Park managers are concerned that moose (Alces alces), caribou (Rangifer tarandus), and grizzly bears (Ursus arctos) may be avoiding areas along the 130 km road through Denali National Park as a result of high traffic volume, thus decreasing opportunities for visitors to view wildlife. A wildlife monitoring system was developed in 1996 that used 19 landscape level view sheds, stratified into four sections based on decreasing traffic along the road corridor. Data were collected from 22 samplings of all viewsheds during May-August in 1996 and 1997. In 1997, nine backcountry viewsheds were established in three different areas to determine whether density estimates for each species in the backcountry were higher than those for the same animals in similar road-corridor areas. Densities higher than those in the road corridor were found in one backcountry area for moose and in two backcountry areas for grizzly bears. None of the backcountry areas showed a higher density of caribou. We tested hypotheses that moose, caribou, and grizzly bear distributions were unrelated to the road and traffic. Moose sightings were lower than expected within 300 m of the road. More caribou and grizzly bears than expected occurred between 601 and 900 m from the road, while more moose and fewer caribou than expected occurred between 900 and 1200 m from the road. Bull moose in stratum 1 were distributed farther from the road than bulls and cows in stratum 4; cows in stratum 1 and bul1s in stratum 2 were distributed farther from the road than cows in stratum 4. Grizzly bears in stratum 2 were distributed farther from the road than bears in stratum 3. The distribution of moose sightings suggests traffic avoidance, but the spatial pattern of preferred forage may have had more of an influence. Caribou and grizzly bear distributions indicated no pattern of traffic avoidance.
","language":"English","publisher":"Arctic Institute of North America","doi":"10.14430/arctic762","usgsCitation":"Yost, A.C., and Wright, R., 2001, Moose, caribou, and grizzly bear distribution in relation to road traffic in Denali National Park, Alaska: Arctic, v. 54, no. 1, p. 41-48, https://doi.org/10.14430/arctic762.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"41","endPage":"48","numberOfPages":"8","costCenters":[{"id":342,"text":"Idaho Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":489790,"rank":2,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.14430/arctic762","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":232743,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"Denali National Park","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -151.87499958685197,\n 62.80551463545791\n ],\n [\n -148.82488142609475,\n 63.42326621647058\n ],\n [\n -148.8857485290811,\n 63.7272415471883\n ],\n [\n -149.51470859327273,\n 63.71226952329886\n ],\n [\n -149.663494845017,\n 63.57716432493615\n ],\n [\n -150.04222348582053,\n 63.54102756998597\n ],\n [\n -150.39390008085232,\n 63.42931706567359\n ],\n [\n -150.81320679031333,\n 63.46257390741599\n ],\n [\n -150.8673108818568,\n 63.51087858265976\n ],\n [\n -152.23343919332666,\n 63.25940967576716\n ],\n [\n -151.87499958685197,\n 62.80551463545791\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"54","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2001-01-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a5e24e4b0c8380cd7080c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Yost, A. 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The important geologic factors at a site are softness of the rock or soil near the surface and thickness of the sediments above hard bedrock. Even when these 'site effects' are taken into account, however, each earthquake exhibits unique 'hotspots' of anomalously strong shaking. Better predictions of strong ground shaking will therefore require additional geologic data and more comprehensive computer simulations of individual earthquakes.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/fs00101","usgsCitation":"Field, E., Jones, L., Jordan, T., Benthien, M., and Wald, L., 2001, Earthquake shaking — Finding the \"hot spots\" (Online version 1.0.): U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet 001-01, 2 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/fs00101.","productDescription":"2 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":122849,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/fs_001_01.jpg"},{"id":404281,"rank":2,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_34761.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":8982,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2001/fs001-01/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"edition":"Online version 1.0.","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a52e4b07f02db62ace7","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Field, Edward H. 0000-0001-8172-7882 field@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8172-7882","contributorId":1165,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Field","given":"Edward H.","email":"field@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":300,"text":"Geologic Hazards Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":150756,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Jones, Lucile","contributorId":9639,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jones","given":"Lucile","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":150757,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Jordan, Tom","contributorId":44524,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jordan","given":"Tom","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":150759,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Benthien, Mark","contributorId":32146,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Benthien","given":"Mark","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":150758,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Wald, Lisa","contributorId":60196,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wald","given":"Lisa","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":150760,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70184377,"text":"70184377 - 2001 - The Great Auk [Book review]","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-03-08T11:34:24","indexId":"70184377","displayToPublicDate":"2001-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2675,"text":"Marine Ornithology: Journal of Seabird Research and Conservation","onlineIssn":"2074-1235","printIssn":"1018-3337","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The Great Auk [Book review]","docAbstract":"Human obsession with the Great Auk or Garefowl Pinguinus impennis is what this book is about, and it further fuels the fire of our fascination. As Fuller concludes in his introduction: ‘The Great Auk, large and plump, has tempted man since the dawn of history. Whatever the precise reasons for its hold on his imagination, it is a hold that has lasted, and even 150 years after the bird’s apparent demise, the grip seems as powerful as ever.’
","language":"English","publisher":"Pacific Seabird Group","usgsCitation":"Piatt, J.F., 2001, The Great Auk [Book review]: Marine Ornithology: Journal of Seabird Research and Conservation, v. 29, no. 1, p. 65-66.","productDescription":"2 p.","startPage":"65","endPage":"66","costCenters":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":337049,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":337048,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://www.marineornithology.org/cgi-bin/getpage.cgi?vol=29&no=1","text":"Volume 21, Number 1 on Journal's Website"}],"volume":"29","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58c12642e4b014cc3a3d34e8","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Piatt, John F. 0000-0002-4417-5748 jpiatt@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4417-5748","contributorId":3025,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Piatt","given":"John","email":"jpiatt@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[{"id":117,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology WTEB","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":116,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology MFEB","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":681237,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70023675,"text":"70023675 - 2001 - Interspecific comparisons of sylvatic plague in prairie dogs","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:10","indexId":"70023675","displayToPublicDate":"2001-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2373,"text":"Journal of Mammalogy","onlineIssn":"1545-1542","printIssn":"0022-2372","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Interspecific comparisons of sylvatic plague in prairie dogs","docAbstract":"Of the 3 major factors (habitat loss, poisoning, and disease) that limit abundance of prairie dogs today, sylvatic plague caused by Yersinia pestis is the 1 factor that is beyond human control. Plague epizootics frequently kill >99% of prairie dogs in infected colonies. Although epizootics of sylvatic plague occur throughout most of the range of prairie dogs in the United States and are well described, long-term maintenance of plague in enzootic rodent species is not well documented or understood. We review dynamics of plague in white-tailed (Cynomys leucurus), Gunnison's (C. gunnisoni), and black-tailed (C. ludovicianus) prairie dogs, and their rodent and flea associates. We use epidemiologic concepts to support an enzootic hypothesis in which the disease is maintained in a dynamic state, which requires transmission of Y. pestis to be slower than recruitment of new susceptible mammal hosts. Major effects of plague are to reduce colony size of black-tailed prairie dogs and increase intercolony distances within colony complexes. In the presence of plague, black-tailed prairie dogs will probably survive in complexes of small colonies that are usually >3 km from their nearest neighbor colonies.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Mammalogy","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1644/1545-1542(2001)082<0894:ICOSPI>2.0.CO;2","issn":"00222372","usgsCitation":"Cully, J., and Williams, E., 2001, Interspecific comparisons of sylvatic plague in prairie dogs: Journal of Mammalogy, v. 82, no. 4, p. 894-905, https://doi.org/10.1644/1545-1542(2001)082<0894:ICOSPI>2.0.CO;2.","startPage":"894","endPage":"905","numberOfPages":"12","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":207632,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1644/1545-1542(2001)082<0894:ICOSPI>2.0.CO;2"},{"id":232746,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"82","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a3daae4b0c8380cd6373e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Cully, J.F. Jr.","contributorId":51041,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cully","given":"J.F.","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":398411,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Williams, E.S.","contributorId":80970,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Williams","given":"E.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":398412,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70023576,"text":"70023576 - 2001 - Historical trace metal accumulation in the sediments of an urbanized region of the Lake Champlain watershed, Burlington, Vermont","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-08-31T14:20:43","indexId":"70023576","displayToPublicDate":"2001-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3728,"text":"Water, Air, & Soil Pollution","onlineIssn":"1573-2932","printIssn":"0049-6979","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Historical trace metal accumulation in the sediments of an urbanized region of the Lake Champlain watershed, Burlington, Vermont","docAbstract":"This study documents the history of pollution inputs in the Burlington region of Lake Champlain, Vermont using measurements of anthropogenic metals (Cu, Zn, Cr, Pb, Cd, and Ag) in four age-dated sediment cores. Sediments record a history of contamination in a region and can be used to assess the changing threat to biota over time and to evaluate the effectiveness of discharge regulations on anthropogenic inputs. Grain size, magnetic susceptibility, radiometric dating and pollen stratigraphy were combined with trace metal data to provide an assessment of the history of contamination over the last 350 yr in the Burlington region of Lake Champlain. Magnetic susceptibility was initially used to identify land-use history for each site because it is a proxy indicator of soil erosion. Historical trends in metal inputs in the Burlington region from the seventeenth through the twentieth centuries are reflected in downcore variations in metal concentrations and accumulation rates. Metal concentrations increase above background values in the early to mid nineteenth century. The metal input rate to the sediments increases around 1920 and maximum concentrations and accumulation rates are observed in the late 1960s. Decreases in concentration and accumulation rate between 1970 and the present are observed, for most metals. The observed trends are primarily a function of variations in anthropogenic inputs and not variations in sediment grain size. Grain size data were used to remove texture variations from the metal profiles and results show trends in the anthropogenic metal signals remain. Radiometric dating and pollen stratigraphy provide well-constrained dates for the sediments thereby allowing the metal profiles to be interpreted in terms of land-use history.This study documents the history of pollution inputs in the Burlington region of Lake Champlain, Vermont using measurements of anthropogenic metals (Cu, Zn, Cr, Pb, Cd, and Ag) in four age-dated sediment cores. Sediments record a history of contamination in a region and can be used to assess the changing threat to biota over time and to evaluate the effectiveness of discharge regulations on anthropogenic inputs. Grain size, magnetic susceptibility, radiometric dating and pollen stratigraphy were combined with trace metal data to provide an assessment of the history of contamination over the last 350 yr in the Burlington region of Lake Champlain. Magnetic susceptibility was initially used to identify land-use history for each site because it is a proxy indicator of soil erosion. Historical trends in metal inputs in the Burlington region from the seventeenth through the twentieth centuries are reflected in downcore variations in metal concentrations and accumulation rates. Metal concentrations increase above background values in the early to mid nineteenth century. The metal input rate to the sediments increases around 1920 and maximum concentrations and accumulation rates are observed in the late 1960s. Decreases in concentration and accumulation rate between 1970 and the present are observed for most metals. The observed trends are primarily a function of variations in anthropogenic inputs and not variations in sediment grain size. Grain size data were used to remove texture variations from the metal profiles and results show trends in the anthropogenic metal signals remain. Radiometric dating and pollen stratigraphy provide well-constrained dates for the sediments thereby allowing the metal profiles to be interpreted in terms of land-use history.","language":"English","publisher":"Kluwer Academic Publishers","publisherLocation":"Dordrecht, Netherlands","doi":"10.1023/A:1005224425075","issn":"00496979","usgsCitation":"Mecray, E., King, J., Appleby, P., and Hunt, A., 2001, Historical trace metal accumulation in the sediments of an urbanized region of the Lake Champlain watershed, Burlington, Vermont: Water, Air, & Soil Pollution, v. 125, no. 1, p. 201-230, https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1005224425075.","productDescription":"30 p.","startPage":"201","endPage":"230","costCenters":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":488711,"rank":1,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"https://digitalcommons.uri.edu/gsofacpubs/1741","text":"External Repository"},{"id":232415,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Canada, United States","state":"New York, Vermont","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -73.51776123046875,\n 43.96514454266273\n ],\n [\n -73.07830810546875,\n 43.96514454266273\n ],\n [\n -73.07830810546875,\n 45.09679146394738\n ],\n [\n -73.51776123046875,\n 45.09679146394738\n ],\n [\n -73.51776123046875,\n 43.96514454266273\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"125","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a31a2e4b0c8380cd5e0ca","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Mecray, E.L.","contributorId":14840,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mecray","given":"E.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":398091,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"King, J.W.","contributorId":19265,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"King","given":"J.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":398092,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Appleby, P.G.","contributorId":23254,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Appleby","given":"P.G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":398093,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Hunt, A.S.","contributorId":72976,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hunt","given":"A.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":398094,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70180943,"text":"70180943 - 2001 - Lichens from St. Matthew and St. Paul Islands, Bering Sea, Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-08-20T19:40:31","indexId":"70180943","displayToPublicDate":"2001-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3547,"text":"The Bryologist","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Lichens from St. Matthew and St. Paul Islands, Bering Sea, Alaska","docAbstract":"One hundred thirty-nine taxa of lichens including two lichen parasites are reported from St. Matthew and St. Paul Islands in the Bering Sea. 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The effects of parasites on clutch size variation among species can be complex, however, because different parasites can induce age-specific differences in mortality that can cause clutch size to evolve in different directions. We provide a conceptual argument that differences in immunocompetence among species should integrate differences in overall levels of parasite-induced mortality to which a species is exposed. We test this assumption and show that mortality caused by parasites is positively correlated with immunocompetence measured by cell-mediated measures. Under life history theory, clutch size should increase with increased adult mortality and decrease with increased juvenile mortality. Using immunocompetence as a general assay of parasite-induced mortality, we tested these predictions by using data for 25 species. We found that clutch size increased strongly with adult immunocompetence. In contrast, clutch size decreased weakly with increased juvenile immunocompetence. But, immunocompetence of juveniles may be constrained by selection on adults, and, when we controlled for adult immunocompetence, clutch size decreased with juvenile immunocompetence. Thus, immunocompetence seems to reflect evolutionary differences in parasite virulence experienced by species, and differences in age-specific parasite virulence appears to exert opposite selection on clutch size evolution.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1073/pnas.98.4.2071","issn":"00278424","usgsCitation":"Martin, T.E., Moller, A., Merino, S., and Clobert, J., 2001, Does clutch size evolve in response to parasites and immunocompetence?: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, v. 98, no. 4, p. 2071-2076, https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.98.4.2071.","startPage":"2071","endPage":"2076","numberOfPages":"6","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":478956,"rank":10000,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/29383","text":"External Repository"},{"id":232258,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":207363,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.98.4.2071"}],"volume":"98","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2001-02-13","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a038ee4b0c8380cd5052e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Martin, T. E.","contributorId":10911,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Martin","given":"T.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":398182,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Moller, A.P.","contributorId":45867,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Moller","given":"A.P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":398184,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Merino, S. 0000-0002-2834-2243","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2834-2243","contributorId":26853,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Merino","given":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":17705,"text":"Wetland and Aquatic Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":398183,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Clobert, J.","contributorId":57997,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Clobert","given":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":398185,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70023655,"text":"70023655 - 2001 - The effects of electroshock on immune function and disease progression in juvenile spring chinook salmon","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-04-26T14:35:34","indexId":"70023655","displayToPublicDate":"2001-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3624,"text":"Transactions of the American Fisheries Society","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The effects of electroshock on immune function and disease progression in juvenile spring chinook salmon","docAbstract":"Although much is known about the effects of electroshock on fish physiology, consequences to the immune system and disease progression have not received attention. Our objectives were to determine the effects of electroshock on selected immune function in juvenile spring chinook salmon Oncorhynchus tshawytscha, the mechanism of any observed alteration, and the effects of electroshock on disease progression. We found that the ability of anterior kidney leukocytes to generate antibody-producing cells (APC) was suppressed 3 h after a pulsed-DC electroshock (300 V, 50 Hz, 8 ms pulse width) but recovered within 24 h. This response was similar in timing and magnitude to that of fish subjected to an acute handling stress. The mechanism of suppression is hypothesized to be via an elevation of plasma cortisol concentrations in response to stress. Other monitored immune functions, skin mucous lysozyme levels, and respiratory burst activity were not affected by exposure to electroshock. The progression of a Renibacterium salmoninarum (RS) infection may have been altered after exposure to an electroshock. The electroshock did not affect infection severity or the number of mortalities, but may have accelerated the time to death. The limited duration of APC suppression and lack of effects on lysozyme and respiratory burst, as well as infection severity and mortality levels in RS-infected fish, led us to conclude that electrofishing under the conditions we tested is a safe procedure in regards to immunity and disease.
","language":"English","publisher":"Taylor & Francis","doi":"10.1577/1548-8659(2001)130<0397:TEOEOI>2.0.CO;2","issn":"00028487","usgsCitation":"VanderKooi, S.P., Maule, A., and Schreck, C., 2001, The effects of electroshock on immune function and disease progression in juvenile spring chinook salmon: Transactions of the American Fisheries Society, v. 130, no. 3, p. 397-408, https://doi.org/10.1577/1548-8659(2001)130<0397:TEOEOI>2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"397","endPage":"408","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":654,"text":"Western Fisheries Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":232419,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":207456,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1577/1548-8659(2001)130<0397:TEOEOI>2.0.CO;2"}],"volume":"130","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bab77e4b08c986b322e73","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"VanderKooi, S. P.","contributorId":12587,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"VanderKooi","given":"S.","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":398349,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Maule, A.G.","contributorId":45067,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Maule","given":"A.G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":398350,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Schreck, C.B.","contributorId":11977,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schreck","given":"C.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":398348,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70023652,"text":"70023652 - 2001 - Rapid fluid disruption: A source for self-potential anomalies on volcanoes","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-11-17T18:09:38.345696","indexId":"70023652","displayToPublicDate":"2001-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2314,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Rapid fluid disruption: A source for self-potential anomalies on volcanoes","docAbstract":"Self-potential (SP) anomalies observed above suspected magma reservoirs, dikes, etc., on various volcanoes (Kilauea, Hawaii; Mount Unzen, Japan; Piton de la Fournaise, Reunion Island, Miyake Jima, Japan) result from transient surface electric fields of tens of millivolts per kilometer and generally have a positive polarity. These SP anomalies are usually attributed to electrokinetic effects where properties controlling this process are poorly constrained. We propose an alternate explanation that contributions to electric fields of correct polarity should be expected from charge generation by fluid vaporization/disruption. As liquids are vaporized or removed as droplets by gas transport away from hot dike intrusions, both charge generation and local increase in electrical resistivity by removal of fluids should occur. We report laboratory observations of electric fields in hot rock samples generated by pulses of fluid (water) through the rock at atmospheric pressure. These indicate the relative amplitudes of rapid fluid disruption (RFD) potentials and electrokinetic potentials to be dramatically different and the signals are opposite in sign. Above vaporization temperatures, RFD effects of positive sign in the direction of gas flow dominate, whereas below these temperatures, effects of negative sign dominate. This suggests that the primary contribution to observed self-potential anomalies arises from gas-related charge transport processes at temperatures high enough to produce vigorous boiling and vapor transport. At lower temperatures, the primary contribution is from electrokinetic effects modulated perhaps by changing electrical resistivity and RFD effects from high-pressure but low-temperature CO2 and SO2 gas flow ripping water molecules from saturated crustal rocks. If charge generation is continuous, as could well occur above a newly emplaced dike, positive static potentials will be set up that could be sustained for many years, and the simplest method for identifying these hot, active regions would be to identify the SP anomalies they generate.","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/2000JB900349","issn":"01480227","usgsCitation":"Johnston, M., Byerlee, J., and Lockner, D., 2001, Rapid fluid disruption: A source for self-potential anomalies on volcanoes: Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth, v. 106, no. 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D.","contributorId":102190,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lockner","given":"D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":398341,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70023672,"text":"70023672 - 2001 - Landsat 7 thermal-IR image sharpening using an artificial neural network and sensor model","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:11","indexId":"70023672","displayToPublicDate":"2001-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Landsat 7 thermal-IR image sharpening using an artificial neural network and sensor model","docAbstract":"The enhanced thematic mapper (plus) (ETM+) instrument on Landsat 7 shares the same basic design as the TM sensors on Landsats 4 and 5, with some significant improvements. In common are six multispectral bands with a 30-m ground-projected instantaneous field of view (GIFOV). However, the thermaL-IR (TIR) band now has a 60-m GIFOV, instead of 120-m. Also, a 15-m panchromatic band has been added. The artificial neural network (NN) image sharpening method described here uses data from the higher spatial resolution ETM+ bands to enhance (sharpen) the spatial resolution of the TIR imagery. It is based on an assumed correlation over multiple scales of resolution, between image edge contrast patterns in the TIR band and several other spectral bands. A multilayer, feedforward NN is trained to approximate TIR data at 60m, given degraded (from 30-m to 60-m) spatial resolution input from spectral bands 7, 5, and 2. After training, the NN output for full-resolution input generates an approximation of a TIR image at 30-m resolution. Two methods are used to degrade the spatial resolution of the imagery used for NN training, and the corresponding sharpening results are compared. One degradation method uses a published sensor transfer function (TF) for Landsat 5 to simulate sensor coarser resolution imagery from higher resolution imagery. For comparison, the second degradation method is simply Gaussian low pass filtering and subsampling, wherein the Gaussian filter approximates the full width at half maximum amplitude characteristics of the TF-based spatial filter. Two fixed-size NNs (that is, number of weights and processing elements) were trained separately with the degraded resolution data, and the sharpening results compared. The comparison evaluates the relative influence of the degradation technique employed and whether or not it is desirable to incorporate a sensor TF model. Preliminary results indicate some improvements for the sensor model-based technique. Further evaluation using a higher resolution reference image and strict application of sensor model to data is recommended.","largerWorkTitle":"Proceedings of SPIE - The International Society for Optical Engineering","conferenceTitle":"Visual Information Processing X","conferenceDate":"19 April 2001 through 20 April 2001","conferenceLocation":"Orlando,FL","language":"English","doi":"10.1117/12.438256","issn":"0277786X","usgsCitation":"Lemeshewsky, G., and Schowengerdt, R., 2001, Landsat 7 thermal-IR image sharpening using an artificial neural network and sensor model, in Proceedings of SPIE - The International Society for Optical Engineering, v. 4388, Orlando,FL, 19 April 2001 through 20 April 2001, p. 181-192, https://doi.org/10.1117/12.438256.","startPage":"181","endPage":"192","numberOfPages":"12","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":207607,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.438256"},{"id":232703,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"4388","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a43cde4b0c8380cd66623","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Park S.K.Rahman Z.Schowengerdt R.A.","contributorId":128439,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"Park S.K.Rahman Z.Schowengerdt R.A.","id":536503,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1}],"authors":[{"text":"Lemeshewsky, G.P.","contributorId":106927,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lemeshewsky","given":"G.P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":398403,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Schowengerdt, R.A.","contributorId":83707,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schowengerdt","given":"R.A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":398402,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70023427,"text":"70023427 - 2001 - Spatial paradigms of lotic diatom distribution: A landscape ecology perspective","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:15","indexId":"70023427","displayToPublicDate":"2001-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2422,"text":"Journal of Phycology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Spatial paradigms of lotic diatom distribution: A landscape ecology perspective","docAbstract":"Spatial distributional patterns of benthic diatoms and their relation to current velocity were investigated in an unshaded cobble-bottom reach of White Creek (Washington County, NY). On 27 August 1999, diatoms were sampled and current velocity and depth were measured on a regular square sampling grid with a grain size of 0.01 m2, interval of 0.5 m, and extent of 16 m2. The relative abundance of the 18 common diatom species enumerated in the 81 samples was subjected to detrended correspondence analysis (DCA). The first axis (DCA1) explained 51% of the variance in diatom data and separated the samples according to current regimes. The spatial autocorrelation of DCA1 sample scores in deposition and erosion regions of White Creek was determined by Moran's I statistic to indicate patch size. In White Creek the patch length of all diatom communities was more than 3.1 m, whereas the patch width was 1 m in the deposition region and 0.5 m in the erosion region. There were 5 dominant diatom taxa, Achnanthes minutissima Ku??tz. et vars, Fragilaria capucina Dezmazie??res et vars, F. crotonensis Kitt., Diatoma vulgaris Bory, and Synedra ulna (Nitz.) Ehr. et vars. The patch length of the dominant species varied from 1 to more than 4.1 m, whereas the patch width, if defined, was 0.5 m. Achnanthes minutissima and F. capucina, the two diatom species with the highest relative abundance, displayed spatially structured patches of low abundance and comparatively random patches of high abundance, suggesting broad scale abiotic control of species performance in low abundance regions and finer scale biotic control of high abundance areas. Another objective of this study was to test the hypothesis that higher current velocities, which generally impede immigration, would increase randomness and complexity (i.e. homogeneity of diatom distributional patterns). The spatial complexity in low versus high velocity transects was determined by calculating the respective fractal dimension (D) of DCA1 scores. D of DCA1 was higher in the higher current velocity transects, suggesting that spatial complexity and homogeneity of diatom communities increased in faster currents. Partial canonical correspondence analysis was conducted on diatom, environmental, and spatial data to assess how much of the variance in species distribution could be attributed to environmental (current velocity and depth) versus spatial factors. The variance of species data, explained by the environment (exclusively current velocity), was 38%; whereas space alone contributed only 10%, indicating that 1) current velocity was the major factor that controlled diatom distribution in streams and 2) there were other spatially dependent variables, most likely biotic, but their role in shaping diatom communities was minor.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Phycology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1046/j.1529-8817.2001.037003370.x","issn":"00223646","usgsCitation":"Passy, S., 2001, Spatial paradigms of lotic diatom distribution: A landscape ecology perspective: Journal of Phycology, v. 37, no. 3, p. 370-378, https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1529-8817.2001.037003370.x.","startPage":"370","endPage":"378","numberOfPages":"9","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":207602,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1529-8817.2001.037003370.x"},{"id":232687,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"37","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2001-12-21","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b948de4b08c986b31ab6b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Passy, S.I.","contributorId":50324,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Passy","given":"S.I.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":397621,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70023436,"text":"70023436 - 2001 - Geological and geochemical characteristics of high arsenic coals from endemic arsenosis areas in southwestern Guizhou Province, China","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:00","indexId":"70023436","displayToPublicDate":"2001-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Geological and geochemical characteristics of high arsenic coals from endemic arsenosis areas in southwestern Guizhou Province, China","docAbstract":"Southwest Guizhou Province is one of the most important areas of disseminated, sediment-hosted-type Au deposits in China and is an important area of coal production. The chemistry of most of the coals in SW Guizhou is similar to those in other parts of China. Their As content is near the Chinese coal average, but some local, small coal mines contain high As coals. The highest As content is up to 3.5 wt.% in the coal. The use of high As coals has caused in excess of 3000 cases of As poisoning in several villages. The high As coals are in the Longtan formation, which is an alternating marine facies and terrestrial facies. The coals are distributed on both sides of faults that parallel the regional anticlinal axis. The As content of coal is higher closer to the fault plane. The As content of coal changes greatly in different coal beds and different locations of the same bed. Geological structures such as anticlines, faults and sedimentary strata control the distribution of high As coals. Small Au deposits as well as Sb, Hg, and Th mineralization, are found near the high As coals. Although some As-bearing minerals such as pyrite, arsenopyrite, realgar (?), As-bearing sulfate, As-bearing clays, and phosphate are found in the high As coals, their contents cannot account for the abundance of As in some coals. Analysis of the coal indicates that As mainly exists in the form of As5+ and As3+, perhaps, combined with organic compounds. The occurrence of such exceptionally high As contents in coal and the fact that the As is dominantly organically associated are unique observations. ?? 201 Elsevier Science Ltd.","largerWorkTitle":"Applied Geochemistry","language":"English","doi":"10.1016/S0883-2927(01)00049-X","issn":"08832927","usgsCitation":"Ding, Z., Zheng, B., Long, J., Belkin, H., Finkelman, R.B., Chen, C., Zhou, D., and Zhou, Y., 2001, Geological and geochemical characteristics of high arsenic coals from endemic arsenosis areas in southwestern Guizhou Province, China, in Applied Geochemistry, v. 16, no. 11-12, p. 1353-1360, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0883-2927(01)00049-X.","startPage":"1353","endPage":"1360","numberOfPages":"8","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":232170,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":207320,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0883-2927(01)00049-X"}],"volume":"16","issue":"11-12","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a2248e4b0c8380cd56ee8","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ding, Z.","contributorId":51045,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ding","given":"Z.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":397651,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Zheng, B.","contributorId":51489,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zheng","given":"B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":397652,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Long, J.","contributorId":41993,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Long","given":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":397650,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Belkin, H. E. 0000-0001-7879-6529","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7879-6529","contributorId":38160,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Belkin","given":"H. E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":397649,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Finkelman, R. B.","contributorId":20341,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Finkelman","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":397648,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Chen, C.","contributorId":98490,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chen","given":"C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":397655,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Zhou, D.","contributorId":98037,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zhou","given":"D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":397654,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Zhou, Y.","contributorId":70526,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zhou","given":"Y.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":397653,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8}]}} ,{"id":70184936,"text":"70184936 - 2001 - Lithologies of the basement complex (Devonian and older) in the National Petroleum Reserve - Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-04-02T14:16:22.818567","indexId":"70184936","displayToPublicDate":"2001-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":5315,"text":"SEPM Core Workshop Notes","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Lithologies of the basement complex (Devonian and older) in the National Petroleum Reserve - Alaska","docAbstract":"Rocks of the basement complex (Devonian and older) were encountered in at least 30 exploratory wells in the northern part of the NPRA. Fine-grained, variably deformed sedimentary rocks deposited in a slope or basinal setting predominate and include varicolored (mainly red and green) argillite in the Simpson area, dark argillite and chert near Barrow, and widespread gray argillite. Chitinozoans of Middle-Late Ordovician and Silurian age occur in the dark argillite and chert unit. Sponge spicules and radiolarians establish a Phanerozoic age for the varicolored and gray argillite units, both of which contain local interbeds of chert-rich sandstone and silt-stone. Conglomerate and sandstone, also chert-rich but interbedded with mudstone and coal and of Early-Middle Devonian age, occur in the Topagoruk area; these strata formed in a fluvial environment. At East Teshekpuk, granite of probable Devonian age was penetrated. Brecciated, quartz-veined rock of uncertain protolith that may be part of the basement complex was encountered in the Ikpikpuk well. Seismic data indicate that angular unconformities truncate all sedimentary units of the basement complex in NPRA. Rocks correlative in age and lithofacies with the dark argillite and chert unit occur in the subsurface near Prudhoe Bay. Other argillite units in NPRA have similarities to basement rocks in the subsurface adjacent to ANWR and the Ordovician-Silurian Iviagik Group at Cape Lisburne, but lack the interbedded limestones found in the ANWR strata, and are less metamorphosed than, and compositionally distinct from, the Iviagik. The Topagoruk conglomerate and the East Teshekpuk granite resemble the Ulungarat formation and the Okpilak batholith, respectively, in the northeastern Brooks Range.
","language":"English","publisher":"Society for Sedimentary Geology","doi":"10.2110/cor.01.01.0201","usgsCitation":"Dumoulin, J.A., 2001, Lithologies of the basement complex (Devonian and older) in the National Petroleum Reserve - Alaska: SEPM Core Workshop Notes, v. 21, p. 201-214, https://doi.org/10.2110/cor.01.01.0201.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"201","endPage":"214","costCenters":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":337406,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -164.35546875,\n 68.39918004344189\n ],\n [\n -149.58984375,\n 68.39918004344189\n ],\n [\n -149.58984375,\n 71.18775391813158\n ],\n [\n -164.35546875,\n 71.18775391813158\n ],\n [\n -164.35546875,\n 68.39918004344189\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"21","publicComments":"Volume Title: Petroleum Plays and Systems in the National Petroleum Reserve - Alaska","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58c50918e4b0f37a93ee9ce2","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Houseknecht, David W. 0000-0002-9633-6910 dhouse@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9633-6910","contributorId":645,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Houseknecht","given":"David","email":"dhouse@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":241,"text":"Eastern Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":683697,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1}],"authors":[{"text":"Dumoulin, Julie A. 0000-0003-1754-1287 dumoulin@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1754-1287","contributorId":203209,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dumoulin","given":"Julie","email":"dumoulin@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":119,"text":"Alaska Science Center Geology Minerals","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":683696,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70023385,"text":"70023385 - 2001 - Alaska: A twenty-first-century petroleum province","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-08-23T16:33:24.33822","indexId":"70023385","displayToPublicDate":"2001-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":606,"text":"AAPG Memoir","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Alaska: A twenty-first-century petroleum province","docAbstract":"Alaska, the least explored of all United States regions, is estimated to contain approximately 40% of total U.S. undiscovered, technically recoverable oil and natural-gas resources, based on the most recent U.S. Department of the Interior (U.S. Geological Survey and Minerals Management Service) estimates. Northern Alaska, including the North Slope and adjacent Beaufort and Chukchi continental shelves, holds the lion's share of the total Alaskan endowment of more than 30 billion barrels (4.8 billion m3) of oil and natural-gas liquids plus nearly 200 trillion cubic feet (5.7 trillion m3) of natural gas. This geologically complex region includes prospective strata within passive-margin, rift, and foreland-basin sequences. Multiple source-rock zones have charged several regionally extensive petroleum systems. Extensional and compressional structures provide ample structural objectives. In addition, recent emphasis on stratigraphic traps has demonstrated significant resource potential in shelf and turbidite systems in Jurassic to Tertiary strata. Despite robust potential, northern Alaska remains a risky exploration frontier - a nexus of geologic complexity, harsh economic conditions, and volatile policy issues. Its role as a major petroleum province in this century will depend on continued technological innovations, not only in exploration and drilling operations, but also in development of huge, currently unmarketable natural-gas resources. Ultimately, policy decisions will determine whether exploration of arctic Alaska will proceed.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Association of Petroleum Geologists","doi":"10.1306/M74775C9","usgsCitation":"Bird, K.J., 2001, Alaska: A twenty-first-century petroleum province: AAPG Memoir, v. 74, p. 137-165, https://doi.org/10.1306/M74775C9.","productDescription":"29 p.","startPage":"137","endPage":"165","numberOfPages":"29","costCenters":[{"id":255,"text":"Energy Resources Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":232603,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United 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landscape-level habitat variables in south-central Wisconsin during 1985–1987. Landscape-level variables were measured and digitized at 200, 400 and 800 m from the perimeter of 38 200 m × 100 m strip transects. A mixture of field and landscape variables was associated with the density of savannah sparrow (Passerculus sandwichensis) and grasshopper sparrow (Ammodramus savannarum). Only landscape variables were associated with the density of bobolink (Dolichonyx oryzivorus), eastern meadowlark (Sturnella magna) and all birds that were grassland species of management concern. Field size was not an important predictor of bird density. Cover-type diversity of the surrounding area was commonly selected in the models for three species and all birds that were grassland species of management concern. Higher bird densities in the transects were associated with landscapes where the cover types were less diverse. Landscapes with low cover type diversity were dominated by grassland, pasture and hay. Field habitat, mean patch size of cover types and distance to woody vegetation were the next most common predictors of avian density. The density of some grassland birds increased as nonlinear woody features such as woodlots and shrub carrs decreased in patch size, decreased in total amount in the landscape and increased in distance from a transect. However, density of other species was positively associated with linear woody features such as the total amount and nearness of hedgerows. The composition of the surrounding landscape, at least out to 800 m, is important in grassland bird management.
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W.","contributorId":57239,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Sample","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":400596,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70185672,"text":"70185672 - 2001 - Monitoring the effect of poplar trees on petroleum-hydrocarbon and chlorinated-solvent contaminated ground water","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-12-03T08:37:05","indexId":"70185672","displayToPublicDate":"2001-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2064,"text":"International Journal of Phytoremediation","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Monitoring the effect of poplar trees on petroleum-hydrocarbon and chlorinated-solvent contaminated ground water","docAbstract":"At contaminated groundwater sites, poplar trees can be used to affect ground-water levels, flow directions, and ultimately total groundwater and contaminant flux to areas downgradient of the trees. The magnitude of the hydrologic changes can be monitored using fundamental concepts of groundwater hydrology, in addition to plant physiology-based approaches, and can be viewed as being almost independent of the contaminant released. The affect of poplar trees on the fate of groundwater contaminants, however, is contaminant dependent. Some petroleum hydrocarbons or chlorinated solvents may be mineralized or transformed to innocuous compounds by rhizospheric bacteria associated with the tree roots, mineralized or transformed by plant tissues in the transpiration stream or leaves after uptake, or passively volatilized and rapidly dispersed or oxidized in the atmosphere. These processes also can be monitored using a combination of physiological- or geochemical-based field or laboratory approaches. When combined, such hydrologic and contaminant monitoring approaches can result in a more accurate assessment of the use of poplar trees to meet regulatory goals at contaminated groundwater sites, verify that these goals continue to be met in the future, and ultimately lead to a consensus on how the performance of plant-based remedial strategies (phytoremediation) is to be assessed.
","language":"English","publisher":"Taylor & Francis","doi":"10.1080/15226510108500050","usgsCitation":"Landmeyer, J., 2001, Monitoring the effect of poplar trees on petroleum-hydrocarbon and chlorinated-solvent contaminated ground water: International Journal of Phytoremediation, v. 3, no. 1, p. 61-85, https://doi.org/10.1080/15226510108500050.","productDescription":"25 p. ","startPage":"61","endPage":"85","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":338380,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"3","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58da2539e4b0543bf7fda84d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Landmeyer, James 0000-0002-5640-3816 jlandmey@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5640-3816","contributorId":3257,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Landmeyer","given":"James","email":"jlandmey@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":13634,"text":"South Atlantic Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":686310,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70184662,"text":"70184662 - 2001 - Geographic variation of PCB congeners in polar bears (Ursus maritimus) from Svalbard east to the Chukchi Sea","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-12-17T08:04:43","indexId":"70184662","displayToPublicDate":"2001-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3093,"text":"Polar Biology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Geographic variation of PCB congeners in polar bears (Ursus maritimus) from Svalbard east to the Chukchi Sea","docAbstract":"We present data on geographic variation in polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) congeners in adult female polar bears (Ursus maritimus) from Svalbard eastward to the Chukchi Sea. Blood samples from 90 free-living polar bears were collected in 1987–1995. Six PCB congeners, penta to octa chlorinated (PCB-99, -118, -153, -156, -180, -194), were selected for this study. Differences between areas were found in PCB levels and congener patterns. Bears from Franz Josef Land (11,194 ng/g lipid weight) and the Kara Sea (9,412 ng/g lw) had similar ΣPCB levels and were higher than all other populations (Svalbard 5,043 ng/g lw, East Siberian Sea 3,564 ng/g lw, Chukchi Sea 2,465 ng/g lw). Svalbard PCB levels were higher than those from the Chukchi Sea. Our results, combined with earlier findings, indicate that polar bears from Franz Josef Land and the Kara Sea have the highest PCB levels in the Arctic. Decreasing trends were seen eastwards and westwards from this region. Of the congeners investigated in the present study, the lower chlorinated PCBs are increasing and the high chlorinated PCBs are decreasing from Svalbard eastward to the Chukchi Sea. Different pollution sources, compound transport patterns and regional prey differences could explain the variation in PCB congener levels and patterns between regions.
","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1007/s003000000201","usgsCitation":"Andersen, M., Lie, E., Derocher, A., Belikov, S., Bernhoft, A., Boltunov, A.N., Garner, G., Skaare, J., and Wiig, Ø., 2001, Geographic variation of PCB congeners in polar bears (Ursus maritimus) from Svalbard east to the Chukchi Sea: Polar Biology, v. 24, no. 4, p. 231-238, https://doi.org/10.1007/s003000000201.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"231","endPage":"238","costCenters":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":337395,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Norway, Russia, United States","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -127.96875,\n 47.27922900257082\n ],\n [\n -122.6953125,\n 32.84267363195431\n ],\n 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A.","contributorId":31557,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bernhoft","given":"A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":682466,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Boltunov, Andrei N.","contributorId":98682,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Boltunov","given":"Andrei","email":"","middleInitial":"N.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":682467,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Garner, G.W.","contributorId":80218,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Garner","given":"G.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":682468,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Skaare, J.U.","contributorId":59999,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Skaare","given":"J.U.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":682469,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Wiig, Øystein","contributorId":13469,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wiig","given":"Øystein","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":682470,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9}]}} ,{"id":70184694,"text":"70184694 - 2001 - The role of hybridization in the distribution, conservation and management of aquatic species: Symposium review","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-07-01T16:27:56","indexId":"70184694","displayToPublicDate":"2001-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3278,"text":"Reviews in Fish Biology and Fisheries","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The role of hybridization in the distribution, conservation and management of aquatic species: Symposium review","docAbstract":"This issue of Reviews in Fish Biology and Fisheries contains six papers addressing several critical aspects of hybridization in fishes and aquatic organisms. Hybridization is a phenomenon long recognized in fishes (Hubbs, 1920, 1955; Schwarz, 1981), as well as in other plant and vertebrate taxa, despite some rather dogmatic proclamations to the contrary, e.g., comments made by David Starr Jordan at the beginning of the 20th century that the species “line” is rarely crossed in fishes (Clark Hubbs, personal communication). Since that time, interspecific genetic introgression has been well documented in many fish genera and species: Barbus (Berrebi and CattaneoBerrebi, 1993); Cyprinodon (Echelle and Connor, 1989; Dowling and DeMarais, 1993); Gambusia (Hubbs, 1959; Scribner and Avise, 1994); Esox (Wahl and Stein, 1993); Lepomis (Avise et al., 1984); Luxilus (Duvernell and Aspinwall, 1995); Morone (Harrell et al., 1993); Notropis (Dowling et al., 1989; Dowling and Hoeh, 1991); Oncorhynchus (Busack and Gall, 1981; Campton and Utter, 1985; Loudenslager et al., 1986; Leary et al., 1987; Forbes and Allendorf, 1991; Dowling and Childs, 1992); Salmo (Nyman, 1970; Wilkins et al., 1993; Giuffra et al., 1996; Hartley, 1996; Perez et al., 1999); Salvalinus (Hammar et al., 1991; Bernatchez et al., 1995; Baxter et al., 1997; Glemet et al., 1998; Wilson and Bernatchez, 1998); Sebastes (Seeb, 1988); Stizostedion (Billington et al., 1988). See also reviews in Campton (1987), Verspoor and Hammar (1991), Smith (1992), and Scribner et al. (2000). More recently, a number of investigations have documented not only first generation hybrids, but also subsequent generation introgressant hybrids (Bartley et al., 1990; Verspoor and Hammar, 1991). As a result, our views about species typology and hybrids continue to change.
","language":"English","publisher":"Kluwer Academic Publishers","doi":"10.1023/A:1016729132297","usgsCitation":"Epifanio, J., and Nielsen, J.L., 2001, The role of hybridization in the distribution, conservation and management of aquatic species: Symposium review: Reviews in Fish Biology and Fisheries, v. 10, no. 3, p. 245-251, https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1016729132297.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"245","endPage":"251","costCenters":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":337399,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"10","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58c3c946e4b0f37a93ee9b6b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Epifanio, John","contributorId":139202,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Epifanio","given":"John","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":682613,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Nielsen, Jennifer L.","contributorId":43722,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nielsen","given":"Jennifer","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":682614,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70185194,"text":"70185194 - 2001 - Water sustainability -- Science or management?","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-03-16T10:43:59","indexId":"70185194","displayToPublicDate":"2001-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3825,"text":"Groundwater","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Water sustainability -- Science or management?","docAbstract":"No abstract available
","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1111/j.1745-6584.2001.tb02352.x","usgsCitation":"Wood, W., 2001, Water sustainability -- Science or management?: Groundwater, v. 39, no. 5, p. 641-641, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6584.2001.tb02352.x.","productDescription":"1 p. ","startPage":"641","endPage":"641","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":337709,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"39","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2005-12-13","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58cba41fe4b0849ce97dc770","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wood, Warren W.","contributorId":47770,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Wood","given":"Warren W.","affiliations":[{"id":6601,"text":"Michigan State University","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":684702,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70185193,"text":"70185193 - 2001 - In situ spectroscopic and solution analyses of the reductive dissolution of Mn02 by Fe(II)","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-12-03T08:40:13","indexId":"70185193","displayToPublicDate":"2001-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1565,"text":"Environmental Science & Technology","onlineIssn":"1520-5851","printIssn":"0013-936X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"In situ spectroscopic and solution analyses of the reductive dissolution of Mn02 by Fe(II)","docAbstract":"The reductive dissolution of MnO2 by Fe(II) under conditions simulating acid mine drainage (pH 3, 100 mM SO42-) was investigated by utilizing a flow-through reaction cell and synchrotron X-ray absorption spectroscopy. This configuration allows collection of in situ, real-time X-ray absorption near-edge structure (XANES) spectra and bulk solution samples. Analysis of the solution chemistry suggests that the reaction mechanism changed (decreased reaction rate) as MnO2 was reduced and Fe(III) precipitated, primarily as ferrihydrite. Simultaneously, we observed an additional phase, with the local structure of jacobsite (MnFe2O4), in the Mn XANES spectra of reactants and products. The X-ray absorbance of this intermediate phase increased during the experiment, implying an increase in concentration. The presence of this phase, which probably formed as a surface coating, helps to explain the reduced rate of dissolution of manganese(IV) oxide. In natural environments affected by acid mine drainage, the formation of complex intermediate solid phases on mineral surfaces undergoing reductive dissolution may likewise influence the rate of release of metals to solution.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Chemical Society","doi":"10.1021/es001356d","usgsCitation":"Villinski, J.E., O’Day, P.A., Corley, T.L., and Conklin, M.H., 2001, In situ spectroscopic and solution analyses of the reductive dissolution of Mn02 by Fe(II): Environmental Science & Technology, v. 35, no. 6, p. 1157-1163, https://doi.org/10.1021/es001356d.","productDescription":"7 p. ","startPage":"1157","endPage":"1163","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":337707,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"35","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2001-02-16","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58cba41fe4b0849ce97dc772","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Villinski, John E.","contributorId":189392,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Villinski","given":"John","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":684698,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"O’Day, Peggy A.","contributorId":189393,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"O’Day","given":"Peggy","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":684699,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Corley, Timothy L.","contributorId":189394,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Corley","given":"Timothy","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":684700,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Conklin, Martha H.","contributorId":189395,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Conklin","given":"Martha","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":684701,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70185184,"text":"70185184 - 2001 - Annual maxima in Zn concentrations during spring snowmelt in streams impacted by mine drainage","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-01-05T14:57:41","indexId":"70185184","displayToPublicDate":"2001-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1539,"text":"Environmental Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Annual maxima in Zn concentrations during spring snowmelt in streams impacted by mine drainage","docAbstract":"Long-term hydrochemical monitoring and 2 years of intensive sampling were used to identify annual patterns in Zn export from three neighboring catchments in Summit County, Colorado. These catchments are characterized by a snowmelt-dominated hydrologic cycle, but range in the level of mining impact from little to severe. Zn concentrations increased during snowmelt along stream reaches with a history of mining, but were diluted by snowmelt where metals originated in widely disseminated pyrite in the host rock of the catchment. Inter-site differences in the relationship between Zn and sulfate, together with inter-annual variability in the timing and magnitude of peak Zn concentrations suggest that a portion of the Zn flush is retarded, perhaps through interaction with cation exchange sites in soil. Although Dissolved Organic Carbon (DOC) concentrations also increase during snowmelt, there was no indication that the export of Zn was facilitated by the flush of organic carbon.
","language":"English","publisher":"Springer-Verlag","doi":"10.1007/s002540100338","usgsCitation":"Brooks, P., McKnight, D., and Bencala, K.E., 2001, Annual maxima in Zn concentrations during spring snowmelt in streams impacted by mine drainage: Environmental Geology, v. 40, no. 11, p. 1447-1454, https://doi.org/10.1007/s002540100338.","productDescription":"8 p. ","startPage":"1447","endPage":"1454","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":337689,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"40","issue":"11","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58ca52ffe4b0849ce97c8752","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Brooks, P. ","contributorId":189374,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Brooks","given":"P. ","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":684648,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"McKnight, D.","contributorId":48713,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McKnight","given":"D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":684649,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Bencala, Kenneth E. kbencala@usgs.gov","contributorId":1541,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bencala","given":"Kenneth","email":"kbencala@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":778886,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70185400,"text":"70185400 - 2001 - Predation on waterfowl in arctic tundra and prairie breeding areas: A review","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-04-27T14:46:58","indexId":"70185400","displayToPublicDate":"2001-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3779,"text":"Wildlife Society Bulletin","onlineIssn":"1938-5463","printIssn":"0091-7648","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Predation on waterfowl in arctic tundra and prairie breeding areas: A review","docAbstract":"Predation is a natural component of waterfowl population biology, but environmental alterations have changed the magnitude and importance of predation on waterfowl breeding areas. We reviewed the status of waterfowl populations, adaptations of waterfowl that minimize impacts of predation, and the impacts of predation on waterfowl populations in 2 major North American breeding areas, the Arctic and Prairie Regions. We identified the underlying factors contributing to most waterfowl predation problems to be changes in essential breeding habitats and changes in predator community composition and abundance. In the Arctic, high predation rates on waterfowl eggs and young are usually associated with predators gaining access to populations that were previously isolated. In the prairie, predation problems are often related to large-scale habitat degradation coupled with changes in predator communities. Predation problems are often symptomatic of inadequate habitat management, but we recognize that habitat management alone is not always sufficient to effectively manage predation problems. Predation management efforts should be integrated with strategies of long-term management of habitats critical to breeding waterfowl, strategies embraced by the North American Waterfowl Management Plan. Predation management must be tailored to different situations and include an element of flexibility that allows appropriate response to the dynamic nature of factors influencing survival and recruitment.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","usgsCitation":"Sovada, M.A., Anthony, R.M., and Batt, B.D., 2001, Predation on waterfowl in arctic tundra and prairie breeding areas: A review: Wildlife Society Bulletin, v. 29, no. 1, p. 6-15.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"6","endPage":"15","costCenters":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":337972,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":337971,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/3783975"}],"volume":"29","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58d23b91e4b0236b68f828fa","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Sovada, Marsha A. msovada@usgs.gov","contributorId":2601,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sovada","given":"Marsha","email":"msovada@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":685463,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Anthony, R. Michael","contributorId":16057,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Anthony","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"Michael","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":685464,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Batt, Bruce D.J.","contributorId":113404,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Batt","given":"Bruce","email":"","middleInitial":"D.J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":685465,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70023970,"text":"70023970 - 2001 - Relating nitrogen sources and aquifer susceptibility to nitrate in shallow ground waters of the United States","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-10-17T15:19:37.711965","indexId":"70023970","displayToPublicDate":"2001-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1861,"text":"Ground Water","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Relating nitrogen sources and aquifer susceptibility to nitrate in shallow ground waters of the United States","docAbstract":"Characteristics of nitrogen loading and aquifer susceptibility to contamination were evaluated to determine their influence on contamination of shallow ground water by nitrate. A set of 13 explanatory variables was derived from these characteristics, and variables that have a significant influence were identified using logistic regression (LR). Multivariate LR models based on more than 900 sampled wells predicted the probability of exceeding 4 mg/L of nitrate in ground water. The final LR model consists of the following variables: (1) nitrogen fertilizer loading (p-value = 0.012); (2) percent cropland-pasture (p < 0.001); (3) natural log of population density (p < 0.001); (4) percent well-drained soils (p = 0.002); (5) depth to the seasonally high water table (p = 0.001); and (6) presence or absence of a fracture zone within an aquifer (p = 0.002). Variables 1–3 were compiled within circular, 500 m radius areas surrounding sampled wells, and variables 4–6 were compiled within larger areas representing targeted land use and aquifers of interest. Fitting criteria indicate that the full logistic-regression model is highly significant (p < 0.001), compared with an intercept-only model that contains none of the explanatory variables. A goodness-of-fit test indicates that the model fits the data well, and observed and predicted probabilities of exceeding 4 mg/L nitrate in ground water are strongly correlated (r2= 0.971). Based on the multivariate LR model, vulnerability of ground water to contamination by nitrate depends not on any single factor but on the combined, simultaneous influence of factors representing nitrogen loading sources and aquifer susceptibility characteristics.
","language":"English","publisher":"National Groundwater Association","doi":"10.1111/j.1745-6584.2001.tb02311.x","issn":"0017467X","usgsCitation":"Nolan, B.T., 2001, Relating nitrogen sources and aquifer susceptibility to nitrate in shallow ground waters of the United States: Ground Water, v. 39, no. 2, p. 290-299, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6584.2001.tb02311.x.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"290","endPage":"299","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":231710,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United 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States\"}}]}","volume":"39","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2005-12-13","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"50e4a626e4b0e8fec6cdc0e7","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Nolan, B. T.","contributorId":21565,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nolan","given":"B.","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":399553,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70023413,"text":"70023413 - 2001 - Regression models for estimating herbicide concentrations in U.S. streams from watershed characteristics","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-12-21T14:59:29.873017","indexId":"70023413","displayToPublicDate":"2001-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2529,"text":"Journal of the American Water Resources Association","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Regression models for estimating herbicide concentrations in U.S. streams from watershed characteristics","docAbstract":"Regression models were developed for estimating stream concentrations of the herbicides alachlor, atrazine, cyanazine, metolachlor, and trifluralin from use-intensity data and watershed characteristics. Concentrations were determined from samples collected from 45 streams throughout the United States during 1993 to 1995 as part of the U.S. Geological Survey's National Water-Quality Assessment (NAWQA). Separate regression models were developed for each of six percentiles (10th, 25th, 50th, 75th, 90th, 95th) of the annual distribution of stream concentrations and for the annual time-weighted mean concentration. Estimates for the individual percentiles can be combined to provide an estimate of the annual distribution of concentrations for a given stream. Agricultural use of the herbicide in the watershed was a significant predictor in nearly all of the models. Several hydrologic and soil parameters also were useful in explaining the variability in concentrations of herbicides among the streams. Most of the regression models developed for estimation of concentration percentiles and annual mean concentrations accounted for 50 percent to 90 percent of the variability among streams. Predicted concentrations were nearly always within an order of magnitude of the measured concentrations for the model-development streams, and predicted concentration distributions reasonably matched the actual distributions in most cases. Results from application of the models to streams not included in the model development data set are encouraging, but further validation of the regression approach described in this paper is needed.","language":"English","publisher":"American Water Resources Association","doi":"10.1111/j.1752-1688.2001.tb03644.x","issn":"1093474X","usgsCitation":"Larson, S., and Gilliom, R.J., 2001, Regression models for estimating herbicide concentrations in U.S. streams from watershed characteristics: Journal of the American Water Resources Association, v. 37, no. 5, p. 1349-1367, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-1688.2001.tb03644.x.","productDescription":"19 p.","startPage":"1349","endPage":"1367","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":232443,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United 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The efficiency and products of anaerobic MTBE biodegradation were dependent on the predominant terminal electron-accepting conditions. In the presence of substantial methanogenic activity, MTBE biodegradation was nominal and involved reduction of MTBE to the toxic product, tert-butyl alcohol (TBA). In the absence of significant methanogenic activity, accumulation of [14C]TBA generally decreased, and mineralization of [U-14C]MTBE to 14CO2 generally increased as the oxidative potential of the predominant terminal electron acceptor increased in the order of SO4, Fe(III), Mn(IV) < NO3 < O2. Microbial mineralization of MTBE to CO2 under Mn(IV)or SO4-reducing conditions has not been reported previously. The results of this study indicate that microorganisms inhabiting the sediments of streams and lakes can degrade MTBE effectively under a range of anaerobic terminal electron-accepting conditions. Thus, anaerobic bed sediment microbial processes may provide a significant environmental sink for MTBE in surface water systems throughout the United States.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Environmental Science and Technology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1021/es010794x","issn":"0013936X","usgsCitation":"Bradley, P., Chapelle, F.H., and Landmeyer, J., 2001, Effect of redox conditions on MTBE biodegradation in surface water Sediments: Environmental Science & Technology, v. 35, no. 23, p. 4643-4647, https://doi.org/10.1021/es010794x.","startPage":"4643","endPage":"4647","numberOfPages":"5","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":232602,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":207554,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es010794x"}],"volume":"35","issue":"23","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2001-10-31","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a05fde4b0c8380cd51078","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bradley, P. 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