{"pageNumber":"313","pageRowStart":"7800","pageSize":"25","recordCount":10457,"records":[{"id":70021635,"text":"70021635 - 1999 - An example of neotectonism in a continental interior - Thebes Gap, Midcontinent, United States","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:53","indexId":"70021635","displayToPublicDate":"1999-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3525,"text":"Tectonophysics","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"An example of neotectonism in a continental interior - Thebes Gap, Midcontinent, United States","docAbstract":"Some of the most intense neotectonic activity known in the continental interior of North America has been recently discovered on a fault zone in the Thebes Gap area, Missouri and Illinois. This faulting almost assuredly was accompanied by large earthquakes. The zone is located approximately 30 km north of the New Madrid seismic zone and consists of complex north-northeast- to northeast-striking, steeply dipping faults that have had a long-lived history of reactivation throughout most of the Phanerozoic. Geophysical studies by others suggest that the faults are rooted in the deeply buried Late Proterozoic and Early Cambrian Reelfoot rift system. Quaternary deposits are cut by at least four episodes of faulting, two of which occurred during the Holocene. The overall style of neotectonic deformation is interpreted as right-lateral strike-slip faulting. At many locations, however, near-surface displacements have stepped from one fault strand to another and produced normal and oblique-slip faults in areas of transtension and high-angle reverse faults, thrust faults, and folds in areas of transpression. There is evidence of reactivation of some near-surface fault segments during the great 1811-1812 New Madrid earthquakes. Quaternary faulting at Thebes Gap demonstrates that there are additional seismic-source zones in the Midcontinent, U.S., other than New Madrid, and that even in the absence of plate-margin orogenesis, intense neotectonic activity does occur over long time periods along crustal weakenesses in continental interiors.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Tectonophysics","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/S0040-1951(99)00010-4","issn":"00401951","usgsCitation":"Harrison, R., Hoffman, D., Vaughn, J., Palmer, J.R., Wiscombe, C., McGeehin, J., Stephenson, W.J., Odum, J.K., Williams, R.A., and Forman, S., 1999, An example of neotectonism in a continental interior - Thebes Gap, Midcontinent, United States: Tectonophysics, v. 305, no. 1-3, p. 399-417, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0040-1951(99)00010-4.","startPage":"399","endPage":"417","numberOfPages":"19","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":206191,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0040-1951(99)00010-4"},{"id":229075,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"305","issue":"1-3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059ea60e4b0c8380cd48809","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Harrison, R.W.","contributorId":32188,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Harrison","given":"R.W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":390552,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hoffman, D.","contributorId":72895,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hoffman","given":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":390557,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Vaughn, J.D.","contributorId":49821,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Vaughn","given":"J.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":390555,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Palmer, J. R.","contributorId":83559,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Palmer","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":390559,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Wiscombe, C.L.","contributorId":58794,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wiscombe","given":"C.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":390556,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"McGeehin, J. P. 0000-0002-5320-6091","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5320-6091","contributorId":48593,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McGeehin","given":"J. P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":390554,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Stephenson, W. J.","contributorId":87982,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stephenson","given":"W.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":390560,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Odum, J. K.","contributorId":105705,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Odum","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":390561,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Williams, R. A.","contributorId":82323,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Williams","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":390558,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9},{"text":"Forman, S.L.","contributorId":38597,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Forman","given":"S.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":390553,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":10}]}}
,{"id":70021909,"text":"70021909 - 1999 - Evidence for recent volcanism on mars from crater counts","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:38","indexId":"70021909","displayToPublicDate":"1999-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2840,"text":"Nature","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Evidence for recent volcanism on mars from crater counts","docAbstract":"Impact craters help characterize the age of a planetary surface, because they accumulate with time. They also provide useful constraints on the importance of surface erosion, as such processes will preferentially remove the smaller craters. Earlier studies of martian crater populations revealed that erosion and dust deposition are important processes on Mars. They disagreed, however, on the age of the youngest volcanism. These earlier studies were limited by image resolution to craters larger than a few hundred metres in diameter. Here we report an analysis, using new images obtained by the Mars Global Surveyor spacecraft, of crater populations that extend the size distribution down to about 16 m. Our results indicate a wide range of surface ages, with one region-lava flows within the Arsia Mons calderathat we estimate to be no older than 40-100 million years. We suggest that volcanism is a continuing process on Mars.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Nature","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1038/17545","issn":"00280836","usgsCitation":"Hartmann, W., Malin, M., McEwen, A., Carr, M., Soderblom, L., Thomas, P., Danielson, E., James, P., and Veverka, J., 1999, Evidence for recent volcanism on mars from crater counts: Nature, v. 397, no. 6720, p. 586-589, https://doi.org/10.1038/17545.","startPage":"586","endPage":"589","numberOfPages":"4","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":206289,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1038/17545"},{"id":229312,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"397","issue":"6720","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0d50e4b0c8380cd52f45","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hartmann, W.K.","contributorId":96002,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hartmann","given":"W.K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":391646,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Malin, M.","contributorId":8636,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Malin","given":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":391641,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"McEwen, A.","contributorId":39105,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McEwen","given":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":391642,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Carr, M.","contributorId":105845,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Carr","given":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":391648,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Soderblom, L.","contributorId":106244,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Soderblom","given":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":391649,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Thomas, P.","contributorId":59185,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thomas","given":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":391644,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Danielson, E.","contributorId":102341,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Danielson","given":"E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":391647,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"James, P.","contributorId":47888,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"James","given":"P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":391643,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Veverka, J.","contributorId":71689,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Veverka","given":"J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":391645,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9}]}}
,{"id":70021912,"text":"70021912 - 1999 - Historical trends of metals in the sediments of San Francisco Bay, California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-01-05T15:04:20","indexId":"70021912","displayToPublicDate":"1999-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2662,"text":"Marine Chemistry","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Historical trends of metals in the sediments of San Francisco Bay, California","docAbstract":"<div id=\"abstracts\" class=\"Abstracts u-font-serif\"><div id=\"aep-abstract-id14\" class=\"abstract author\"><div id=\"aep-abstract-sec-id15\"><p>Concentrations of Ag, Al, Cr, Cu, Fe, Hg, Mn, Ni, Pb, V and Zn were determined in six sediment cores from San Francisco Bay (SFB) and one sediment core in Tomales Bay (TB), a reference estuary. SFB cores were collected from between the head of the estuary and its mouth (Grizzly Bay, GB; San Pablo Bay, SP; Central Bay, CB; Richardson Bay, RB, respectively) and ranged in length from 150 to 250 cm. Concentrations of Cr, V and Ni are greater than mean crustal content in SFB and TB sediments, and greater than found in many other coastal sediments. However, erosion of ultramafic rock formations in the watershed appears to be the predominant source. Baseline concentrations of other metals were determined from horizons deposited before sediments were influenced by human activities and by comparing concentrations to those in TB. Baseline concentrations of Cu co-varied with Al in the SFB sediments and ranged from 23.7±1.2 μg/g to 41.4±2.4 μg/g. Baseline concentrations of other metals were less variable: Ag, 0.09±0.02 μg/g; Pb, 5.2±0.7 μg/g; Hg, 0.06±0.01 μg/g; Zn, 78±7 μg/g. The earliest anthropogenic influence on metal concentrations appeared as Hg contamination (0.3–0.4 μg/g) in sediments deposited at SP between 1850 and 1880, apparently associated with debris from hydraulic gold mining. Maximum concentrations of Hg within the cores were 20 times baseline. Greater inventories of Hg at SP and GB than at RB verified the importance of mining in the watershed as a source. Enrichment of Ag, Pb, Cu and Zn first appeared after 1910 in the RB core, later than is observed in Europe or eastern North America. Maximum concentrations of Ag and Pb were 5–10 times baseline and Cu and Zn concentrations were less than three times baseline. Large inventories of Pb to the sediments in the GB and SP cores appeared to be the result of the proximity to a large Pb smelter. Inventories of Pb at RB are similar to those typical of atmospheric inputs, although influence from the Pb smelter is also suspected. Concentrations of Hg and Pb have decreased since the 1970s (to 0.30 μg/g and 25 μg/g, respectively) and were similar among all cores in 1990. Early Ag contamination was perhaps a byproduct of the Pb smelting process, but a modern source of Ag is also indicated, especially at RB and CB.</p></div></div></div>","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/S0304-4203(98)80083-2","issn":"03044203","usgsCitation":"Hornberger, M.I., Luoma, S., VanGeen, A., Fuller, C., and Anima, R., 1999, Historical trends of metals in the sediments of San Francisco Bay, California: Marine Chemistry, v. 64, no. 1-2, p. 39-55, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0304-4203(98)80083-2.","productDescription":"17 p.","startPage":"39","endPage":"55","numberOfPages":"17","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":552,"text":"San Francisco Bay-Delta","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":229344,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"San Francisco Bay","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -123.81591796875,\n              36.56260003738545\n            ],\n            [\n              -120.234375,\n              36.56260003738545\n            ],\n            [\n              -120.234375,\n              39.40224434029275\n            ],\n            [\n              -123.81591796875,\n              39.40224434029275\n            ],\n            [\n              -123.81591796875,\n              36.56260003738545\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"64","issue":"1-2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a31abe4b0c8380cd5e114","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hornberger, Michelle I. 0000-0002-7787-3446","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7787-3446","contributorId":23574,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hornberger","given":"Michelle","email":"","middleInitial":"I.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":391655,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Luoma, S. N.","contributorId":86353,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Luoma","given":"S. N.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":391658,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"VanGeen, A.","contributorId":84086,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"VanGeen","given":"A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":391657,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Fuller, C.","contributorId":106640,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fuller","given":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":391659,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Anima, R.","contributorId":77304,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Anima","given":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":391656,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}}
,{"id":70021158,"text":"70021158 - 1999 - Etologia aplicada al manejo de especies amenazadas: el caso del turon de patas negras (Mustela nigripes)","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-11-06T12:52:01","indexId":"70021158","displayToPublicDate":"1999-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1591,"text":"Etologia","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Etologia aplicada al manejo de especies amenazadas: el caso del turon de patas negras (Mustela nigripes)","docAbstract":"Los turones de patas negras (Mustela nigripes) son considerados como uno de los mamíferos más amenazados del mundo. La última población silvestre fue\ndescubierta en 1981 en Meeteetse, Wyoming, y en 1985 se extinguió debido a una epidemia de moquillo canino en combinacion con una epidemia de peste bubónica. Antes de su extinción total en la naturaleza, se lograron capturar 18 individuos para comenzar un programa de cría. La cría en cautividad se ha llevado a cabo con éxito y, durante los últimos 11 años han nacido más de 2600 turones en centros de propagación. Desde 1991, aproximadamente 870 turones han sido reintroducidos en 5 áreas de distribución histórica original repartidas entre los estados de Wyoming, Montana, Dakota del Sur, y Arizona. La investigación científica ha sido, y continúa siendo, una herramienta crítica para dirigir el Programa de Recuperación. Los estudios etológicos llevados a cabo tanto con turones cautivos como con turones reintroducidos han demostrado que un entorno cautivo naturalístico, especialmente durante las etapas iniciales del desarrollo de estos carnívoros, ayuda a desarrollar conductas necesarias para la supervivencia en la naturaleza. Dicho entorno ayuda a los turones a refinar sus técnicas de caza, a reconocer las madrigueras de los perritos de la pradera como un refugio donde establecerse y como una vía de escape frente al acoso de depredadores, y a mejorar su forma física. A raíz de estos estudios, se han readaptado las técnicas de manejo de turones cautivos para ayudar a llevar a cabo la recuperación\nde esta especie de un modo más eficaz y rentable.\n\nBlack-footed ferrets are considered one of the world's most endangered mammals. The last wild population was discovered in 1981 in Meteetsee, Wyoming, and, in 1985 it collapsed due to an epizootic of canine distemper in combination with sylvatic plague. Prior to the extinction of the last remnant population, 18 wild black-footed ferrets were captured to initiate captive propagation efforts. Captive breeding has been successful and, during the last 11 years, more than 2600 black-footed ferrets have been born in captive breeding centers. Since 1991, approximately 870 ferrets have been reintroduced in 5 areas located within the ferret's original geographic distribution, including sites in Wyoming, Montana, South Dakota, and Arizona. Scientific research has been, and continues to be, a critical tool to direct recovery efforts. Studies in applied ethology conducted on captive and reintroduced ferret populations have demonstrated that a naturalistic captive environment, particularly during early developmental periods, enhances the expression of behaviors necessary for survival in nature. Ferrets raised in a naturalistic environment develop better predatory skills, are able to recognize prairie dog burrows as a home and shelter from predators, and are more physically fit. Results from these studies have been adapted into management strategies to help implement a more cost-effective road to black-footed ferret recovery.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Etologia","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"Spanish","issn":"11303204","usgsCitation":"Vargas, A., Biggins, D., and Miller, B., 1999, Etologia aplicada al manejo de especies amenazadas: el caso del turon de patas negras (Mustela nigripes): Etologia, no. 7, p. 33-39.","startPage":"33","endPage":"39","numberOfPages":"7","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":229660,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"issue":"7","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0bc7e4b0c8380cd5288e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Vargas, Astrid","contributorId":42380,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Vargas","given":"Astrid","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":388830,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Biggins, D.","contributorId":53343,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Biggins","given":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":388831,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Miller, B.","contributorId":80617,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Miller","given":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":388832,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70021150,"text":"70021150 - 1999 - Observations of turbulence in a partially stratified estuary","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-09-27T11:33:05","indexId":"70021150","displayToPublicDate":"1999-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2426,"text":"Journal of Physical Oceanography","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Observations of turbulence in a partially stratified estuary","docAbstract":"<p>The authors present a field study of estuarine turbulence in which profiles of Reynolds stresses were directly measured using an ADCP throughout a 25-h tidal day. The dataset that is discussed quantifies turbulent mixing for a water column in northern San Francisco Bay that experiences a sequence of states that includes a weak ebb and flood that are stratified, followed by a strong, and eventually unstratified, ebb and flood. These measurements show that energetic turbulence is confined to a bottom mixed layer by the overlying stratification. Examination of individual Reynolds stress profiles along with profiles of Richardson number and turbulent Froude number shows that the water column can be divided into regions based on the relative importance of buoyancy effects.</p><p>Using the measured turbulence production rate<span>&nbsp;</span><i>P,</i><span>&nbsp;</span>the dissipation rate<span>&nbsp;</span><i>ϵ</i><span>&nbsp;</span>is estimated. The observed turbulence had values of<span>&nbsp;</span><i>ϵ</i>/<i>νN</i><sup>2</sup><span>&nbsp;</span>&gt; 20 all of the time and<span>&nbsp;</span><i>ϵ</i>/<i>νN</i><sup>2</sup><span>&nbsp;</span>&gt; 200 most of the time, suggesting that the observed motions were buoyancy affected turbulence rather than internal waves. However, at times, turbulent Froude numbers in much of the upper-water column were less than one, indicating important stratification effects. Taken as a whole, the data show that stratification affects the turbulent velocity variance<span>&nbsp;</span><i>q</i><sup>2</sup><span>&nbsp;</span>most severely; that is, observed reductions in<span>&nbsp;</span>are largely associated with small values of<span>&nbsp;</span><i>q</i><sup>2</sup>rather than with a dramatic reduction in the efficiency with which turbulent motions produce momentum fluxes.</p><p>Finally, the dataset is compared to predictions made using the popular Mellor–Yamada level 2.5 closure. These comparisons show that the model tends to underestimate the turbulent kinetic energy in regions of strong stratification where the turbulence is strongly inhomogeneous and to overestimate the turbulent kinetic energy in weakly stratified regions. The length scale does not appear to compensate for these errors, and, as a result, similar errors are seen in the eddy viscosity predictions. It is hypothesized that the underestimation of<span>&nbsp;</span><i>q</i><sup>2</sup><span>&nbsp;</span>is due to an inaccurate parameterization of turbulence self-transport from the near-bed region to the overlying stratification.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"AMS","doi":"10.1175/1520-0485(1999)029<1950:OOTIAP>2.0.CO;2","issn":"00223670","usgsCitation":"Stagey, M., Monismith, S., and Burau, J., 1999, Observations of turbulence in a partially stratified estuary: Journal of Physical Oceanography, v. 29, no. 8 PART 2, p. 1950-1970, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0485(1999)029<1950:OOTIAP>2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"21 p.","startPage":"1950","endPage":"1970","costCenters":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":479646,"rank":1,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0485(1999)029<1950:ootiap>2.0.co;2","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":230138,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"29","issue":"8 PART 2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a6ac6e4b0c8380cd7434f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Stagey, M.T.","contributorId":72963,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stagey","given":"M.T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":388811,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Monismith, Stephen G.","contributorId":57228,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Monismith","given":"Stephen G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":388810,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Burau, J.R. 0000-0002-5196-5035","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5196-5035","contributorId":7307,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Burau","given":"J.R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":388809,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70021596,"text":"70021596 - 1999 - Air blasts generated by rockfall impacts: Analysis of the 1996 Happy Isles event in Yosemite National Park","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-07-17T15:57:24.679431","indexId":"70021596","displayToPublicDate":"1999-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2314,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Air blasts generated by rockfall impacts: Analysis of the 1996 Happy Isles event in Yosemite National Park","docAbstract":"<p><span>The July 10, 1996, Happy Isles rockfall in Yosemite National Park, California, released 23,000 to 38,000 m</span><sup>3</sup><span>&nbsp;of granite in four separate events. The impacts of the first two events which involved a 550-m free fall, generated seismic waves and atmospheric pressure waves (air blasts). We focus on the dynamic behavior of the second air blast that downed over 1000 trees, destroyed a bridge, demolished a snack bar, and caused one fatality and several injuries. Calculated velocities for the air blast from a two-phase, finite difference model are compared to velocities estimated from tree damage. From tornadic studies of tree damage, the air blast is estimated to have traveled &lt;108–120 m/s within 50 m from the impact and decreased to &lt;10–20 m/s within 500 m from the impact. The numerical model simulates the two-dimensional propagation of an air blast through a dusty atmosphere with initial conditions defined by the impact velocity and pressure. The impact velocity (105–107 m/s) is estimated from the Colorado Rockfall Simulation Program that simulates rockfall trajectories. The impact pressure (0.5 MPa) is constrained by the kinetic energy of the impact (10</span><sup>10</sup><span>–10</span><sup>12</sup><span>&nbsp;J) estimated from the seismic energy generated by the impact. Results from the air blast simulations indicate that the second Happy Isles air blast (weak shock wave) traveled with an initial velocity above the local sound speed. The size and location of the first impact are thought to have injected &lt;50 wt% dust into the atmosphere. This amount of dust lowered the local atmospheric sound speed to ∼220 m/s. The discrepancy between calculated velocity data and field estimated velocity data (∼220 m/s versus ∼110 m/s) is attributed to energy dissipated by the downing of trees and additional entrainment of debris into the atmosphere not included in the calculations.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/1999JB900189","issn":"01480227","usgsCitation":"Morrissey, M., Savage, W.Z., and Wieczorek, G.F., 1999, Air blasts generated by rockfall impacts: Analysis of the 1996 Happy Isles event in Yosemite National Park: Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth, v. 104, no. B10, p. 23189-23198, https://doi.org/10.1029/1999JB900189.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"23189","endPage":"23198","numberOfPages":"10","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":489152,"rank":2,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1029/1999jb900189","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":229621,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"104","issue":"B10","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1999-10-10","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e917e4b0c8380cd480b8","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Morrissey, M.M.","contributorId":41477,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Morrissey","given":"M.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":390418,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Savage, W. Z.","contributorId":106481,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Savage","given":"W.","email":"","middleInitial":"Z.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":390420,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Wieczorek, G. F.","contributorId":50143,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wieczorek","given":"G.","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":390419,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70021592,"text":"70021592 - 1999 - Iapetonudus (N. gen.) and Iapetognathus Landing, unusual Earliest Ordovician multielement conodont taxa and their utility for biostratigraphy","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-11-10T00:58:59.855288","indexId":"70021592","displayToPublicDate":"1999-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1077,"text":"Brigham Young University Geology Studies","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Iapetonudus (N. gen.) and Iapetognathus Landing, unusual Earliest Ordovician multielement conodont taxa and their utility for biostratigraphy","docAbstract":"The Early Ordovician (Tremadocian) multielement conodont genus Iapetognathus is one of the oldest denticulate euconodont genera known. The ramiform-ramiform apparatus structure of Iapetognathus is not similar morphologically to other Late Cambrian to Earliest Ordovician denticulate multielement taxa, such as Eodentatus or Cordyloduts, because the major denticulate process has a lateral rather than a posterior orientation as it is in the other two examples. For this reason the genus is believed to have developed from the coniform-coniform apparatus Iapetonudus ibexensis (N.gen., n.sp.) through the development of the denticulate lateral processes. The two genera have a number of morphologic features in common and appear in stratigraphic succession. Iapetognathus aengensis (Lindstro??m) is redefined as a multielement taxon using topotype material and Ig. preaengensis Landing is placed in synonymy with it. Iapetognathus sprakersi, recently described by Landing in Landing and others (1996), is recognized as a multielement species and the new multielement species, Ig. fluctivagus, Ig. jilinensis and Ig. landingi n. spp. are described herein, based on type specimens from Utah (U.S.A.), Jilin (China) and Colorado (U.S.A.) respectively. Iapetonudus and Iapetognathus are important genera in defining the level of the Cambrian-Ordovician boundary. Iapetonudus is currently recognized only from Utah, Texas and Oklahoma, but Iapetognathus is cosmopolitan in its distribution.","language":"English","publisher":"Brigham Young University","issn":"00681016","usgsCitation":"Nicoll, R., Miller, J., Nowlan, G., Repetski, J., and Ethington, R.L., 1999, Iapetonudus (N. gen.) and Iapetognathus Landing, unusual Earliest Ordovician multielement conodont taxa and their utility for biostratigraphy: Brigham Young University Geology Studies, v. 44, p. 27-55.","productDescription":"29 P.","startPage":"27","endPage":"55","numberOfPages":"29","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":229549,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"44","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a37e6e4b0c8380cd61271","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Nicoll, R.S.","contributorId":80445,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nicoll","given":"R.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":390405,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Miller, J.F.","contributorId":29830,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Miller","given":"J.F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":390403,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Nowlan, G.S.","contributorId":97270,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nowlan","given":"G.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":390407,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Repetski, J.E.","contributorId":38579,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Repetski","given":"J.E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":390404,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Ethington, Raymond L.","contributorId":93507,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Ethington","given":"Raymond","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":6754,"text":"University of Missouri","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":390406,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}}
,{"id":70021570,"text":"70021570 - 1999 - Establishment of woody riparian species from natural seedfall at a former gravel pit","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:41","indexId":"70021570","displayToPublicDate":"1999-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3271,"text":"Restoration Ecology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Establishment of woody riparian species from natural seedfall at a former gravel pit","docAbstract":"Establishment of native riparian communities through natural seedfall may be a viable reclamation alternative at some alluvial sand and gravel mines where water level can be controlled in the abandoned pit. We experimented with this approach at a pit in Fort Collins, Colorado, where a drain culvert equipped with a screw gate allows water levels to be manipulated. From 1994 to 1996 we conducted a series of annual drawdowns during the period of natural seedfall of Populus deltoides subsp. monilifera (plains cottonwood), Salix amygdaloides (peachleaf willow), and S. exigua (sand-bar willow), thus providing the bare, moist substrate conducive to establishment of these species. Establishment was highly variable from year to year; in the fall following establishment, frequency of occurrence on 0.5-m2 sample plots ranged from 8.6% to 50.6% for cottonwood, 15.9% to 22.0% for peachleaf willow, and 21.7% to 50.0% for sandbar willow. Mean densities, however, were comparable to those reported for other locations. Concurrent establishment of the undesirable exotic Tamarix ramosissima (saltcedar) was a problem, but we were able to eradicate most saltcedar seedlings by reflooding the lower elevations of the annual drawdown zones each fall. At the end of the 3-year period, at least one of the three native woody species survived on 41.1% of the plots, while saltcedar was present on only 6.1%. In addition to the potential for establishing valuable native habitats, adaptations of the techniques described may require less earth moving than other reclamation approaches.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Restoration Ecology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1046/j.1526-100X.1999.72011.x","issn":"10612971","usgsCitation":"Roelle, J.E., and Gladwin, D., 1999, Establishment of woody riparian species from natural seedfall at a former gravel pit: Restoration Ecology, v. 7, no. 2, p. 183-192, https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1526-100X.1999.72011.x.","startPage":"183","endPage":"192","numberOfPages":"10","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":206248,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1526-100X.1999.72011.x"},{"id":229212,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"7","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2002-01-05","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0a6ce4b0c8380cd52357","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Roelle, J. E.","contributorId":91066,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Roelle","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":390330,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Gladwin, D.N.","contributorId":40562,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gladwin","given":"D.N.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":390329,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70022096,"text":"70022096 - 1999 - General geology and geomorphology of the Mars Pathfinder landing site","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-02-18T08:40:35","indexId":"70022096","displayToPublicDate":"1999-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2317,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research E: Planets","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"General geology and geomorphology of the Mars Pathfinder landing site","docAbstract":"The Mars Pathfinder (MPF) spacecraft landed on relatively young (late Hesperian-early Amazonian; 3.1-0.7 Ga) plains in Chryse Planitia near the mouth of Ares Vallis. Images returned from the spacecraft reveal a complex landscape of ridges and troughs, large hills and crater rims, rocks and boulders of various sizes and shapes, and surficial deposits, indicating a complex, multistage geologic history of the landing site. After the deposition of one or more bedrock units, depositional and erosional fluvial processes shaped much of the present landscape. Multiple erosional events are inferred on the basis of observations of numerous channels, different orientations of many streamlined tails from their associated knobs and hills, and superposition of lineations and streamlines. Medium- and small-scale features, interpreted to be related to late-stage drainage of floodwaters, are recognized in several areas at the landing site. Streamlined knobs and hills seen in Viking orbiter images support this inference, as they seem to be complex forms, partly erosional and partly depositional, and may also indicate a series of scouring and depositional events that, in some cases, further eroded or partially buried these landforms. Although features such as these are cited as evidence for catastrophic flooding at Ares Vallis, some of these features may also be ascribed to alternative primary or secondary depositional processes, such as glacial or mass-wasting processes. Close inspection of the landing site reveals rocks that are interpreted to be volcanic in origin and others that may be conglomeratic. If such sedimentary rocks are confirmed, fluvial processes have had a greater significance on Mars than previously thought. For the last several hundred million to few billion years, eolian processes have been dominant. Dunes and dune-like features, ventifacts, and deflation and exhumation features around several rocks probably are the most recent landforms. The relatively pristine nature of the overall landscape at the MPF site suggests weathering and erosion processes on Mars are exceptionally slow.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Geophysical Research E: Planets","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","publisherLocation":"Washington, D.C.","doi":"10.1029/1998JE900021","issn":"01480227","usgsCitation":"Ward, A.W., Gaddis, L.R., Kirk, R.L., Soderblom, L.A., Tanaka, K.L., Golombek, M., Parker, T.J., Greeley, R., and Kuzmin, R., 1999, General geology and geomorphology of the Mars Pathfinder landing site: Journal of Geophysical Research E: Planets, v. 104, no. E4, p. 8555-8571, https://doi.org/10.1029/1998JE900021.","productDescription":"17 p.","startPage":"8555","endPage":"8571","numberOfPages":"17","costCenters":[{"id":131,"text":"Astrogeology Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":479592,"rank":1,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1029/1998je900021","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":230737,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"otherGeospatial":"Mars","volume":"104","issue":"E4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a1507e4b0c8380cd54c84","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ward, A. W.","contributorId":8129,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ward","given":"A.","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":392342,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Gaddis, Lisa R. 0000-0001-9953-5483 lgaddis@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9953-5483","contributorId":2817,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gaddis","given":"Lisa","email":"lgaddis@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":131,"text":"Astrogeology Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":392348,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Kirk, Randolph L. 0000-0003-0842-9226 rkirk@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0842-9226","contributorId":2765,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kirk","given":"Randolph","email":"rkirk@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":131,"text":"Astrogeology Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":392349,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Soderblom, Laurence A. 0000-0002-0917-853X lsoderblom@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0917-853X","contributorId":2721,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Soderblom","given":"Laurence","email":"lsoderblom@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":131,"text":"Astrogeology Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":392341,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Tanaka, K. L.","contributorId":31394,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Tanaka","given":"K.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":392346,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Golombek, M.P.","contributorId":52696,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Golombek","given":"M.P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":392347,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Parker, T. J.","contributorId":30776,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Parker","given":"T.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":392345,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Greeley, Ronald","contributorId":20833,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Greeley","given":"Ronald","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":392344,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Kuzmin, R.O.","contributorId":14932,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kuzmin","given":"R.O.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":392343,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9}]}}
,{"id":70021550,"text":"70021550 - 1999 - How many stakes are required to measure the mass balance of a glacier?","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-12-19T00:56:17.292821","indexId":"70021550","displayToPublicDate":"1999-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1768,"text":"Geografiska Annaler, Series A: Physical Geography","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"How many stakes are required to measure the mass balance of a glacier?","docAbstract":"<div class=\"abstract-group \"><div class=\"article-section__content en main\"><p>Glacier mass balance is estimated for South Cascade Glacier and Maclure Glacier using a one-dimensional regression of mass balance with altitude as an alternative to the traditional approach of contouring mass balance values. One attractive feature of regression is that it can be applied to sparse data sets where contouring is not possible and can provide an objective error of the resulting estimate. Regression methods yielded mass balance values equivalent to contouring methods. The effect of the number of mass balance measurements on the final value for the glacier showed that sample sizes as small as five stakes provided reasonable estimates, although the error estimates were greater than for larger sample sizes. Different spatial patterns of measurement locations showed no appreciable influence on the final value as long as different surface altitudes were intermittently sampled over the altitude range of the glacier. Two different regression equations were examined, a quadratic, and a piecewise linear spline, and comparison of results showed little sensitivity to the type of equation. These results point to the dominant effect of the gradient of mass balance with altitude of alpine glaciers compared to transverse variations. The number of mass balance measurements required to determine the glacier balance appears to be scale invariant for small glaciers and five to ten stakes are sufficient.</p></div></div>","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1111/1468-0459.00084","issn":"04353676","usgsCitation":"Fountain, A.G., and Vecchia, A., 1999, How many stakes are required to measure the mass balance of a glacier?: Geografiska Annaler, Series A: Physical Geography, v. 81, no. 4, p. 563-573, https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-0459.00084.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"563","endPage":"573","numberOfPages":"11","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":229471,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"81","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a324ee4b0c8380cd5e6d1","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Fountain, A. G.","contributorId":29815,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fountain","given":"A.","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":390271,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Vecchia, A.","contributorId":51488,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Vecchia","given":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":390272,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70021549,"text":"70021549 - 1999 - Seismic hazard map of the western hemisphere","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-03-12T20:38:58","indexId":"70021549","displayToPublicDate":"1999-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":793,"text":"Annals of Geophysics","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Seismic hazard map of the western hemisphere","docAbstract":"Vulnerability to natural disasters increases with urbanization and development of associated support systems (reservoirs, power plants, etc.). Catastrophic earthquakes account for 60% of worldwide casualties associated with natural disasters. Economic damage from earthquakes is increasing, even in technologically advanced countries with some level of seismic zonation, as shown by the 1989 Loma Prieta, CA ($6 billion), 1994 Northridge, CA ($ 25 billion), and 1995 Kobe, Japan (> $ 100 billion) earthquakes. The growth of megacities in seismically active regions around the world often includes the construction of seismically unsafe buildings and infrastructures, due to an insufficient knowledge of existing seismic hazard. Minimization of the loss of life, property damage, and social and economic disruption due to earthquakes depends on reliable estimates of seismic hazard. National, state, and local governments, decision makers, engineers, planners, emergency response organizations, builders, universities, and the general public require seismic hazard estimates for land use planning, improved building design and construction (including adoption of building construction codes), emergency response preparedness plans, economic forecasts, housing and employment decisions, and many more types of risk mitigation. The seismic hazard map of the Americas is the concatenation of various national and regional maps, involving a suite of approaches. The combined maps and documentation provide a useful global seismic hazard framework and serve as a resource for any national or regional agency for further detailed studies applicable to their needs. This seismic hazard map depicts Peak Ground Acceleration (PGA) with a 10% chance of exceedance in 50 years for the western hemisphere. PGA, a short-period ground motion parameter that is proportional to force, is the most commonly mapped ground motion parameter because current building codes that include seismic provisions specify the horizontal force a building should be able to withstand during an earthquake. This seismic hazard map of the Americas depicts the likely level of short-period ground motion from earthquakes in a fifty-year window. Short-period ground motions effect short-period structures (e.g., one-to-two story buildings). The largest seismic hazard values in the western hemisphere generally occur in areas that have been, or are likely to be, the sites of the largest plate boundary earthquakes. Although the largest earthquakes ever recorded are the 1960 Chile and 1964 Alaska subduction zone earthquakes, the largest seismic hazard (PGA) value in the Americas is in Southern California (U.S.), along the San Andreas fault.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Annals of Geophysics","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.4401/ag-3779","issn":"03652556","usgsCitation":"Shedlock, K.M., and Tanner, J., 1999, Seismic hazard map of the western hemisphere: Annals of Geophysics, v. 42, no. 6, p. 1199-1214, https://doi.org/10.4401/ag-3779.","startPage":"1199","endPage":"1214","numberOfPages":"16","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":479553,"rank":1,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.4401/ag-3779","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":269208,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.4401/ag-3779"},{"id":229470,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"42","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b8b1be4b08c986b3175cb","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Shedlock, K. M.","contributorId":72805,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Shedlock","given":"K.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":390270,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Tanner, J.G.","contributorId":28030,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tanner","given":"J.G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":390269,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70021542,"text":"70021542 - 1999 - Surface faulting and paleoseismic history of the 1932 Cedar Mountain earthquake area, west-central Nevada, and implications for modern tectonics of the Walker Lane","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-12-20T00:51:52.336799","indexId":"70021542","displayToPublicDate":"1999-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1786,"text":"Geological Society of America Bulletin","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Surface faulting and paleoseismic history of the 1932 Cedar Mountain earthquake area, west-central Nevada, and implications for modern tectonics of the Walker Lane","docAbstract":"The 1932 Cedar Mountain earthquake (Ms 7.2) was one of the largest historical events in the Walker Lane region of western Nevada, and it produced a complicated strike-slip rupture pattern on multiple Quaternary faults distributed through three valleys. Primary, right-lateral surface ruptures occurred on north-striking faults in Monte Cristo Valley; small-scale lateral and normal offsets occurred in Stewart Valley; and secondary, normal faulting occurred on north-northeast-striking faults in the Gabbs Valley epicentral region. A reexamination of the surface ruptures provides new displacement and fault-zone data: maximum cumulative offset is estimated to be 2.7 m, and newly recognized faults extend the maximum width and end-to-end length of the rupture zone to 17 and 75 km, respectively. A detailed Quaternary allostratigraphic chronology based on regional alluvialgeomorphic relationships, tephrochronology, and radiocarbon dating provides a framework for interpreting the paleoseismic history of the fault zone. A late Wisconsinan alluvial-fan and piedmont unit containing a 32-36 ka tephra layer is a key stratigraphic datum for paleoseismic measurements. Exploratory trenching and radiocarbon dating of tectonic stratigraphy provide the first estimates for timing of late Quaternary faulting along the Cedar Mountain fault zone. Three trenches display evidence for six faulting events, including that in 1932, during the past 32-36 ka. Radiocarbon dating of organic soils interstratified with tectonically ponded silts establishes best-fit ages of the pre-1932 events at 4, 5,12,15, and 18 ka, each with ??2 ka uncertainties. On the basis of an estimated cumulative net slip of 6-12 m for the six faulting events, minimum and maximum late Quaternary slip rates are 0.2 and 0.7 mm/yr, respectively, and the preferred rate is 0.4-0.5 mm/yr. The average recurrence (interseismic) interval is 3600 yr. The relatively uniform thickness of the ponded deposits suggests that similar-size, characteristic rupture events may characterize late Quaternary slip on the zone. A comparison of event timing with the average late Quaternary recurrence interval indicates that slip has been largely regular (periodic) rather than temporally clustered. To account for the spatial separation of the primary surface faulting in Monte Cristo Valley from the epicenter and for a factor-of-two-to-three disparity between the instrumentally and geologically determined seismic moments associated with the earthquake, we hypothesize two alternative tectonic models containing undetected subevents. Either model would adequately account for the observed faulting on the basis of wrench-fault kinematics that may be associated with the Walker Lane. The 1932 Cedar Mountain earthquake is considered an important modern analogue for seismotectonic modeling and estimating seismic hazard in the Walker Lane region. In contrast to most other historical events in the Basin and Range province, the 1932 event did not occur along a major range-bounding fault, and no single, throughgoing basement structure can account for the observed rupture pattern. The 1932 faulting supports the concept that major earthquakes in the Basin and Range province can exhibit complicated distributive rupture patterns and that slip rate may not be a reliable criterion for modeling seismic hazard.","language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","issn":"00167606","usgsCitation":"Bell, J.W., DePolo, C., Ramelli, A., Sarna-Wojcicki, A., and Meyer, C., 1999, Surface faulting and paleoseismic history of the 1932 Cedar Mountain earthquake area, west-central Nevada, and implications for modern tectonics of the Walker Lane: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 111, no. 6, p. 791-807.","productDescription":"17 p.","startPage":"791","endPage":"807","numberOfPages":"17","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":229353,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"111","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b9faae4b08c986b31e778","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bell, J. W.","contributorId":54288,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bell","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":390248,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"DePolo, C.M.","contributorId":74533,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"DePolo","given":"C.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":390249,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Ramelli, A. R.","contributorId":100564,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ramelli","given":"A. R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":390250,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Sarna-Wojcicki, A.M. 0000-0002-0244-9149","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0244-9149","contributorId":104022,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sarna-Wojcicki","given":"A.M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":390251,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Meyer, C.E.","contributorId":104023,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Meyer","given":"C.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":390252,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}}
,{"id":70021522,"text":"70021522 - 1999 - Are shifts in herbicide use reflected in concentration changes in Midwestern rivers?","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-12-21T06:46:17","indexId":"70021522","displayToPublicDate":"1999-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1565,"text":"Environmental Science & Technology","onlineIssn":"1520-5851","printIssn":"0013-936X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Are shifts in herbicide use reflected in concentration changes in Midwestern rivers?","docAbstract":"In many Midwestern rivers, elevated concentrations of herbicides occur during runoff events for 1-3 months following application. The highest or 'peak' herbicide concentration often occurs during one of these runoff events. Herbicide concentrations in rivers are affected by a number of factors, including herbicide use patterns within the associated basin. Changing agricultural practices, reductions in recommended and permitted herbicide applications, shifts to new herbicides, and greater environmental awareness in the agricultural community have resulted in changes to herbicide use patterns. In the Midwestern United States, alachlor use was much larger in 1989 than in 1995, while acetochlor was not used in 1989, and commonly used in 1995. Use of atrazine, cyanazine, and metolachlor was about the same in 1989 and 1995. Herbicide concentrations were measured in samples from 53 Midwestern rivers during the first major runoff event that occurred after herbicide application (postapplication) in 1989, 1990, 1994, and 1995. The median concentrations of atrazine, alachlor, cyanazine, metribuzin, metolachlor, propazine, and simazine all were significantly higher in 1989/90 than in 1994/95. The median acetochlor concentration was higher in 1995 than in 1994. Estimated daily yields for all herbicides and degradation products measured, with the exception of acetochlor, were higher in 1989/90 than in 1994/95. The differences in concentration and yield do not always parallel changes in herbicide use, suggesting that other changes in herbicide or crop management are affecting concentrations in Midwestern rivers during runoff events.In many Midwestern rivers, elevated concentrations of herbicides occur during runoff events for 1-3 months following application. The highest or `peak' herbicide concentration often occurs during one of these runoff events. Herbicide concentrations in rivers are affected by a number of factors, including herbicide use patterns within the associated basin. Changing agricultural practices, reductions in recommended and permitted herbicide applications, shifts to new herbicides, and greater environmental awareness in the agricultural community have resulted in changes to herbicide use patterns. In the Midwestern United States, alachlor use was much larger in 1989 than in 1995, while acetochlor was not used in 1989, and commonly used in 1995. Use of atrazine, cyanazine, and metolachlor was about the same in 1989 and 1995. Herbicide concentrations were measured in samples from 53 Midwestern rivers during the first major runoff event that occurred after herbicide application (postapplication) in 1989, 1990, 1994, and 1995. The median concentrations of atrazine, alachlor, cyanazine, metribuzin, metolachlor, propazine, and simazine all were significantly higher in 1989/90 than in 1994/95. The median acetochlor concentration was higher in 1995 than in 1994. Estimated daily yields for all herbicides and degradation products measured, with the exception of acetochlor, were higher in 1989/90 than in 1994/95. The differences in concentration and yield do not always parallel changes in herbicide use, suggesting that other changes in herbicide or crop management are affecting concentrations in Midwestern rivers during runoff events.","language":"English","publisher":"ACS","doi":"10.1021/es9900149","issn":"0013936X","usgsCitation":"Battaglin, W., and Goolsby, D.A., 1999, Are shifts in herbicide use reflected in concentration changes in Midwestern rivers?: Environmental Science & Technology, v. 33, no. 17, p. 2917-2925, https://doi.org/10.1021/es9900149.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"2917","endPage":"2925","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":229067,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":206187,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es9900149"}],"volume":"33","issue":"17","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1999-07-27","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059ed5fe4b0c8380cd49786","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Battaglin, W.A.","contributorId":16376,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Battaglin","given":"W.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":390183,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Goolsby, D. A.","contributorId":50508,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Goolsby","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":390184,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70021518,"text":"70021518 - 1999 - Predicting ground-water movement in large mine spoil areas in the Appalachian Plateau","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:39","indexId":"70021518","displayToPublicDate":"1999-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2033,"text":"International Journal of Coal Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Predicting ground-water movement in large mine spoil areas in the Appalachian Plateau","docAbstract":"Spoil created by surface mining can accumulate large quantities of ground-water, which can create geotechnical or regulatory problems, as well as flood active mine pits. A current study at a large (4.1 km2), thick, (up to 90 m) spoil body in eastern Kentucky reveals important factors that control the storage and movement of water. Ground-water recharge occurs along the periphery of the spoil body where surface-water drainage is blocked, as well as from infiltration along the spoil-bedrock contact, recharge from adjacent bedrock, and to a minor extent, through macropores at the spoil's surface. Based on an average saturated thickness of 6.4 m for all spoil wells, and assuming an estimated porosity of 20%, approximately 5.2 x 106 m3 of water is stored within the existing 4.1 km2 of reclaimed spoil. A conceptual model of ground-water flow, based on data from monitoring wells, dye-tracing data, discharge from springs and ponds, hydraulic gradients, chemical data, field reconnaissance, and aerial photographs indicate that three distinct but interconnected saturated zones have been established: one in the spoil's interior, and others in the valley fills that surround the main spoil body at lower elevations. Ground-water movement is sluggish in the spoil's interior, but moves quickly through the valley fills. The conceptual model shows that a prediction of ground-water occurrence, movement, and quality can be made for active or abandoned spoil areas if all or some of the following data are available: structural contour of the base of the lowest coal seam being mined, pre-mining topography, documentation of mining methods employed throughout the mine, overburden characteristics, and aerial photographs of mine progression.Spoil created by surface mining can accumulate large quantities of ground-water, which can create geotechnical or regulatory problems, as well as flood active mine pits. A current study at a large (4.1 km2), thick, (up to 90 m) spoil body in eastern Kentucky reveals important factors that control the storage and movement of water. Ground-water recharge occurs along the periphery of the spoil body where surface-water drainage is blocked, as well as from infiltration along the spoil-bedrock contact, recharge from adjacent bedrock, and to a minor extent, through macropores at the spoil's surface. Based on an average saturated thickness of 6.4 m for all spoil wells, and assuming an estimated porosity of 20%, approximately 5.2 ?? 106 m3 of water is stored within the existing 4.1 km2 of reclaimed spoil. A conceptual model of ground-water flow, based on data from monitoring wells, dye-tracing data, discharge from springs and ponds, hydraulic gradients, chemical data, field reconnaissance, and aerial photographs indicate that three distinct but interconnected saturated zones have been established: one in the spoil's interior, and others in the valley fills that surround the main spoil body at lower elevations. Ground-water movement is sluggish in the spoil's interior, but moves quickly through the valley fills. The conceptual model shows that a prediction of ground-water occurrence, movement, and quality can be made for active or abandoned spoil areas if all or some of the following data are available: structural contour of the base of the lowest coal seam being mined, pre-mining topography, documentation of mining methods employed throughout the mine, overburden characteristics, and aerial photographs of mine progression.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"International Journal of Coal Geology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier Science Publishers B.V.","publisherLocation":"Amsterdam, Netherlands","doi":"10.1016/S0166-5162(99)00012-9","issn":"01665162","usgsCitation":"Wunsch, D., Dinger, J., and Graham, C., 1999, Predicting ground-water movement in large mine spoil areas in the Appalachian Plateau: International Journal of Coal Geology, v. 41, no. 1-2, p. 73-106, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0166-5162(99)00012-9.","startPage":"73","endPage":"106","numberOfPages":"34","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":206376,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0166-5162(99)00012-9"},{"id":229580,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"41","issue":"1-2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a81b6e4b0c8380cd7b6b8","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wunsch, D.R.","contributorId":71340,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wunsch","given":"D.R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":390168,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Dinger, J.S.","contributorId":64416,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dinger","given":"J.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":390167,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Graham, C.D.R.","contributorId":85736,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Graham","given":"C.D.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":390169,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70022064,"text":"70022064 - 1999 - Distribution of trace elements in streambed sediment associated with mining activities in the Upper Colorado River Basin, Colorado, USA, 1995-96","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:44","indexId":"70022064","displayToPublicDate":"1999-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":887,"text":"Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Distribution of trace elements in streambed sediment associated with mining activities in the Upper Colorado River Basin, Colorado, USA, 1995-96","docAbstract":"Streambed-sediment samples were collected in the Southern Rocky Mountains physiographic province in the Upper Colorado River Basin in Colorado to characterize the occurrence and distribution of trace elements in mined and nonmined areas of the basin. During October 1995 and September 1996, streambed sediment was collected at 37 sites, and the samples were analyzed for trace elements. The ranges in concentrations of As, Cd, Cu, Pb, and Zn at mining sites generally were orders of magnitude higher than the ranges of concentrations at nonmining sites. Sampling sites located in two predominant rock types in mining areas were not significantly different (p > 0.05) for concentrations of As, Cd, Pb, and Zn. Cu was significantly different (p < 0.05) between sites in the two predominant rock types. Concentrations of As, Cd, Cu, Pb, and Zn were not significantly different (p > 0.05) between main-stem sites and tributary sites. Concentrations of As, Cd, Cu, Pb, and Zn exceeded established guidelines for adverse effects on aquatic biota at some sites in the study area. The patterns in concentrations of Cd and Zn, Cd and Pb, and Pb and Zn were highly correlated to one another in this study. Concentrations of trace elements in the <63-??m fraction were higher than in the total particle-size fraction analysis. Comparison of reference sites to sites affected by a mine source indicated that trace- element concentrations initially increased downstream of the source and then gradually decreased in concentration with distance from the source.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1007/s002449900484","issn":"00904341","usgsCitation":"Deacon, J.R., and Driver, N.E., 1999, Distribution of trace elements in streambed sediment associated with mining activities in the Upper Colorado River Basin, Colorado, USA, 1995-96: Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, v. 37, no. 1, p. 7-18, https://doi.org/10.1007/s002449900484.","startPage":"7","endPage":"18","numberOfPages":"12","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":230851,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":206813,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002449900484"}],"volume":"37","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a030ce4b0c8380cd50308","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Deacon, J. R.","contributorId":67110,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Deacon","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":392231,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Driver, N. E.","contributorId":63398,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Driver","given":"N.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":392230,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70021499,"text":"70021499 - 1999 - Environmental influences on potential recruitment of pink shrimp, <i>Fatlantopenaeus duorarum</i>, from Florida Bay nursery grounds","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-01-25T09:29:05","indexId":"70021499","displayToPublicDate":"1999-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1583,"text":"Estuaries","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Environmental influences on potential recruitment of pink shrimp, <i>Fatlantopenaeus duorarum</i>, from Florida Bay nursery grounds","docAbstract":"<p>Two modeling approaches were used to explore the basis for variation in recruitment of pink shrimp, Farfantepenaeus duorarum, to the Tortugas fishing grounds. Emphasis was on development and juvenile densities on the nursery grounds. An exploratory simulation modeling exercise demonstrated large year-to-year variations in recruitment contributions to the Tortugas rink shrimp fishery may occur on some nursery grounds, and production may differ considerably among nursery grounds within the same year, simply on the basis of differences in temperature and salinity. We used a growth and survival model to simulate cumulative harvests from a July-centered cohort of early-settlement-stage postlarvae from two parts of Florida Bay (western Florida Bay and northcentral Florida Bay), using historic temperature and salinity data from these areas. Very large year-to-year differences in simulated cumulative harvests were found for recruits from Whipray Basin. Year-to-year differences in simulated harvests of recruits from Johnson Key Basin were much smaller. In a complementary activity, generalized linear and additive models and intermittent, historic density records were used to develop an uninterrupted multi-year time series of monthly density estimates for juvenile rink shrimp in the Johnson Key Basin. The developed data series was based on relationships of density with environmental variables. The strongest relationship was with sea-surface temperature. Three other environmental variables (rainfall, water level at Everglades National Park Well P35, and mean wind speed) also contributed significantly to explaining variation in juvenile densities. Results of the simulation model and two of the three statistical models yielded similar interannual patterns for Johnson Key Basin. While it is not possible to say that one result validates the other, the concordance of the annual patterns from the two models is supportive of both approaches.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.2307/1353213","issn":"01608347","usgsCitation":"Browder, J.A., Restrepo, V., Rice, J., Robblee, M., and Zein-Eldin, Z., 1999, Environmental influences on potential recruitment of pink shrimp, <i>Fatlantopenaeus duorarum</i>, from Florida Bay nursery grounds: Estuaries, v. 22, no. 2, p. 484-499, https://doi.org/10.2307/1353213.","productDescription":"16 p.","startPage":"484","endPage":"499","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":229317,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"22","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a09d2e4b0c8380cd5209e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Browder, Joan A.","contributorId":7439,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Browder","given":"Joan","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":390088,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Restrepo, V.R.","contributorId":41612,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Restrepo","given":"V.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":390090,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Rice, J.K.","contributorId":100563,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rice","given":"J.K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":390092,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Robblee, M. B.","contributorId":23879,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Robblee","given":"M. B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":390089,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Zein-Eldin, Z.","contributorId":79651,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zein-Eldin","given":"Z.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":390091,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}}
,{"id":70021498,"text":"70021498 - 1999 - Liquefaction evidence for at least two strong Holocene paleo-earthquakes in central and southwestern Illinois, USA","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-12-17T14:59:55.98453","indexId":"70021498","displayToPublicDate":"1999-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1574,"text":"Environmental & Engineering Geoscience","printIssn":"1078-7275","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Liquefaction evidence for at least two strong Holocene paleo-earthquakes in central and southwestern Illinois, USA","docAbstract":"<div id=\"13869257\" class=\"article-section-wrapper js-article-section js-content-section  \" data-section-parent-id=\"0\"><p>Two strong mid-Holocene earthquakes in Illinois have been documented by paleoliquefaction features such as clastic dikes, sills, and detachments of fine-grained sediment that sunk into liquefied sand. At least one paleo-earthquake occurred in central Illinois about 35 km NE of Springfield, probably sometime between 5,900 and 7,400 yr BP. Dike widths are as much as 0.4 m near the energy center of the earthquake. Outward from this center, dike widths attenuate and ultimately disappear at about 35 km. More than one paleo-earthquake is probably represented by liquefaction features near Springfield. Another paleo-earthquake that appears to have been centered about 65 km ESE of St. Louis, Missouri, occurred near 5,700 yr BP. The energy center is inferred as being in Illinois, and most likely near lowermost Shoal Creek where the meizoseismal region is defined by dikes as wide as 0.5 m and by a regional abundance of dikes. Dikes from this earthquake probably extend at least as far as 35 km from its inferred energy center. The earthquake near Shoal Creek and one earthquake near Springfield almost certainly exceeded M 6. The paleomagnitudes can be more closely bracketed by geotechnical testing and analysis, when used in conjunction with existing data.</p></div>","language":"English","publisher":"Environmental Engineering Geologists","doi":"10.2113/gseegeosci.V.2.133","issn":"10787275","usgsCitation":"McNulty, W., and Obermeier, S., 1999, Liquefaction evidence for at least two strong Holocene paleo-earthquakes in central and southwestern Illinois, USA: Environmental & Engineering Geoscience, v. 5, no. 2, p. 133-146, https://doi.org/10.2113/gseegeosci.V.2.133.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"133","endPage":"146","numberOfPages":"14","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":229282,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Illinois","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -90.54129948104905,\n              39.03100140066468\n            ],\n            [\n              -90.54129948104905,\n              36.81266780363755\n            ],\n            [\n              -87.28934635604875,\n              36.81266780363755\n            ],\n            [\n              -87.28934635604875,\n              39.03100140066468\n            ],\n            [\n              -90.54129948104905,\n              39.03100140066468\n            ]\n          ]\n        ],\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"5","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a47ece4b0c8380cd67aa5","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"McNulty, W.E.","contributorId":59832,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McNulty","given":"W.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":390087,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Obermeier, S. F.","contributorId":17602,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Obermeier","given":"S. F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":390086,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70021495,"text":"70021495 - 1999 - Trace-element concentrations in streambed sediment across the conterminous United States","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-08-26T14:37:29","indexId":"70021495","displayToPublicDate":"1999-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1565,"text":"Environmental Science & Technology","onlineIssn":"1520-5851","printIssn":"0013-936X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Trace-element concentrations in streambed sediment across the conterminous United States","docAbstract":"<p>Trace-element concentrations in 541 streambed-sediment samples collected from 20 study areas across the conterminous United States were examined as part of the National Water-Quality Assessment Program of the U.S. Geological Survey. Sediment samples were sieved and the &lt;63-μm fraction was retained for determination of total concentrations of trace elements. Aluminum, iron, titanium, and organic carbon were weakly or not at all correlated with the nine trace elements examined:  arsenic, cadmium, chromium, copper, lead, mercury, nickel, selenium, and zinc. Four different methods of accounting for background/baseline concentrations were examined; however, normalization was not required because field sieving removed most of the background differences between samples. The sum of concentrations of trace elements characteristic of urban settings - copper, mercury, lead, and zinc - was well correlated with population density, nationwide. Median concentrations of seven trace elements (all nine examined except arsenic and selenium) were enriched in samples collected from urban settings relative to agricultural or forested settings. Forty-nine percent of the sites sampled in urban settings had concentrations of one or more trace elements that exceeded levels at which adverse biological effects could occur in aquatic biota.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"ACS","publisherLocation":"Washington, D.C.","doi":"10.1021/es990052s","issn":"0013936X","usgsCitation":"Rice, K.C., 1999, Trace-element concentrations in streambed sediment across the conterminous United States: Environmental Science & Technology, v. 33, no. 15, p. 2499-2504, https://doi.org/10.1021/es990052s.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"2499","endPage":"2504","costCenters":[{"id":614,"text":"Virginia Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":229243,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"geometry\": {\n      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     [\n                -97.37,\n                27.38\n              ],\n              [\n                -97.38,\n                26.69\n              ],\n              [\n                -97.33,\n                26.21\n              ],\n              [\n                -97.14,\n                25.87\n              ],\n              [\n                -97.53,\n                25.84\n              ],\n              [\n                -98.24,\n                26.06\n              ],\n              [\n                -99.02,\n                26.37\n              ],\n              [\n                -99.3,\n                26.84\n              ],\n              [\n                -99.52,\n                27.54\n              ],\n              [\n                -100.11,\n                28.11\n              ],\n              [\n                -100.45584,\n                28.69612\n              ],\n              [\n                -100.9576,\n                29.38071\n              ],\n              [\n                -101.6624,\n                29.7793\n              ],\n              [\n                -102.48,\n                29.76\n              ],\n              [\n                -103.11,\n                28.97\n              ],\n              [\n                -103.94,\n                29.27\n              ],\n              [\n                -104.45697,\n                29.57196\n              ],\n              [\n                -104.70575,\n                30.12173\n              ],\n              [\n                -105.03737,\n                30.64402\n              ],\n              [\n                -105.63159,\n                31.08383\n              ],\n              [\n                -106.1429,\n                31.39995\n              ],\n              [\n                -106.50759,\n                31.75452\n              ],\n              [\n                -108.24,\n                31.75485\n              ],\n              [\n                -108.24194,\n                31.34222\n              ],\n              [\n                -109.035,\n                31.34194\n              ],\n              [\n                -111.02361,\n                31.33472\n              ],\n              [\n                -113.30498,\n                32.03914\n              ],\n              [\n                -114.815,\n                32.52528\n              ],\n              [\n                -114.72139,\n                32.72083\n              ],\n              [\n                -115.99135,\n                32.61239\n              ],\n              [\n                -117.12776,\n                32.53534\n              ],\n              [\n                -117.29594,\n                33.04622\n              ],\n              [\n                -117.944,\n                33.62124\n              ],\n              [\n                -118.4106,\n                33.74091\n              ],\n              [\n                -118.51989,\n                34.02778\n              ],\n              [\n                -119.081,\n                34.078\n              ],\n              [\n                -119.43884,\n                34.34848\n              ],\n              [\n                -120.36778,\n                34.44711\n              ],\n              [\n                -120.62286,\n                34.60855\n              ],\n              [\n                -120.74433,\n                35.15686\n              ],\n              [\n                -121.71457,\n                36.16153\n              ],\n              [\n                -122.54747,\n                37.55176\n              ],\n              [\n                -122.51201,\n                37.78339\n              ],\n              [\n                -122.95319,\n                38.11371\n              ],\n              [\n                -123.7272,\n                38.95166\n              ],\n              [\n                -123.86517,\n                39.76699\n              ],\n              [\n                -124.39807,\n                40.3132\n              ],\n              [\n                -124.17886,\n                41.14202\n              ],\n              [\n                -124.2137,\n                41.99964\n              ],\n              [\n                -124.53284,\n                42.76599\n              ],\n              [\n                -124.14214,\n                43.70838\n              ],\n              [\n                -124.02053,\n                44.6159\n              ],\n              [\n                -123.89893,\n                45.52341\n              ],\n              [\n                -124.07963,\n                46.86475\n              ],\n              [\n                -124.39567,\n                47.72017\n              ],\n              [\n                -124.68721,\n                48.18443\n              ],\n              [\n                -124.5661,\n                48.37971\n              ],\n              [\n                -123.12,\n                48.04\n              ],\n              [\n                -122.58736,\n                47.096\n              ],\n              [\n                -122.34,\n                47.36\n              ],\n              [\n                -122.5,\n                48.18\n              ],\n              [\n                -122.84,\n                49\n              ],\n              [\n                -120,\n                49\n              ],\n              [\n                -117.03121,\n                49\n              ],\n              [\n                -116.04818,\n                49\n              ],\n              [\n                -113,\n                49\n              ],\n              [\n                -110.05,\n                49\n              ],\n              [\n                -107.05,\n                49\n              ],\n              [\n                -104.04826,\n                48.99986\n              ],\n              [\n                -100.65,\n                49\n              ],\n              [\n                -97.22872,\n                49.0007\n              ],\n              [\n                -95.15907,\n                49\n              ],\n              [\n                -95.15609,\n                49.38425\n              ],\n              [\n                -94.81758,\n                49.38905\n              ]\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      },\n      \"properties\": {\n        \"name\": \"United States\"\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"33","issue":"15","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1999-06-11","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bb67ce4b08c986b326cc1","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Rice, Karen C. 0000-0002-9356-5443 kcrice@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9356-5443","contributorId":1998,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rice","given":"Karen","email":"kcrice@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":614,"text":"Virginia Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":390079,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70021487,"text":"70021487 - 1999 - Methods for developing time-series climate surfaces to drive topographically distributed energy- and water-balance models","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-03-25T23:02:50.704418","indexId":"70021487","displayToPublicDate":"1999-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1924,"text":"Hydrological Processes","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Methods for developing time-series climate surfaces to drive topographically distributed energy- and water-balance models","docAbstract":"<div class=\"abstract-group \"><div class=\"article-section__content en main\"><p>Topographically distributed energy- and water-balance models can accurately simulate both the development and melting of a seasonal snowcover in the mountain basins. To do this they require time-series climate surfaces of air temperature, humidity, wind speed, precipitation, and solar and thermal radiation. If data are available, these parameters can be adequately estimated at time steps of one to three hours. Unfortunately, climate monitoring in mountain basins is very limited, and the full range of elevations and exposures that affect climate conditions, snow deposition, and melt is seldom sampled. Detailed time-series climate surfaces have been successfully developed using limited data and relatively simple methods. We present a synopsis of the tools and methods used to combine limited data with simple corrections for the topographic controls to generate high temporal resolution time-series images of these climate parameters. Methods used include simulations, elevational gradients, and detrended kriging. The generated climate surfaces are evaluated at points and spatially to determine if they are reasonable approximations of actual conditions. Recommendations are made for the addition of critical parameters and measurement sites into routine monitoring systems in mountain basins.&nbsp;</p></div></div>","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1002/(SICI)1099-1085(199909)13:12/13<2003::AID-HYP884>3.0.CO;2-K","issn":"08856087","usgsCitation":"Susong, D., Marks, D., and Garen, D., 1999, Methods for developing time-series climate surfaces to drive topographically distributed energy- and water-balance models: Hydrological Processes, v. 13, no. 12-13, p. 2003-2021, https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1099-1085(199909)13:12/13<2003::AID-HYP884>3.0.CO;2-K.","productDescription":"19 p.","startPage":"2003","endPage":"2021","numberOfPages":"19","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":229098,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"13","issue":"12-13","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a55b2e4b0c8380cd6d273","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Susong, D.","contributorId":30777,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Susong","given":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":390057,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Marks, D.","contributorId":93217,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Marks","given":"D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":390058,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Garen, D.","contributorId":28395,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Garen","given":"D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":390056,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70021475,"text":"70021475 - 1999 - The types of data needed for assessing the environmental and human health impacts of coal","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:39","indexId":"70021475","displayToPublicDate":"1999-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2033,"text":"International Journal of Coal Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The types of data needed for assessing the environmental and human health impacts of coal","docAbstract":"Coal is one of the most important sources of energy. Its worldwide use will continue to expand during the next several decades, particularly in rapidly developing countries such as China and India. Unfortunately, coal use may bring with it environmental and human health costs. Many of the environmental and health problems attributed to coal combustion are due to mobilization of potentially toxic elements. Some of these problems could be minimized or even avoided if comprehensive databases containing appropriate coal quality information were available to decision makers so that informed decisions could be made regarding coal use. Among the coal quality parameters that should be included in these databases are: C, H, N, O, pyritic sulfur, organic sulfur, major, minor, and trace element concentrations, modes of occurrence of environmentally sensitive elements, cleanability, mineralogy, organic chemistry, petrography, and leachability.Coal is one of the most important sources of energy. Its worldwide use will continue to expand during the next several decades, particularly in rapidly developing countries such as China and India. Unfortunately, coal use may bring with it environmental and human health costs. Many of the environmental and health problems attributed to coal combustion are due to mobilization of potentially toxic elements. Some of these problems could be minimized or even avoided if comprehensive databases containing appropriate coal quality information were available to decision makers so that informed decisions could be made regarding coal use. Among the coal quality parameters that should be included in these databases are: C, H, N, O, pyritic sulfur, organic sulfur, major, minor, and trace element concentrations, modes of occurrence of environmentally sensitive elements, cleanability, mineralogy, organic chemistry, petrography, and leachability.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"International Journal of Coal Geology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier Science Publishers B.V.","publisherLocation":"Amsterdam, Netherlands","doi":"10.1016/S0166-5162(98)00061-5","issn":"01665162","usgsCitation":"Finkelman, R.B., and Gross, P., 1999, The types of data needed for assessing the environmental and human health impacts of coal: International Journal of Coal Geology, v. 40, no. 2-3, p. 91-101, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0166-5162(98)00061-5.","startPage":"91","endPage":"101","numberOfPages":"11","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":229502,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":206353,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0166-5162(98)00061-5"}],"volume":"40","issue":"2-3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bb145e4b08c986b32529f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Finkelman, R. B.","contributorId":20341,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Finkelman","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":390019,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Gross, P.M.K.","contributorId":99725,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gross","given":"P.M.K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":390020,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70021465,"text":"70021465 - 1999 - Death valley regional ground-water flow model calibration using optimal parameter estimation methods and geoscientific information systems","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-09-13T15:59:26","indexId":"70021465","displayToPublicDate":"1999-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":664,"text":"Advances in Water Resources","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Death valley regional ground-water flow model calibration using optimal parameter estimation methods and geoscientific information systems","docAbstract":"A regional-scale, steady-state, saturated-zone ground-water flow model was constructed to evaluate potential regional ground-water flow in the vicinity of Yucca Mountain, Nevada. The model was limited to three layers in an effort to evaluate the characteristics governing large-scale subsurface flow. Geoscientific information systems (GSIS) were used to characterize the complex surface and subsurface hydrogeologic conditions of the area, and this characterization was used to construct likely conceptual models of the flow system. Subsurface properties in this system vary dramatically, producing high contrasts and abrupt contacts. This characteristic, combined with the large scale of the model, make zonation the logical choice for representing the hydraulic-conductivity distribution. Different conceptual models were evaluated using sensitivity analysis and were tested by using nonlinear regression to determine parameter values that are optimal, in that they provide the best match between the measured and simulated heads and flows. The different conceptual models were judged based both on the fit achieved to measured heads and spring flows, and the plausibility of the optimal parameter values. One of the conceptual models considered appears to represent the system most realistically. Any apparent model error is probably caused by the coarse vertical and horizontal discretization.A regional-scale, steady-state, saturated-zone ground-water flow model was constructed to evaluate potential regional ground-water flow in the vicinity of Yucca Mountain, Nevada. The model was limited to three layers in an effort to evaluate the characteristics governing large-scale subsurface flow. Geoscientific information systems (GSIS) were used to characterize the complex surface and subsurface hydrogeologic conditions of the area, and this characterization was used to construct likely conceptual models of the flow system. Subsurface properties in this system vary dramatically, producing high contrasts and abrupt contacts. This characteristic, combined with the large scale of the model, make zonation the logical choice for representing the hydraulic-conductivity distribution. Different conceptual models were evaluated using sensitivity analysis and were tested by using nonlinear regression to determine parameter values that are optimal, in that they provide the best match between the measured and simulated heads and flows. The different conceptual models were judged based both on the fit achieved to measured heads and spring flows, and the plausibility of the optimal parameter values. One of the conceptual models considered appears to represent the system most realistically. Any apparent model error is probably caused by the coarse vertical and horizontal discretization.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Advances in Water Resources","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier Science Ltd","publisherLocation":"Exeter, United Kingdom","doi":"10.1016/S0309-1708(98)00053-0","issn":"03091708","usgsCitation":"D’Agnese, F.A., Faunt, C., Hill, M.C., and Turner, A.K., 1999, Death valley regional ground-water flow model calibration using optimal parameter estimation methods and geoscientific information systems: Advances in Water Resources, v. 22, no. 8, p. 777-790, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0309-1708(98)00053-0.","startPage":"777","endPage":"790","numberOfPages":"14","costCenters":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":229279,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":206276,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0309-1708(98)00053-0"}],"volume":"22","issue":"8","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059fdede4b0c8380cd4ea03","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"D’Agnese, F. A.","contributorId":6096,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"D’Agnese","given":"F.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":389985,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Faunt, C.C. 0000-0001-5659-7529","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5659-7529","contributorId":103314,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Faunt","given":"C.C.","affiliations":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":389988,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Hill, M. C.","contributorId":48993,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hill","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":389986,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Turner, A. K.","contributorId":82351,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Turner","given":"A.","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":389987,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70021455,"text":"70021455 - 1999 - Window into the Caledonian orogen: Structure of the crust beneath the East Shetland platform, United Kingdom","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-12-20T00:58:51.275141","indexId":"70021455","displayToPublicDate":"1999-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1786,"text":"Geological Society of America Bulletin","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Window into the Caledonian orogen: Structure of the crust beneath the East Shetland platform, United Kingdom","docAbstract":"<p>Reprocessing and interpretation of commercial and deep seismic reflection data across the East Shetland platform and its North Sea margin provide a new view of crustal subbasement structure beneath a poorly known region of the British Caledonian orogen. The East Shetland platform, east of the Great Glen strike-slip fault system, is one of the few areas of the offshore British Caledonides that remained relatively insulated from the Mesozoic and later rifting that involved much of the area around the British Isles, thus providing an “acoustic window” into the deep structure of the orogen. Interpretation of the reflection data suggests that the crust beneath the platform retains a significant amount of its original Caledonian and older architecture. The upper to middle crust is typically poorly reflective except for individual prominent dipping reflectors with complex orientations that decrease in dip with depth and merge with a lower crustal layer of high reflectivity. The three-dimensional structural orientation of the reflectors beneath the East Shetland platform is at variance with Caledonian reflector trends observed elsewhere in the Caledonian orogen (e.g., north of the Scottish mainland), emphasizing the unique tectonic character of this part of the orogen. Upper to middle crustal reflectors are interpreted as Caledonian or older thrust surfaces that were possibly reactivated by Devonian extension associated with post-Caledonian orogenic collapse.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","doi":"10.1130/0016-7606(1999)111<1030:WITCOS>2.3.CO;2","issn":"00167606","usgsCitation":"McBride, J., and England, R., 1999, Window into the Caledonian orogen: Structure of the crust beneath the East Shetland platform, United Kingdom: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 111, no. 7, p. 1030-1041, https://doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1999)111<1030:WITCOS>2.3.CO;2.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"1030","endPage":"1041","numberOfPages":"12","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":229132,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United Kingdom","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              0.9234307350322126,\n              61.44094967890982\n            ],\n            [\n              -8.524811452468299,\n              61.44094967890982\n            ],\n            [\n              -8.524811452468299,\n              55.030638269889465\n            ],\n            [\n              0.9234307350322126,\n              55.030638269889465\n            ],\n            [\n              0.9234307350322126,\n              61.44094967890982\n            ]\n          ]\n        ],\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"111","issue":"7","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bd127e4b08c986b32f277","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"McBride, J.H.","contributorId":99712,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McBride","given":"J.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":389951,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"England, R.W.","contributorId":106663,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"England","given":"R.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":389952,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70021433,"text":"70021433 - 1999 - The idea of magma mixing: History of a struggle for acceptance","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:52","indexId":"70021433","displayToPublicDate":"1999-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2309,"text":"Journal of Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The idea of magma mixing: History of a struggle for acceptance","docAbstract":"In 1851, chemist Robert Bunsen suggested that the mixing of two magmas, one mafic and the other felsic, in various proportions might account for the wide range of chemical compositions of igneous rocks. Based on flaws in several of its secondary provisions, the whole hypothesis was rejected by a succession of influential critics and remained in disrepute for a hundred years. Meanwhile, studies of composite dikes and sills indicated that, indeed, mafic and felsic magmas had coexisted at close quarters and had been emplaced in quick succession. This interpretation was also used by some investigators to explain the intimate association of mafic and felsic rock types in the commonly occurring igneous complexes. Others believed that the mafic components of these complexes were derived from geologically older mafic formations. By the early 1900s it had become apparent that mafic magmas crystallized at higher temperatures than felsic magmas. This knowledge was not immediately applied to the problem of magma mixing, however, due in part to the popularity of the newly validated process of fractional crystallization and to the implication that the diversity of igneous rocks could be accounted for by that process alone. Not until the 1950s was the attention of the geological community drawn to the fact that disparate magmas mix in a special manner: they mingle, the mafic magma being quenched to a fracturable solid upon contact with the cooler felsic magma. This explanation set in motion a series of studies of other igneous complexes, confirming the concept and adding other identifying features of the process.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Geology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1086/314357","issn":"00221376","usgsCitation":"Wilcox, R., 1999, The idea of magma mixing: History of a struggle for acceptance: Journal of Geology, v. 107, no. 4, p. 421-432, https://doi.org/10.1086/314357.","startPage":"421","endPage":"432","numberOfPages":"12","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":229794,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":206448,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1086/314357"}],"volume":"107","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bacd6e4b08c986b323796","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wilcox, R.E.","contributorId":107348,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wilcox","given":"R.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":389855,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70021428,"text":"70021428 - 1999 - On the relative importance of pool morphology and woody debris to distributions of shrimp in a Puerto Rican headwater stream","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:42","indexId":"70021428","displayToPublicDate":"1999-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1919,"text":"Hydrobiologia","onlineIssn":"1573-5117","printIssn":"0018-8158","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"On the relative importance of pool morphology and woody debris to distributions of shrimp in a Puerto Rican headwater stream","docAbstract":"In this paper, we report the sizes and distributional orientation of woody debris in a headwater rainforest stream in the Luquillo Experimental Forest (LEF), Puerto Rico. We also provide results of a 4-month study of a wood addition experiment designed to increase cover for benthic macroinvertebrates (freshwater shrimp). We added branch-sized woody debris to 20 pools in three streams. We trapped four species of freshwater shrimp (two species of benthic detritivores and two predatory shrimp species) during each of the 4 months following wood additions. An analysis of pool morphology (maximum depth, surface area and volume) provided a useful predictor of shrimp abundances. In general, numbers of shrimps increased with sizes of stream pools. A repeated measures ANOVA demonstrated no effect of woody debris additions on total numbers of shrimp per pool area. Two detritivore species (Atya lanipes, a filter feeder and Xiphocaris elongata, a shredder) decreased in abundance with increased woody debris and there was no statistical relationship between woody debris additions and predators (Macrobrachium carcinus and M. crenulatum). Small woody debris additions may have altered flow velocities that were important to filter-feeding Atya at the microhabitat scale, although the overall velocities within pools were not altered by wood additions. Lower numbers of Atya and Xiphocaris in two of the three streams may result from the occurrence of two predaceous fishes (American eel and mountain mullet) and more predatory Macrobrachium in these streams. One likely interpretation of the results of this study is that the stream pools in these study reaches had sufficient habitat structure provided by numerous rock crevices (among large rocks and boulders) to provide refuge from predators. Addition of woody debris did not add significantly to the existing structure. These results may not apply to stream channels with sand and gravel substrata where crevices and undercut banks are lacking and where woody debris often plays a major role by providing structure and refuge.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Hydrobiologia","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1023/A:1003831828423","issn":"00188158","usgsCitation":"Pyron, M., Covich, A., and Black, R.W., 1999, On the relative importance of pool morphology and woody debris to distributions of shrimp in a Puerto Rican headwater stream: Hydrobiologia, v. 405, p. 207-215, https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1003831828423.","startPage":"207","endPage":"215","numberOfPages":"9","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":229717,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":206428,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1003831828423"}],"volume":"405","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a6df1e4b0c8380cd753f5","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Pyron, M.","contributorId":6613,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Pyron","given":"M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":389837,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Covich, A.P.","contributorId":14965,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Covich","given":"A.P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":389838,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Black, R. W.","contributorId":81943,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Black","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":389839,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70021419,"text":"70021419 - 1999 - Zebra mussel filter feeding and food-limited production of Daphnia: Recent changes in lower trophic level dynamics of Oneida Lake, New York, U.S.A.","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:51","indexId":"70021419","displayToPublicDate":"1999-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1919,"text":"Hydrobiologia","onlineIssn":"1573-5117","printIssn":"0018-8158","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Zebra mussel filter feeding and food-limited production of Daphnia: Recent changes in lower trophic level dynamics of Oneida Lake, New York, U.S.A.","docAbstract":"Exotic zebra mussels can alter lower trophic level dynamics in lakes that they colonize by consuming large quantities of phytoplankton. We simulated the indirect effects of zebra mussel grazing on Daphnia by artificially reducing phytoplankton concentration for in situ Daphnia reproduction experiments. The response of Daphnia reproduction to reduced phytoplankton was evaluated for both the in situ experiments and field observations in Oneida Lake, New York, U.S.A. Oneida Lake has had an abundant population of zebra mussels since 1992. Our experiments revealed that fecundity of individuals from two species of Daphnia was positively related to phytoplankton concentration during the spring clearwater phase, although there was no discernible effect of food concentration on fecundity in summer cyanobacteria-dominated assemblages. The experimental results suggest that Daphnia fecundity responds to chlorophyll a concentrations < 2 ??g l-1. The years since zebra mussels became abundant in Oneida Lake have been characterized by high water clarity, low chlorophyll concentrations, long clearwater phases, and low Daphnia biomass compared with the previous 17 years. The food web effects of zebra mussel grazing are complex and it will take more years for impacts at higher trophic levels to develop and be identified.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Hydrobiologia","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1023/A:1003877013112","issn":"00188158","usgsCitation":"Horgan, M., and Mills, E., 1999, Zebra mussel filter feeding and food-limited production of Daphnia: Recent changes in lower trophic level dynamics of Oneida Lake, New York, U.S.A.: Hydrobiologia, v. 411, p. 79-88, https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1003877013112.","startPage":"79","endPage":"88","numberOfPages":"10","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":230192,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":206554,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1003877013112"}],"volume":"411","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bd259e4b08c986b32f779","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Horgan, M.J.","contributorId":68060,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Horgan","given":"M.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":389807,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Mills, E.L.","contributorId":73525,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mills","given":"E.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":389808,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
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