endPage":"341","numberOfPages":"23","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":207294,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0037-0738(01)00081-1"},{"id":232124,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"141-142","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a743fe4b0c8380cd7752c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ojakangas, R.W.","contributorId":8541,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ojakangas","given":"R.W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":397245,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Morey, G. B.","contributorId":14406,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Morey","given":"G.","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":397246,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Southwick, D. L.","contributorId":57130,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Southwick","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":397247,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70023318,"text":"70023318 - 2001 - Thermal thickness and evolution of Precambrian lithosphere: A global study","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-05-04T19:24:45.46671","indexId":"70023318","displayToPublicDate":"2001-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2314,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Thermal thickness and evolution of Precambrian lithosphere: A global study","docAbstract":"<div class=\"article-section__content en main\"><p>The thermal thickness of Precambrian lithosphere is modeled and compared with estimates from seismic tomography and xenolith data. We use the steady state thermal conductivity equation with the same geothermal constraints for all of the Precambrian cratons (except Antarctica) to calculate the temperature distribution in the stable continental lithosphere. The modeling is based on the global compilation of heat flow data by<span>&nbsp;</span><i>Pollack et al.</i><span>&nbsp;</span>[1993] and more recent data. The depth distribution of heat‐producing elements is estimated using regional models for ∼300 blocks with sizes varying from 1°×1° to about 5°×5° in latitude and longitude and is constrained by laboratory, seismic and petrologic data and, where applicable, empirical heat flow/heat production relationships. Maps of the lateral temperature distribution at depths 50, 100, and 150 km are presented for all continents except Antarctica. The thermal thickness of the lithosphere is calculated assuming a conductive layer overlying the mantle with an adiabat of 1300°C. The Archean and early Proterozoic lithosphere is found to have two typical thicknesses, 200–220 km and 300–350 km. In general, thin (∼220 km) roots are found for Archean and early Proterozoic cratons in the Southern Hemisphere (South Africa, Western Australia, South America, and India) and thicker (&gt;300 km) roots are found in the Northern Hemisphere (Baltic Shield, Siberian Platform, West Africa, and possibly the Canadian Shield). We find that the thickness of continental lithosphere generally decreases with age from &gt;200 km beneath Archean cratons to intermediate values of 200±50 km in early Proterozoic lithosphere, to about 140±50 km in middle and late Proterozoic cratons. Using known crustal thickness, our calculated geotherms, and assuming that isostatic balance is achieved at the base of the lithosphere, we find that Archean and early Proterozoic mantle lithosphere is 1.5% less dense (chemically depleted) than the underlying asthenosphere, while middle and late Proterozoic subcrustal lithosphere should be depleted by ∼0.6–0.7%. Our results suggest three contrasting stages of lithosphere formation at the following ages: &gt;2.5 Ga, 2.5–1.8 Ga, and &lt;1.8 Ga. Ages of komatiites, greenstone belts, and giant dike swarms broadly define similar stages and apparently reflect secular changes in mantle temperature and, possibly, convection patterns.</p></div>","largerWorkTitle":"","language":"English","publisher":"AGU","doi":"10.1029/2000JB900439","issn":"01480227","usgsCitation":"Artemieva, I., and Mooney, W.D., 2001, Thermal thickness and evolution of Precambrian lithosphere: A global study: Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth, v. 106, no. B8, p. 16387-16414, https://doi.org/10.1029/2000JB900439.","productDescription":"25 p.","startPage":"16387","endPage":"16414","numberOfPages":"28","costCenters":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":478895,"rank":1,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2000jb900439","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":232123,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"106","issue":"B8","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2001-08-10","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bb262e4b08c986b325786","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Artemieva, I.M.","contributorId":71728,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Artemieva","given":"I.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":397243,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Mooney, Walter D. 0000-0002-5310-3631 mooney@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5310-3631","contributorId":3194,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mooney","given":"Walter","email":"mooney@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":397244,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70023362,"text":"70023362 - 2001 - Pollen assemblages as paleoenvironmental proxies in the Florida Everglades","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:00","indexId":"70023362","displayToPublicDate":"2001-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3275,"text":"Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Pollen assemblages as paleoenvironmental proxies in the Florida Everglades","docAbstract":"Analysis of 170 pollen assemblages from surface samples in eight vegetation types in the Florida Everglades indicates that these wetland sub-environments are distinguishable from the pollen record and that they are useful proxies for hydrologic and edaphic parameters. Vegetation types sampled include sawgrass marshes, cattail marshes, sloughs with floating aquatics, wet prairies, brackish marshes, tree islands, cypress swamps, and mangrove forests. The distribution of these vegetation types is controlled by specific environmental parameters, such as hydrologic regime, nutrient availability, disturbance level, substrate type, and salinity; ecotones between vegetation types may be sharp. Using R-mode cluster analysis of pollen data, we identified diagnostic species groupings; Q-mode cluster analysis was used to differentiate pollen signatures of each vegetation type. Cluster analysis and the modern analog technique were applied to interpret vegetational and environmental trends over the last two millennia at a site in Water Conservation Area 3A. The results show that close modern analogs exist for assemblages in the core and indicate past hydrologic changes at the site, correlated with both climatic and land-use changes. The ability to differentiate marshes with different hydrologic and edaphic requirements using the pollen record facilitates assessment of relative impacts of climatic and anthropogenic changes on this wetland ecosystem on smaller spatial and temporal scales than previously were possible. ?? 2001 Elsevier Science B.V.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/S0034-6667(00)00042-7","issn":"00346667","usgsCitation":"Willard, D., Weimer, L., and Riegel, W., 2001, Pollen assemblages as paleoenvironmental proxies in the Florida Everglades: Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology, v. 113, no. 4, p. 213-235, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0034-6667(00)00042-7.","startPage":"213","endPage":"235","numberOfPages":"23","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":487479,"rank":10000,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"https://resolver.sub.uni-goettingen.de/purl?gro-2/128716","text":"External Repository"},{"id":207339,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0034-6667(00)00042-7"},{"id":232205,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"113","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a7ccfe4b0c8380cd79bba","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Willard, Debra  A. 0000-0003-4878-0942","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4878-0942","contributorId":85982,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Willard","given":"Debra  A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":397403,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Weimer, L. M.","contributorId":51788,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Weimer","given":"L. M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":397402,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Riegel, W.L.","contributorId":18540,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Riegel","given":"W.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":397401,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70022820,"text":"70022820 - 2001 - Slip distribution and tectonic implication of the 1999 Chi-Chi, Taiwan, earthquake","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:38","indexId":"70022820","displayToPublicDate":"2001-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1807,"text":"Geophysical Research Letters","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Slip distribution and tectonic implication of the 1999 Chi-Chi, Taiwan, earthquake","docAbstract":"We report on the fault complexity of the large (Mw = 7.6) Chi-Chi earthquake obtained by inverting densely and well-distributed static measurements consisting of 119 GPS and 23 doubly integrated strong motion records. We show that the slip of the Chi-Chi earthquake was concentrated on the surface of a \"wedge shaped\" block. The inferred geometric complexity explains the difference between the strike of the fault plane determined by long period seismic data and surface break observations. When combined with other geophysical and geological observations, the result provides a unique snapshot of tectonic deformation taking place in the form of very large (>10m) displacements of a massive wedge-shaped crustal block which may relate to the changeover from over-thrusting to subducting motion between the Philippine Sea and the Eurasian plates.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Geophysical Research Letters","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1029/2001GL013225","issn":"00948276","usgsCitation":"Ji, C., Helmberger, D., Song, T., Ma, K., and Wald, D., 2001, Slip distribution and tectonic implication of the 1999 Chi-Chi, Taiwan, earthquake: Geophysical Research Letters, v. 28, no. 23, p. 4379-4382, https://doi.org/10.1029/2001GL013225.","startPage":"4379","endPage":"4382","numberOfPages":"4","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":487438,"rank":10000,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2001gl013225","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":208247,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2001GL013225"},{"id":233861,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"28","issue":"23","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b9146e4b08c986b3197f3","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ji, C.","contributorId":31093,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ji","given":"C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":395011,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Helmberger, D.V.","contributorId":30242,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Helmberger","given":"D.V.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":395010,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Song, T.-R.A.","contributorId":54772,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Song","given":"T.-R.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":395013,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Ma, K.-F.","contributorId":85371,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Ma","given":"K.-F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":395014,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Wald, D.J. 0000-0002-1454-4514","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1454-4514","contributorId":43809,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wald","given":"D.J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":395012,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}}
,{"id":70023363,"text":"70023363 - 2001 - Effects of migratory geese on plant communities of an Alaskan salt marsh","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-06-12T21:35:40","indexId":"70023363","displayToPublicDate":"2001-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2242,"text":"Journal of Ecology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Effects of migratory geese on plant communities of an Alaskan salt marsh","docAbstract":"1. We studied the effects of lesser snow geese (Anser caerulescens caerulescens) and Canada geese (Branta canadensis) on two salt marsh plant communities in Cook Inlet, Alaska, a stopover area used during spring migration. From 1995 to 1997 we compared plant species composition and biomass on plots where geese were excluded from feeding with paired plots where foraging could occur. 2. Foraging intensity was low (650-1930 goose-days km-2) compared to other goose-grazing systems. 3. Canada geese fed mainly on above-ground shoots of Triglochin maritimum, Puccinellia spp. and Carex ramenskii, whereas the majority of the snow goose diet consisted of below-ground tissues of Plantago maritima and Triglochin maritimum. 4. Plant communities responded differently to goose herbivory. In the sedge meadow community, where feeding was primarily on above-ground shoots, there was no effect of grazing on the dominant species Carex ramenskii and Triglochin maritimum. In the herb meadow community, where snow geese fed on Plantago maritima roots and other below-ground tissues, there was a difference in the relative abundance of plant species between treatments. Biomass of Plantago maritima and Potentilla egedii was lower on grazed plots compared with exclosed, whereas biomass of Carex ramenskii was greater on grazed plots. There was no effect of herbivory on total standing crop biomass in either community. The variable effect of herbivory on Carex ramenskii between communities suggests that plant neighbours and competitive interactions are important factors in a species' response to herbivory. In addition, the type of herbivory (above- or below-ground) was important in determining plant community response to herbivory. 5. Litter accumulation was reduced in grazed areas compared with exclosed in both communities. Trampling of the previous year's litter into the soil surface by geese incorporated more litter into soils in grazed areas. 6. This study illustrates that even light herbivore pressure can alter plant communities and affect forage availability.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Ecology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1046/j.1365-2745.2001.00515.x","issn":"00220477","usgsCitation":"Zacheis, A.B., Hupp, J.W., and Ruess, R.W., 2001, Effects of migratory geese on plant communities of an Alaskan salt marsh: Journal of Ecology, v. 89, no. 1, p. 57-71, https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2745.2001.00515.x.","startPage":"57","endPage":"71","numberOfPages":"15","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":478913,"rank":10000,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2745.2001.00515.x","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":207354,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2745.2001.00515.x"},{"id":232244,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"89","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2001-12-21","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0760e4b0c8380cd5167a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Zacheis, Amy B.","contributorId":92460,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Zacheis","given":"Amy","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":397406,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hupp, Jerry W. 0000-0002-6439-3910 jhupp@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6439-3910","contributorId":127803,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hupp","given":"Jerry","email":"jhupp@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":117,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology WTEB","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":397404,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Ruess, Roger W.","contributorId":45483,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Ruess","given":"Roger","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":397405,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70023316,"text":"70023316 - 2001 - Nonlinear inversion of borehole-radar tomography data to reconstruct velocity and attenuation distribution in earth materials","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-10-15T11:42:44","indexId":"70023316","displayToPublicDate":"2001-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2165,"text":"Journal of Applied Geophysics","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Nonlinear inversion of borehole-radar tomography data to reconstruct velocity and attenuation distribution in earth materials","docAbstract":"<p>A nonlinear tomographic inversion method that uses first-arrival travel-time and amplitude-spectra information from cross-hole radar measurements was developed to simultaneously reconstruct electromagnetic velocity and attenuation distribution in earth materials. Inversion methods were developed to analyze single cross-hole tomography surveys and differential tomography surveys. Assuming the earth behaves as a linear system, the inversion methods do not require estimation of source radiation pattern, receiver coupling, or geometrical spreading. The data analysis and tomographic inversion algorithm were applied to synthetic test data and to cross-hole radar field data provided by the US Geological Survey (USGS). The cross-hole radar field data were acquired at the USGS fractured-rock field research site at Mirror Lake near Thornton, New Hampshire, before and after injection of a saline tracer, to monitor the transport of electrically conductive fluids in the image plane. Results from the synthetic data test demonstrate the algorithm computational efficiency and indicate that the method robustly can reconstruct electromagnetic (EM) wave velocity and attenuation distribution in earth materials. The field test results outline zones of velocity and attenuation anomalies consistent with the finding of previous investigators; however, the tomograms appear to be quite smooth. Further work is needed to effectively find the optimal smoothness criterion in applying the Tikhonov regularization in the nonlinear inversion algorithms for cross-hole radar tomography.&nbsp;</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/S0926-9851(01)00071-4","issn":"09269851","usgsCitation":"Zhou, C., Liu, L., and Lane, J., 2001, Nonlinear inversion of borehole-radar tomography data to reconstruct velocity and attenuation distribution in earth materials: Journal of Applied Geophysics, v. 47, no. 3-4, p. 271-284, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0926-9851(01)00071-4.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"271","endPage":"284","numberOfPages":"14","costCenters":[{"id":493,"text":"Office of Ground Water","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":232724,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"New Hampshire","city":"Thornton","otherGeospatial":"Mirror Lake","volume":"47","issue":"3-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a6785e4b0c8380cd73391","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Zhou, C.","contributorId":88466,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zhou","given":"C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":397241,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Liu, L.","contributorId":18481,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Liu","given":"L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":397239,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Lane, J.W. Jr.","contributorId":66723,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lane","given":"J.W.","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":397240,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70023304,"text":"70023304 - 2001 - A minimalist probabilistic description of root zone soil water","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-03-27T17:07:56","indexId":"70023304","displayToPublicDate":"2001-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3722,"text":"Water Resources Research","onlineIssn":"1944-7973","printIssn":"0043-1397","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A minimalist probabilistic description of root zone soil water","docAbstract":"<p><span>The probabilistic response of depth‐integrated soil water to given climatic forcing can be described readily using an existing supply‐demand‐storage model. An apparently complex interaction of numerous soil, climate, and plant controls can be reduced to a relatively simple expression for the equilibrium probability density function of soil water as a function of only two dimensionless parameters. These are the index of dryness (ratio of mean potential evaporation to mean precipitation) and a dimensionless storage capacity (active root zone soil water capacity divided by mean storm depth). The first parameter is mainly controlled by climate, with surface albedo playing a subsidiary role in determining net radiation. The second is a composite of soil (through moisture retention characteristics), vegetation (through rooting characteristics), and climate (mean storm depth). This minimalist analysis captures many essential features of a more general probabilistic analysis, but with a considerable reduction in complexity and consequent elucidation of the critical controls on soil water variability. In particular, it is shown that (1) the dependence of mean soil water on the index of dryness approaches a step function in the limit of large soil water capacity; (2) soil water variance is usually maximized when the index of dryness equals 1, and the width of the peak varies inversely with dimensionless storage capacity; (3) soil water has a uniform probability density function when the index of dryness is 1 and the dimensionless storage capacity is large; and (4) the soil water probability density function is bimodal if and only if the index of dryness is &lt;1, but this bimodality is pronounced only for artificially small values of the dimensionless storage capacity.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/2000WR900337","usgsCitation":"Milly, P., 2001, A minimalist probabilistic description of root zone soil water: Water Resources Research, v. 37, no. 3, p. 457-463, https://doi.org/10.1029/2000WR900337.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"457","endPage":"463","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":478920,"rank":1,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2000wr900337","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":232558,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"37","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e467e4b0c8380cd46633","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Milly, P. C. D.","contributorId":100489,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Milly","given":"P. C. D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":397209,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70023303,"text":"70023303 - 2001 - Fault zone amplified waves as a possible seismic hazard along the Calaveras fault in central California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:14","indexId":"70023303","displayToPublicDate":"2001-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1807,"text":"Geophysical Research Letters","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Fault zone amplified waves as a possible seismic hazard along the Calaveras fault in central California","docAbstract":"The Calaveras fault lies within a low velocity zone (LVZ) 1-2 km wide near Gilroy, California. Accelerographs G06, located in the LVZ 1.2 km from the Calaveras fault, and G07, 4 km from G06, recorded both the M 6.2 1984 Morgan Hill and the M 6.9 1989 Loma Prieta earthquakes. Comparison of the ground motions shows that a large 0.6-1.0 Hz velocity pulse observed at G06 during the Morgan Hill event may be amplified by focussing caused by the LVZ. Such amplified waves might be a mappable seismic hazard, and the zone of increased hazard can extend as much as 1.2 km from the surface trace of the fault. Finite-difference simulations of ground motions in a simplified LVZ model show a zone of amplified motion similar to the observations.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Geophysical Research Letters","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1029/2000GL011902","issn":"00948276","usgsCitation":"Spudich, P., and Olsen, K., 2001, Fault zone amplified waves as a possible seismic hazard along the Calaveras fault in central California: Geophysical Research Letters, v. 28, no. 13, p. 2533-2536, https://doi.org/10.1029/2000GL011902.","startPage":"2533","endPage":"2536","numberOfPages":"4","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":478948,"rank":10000,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2000gl011902","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":207514,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2000GL011902"},{"id":232520,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"28","issue":"13","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0f1ee4b0c8380cd5379c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Spudich, P.","contributorId":85700,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Spudich","given":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":397208,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Olsen, K.B.","contributorId":66022,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Olsen","given":"K.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":397207,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70023301,"text":"70023301 - 2001 - Resolution analysis of finite fault source inversion using one- and three-dimensional Green's functions 2. Combining seismic and geodetic data","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-11-17T18:36:21.691732","indexId":"70023301","displayToPublicDate":"2001-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2314,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Resolution analysis of finite fault source inversion using one- and three-dimensional Green's functions 2. Combining seismic and geodetic data","docAbstract":"<p>Using numerical tests for a prescribed heterogeneous earthquake slip distribution, we examine the importance of accurate Green's functions (GF) for finite fault source inversions which rely on coseismic GPS displacements and leveling line uplift alone and in combination with near-source strong ground motions. The static displacements, while sensitive to the three-dimensional (3-D) structure, are less so than seismic waveforms and thus are an important contribution, particularly when used in conjunction with waveform inversions. For numerical tests of an earthquake source and data distribution modeled after the 1994 Northridge earthquake, a joint geodetic and seismic inversion allows for reasonable recovery of the heterogeneous slip distribution on the fault. In contrast, inaccurate 3-D GFs or multiple 1-D GFs allow only partial recovery of the slip distribution given strong motion data alone. Likewise, using just the GPS and leveling line data requires significant smoothing for inversion stability, and hence, only a blurred vision of the prescribed slip is recovered. Although the half-space approximation for computing the surface static deformation field is no longer justifiable based on the high level of accuracy for current GPS data acquisition and the computed differences between 3-D and half-space surface displacements, a layered 1-D approximation to 3-D Earth structure provides adequate representation of the surface displacement field. However, even with the half-space approximation, geodetic data can provide additional slip resolution in the joint seismic and geodetic inversion provided a priori fault location and geometry are correct. Nevertheless, the sensitivity of the static displacements to the Earth structure begs caution for interpretation of surface displacements, particularly those recorded at monuments located in or near basin environments.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/2000JB900435","issn":"01480227","usgsCitation":"Wald, D., and Graves, R., 2001, Resolution analysis of finite fault source inversion using one- and three-dimensional Green's functions 2. Combining seismic and geodetic data: Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth, v. 106, no. B5, p. 8767-8788, https://doi.org/10.1029/2000JB900435.","productDescription":"22 p.","startPage":"8767","endPage":"8788","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":489764,"rank":1,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2000jb900435","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":232518,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"106","issue":"B5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2001-05-10","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505aa9d3e4b0c8380cd85fc3","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wald, D.J. 0000-0002-1454-4514","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1454-4514","contributorId":43809,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wald","given":"D.J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":397200,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Graves, R.W. 0000-0001-9758-453X","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9758-453X","contributorId":77691,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Graves","given":"R.W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":397201,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70023364,"text":"70023364 - 2001 - Conserving large-river fishes: Is the highway analogy an appropriate paradigm?","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-12-21T17:06:04.153572","indexId":"70023364","displayToPublicDate":"2001-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2564,"text":"Journal of the North American Benthological Society","onlineIssn":"1937-237X","printIssn":"0887-3593","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"displayTitle":"Conserving large-river fishes: Is the <i>highway analogy</i> an appropriate paradigm?","title":"Conserving large-river fishes: Is the highway analogy an appropriate paradigm?","docAbstract":"<p>A tenet of the flood pulse concept, the<span>&nbsp;</span><i>highway analogy,</i><span>&nbsp;</span>states that the main channel of large floodplain rivers is used by fishes mainly as a route for gaining access to floodplain habitats. We examined this proposition by analyzing habitat use for freshwater fishes in 4 large rivers in the United States (Colorado, Columbia, Mississippi, Missouri) and 4 in Europe (Danube, Rhine, Rhône, Volga). Fish species from floodplain segments of each river were classified as fluvial specialist, fluvial dependent, and macrohabitat generalist based on literature and expert opinion. We also summarized the proportion of imperiled and introduced fishes present in each of these categories.</p><p>The high proportion (mean ± 1 SD = 29 ± 17.5%) of fluvial specialist fishes inhabiting north-temperate large rivers was inconsistent with the highway analogy. Most members of the families Petromyzontidae, Acipenseridae, Hiodontidae, Osmeridae, Salmonidae, and Gobiidae require flowing water during some life stage. Between 29 and 100% of the native fish assemblage was of conservation concern, and from 50 to 85% of these fishes required riverine habitats to complete their life cycles. Macrohabitat generalists are adapted to capitalize on floodplain habitats and composed from 44 to 96% of introduced fishes in the rivers studied.</p><p>Habitat diversity inherent in main-channel complexes of unaltered large rivers and reestablished in regulated large rivers is essential to meet life-history needs of native fluvial fishes while discouraging expansion of introduced species. Restoration of north-temperate large rivers and their native fish fauna should incorporate the dynamic interplay among main channel, floodplain, and tributary habitats and processes.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"University of Chicago Press","doi":"10.2307/1468321","issn":"08873593","usgsCitation":"Galat, D., and Zweimuller, I., 2001, Conserving large-river fishes: Is the highway analogy an appropriate paradigm?: Journal of the North American Benthological Society, v. 20, no. 2, p. 266-279, https://doi.org/10.2307/1468321.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"266","endPage":"279","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":232245,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Austria, Bulgaria, Croatia, France, Germany, Hungary, Moldova, Netherlands, Romania, Russia, Serbia, Slovakia, Switzerland, Ukraine, United States","otherGeospatial":"Colorado River, Columbia River, Danube River, Mississippi River, Missouri River, Rhine River, Rhône River, Volga 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D.L.","contributorId":54546,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Galat","given":"D.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":397407,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Zweimuller, I.","contributorId":90908,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zweimuller","given":"I.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":397408,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70023300,"text":"70023300 - 2001 - Determining a regional framework for assessing biotic integrity of virginia streams","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:14","indexId":"70023300","displayToPublicDate":"2001-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3624,"text":"Transactions of the American Fisheries Society","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Determining a regional framework for assessing biotic integrity of virginia streams","docAbstract":"The utility of an index of biotic integrity (IBI) depends on its ability to distinguish anthropogenic effects on biota amid natural biological variability. To enhance this ability, we examined fish assemblage data from least-disturbed stream sites in Virginia to determine the best way to regionally stratify natural variation in candidate IBI metrics and their scoring criteria. Specifically, we examined metric variation among physiographic regions, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency ecoregions, and drainage basins to judge their utility as regions in which to develop and use distinct versions of the IBI for Virginia warmwater streams. Statewide, metrics differed most among physiographic regions; thus, we recommend their use as IBI regions. Largest differences were found for taxonomic metrics between coastal plain and mountain sites, particularly in numbers of native minnow (Cyprinidae), sunfish (Centrarchidae), and darter (Percidae) species. Trophic and reproductive metrics also differed between coastal plain and more-upland streams, presumably reflecting differences in functional adaptations of fishes to upland versus lowland stream habitats. We suggest three preliminary regional IBis for Virginia, each having a distinctive set of taxonomic, trophic, and reproductive metrics and corresponding scoring criteria.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Transactions of the American Fisheries Society","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1577/1548-8659(2001)130<0018:DARFFA>2.0.CO;2","issn":"00028487","usgsCitation":"Smogor, R.A., and Angermeier, P., 2001, Determining a regional framework for assessing biotic integrity of virginia streams: Transactions of the American Fisheries Society, v. 130, no. 1, p. 18-35, https://doi.org/10.1577/1548-8659(2001)130<0018:DARFFA>2.0.CO;2.","startPage":"18","endPage":"35","numberOfPages":"18","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":207487,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1577/1548-8659(2001)130<0018:DARFFA>2.0.CO;2"},{"id":232477,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"130","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059ffeae4b0c8380cd4f488","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Smogor, Roy A.","contributorId":23723,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smogor","given":"Roy","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":397199,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Angermeier, P. L. 0000-0003-2864-170X","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2864-170X","contributorId":6410,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Angermeier","given":"P. L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":397198,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70023365,"text":"70023365 - 2001 - Seismic hazard in Hawaii: High rate of large earthquakes and probabilistics ground-motion maps","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:59","indexId":"70023365","displayToPublicDate":"2001-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1135,"text":"Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America","onlineIssn":"1943-3573","printIssn":"0037-1106","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Seismic hazard in Hawaii: High rate of large earthquakes and probabilistics ground-motion maps","docAbstract":"The seismic hazard and earthquake occurrence rates in Hawaii are locally as high as that near the most hazardous faults elsewhere in the United States. We have generated maps of peak ground acceleration (PGA) and spectral acceleration (SA) (at 0.2, 0.3 and 1.0 sec, 5% critical damping) at 2% and 10% exceedance probabilities in 50 years. The highest hazard is on the south side of Hawaii Island, as indicated by the MI 7.0, MS 7.2, and MI 7.9 earthquakes, which occurred there since 1868. Probabilistic values of horizontal PGA (2% in 50 years) on Hawaii's south coast exceed 1.75g. Because some large earthquake aftershock zones and the geometry of flank blocks slipping on subhorizontal decollement faults are known, we use a combination of spatially uniform sources in active flank blocks and smoothed seismicity in other areas to model seismicity. Rates of earthquakes are derived from magnitude distributions of the modem (1959-1997) catalog of the Hawaiian Volcano Observatory's seismic network supplemented by the historic (1868-1959) catalog. Modern magnitudes are ML measured on a Wood-Anderson seismograph or MS. Historic magnitudes may add ML measured on a Milne-Shaw or Bosch-Omori seismograph or MI derived from calibrated areas of MM intensities. Active flank areas, which by far account for the highest hazard, are characterized by distributions with b slopes of about 1.0 below M 5.0 and about 0.6 above M 5.0. The kinked distribution means that large earthquake rates would be grossly under-estimated by extrapolating small earthquake rates, and that longer catalogs are essential for estimating or verifying the rates of large earthquakes. Flank earthquakes thus follow a semicharacteristic model, which is a combination of background seismicity and an excess number of large earthquakes. Flank earthquakes are geometrically confined to rupture zones on the volcano flanks by barriers such as rift zones and the seaward edge of the volcano, which may be expressed by a magnitude distribution similar to that including characteristic earthquakes. The island chain northwest of Hawaii Island is seismically and volcanically much less active. We model its seismic hazard with a combination of a linearly decaying ramp fit to the cataloged seismicity and spatially smoothed seismicity with a smoothing half-width of 10 km. We use a combination of up to four attenuation relations for each map because for either PGA or SA, there is no single relation that represents ground motion for all distance and magnitude ranges. Great slumps and landslides visible on the ocean floor correspond to catastrophes with effective energy magnitudes ME above 8.0. A crude estimate of their frequency suggests that the probabilistic earthquake hazard is at least an order of magnitude higher for flank earthquakes than that from submarine slumps.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1785/0120000060","issn":"00371106","usgsCitation":"Klein, F.W., Frankel, A., Mueller, C., Wesson, R.L., and Okubo, P.G., 2001, Seismic hazard in Hawaii: High rate of large earthquakes and probabilistics ground-motion maps: Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, v. 91, no. 3, p. 479-498, https://doi.org/10.1785/0120000060.","startPage":"479","endPage":"498","numberOfPages":"20","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":438888,"rank":10000,"type":{"id":30,"text":"Data Release"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5066/P9YP0U7D","text":"USGS data release","linkHelpText":"Data Release for the 1998 Hawaii Seismic Hazard Model"},{"id":207378,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1785/0120000060"},{"id":232282,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"91","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b8b18e4b08c986b3175b0","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Klein, F. W.","contributorId":88371,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Klein","given":"F.","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":397412,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Frankel, A.D.","contributorId":53828,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Frankel","given":"A.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":397411,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Mueller, C.S.","contributorId":45310,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mueller","given":"C.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":397409,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Wesson, R. L.","contributorId":51752,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wesson","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":397410,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Okubo, P. G. 0000-0002-0381-6051","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0381-6051","contributorId":95899,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Okubo","given":"P.","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":397413,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}}
,{"id":70023299,"text":"70023299 - 2001 - Earthquake triggering by seismic waves following the landers and hector mine earthquakes","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:14","indexId":"70023299","displayToPublicDate":"2001-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2840,"text":"Nature","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Earthquake triggering by seismic waves following the landers and hector mine earthquakes","docAbstract":"The proximity and similarity of the 1992, magnitude 7.3 Landers and 1999, magnitude 7.1 Hector Mine earthquakes in California permit testing of earthquake triggering hypotheses not previously possible. The Hector Mine earthquake confirmed inferences that transient, oscillatory 'dynamic' deformations radiated as seismic waves can trigger seismicity rate increases, as proposed for the Landers earthquake1-6. Here we quantify the spatial and temporal patterns of the seismicity rate changes7. The seismicity rate increase was to the north for the Landers earthquake and primarily to the south for the Hector Mine earthquake. We suggest that rupture directivity results in elevated dynamic deformations north and south of the Landers and Hector Mine faults, respectively, as evident in the asymmetry of the recorded seismic velocity fields. Both dynamic and static stress changes seem important for triggering in the near field with dynamic stress changes dominating at greater distances. Peak seismic velocities recorded for each earthquake suggest the existence of, and place bounds on, dynamic triggering thresholds. These thresholds vary from a few tenths to a few MPa in most places, depend on local conditions, and exceed inferred static thresholds by more than an order of magnitude. At some sites, the onset of triggering was delayed until after the dynamic deformations subsided. Physical mechanisms consistent with all these observations may be similar to those that give rise to liquefaction or cyclic fatigue.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Nature","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1038/35078053","issn":"00280836","usgsCitation":"Gomberg, J., Reasenberg, P., Bodin, P., and Harris, R., 2001, Earthquake triggering by seismic waves following the landers and hector mine earthquakes: Nature, v. 411, no. 6836, p. 462-466, https://doi.org/10.1038/35078053.","startPage":"462","endPage":"466","numberOfPages":"5","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":207486,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1038/35078053"},{"id":232476,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"411","issue":"6836","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0507e4b0c8380cd50c16","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Gomberg, J.","contributorId":95994,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gomberg","given":"J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":397197,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Reasenberg, P.A.","contributorId":19959,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Reasenberg","given":"P.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":397194,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Bodin, P.","contributorId":29554,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bodin","given":"P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":397195,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Harris, R.A. 0000-0002-9247-0768","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9247-0768","contributorId":41849,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Harris","given":"R.A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":397196,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70023366,"text":"70023366 - 2001 - Preliminary geological assessment of the Northern edge of Ultimi Lobe, Mars South Polar layered deposits","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-11-29T14:37:20","indexId":"70023366","displayToPublicDate":"2001-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1963,"text":"Icarus","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Preliminary geological assessment of the Northern edge of Ultimi Lobe, Mars South Polar layered deposits","docAbstract":"<p>We have examined the local base of the south polar layered deposits (SPLD) exposed in the bounding scarp near 72°–74°S, 215°–230°W where there is a clear unconformable contact with older units. Sections of layering up to a kilometer thick were examined along the bounding scarp, permitting an estimate of the thinnest individual layers yet reported in the SPLD. Rhythmic layering is also present locally, suggesting a similarly rhythmic variation in environmental conditions and a recorded climate signal at least in some SPLD strata. Locally, angular unconformities may be present, as has been reported for the north polar layered deposits (NPLD) and may likewise imply intervals of subaerial erosion in the SPLD. The outcropping layers display a broad range of weathering styles and may reflect more diverse conditions of depositions, erosion, and diagenesis than might have been expected from simple aeolian depostion modulated only by astronomically driven climatic fluctuations.</p><p>An unexpected finding of our study is the presence of locally abundant small pits close to the bounding scarp. These quasi-circular, negative, rimless features probably originated as impact craters and were modified to varying degrees by local endogenic processes, as well as locally variable blanketing. A nominal exposure age for the most heavily cratered region in our study area is about 2 million years, and the crater statistics appear consistent with those for the overall SPLD, although there are large uncertainties in the absolute ages implied by the crater size–frequency statistics, as in all martian crater ages.</p><p>Another new finding is the presence of mass wasting features along the steepest portion of the retreating bounding scarp as well as a number of examples of brittle fracture, consistent with large-scale slumping along the bounding scarp and probably also ancient basal sliding. Both subhorizontal and high angle faults appear to be exposed in the bounding scarp, but the dips of the faults are poorly constrained. These fractures, along with the relatively undeformed layers between them, suggest to us that whatever horizontal motion may have taken place outward from the central cap region was accomplished by ancient basal sliding rather than large-scale glacial-like flow or ice migration by differential ablation, as proposed recently for the northern permanent cap and underlying NPLD. We have also obtained the first direct estimate of the regional dip of the SPLD, around 2–3° outward (northward) in one area.</p>","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Icarus","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1006/icar.2001.6657","issn":"00191035","usgsCitation":"Murray, B., Koutnik, M., Byrne, S., Soderblom, L.A., Herkenhoff, K.E., and Tanaka, K.L., 2001, Preliminary geological assessment of the Northern edge of Ultimi Lobe, Mars South Polar layered deposits: Icarus, v. 154, no. 1, p. 80-97, https://doi.org/10.1006/icar.2001.6657.","productDescription":"18 p.","startPage":"80","endPage":"97","numberOfPages":"18","costCenters":[{"id":131,"text":"Astrogeology Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":232283,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"otherGeospatial":"Mars; Ultimi Lobe","volume":"154","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a877fe4b0c8380cd7d3c5","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Murray, B.","contributorId":90865,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Murray","given":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":397417,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Koutnik, M.","contributorId":14978,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Koutnik","given":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":397414,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Byrne, S.","contributorId":105083,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Byrne","given":"S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":397418,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Soderblom, Laurence A. 0000-0002-0917-853X lsoderblom@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0917-853X","contributorId":2721,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Soderblom","given":"Laurence","email":"lsoderblom@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":131,"text":"Astrogeology Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":397419,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Herkenhoff, Kenneth E. 0000-0002-3153-6663 kherkenhoff@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3153-6663","contributorId":2275,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Herkenhoff","given":"Kenneth","email":"kherkenhoff@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":131,"text":"Astrogeology Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":397415,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Tanaka, K. L.","contributorId":31394,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Tanaka","given":"K.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":397416,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}}
,{"id":70023298,"text":"70023298 - 2001 - Expression of connexin 43 mRNA and protein in developing follicles of prepubertal porcine ovaries","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-03-17T20:50:02","indexId":"70023298","displayToPublicDate":"2001-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1293,"text":"Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology, Part B: Biochemistry and Molecular Biology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Expression of connexin 43 mRNA and protein in developing follicles of prepubertal porcine ovaries","docAbstract":"A major form of cell-cell communication is mediated by gap junctions, aggregations of intercellular channels composed of connexins (Cxs), which are responsible for exchange of low molecular weight (< 1200 Da) cytosolic materials. These channels are a growing family of related proteins. This study was designed to determine the ontogeny of connexin 43 (Cx43) during early stages of follicular development in prepubertal porcine ovaries. A partial-length (412 base) cDNA clone was obtained from mature porcine ovaries and determined to have 98% identity with published porcine Cx43. Northern blot analysis demonstrated a 4.3-kb mRNA in total RNA isolated from prepubertal and adult porcine ovaries. In-situ hybridization revealed that Cx43 mRNA was detectable in granulosa cells of primary follicles but undetectable in dormant primordial follicles. The intensity of the signal increased with follicular growth and was greatest in the large antral follicles. Immunohistochemical evaluation indicated that Cx43 protein expression correlated with the presence of Cx43 mRNA. These results indicate that substantial amounts of Cx43 are first expressed in granulosa cells following activation of follicular development and that this expression increases throughout follicular growth and maturation. These findings suggest an association between the enhancement of intercellular gap-junctional communication and onset of follicular growth. ?? 2001 Elsevier Science Inc. All rights reserved.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part B: Biochemistry and Molecular Biology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/S1096-4959(01)00403-1","issn":"10964959","usgsCitation":"Melton, C., Zaunbrecher, G., Yoshizaki, G., Patio, R., Whisnant, S., Rendon, A., and Lee, V., 2001, Expression of connexin 43 mRNA and protein in developing follicles of prepubertal porcine ovaries: Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology, Part B: Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, v. 130, no. 1, p. 43-55, https://doi.org/10.1016/S1096-4959(01)00403-1.","startPage":"43","endPage":"55","numberOfPages":"13","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":207463,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S1096-4959(01)00403-1"},{"id":232436,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"130","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0e39e4b0c8380cd5335b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Melton, C.M.","contributorId":24959,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Melton","given":"C.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":397188,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Zaunbrecher, G.M.","contributorId":20941,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zaunbrecher","given":"G.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":397187,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Yoshizaki, G.","contributorId":74488,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Yoshizaki","given":"G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":397190,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Patio, R.","contributorId":103833,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Patio","given":"R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":397193,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Whisnant, S.","contributorId":76095,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Whisnant","given":"S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":397191,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Rendon, A.","contributorId":65253,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rendon","given":"A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":397189,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Lee, V.H.","contributorId":82889,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lee","given":"V.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":397192,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}}
,{"id":70023297,"text":"70023297 - 2001 - Use of tree rings to investigate the onset of contamination of a shallow aquifer by chlorinated hydrocarbons","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:14","indexId":"70023297","displayToPublicDate":"2001-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2233,"text":"Journal of Contaminant Hydrology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Use of tree rings to investigate the onset of contamination of a shallow aquifer by chlorinated hydrocarbons","docAbstract":"Oaks (Quercus velutina Lam.) growing over a shallow aquifer contaminated by chlorinated hydrocarbons were studied to determine if it was possible to estimate the approximate year that contamination began. The annual rings of some trees downgradient from the contaminant release site contained elevated concentrations of chloride possibly derived from dechlorination of contaminants. Additionally, a radial-growth decline began in these trees at approximately the same time that chloride became elevated. Growth did not decline in trees that contained smaller concentrations of chloride. The source of elevated chloride and the corresponding reductions in tree growth could not be explained by factors other than contamination. On the basis of tree-ring evidence alone, the release occurred in the late 1960s or early 1970s. Contaminant release at a second location apparently occurred in the mid- to late 1970s, suggesting that the area was used for disposal for at least 5 years and possibly longer. Copyright ?? 2001 Elsevier Science B.V.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Contaminant Hydrology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/S0169-7722(01)00117-6","issn":"01697722","usgsCitation":"Yanosky, T., Hansen, B.P., and Schening, M., 2001, Use of tree rings to investigate the onset of contamination of a shallow aquifer by chlorinated hydrocarbons: Journal of Contaminant Hydrology, v. 50, no. 3-4, p. 159-173, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0169-7722(01)00117-6.","startPage":"159","endPage":"173","numberOfPages":"15","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":207462,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0169-7722(01)00117-6"},{"id":232435,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"50","issue":"3-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bbfa9e4b08c986b329cbe","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Yanosky, T.M.","contributorId":42263,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Yanosky","given":"T.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":397184,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hansen, B. P.","contributorId":45332,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hansen","given":"B.","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":397185,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Schening, M.R.","contributorId":103707,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schening","given":"M.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":397186,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70023295,"text":"70023295 - 2001 - Spatial extent of a hydrothermal system at Kilauea Volcano, Hawaii, determined from array analyses of shallow long-period seismicity 2. Results","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-11-17T19:50:49.814591","indexId":"70023295","displayToPublicDate":"2001-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2314,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Spatial extent of a hydrothermal system at Kilauea Volcano, Hawaii, determined from array analyses of shallow long-period seismicity 2. Results","docAbstract":"<p><span>Array data from a seismic experiment carried out at Kilauea Volcano, Hawaii, in February 1997, are analyzed by the frequency-slowness method. The slowness vectors are determined at each of three small-aperture seismic antennas for the first arrivals of 1129 long-period (LP) events and 147 samples of volcanic tremor. The source locations are determined by using a probabilistic method which compares the event azimuths and slownesses with a slowness vector model. The results show that all the LP seismicity, including both discrete LP events and tremor, was generated in the same source region along the east flank of the Halemaumau pit crater, demonstrating the strong relation that exists between the two types of activities. The dimensions of the source region are approximately 0.6×1.0×0.5 km. For LP events we are able to resolve at least three different clusters of events. The most active cluster is centered ∼200 m northeast of Halemaumau at depths shallower than 200 m beneath the caldera floor. A second cluster is located beneath the northeast quadrant of Halemaumau at a depth of ∼400 m. The third cluster is &lt;200 m deep and extends southeastward from the northeast quadrant of Halemaumau. Only one source zone is resolved for tremor. This zone is coincident with the most active source zone of LP events, northeast of Halemaumau. The location, depth, and size of the source region suggest a hydrothermal origin for all the analyzed LP seismicity.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/2001JB000309","issn":"01480227","usgsCitation":"Almendros, J., Chouet, B., and Dawson, P., 2001, Spatial extent of a hydrothermal system at Kilauea Volcano, Hawaii, determined from array analyses of shallow long-period seismicity 2. Results: Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth, v. 106, no. B7, p. 13581-13597, https://doi.org/10.1029/2001JB000309.","productDescription":"17 p.","startPage":"13581","endPage":"13597","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":498705,"rank":1,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"https://hdl.handle.net/10481/97987","text":"External Repository"},{"id":232396,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Hawai'i","otherGeospatial":"Kīlauea","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -155.26777118658742,\n              19.398103039773005\n            ],\n            [\n              -155.26519626593304,\n              19.40231282179836\n            ],\n            [\n              -155.2530083081693,\n              19.407655849794338\n            ],\n            [\n              -155.23910373663622,\n              19.406846311379084\n            ],\n            [\n              -155.23704380011282,\n              19.414941514169755\n            ],\n            [\n              -155.24974674200735,\n              19.42433144440021\n            ],\n            [\n              -155.26021808600137,\n              19.43015940404547\n            ],\n            [\n              -155.279959144351,\n              19.4316163612869\n            ],\n            [\n              -155.29849857306192,\n              19.41332250585515\n            ],\n            [\n              -155.29884189581594,\n              19.40490340274536\n            ],\n            [\n              -155.29437870001507,\n              19.40490340274536\n            ],\n            [\n              -155.29386371588427,\n              19.394055069727003\n            ],\n            [\n              -155.28013080572794,\n              19.396807700313744\n            ],\n            [\n              -155.26777118658742,\n              19.398103039773005\n            ]\n          ]\n        ],\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"106","issue":"B7","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2001-07-10","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b947ae4b08c986b31aaf5","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Almendros, J.","contributorId":73369,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Almendros","given":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":397177,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Chouet, B.","contributorId":68465,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chouet","given":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":397176,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Dawson, P. 0000-0003-4065-0588","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4065-0588","contributorId":49529,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dawson","given":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":397175,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70023293,"text":"70023293 - 2001 - Interior trough deposits on Mars: Subice volcanoes?","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-12-01T17:17:08.998324","indexId":"70023293","displayToPublicDate":"2001-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2317,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research E: Planets","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Interior trough deposits on Mars: Subice volcanoes?","docAbstract":"Widespread, several-kilometer-thick successions of layered deposits occur as mounds that partly fill the troughs or chasmata that compose the Valles Marineris on Mars. Like terrestrial subice volcanoes, the layered deposits occur in a volcano-tectonic setting within basins that may have held ponded water or ice. On the basis of their dimensions, morphologies, and associated catastrophic floods and other geologic events as shown in Viking and new Mars Global Surveyor (MGS) data sets, we suggest that the interior deposits are volcanic in origin and possibly generated by subice eruptions. A tuya origin for the mounds can explain the lack of external sediment, mound heights that can rival the plateau, local flat-topped mesas, morphologically distinct mounds of different ages, horizontal to steep dips, fine-grained materials, indications of rare volcanic vents and lava flows, and spectral composition. The extremely diverse layering of west Candor Chasma and possible volcanic cones in Melas may have formed by related subaerial eruptions. Consistent with the suggestion that interior deposits are eroding out of the wall rock, some deposits could have been erupted from sites along the walls.","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/2000JE001303","issn":"01480227","usgsCitation":"Chapman, M.G., and Tanaka, K.L., 2001, Interior trough deposits on Mars: Subice volcanoes?: Journal of Geophysical Research E: Planets, v. 106, no. E5, p. 10087-10100, https://doi.org/10.1029/2000JE001303.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"10087","endPage":"10100","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":478882,"rank":1,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2000je001303","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":232356,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"otherGeospatial":"Mars, Valles Marineris","volume":"106","issue":"E5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a3d1ee4b0c8380cd632fa","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Chapman, M. G.","contributorId":105737,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chapman","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":397172,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Tanaka, K. L.","contributorId":31394,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Tanaka","given":"K.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":397171,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
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