The Cambrian-Ordovician aquifer system contains the most extensive and continuous aquifers in the northern Midwest of the United States. It is the source of water for many municipalities, industries, and rural water users. Since the beginning of ground-water development from the aquifer system in the late 1800's, hydraulic heads have declined hundreds of feet in the heavily pumped Chicago-Milwaukee area and somewhat less in other metropolitan areas. The U.S. Geological Survey has completed a regional assessment of this aquifer system within a 161,000-square-mile area encompassing northern Illinois, northwestern Indiana, Iowa, southeastern Minnesota, northern Missouri, and Wisconsin.
\nConsolidated sedimentary rocks in the northern Midwest range in age from Precambrian to Cretaceous and crop out in generally concentric, arcuate patterns, dipping away from structural highs (arches) on the Precambrian basement in northern Minnesota and Wisconsin toward structural lows (basins) to the south and east. The sedimentary bedrock is generally overlain by a veneer of glacial drift. Thickness of the sedimentary sequence increases to about 5,000 feet in the Forest City basin of southwestern Iowa and to about 14,000 and more than 15,000 feet in the Illinois and Michigan basins, respectively.
\nCambrian and Ordovician age rocks, mainly marine sandstone and carbonate rocks, compose much of the sedimentary sequence and form the Cambrian-Ordovician aquifer system. The aquifer system lies on the Precambrian basement, regarded as a regional confining unit. Six hydrogeologic units are defined; they are arranged as alternating pairs of an aquifer and an overlying confining. unit. The units are named using the predominant geologic nomenclature of the upper Mississippi Valley, which includes most of the study area. In the southern quarter of the area, the hydrogeologic units consist of equivalent formations of the Ozark area (mostly carbonate rocks). The uppermost part of the aquifer system is the Maquoketa confining unit, which consists of the Maquoketa Shale and the underlying dolomite and shale of the Galena Dolomite and the Decorah, Platteville, and Glenwood Formations.
\nThe underlying St. Peter-Prairie du Chien-Jordan aquifer is an important source of ground water in the western part of the area in Iowa and Minnesota, where the uniform Jordan Sandstone is hydraulically connected to overlying fractured dolomite of the Prairie du Chien Group. The unit is less important in the eastern part of Wisconsin and Illinois because the Jordan Sandstone is absent and the Prairie du Chien Group is thin or absent due to pre-St. Peter Sandstone erosion. Equivalent rocks in northern Missouri-the Roubidoux Formation and the Gasconade and Eminence Dolomites-are mainly carbonate rocks that are somewhat permeable and contain some sandstone.
\nThe St. Lawrence and Franconia Formations underlying the St. Peter-Prairie du Chien-Jordan aquifer consist generally of silty and shaly, fine-grained, poorly sorted, and dolomitic sandstones that restrict vertical movement of ground water and form a regional confining unit. In the southern and eastern parts of the area, the Potosi and Derby-Doerun Dolomites and the upper part of the Davis Formation are the equivalent rocks (mainly carbonate rocks).
\nIn the east-central part of the area in Illinois and Wisconsin, the Ironton-Galesville aquifer forms the most important aquifer of the Cambrian-Ordovician aquifer system, contributing about one-third of the yield from wells in the aquifer system in the Chicago area. The aquifer terminates to the west, south, and east, where the sandstones grade into less permeable carbonate rocks in central Iowa, central Illinois, and northwestern Indiana, respectively.
\nThe underlying Eau Claire Formation and its partial equivalent to the southwest, the Bonneterre Formation, form an important confining unit above the Mount Simon aquifer throughout much of the study area. Siltstone and shale are fairly common in the upper part of the Eau Claire Formation but less so in its northernmost extent in Wisconsin. Dolomite content increases southward and westward, where a middle dolomite facies grades laterally into the Bonneterre in Missouri, southwestern Minnesota, extreme south-central Wisconsin, and possibly in western Iowa.
\nThe basal unit in the Cambrian-Ordovician aquifer system, the Mount Simon aquifer, is present throughout the study area, except where it is absent over local highs of the Precambrian basement. It consists primarily of the Mount Simon Sandstone in the north and its equivalent in northern Missouri, the Lamotte Sandstone. The underlying Hinckley Sandstone of Precambrian age is included in Minnesota, as is the overlying Elmhurst Sandstone Member of the Eau Claire Formation in northern Illinois. The aquifer increases greatly in thickness and the water is progressively more saline away from the northern structural highs toward the basins.
\nMuch of the movement and discharge of ground water in the northern Midwest occurs in local, unconfined, shallow flow systems within a few miles of points of recharge. The rest of the water is semiconfined or confined in intermediate or regional flow systems within the bedrock, where flow is deeper, slower, and traverses much longer distances from recharge areas to discharge areas. The major areas of recharge to regional confined flow are in northwestern Iowa, southeastern Minnesota, western, southern, and eastern Wisconsin, and northern Illinois. Although the rate of flow is small, significant recharge to the Cambrian-Ordovician aquifer system also occurs as leakage through the Maquoketa confining unit, where the vertical hydraulic gradient is downward.
\nGround water in much of the confined aquifer system moves laterally from recharge areas toward the major river valleys and Lake Michigan or down dip toward the structural basins. The longest flow paths extend as much as 400 miles from northwestern Iowa southeast toward the Illinois basin or to the Mississippi River and Missouri River valleys near their confluence. Other major confined flow is from eastern Wisconsin toward the Michigan basin and southward flow from northeastern Illinois toward the Illinois basin.
\nRegional ground-water discharge from the aquifer system is mainly diffuse upward leakage from confined aquifers along flow paths toward the structural basins. Very saline water around and brines within the basins restrict regional flow into the basins, forcing ground water to discharge upward. Water in intermediate flow systems discharges upward to the major river valleys.
\nOriginal heads of more than 100 feet above land surface were recorded in the aquifer system near Lake Michigan in eastern Wisconsin and at Dubuque, Iowa, along the Mississippi River. The Cambrian-Ordovician aquifer system was developed rapidly in the late 1800's after the first deep well was drilled in Chicago in 1864. Many flowing wells were not controlled, which caused water levels in deep wells to decline, and many no longer flowed by the early 1900's.
\nHeads in the aquifers have declined very little in most of the recharge or unconfined areas since ground-water withdrawal began, but major declines have occurred in confined areas. The largest declines in head are at Chicago, Illinois, Milwaukee and Green Bay, Wisconsin, and Mason City, Iowa, where the aquifer system is confined by the Maquoketa confining unit. The composite head in the aquifer system declined more than 900 feet in the deepest cones of depression in the Chicago area from 1864 to 1980 and about 375 feet in the cone at Milwaukee from 1880 to 1980. More than 200 feet of decline has occurred at Mason City. The head declined as much as 440 feet in Green Bay from 1886 to 1957, when the city discontinued use of its deep wells and began using water from Lake Michigan.
\nThe largest centers of pumping are in the Chicago and Twin Cities (Minneapolis-St. Paul, Minnesota) metropolitan areas about 180 million gallons per day each in 1980. Pumpage exceeded 10 million gallons per day in only a few other areas in 1980.
\nGround water in the Cambrian-Ordovician aquifer system in the northern Midwest is characterized by an extreme range of mineralization, but its quality in most of the area is good. The major cations are calcium, magnesium, and sodium, and the major anions are bicarbonate, sulfate, and chloride. Sodium, sulfate, and chloride distributions are closely related to the distribution pattern of dissolved solids but not in the same proportion. Dissolved-solids concentration is generally less than 1,000 milligrams per liter in the recharge areas of Wisconsin, southern Minnesota, northeastern Iowa, and north-central Illinois where the aquifer system crops out or subcrops beneath glacial drift. Ground water there is the Ca-Mg-HC03 type, derived from and identical to that in the overlying glacial drift.
\nIn northwestern Iowa and southwestern Minnesota, the water in both the glacial drift and the Cambrian-Ordovician aquifer system is a Ca-Na-S04HC03 type, derived from oxidation of pyrite in the overlying Cretaceous Dakota Formation.
\nTransition to higher dissolved solids in the confined areas commonly is accompanied by increased sulfate concentration and· the occurrence of Ca-Na-S04-type water. Salinity of the ground water increases progressively toward the .basins, where dissolved solids exceed 200,000 milligrams per liter. Saline water is present in the Mount Simon aquifer near Lake Michigan in eastern Wisconsin and northeastern Illinois but occurs in successively younger rocks to the east and south as they dip toward the basins. Similarly, salinity increases down dip in Iowa to the southwest and south; however, regional ground-water flow in Iowa is from northwest to southeast.
\nMuch of the ground water in the confined aquifer system is isotopically depleted in 0180 and OD with respect to modern precipitation-an indication that the water originated as precipitation in a much colder climate than the present and probably was derived from recharge of glacial meltwater. On the basis of o34S values for sulfur in sulfate, it is believed that isostatic loading from glacial ice over the Michigan basin reversed the hydraulic gradient to trend westward, opposite from the present gradient, causing saline water in the Michigan basin to discharge westward through the present recharge areas.
\nNatural water-quality problems in the Cambrian-Ordovician aquifer system are mainly the high dissolved-solids concentrations and associated high concentrations of sulfate and chloride, which limit the use of the water for municipal and domestic purposes in much of the confined aquifer system in central and southern Illinois, Indiana, southern and western Iowa, and northern Missouri. Another concern is that radium activity exceeds normal background concentrations of a few picocuries per liter in much of the confined aquifer system in eastern Wisconsin, northeastern Illinois, and central Iowa. Other common problems are high hardness and locally excessive concentrations of iron and hydrogen sulfide.
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This report summarizes recent results of integrated geological, geochemical, and geophysical field and laboratory studies conducted by the U.S. Geological Survey in the Cordova and Middleton Island 1°x3° quadrangles of coastal southern Alaska. Published open-file reports and maps accompanied by descriptive and interpretative texts, tables, diagrams, and pertinent references provide background information for a mineral-resource assessment of the two quadrangles.
Mines in the Cordova and Middleton Island quadrangles produced copper and byproduct gold and silver in the first three decades of the 20th century. The quadrangles may contain potentially significant undiscovered resources of precious and base metals (gold, silver, copper, zinc, and lead) in veins and massive sulfide deposits hosted by Cretaceous and Paleogene sedimentary and volcanic rocks. Resources of manganese also may be present in the Paleogene rocks; uranium resources may be present in Eocene granitic rocks; and placer gold may be present in beach sands near the mouth of the Copper River, in alluvial sands within the canyons of the Copper River, and in smaller alluvial deposits underlain by rocks of the Valdez Group. Significant coal resources are present in the Bering River area, but difficult access and structural complexities have discouraged development. Investigation of numerous oil and gas seeps near Katalla in the eastern part of the area led to the discovery of a small, shallow field from which oil was produced between 1902 and 1933. The field has been inactive since, and subsequent exploration and drilling onshore near Katalla in the 1960's and offshore near Middleton Island on the outer continental shelf in the 1970's and 1980's was not successful.
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","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr92101","usgsCitation":"Kane, R.L., 1992, Potentiometric surface of the surficial aquifer system, deep zone, in eastern Palm Beach County, Florida, May 16-19, 1988: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 92-101, 1 Plate: 17.71 x 25.97 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr92101.","productDescription":"1 Plate: 17.71 x 25.97 inches","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":411100,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_18233.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":79051,"rank":2,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1992/0101/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":176208,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Florida","county":"Palm Beach County","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -80,\n 26.971\n ],\n [\n -80.485,\n 26.971\n ],\n [\n -80.485,\n 26.333\n ],\n [\n -80,\n 26.333\n ],\n [\n -80,\n 26.971\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ad4e4b07f02db682e1d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kane, Richard L. rkane@usgs.gov","contributorId":2034,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kane","given":"Richard","email":"rkane@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":224721,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":20671,"text":"ofr92448 - 1992 - Inventory of metal mines and occurrence associated with the early Mesozoic basins of the Eastern United States; II, occurrence descriptions and summary tables","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:07:44","indexId":"ofr92448","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1992","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"92-448","title":"Inventory of metal mines and occurrence associated with the early Mesozoic basins of the Eastern United States; II, occurrence descriptions and summary tables","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Dept. of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/ofr92448","usgsCitation":"Robinson, and Sears, C., 1992, Inventory of metal mines and occurrence associated with the early Mesozoic basins of the Eastern United States; II, occurrence descriptions and summary tables: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 92-448, 190 p. ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr92448.","productDescription":"190 p. ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":153129,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1992/0448/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":50195,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1992/0448/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e48c6e4b07f02db540002","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Robinson, Jr. 0000-0002-9676-9564","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9676-9564","contributorId":8479,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Robinson","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":245,"text":"Eastern Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":5068,"text":"Midwest Regional Director's Office","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":183040,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Sears, C.M.","contributorId":36944,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sears","given":"C.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":183041,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":26029,"text":"wri914033 - 1992 - Hydrogeology and ground-water chemistry of the San Andres-Glorieta aquifer in the Acoma embayment and eastern Zuni uplift, west-central New Mexico","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-03-13T21:52:14.080068","indexId":"wri914033","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1992","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"91-4033","title":"Hydrogeology and ground-water chemistry of the San Andres-Glorieta aquifer in the Acoma embayment and eastern Zuni uplift, west-central New Mexico","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri914033","usgsCitation":"Baldwin, J.A., and Anderholm, S., 1992, Hydrogeology and ground-water chemistry of the San Andres-Glorieta aquifer in the Acoma embayment and eastern Zuni uplift, west-central New Mexico: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 91-4033, Report: ix, 304 p.; 2 Plates: 23.30 x 23.88 inches and 22.54 x 23.01 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/wri914033.","productDescription":"Report: ix, 304 p.; 2 Plates: 23.30 x 23.88 inches and 22.54 x 23.01 inches","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":54809,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1991/4033/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":54808,"rank":4,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1991/4033/plate-2.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":54807,"rank":3,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1991/4033/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":119061,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1991/4033/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":414061,"rank":5,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_47469.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"New Mexico","otherGeospatial":"San Andres-Glorieta aquifer","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -108.1578,\n 35.3908\n ],\n [\n -108.1578,\n 34.9581\n ],\n [\n -107.75,\n 34.9581\n ],\n [\n -107.75,\n 35.3908\n ],\n [\n -108.1578,\n 35.3908\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a4ce4b07f02db62624a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Baldwin, J. A.","contributorId":50941,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Baldwin","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":195668,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Anderholm, S. K.","contributorId":69149,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Anderholm","given":"S. K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":195669,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":41256,"text":"ofr92103 - 1992 - Potentiometric surface of the surficial aquifer system, deep zone, in eastern Palm Beach County, Florida, October 24-26, 1988","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-12-27T22:47:57.259339","indexId":"ofr92103","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1992","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"92-103","title":"Potentiometric surface of the surficial aquifer system, deep zone, in eastern Palm Beach County, Florida, October 24-26, 1988","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr92103","usgsCitation":"Kane, R.L., 1992, Potentiometric surface of the surficial aquifer system, deep zone, in eastern Palm Beach County, Florida, October 24-26, 1988: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 92-103, 1 Plate: 17.09 x 25.86 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr92103.","productDescription":"1 Plate: 17.09 x 25.86 inches","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":176693,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":411101,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_18235.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":79052,"rank":2,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1992/0103/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Florida","county":"Palm Beach County","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -80,\n 26.971\n ],\n [\n -80.485,\n 26.971\n ],\n [\n -80.485,\n 26.333\n ],\n [\n -80,\n 26.333\n ],\n [\n -80,\n 26.971\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ad4e4b07f02db682e1e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kane, Richard L. rkane@usgs.gov","contributorId":2034,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kane","given":"Richard","email":"rkane@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":224722,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":42004,"text":"ofr9286 - 1992 - Altitude of the water table in the surficial aquifer system, shallow zone, in eastern Palm Beach County, Florida, May 1-5, 1989","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-12-13T21:54:53.248848","indexId":"ofr9286","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1992","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"92-86","title":"Altitude of the water table in the surficial aquifer system, shallow zone, in eastern Palm Beach County, Florida, May 1-5, 1989","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr9286","usgsCitation":"Kane, R.L., 1992, Altitude of the water table in the surficial aquifer system, shallow zone, in eastern Palm Beach County, Florida, May 1-5, 1989: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 92-86, 1 Plate: 18.03 × 27.10 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr9286.","productDescription":"1 Plate: 18.03 × 27.10 inches","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":169652,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":410411,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_18210.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":79759,"rank":1,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1992/0086/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Florida","county":"Palm Beach County","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -80.43496271623788,\n 26.957535710727228\n ],\n [\n -80.43496271623788,\n 26.28980493099533\n ],\n [\n -79.97551737014285,\n 26.28980493099533\n ],\n [\n -79.97551737014285,\n 26.957535710727228\n ],\n [\n -80.43496271623788,\n 26.957535710727228\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4adce4b07f02db6869e3","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kane, Richard L. rkane@usgs.gov","contributorId":2034,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kane","given":"Richard","email":"rkane@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":225829,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":3006,"text":"wsp2382 - 1992 - Limnology of Big Lake, south-central Alaska, 1983-84","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:05:37","indexId":"wsp2382","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1992","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":341,"text":"Water Supply Paper","code":"WSP","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2382","title":"Limnology of Big Lake, south-central Alaska, 1983-84","docAbstract":"The limnological characteristics and trophic state of Big Lake in south-central Alaska were determined from the results of an intensive study during 1983-84. The study was begun in response to concern over the potential for eutrophication of Big Lake, which has experienced substantial residential development and recreational use because of its proximity to Anchorage. \r\n\r\nThe east and west basins of the 1,213 square-hectometer lake were each visited 36 times during the 2-year study to obtain a wide variety of physical, chemical, and biological data. During 1984, an estimate was made of the lake's annual primary production. Big Lake was classified as oligotrophic on the basis of its annual mean values for total phosphorus (9.5 micrograms per liter), total nitrogen (209 micrograms per liter), chlorophyll-a (2.5 micrograms per liter), secchi-disc transparency (6.3 meters), and its mean daily integral primary production of 81.1 milligrams of carbon fixed per square meter. The lake was, however, uncharacteristic of oligotrophic lakes in that a severe dissolved-oxygen deficit developed within the hypolimnion during summer stratification and under winter ice cover. The summer dissolved-oxygen deficit resulted from the combination of strong and persistent thermal stratification, which developed within 1 week of the melting of the lake's ice cover in May, and the failure of the spring circulation to fully reaerate the hypolimnion. The autumn circulation did reaerate the entire water column, but the ensuing 6 months of ice and snow cover prevented atmospheric reaeration of the water column and led to development of the winter dissolved-oxygen deficit. \r\n\r\nThe anoxic conditions that eventually developed near the lake bottom allowed the release of nutrients from the bottom sediments and facilitated ammonification reactions. These processes yielded hypolimnetic concentrations of nitrogen and phosphorus compounds, which were much larger than the oligotrophic concentrations measured within the epilimnion. An analysis of nitrogen-to-phosphorus ratios showed that nitrogen was the nutrient most likely to limit phytoplankton growth during the summer. \r\n\r\nAlthough mean chlorophyll-a concentrations were at oligotrophic levels, concentrations did peak at 46.5 micrograms per liter in the east basin. During each year and in both basins, the peak chlorophyll-a concentrations were measured within the hypolimnion because the euphotic zone commonly was deeper than the epilimnion during the summer. \r\n\r\nThe annual integral primary production of Big Lake in 1984 was 29.6 grams of carbon fixed per square meter with about 90 percent of that produced during May through October. During this time period, the lake received 76 percent of its annual input of solar irradiance. Monthly integral primary production, in milligrams of carbon fixed per square meter, ranged from 1.5 in January to 7,050 in July. When compared with the range of annual integral primary production measured in 50 International Biological Program lakes throughout the world, Big Lake had a low value of annual integral primary production. \r\n\r\nThe results of this study lend credence to the concerns about the potential eutrophication of Big Lake. Increases in the supply of oxygen-demanding materials to Big Lake could worsen the hypolimnetic dissolved-oxygen deficit and possibly shift the lake's trophic state toward mesotrophy or eutrophy.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Dept. of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nBooks and Open-File Reports Section [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/wsp2382","usgsCitation":"Woods, P.F., 1992, Limnology of Big Lake, south-central Alaska, 1983-84: U.S. Geological Survey Water Supply Paper 2382, iv, 108 p. :ill. ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wsp2382.","productDescription":"iv, 108 p. :ill. ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":139414,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/2382/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":29800,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/2382/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b16e4b07f02db6a5189","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Woods, Paul F.","contributorId":82273,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Woods","given":"Paul","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":146137,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70207639,"text":"70207639 - 1992 - Contrasting P‐T‐t paths: Thermochronologic evidence for a Late Paleozoic final assembly of the Avalon Composite Terrane in the New England Appalachians","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-12-31T14:27:20","indexId":"70207639","displayToPublicDate":"1992-12-31T14:18:36","publicationYear":"1992","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3524,"text":"Tectonics","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Contrasting P‐T‐t paths: Thermochronologic evidence for a Late Paleozoic final assembly of the Avalon Composite Terrane in the New England Appalachians","docAbstract":"Strongly contrasting pressure‐temperature‐time paths for the Avalon composite terrane and the structurally overlying Putnam‐Nashoba zone in eastern New England obtained from thermochronologic and thermobarometric data are best explained by a late Paleozoic underthrusting of cover rocks by the Avalon composite terrane. We present new Ar and U‐Pb thermochronologic data that show that in the southern Hope Valley zone, Permian (280 Ma) anatectic metamorphic conditions of 700°C and 6 kbar were quenched by relatively rapid cooling (12°C/m.y.) and exhumation (0.5 km/m.y.) for ∼40 m.y. In contrast, peak metamorphic conditions in the Putnam‐Nashoba zone predate Silurian intrusions, and slower cooling (3.5°C/m.y.) began at about 400 Ma. One‐dimensional thermal modeling suggests that these two belts were not in thermal equilibrium during the Permian metamorphism of the Avalon composite terrane. Because of the absence of high‐grade Alleghanian metamorphism in rocks overlying the Avalon terrane, we conclude that high‐grade Alleghanian metamorphism in the Avalon terrane occurred east of rocks now overlying it and that significant motion between Avalon and this cover occurred after peak Alleghanian metamorphism. Similarly contrasting metamorphic histories between Avalon inliers (Willimantic window, Massabesic complex gneiss, Pelham dome) and their cover rocks reveals the regional significance of this boundary. The core rocks all show Permian cooling, but the cover rocks show post‐Acadian cooling ages decreasing from east to west to the Pelham area, where hornblende ages in Avalon and cover differ by only 35 rather than 80 m.y. Model calculations show that thermal equilibrium between instantaneously thrusted blocks of rocks is generally obtained in tens of millions of years. Consequently, underthrusting of Avalon is constrained to be middle Mississippian or younger. Because the leading edge of the underthrusting block would have been heated the longest and would have most closely approached thermal equilibrium with its cover, core rocks of the Pelham dome must have been relatively close to this leading edge. Thus Carboniferous to Permian underplating from a generally eastward direction best explains these thermochronologic relationships.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/91TC02904","usgsCitation":"Wintsch, R., Sutter, J.F., Kunk, M.J., Aleinikoff, J.N., and Dorais, M.J., 1992, Contrasting P‐T‐t paths: Thermochronologic evidence for a Late Paleozoic final assembly of the Avalon Composite Terrane in the New England Appalachians: Tectonics, no. 11, p. 672-689, https://doi.org/10.1029/91TC02904.","productDescription":"18 p.","startPage":"672","endPage":"689","costCenters":[{"id":171,"text":"Central Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":243,"text":"Eastern Geology and Paleoclimate Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":370913,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, Rhode Island, Vermont","otherGeospatial":"New England Appalachians","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -73.45458984375,\n 44.98034238084973\n ],\n [\n -73.6962890625,\n 40.96330795307353\n ],\n [\n -71.89453125,\n 41.244772343082076\n ],\n [\n -69.19189453125,\n 40.94671366508002\n ],\n [\n -66.99462890625,\n 44.88701247981298\n ],\n [\n -67.30224609375,\n 45.460130637921004\n ],\n [\n -67.78564453125,\n 45.93587062119052\n ],\n [\n -70.29052734375,\n 45.90529985724799\n ],\n [\n -73.45458984375,\n 44.98034238084973\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","issue":"11","edition":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2010-07-26","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wintsch, R. P.","contributorId":116962,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wintsch","given":"R. P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":778704,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Sutter, J. F.","contributorId":59779,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sutter","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":778705,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Kunk, Michael J. 0000-0003-4424-7825 mkunk@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4424-7825","contributorId":200968,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kunk","given":"Michael","email":"mkunk@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":243,"text":"Eastern Geology and Paleoclimate Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":40020,"text":"Florence Bascom Geoscience Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":778706,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Aleinikoff, John N. 0000-0003-3494-6841 jaleinikoff@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3494-6841","contributorId":1478,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Aleinikoff","given":"John","email":"jaleinikoff@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"N.","affiliations":[{"id":171,"text":"Central Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":778707,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Dorais, Michael J.","contributorId":23302,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dorais","given":"Michael","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":778708,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70187779,"text":"70187779 - 1992 - Correlation of pre-Carboniferous carbonate successions of northern Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-05-07T21:18:19","indexId":"70187779","displayToPublicDate":"1992-12-31T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1992","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Correlation of pre-Carboniferous carbonate successions of northern Alaska","docAbstract":"Fault-bounded successions of pre-Carboniferous (meta)carbonate rocks occur throughout northern Alaska. Successions studied in detail are those in the York Mountains (Seward Peninsula), the western and eastern Baird Mountains (western Brooks Range), the Snowden Mountain area (central Brooks Range), and the Sublik and Sadlerochit Mountains (eastern Brooks range); they are correlated on the basis of the lithofacies and conodont biostratigraphy. Available lithologic and biogeographic data are best explained by postulating that these successions accumulated on a single continental margin or platform that had faunal exchange with both Siberia and North America, rather than on a series of discrete platforms juxtaposed by later tectonic events.
","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Proceedings: 1992 international conference on Arctic margins (MMS 94-0040)","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":12,"text":"Conference publication"},"conferenceTitle":"1992 International Conference on Arctic Margins (ICAM)","conferenceDate":"September 2-3, 1992","conferenceLocation":"Anchorage, AK","language":"English","publisher":"Bureau of Ocean Energy Management","publisherLocation":"Anchorage, AK","usgsCitation":"Dumoulin, J.A., and Harris, A.G., 1992, Correlation of pre-Carboniferous carbonate successions of northern Alaska, in Proceedings: 1992 international conference on Arctic margins (MMS 94-0040), Anchorage, AK, September 2-3, 1992, p. 65-69.","productDescription":"5 p.","startPage":"65","endPage":"69","costCenters":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":341744,"rank":2,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index 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The oldest preserved coastal Holocene section is the Florida Keys area where, at about 6 to 8 ka, sequences accumulated during the Holocene. Most of the remainder of the peninsular coast is characterized by terrigenous sequences less than 3 ka. The younger sequences accumulated almost exclusively from reworking of older strata without benefit of additional sediment supply from land.
","largerWorkTitle":"Quaternary Coasts of the United States: Marine and Lacustrine Systems","language":"English","publisher":"GeoScienceWorld","doi":"10.2110/pec.92.48.0193","usgsCitation":"Davis, R., Hine, A.C., and Shinn, E., 1992, Holocene coastal development on the Florida peninsula: SEPM Special Publication, v. 48, p. 193-212, https://doi.org/10.2110/pec.92.48.0193.","productDescription":"20 p.","startPage":"193","endPage":"212","costCenters":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":352377,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United 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\"}}]}","volume":"48","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5aff2814e4b0da30c1bfd745","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Davis, Richard","contributorId":194019,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Davis","given":"Richard","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":730710,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hine, Albert C.","contributorId":87580,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hine","given":"Albert","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":730711,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Shinn, Eugene A.","contributorId":86708,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Shinn","given":"Eugene A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":730712,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70195040,"text":"70195040 - 1992 - Rare earth, major and trace element composition of Leg 127 sediments","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-02-05T15:53:27","indexId":"70195040","displayToPublicDate":"1992-12-31T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1992","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Rare earth, major and trace element composition of Leg 127 sediments","docAbstract":"The relative effects of paleoceanographic and paleogeographic variations, sediment lithology, and diagenetic processes on the final preserved chemistry of Japan Sea sediments are evaluated by investigating the rare earth element (REE), major element, and trace element concentrations in 59 squeeze-cake whole-round and 27 physical-property sample residues from Sites 794, 795, and 797, cored during ODP Leg 127.
The most important variation in sedimentary chemical composition is the increase in SiO2 concentration through the Pliocene diatomaceous sequences, which dilutes most other major and trace element components by various degrees. This biogenic input is largest at Site 794 (Yamato Basin), moderately developed at Site 797 (Yamato Basin), and of only minor importance at Site 795 (Japan Basin), potentially reflecting basinal contrasts in productivity with the Yamato Basin recording greater biogenic input than the Japan Basin and with the easternmost sequence of Site 794 lying beneath the most productive waters. There are few systematic changes in solid-phase chemistry resulting from the opal-A/opal-CT or opal-CT/quartz silica phase transformations. Most major and trace element concentrations are controlled by the aluminosilicate fraction of the sediment, although the effects of diagenetic silica phases and manganese carbonates are of localized importance.
REE total abundances (IREE) in the Japan Sea are strongly dependent upon the paleoceanographic position of a given site with respect to terrigenous and biogenic sources. REE concentrations at Site 794 overall correspond well to aluminosilicate chemical indices and are strongly diluted by SiO2 within the upper Miocene-Pliocene diatomaceous sequence. Eu/Eu* values at Site 794 reach a maximum through the diatomaceous interval as well, most likely suggesting an association of Eu/Eu* with the siliceous component, or reflecting slight incorporation of a detrital feldspar phase. XREE at Site 795 also is affiliated strongly with aluminosilicate phases and yet is diluted only slightly by siliceous input. At Site 797, ΣRE E is not as clearly associated with the aluminosilicate fraction, is correlated moderately to siliceous input, and may be sporadically influenced by detrital heavy minerals originating from the nearby rifted continental fragment composing the Yamato Rise.
Ce/Ce* profiles at all three sites increase essentially monotonically with depth and record progressive diagenetic LREE fractionation. The observed Ce/Ce* increases are not responding to changes in the paleoceanographic oxygenation state of the overlying water, as there is no independent evidence to suggest the proper Oceanographic conditions. Ce/Ce* correlates slightly better with depth than with age at the two Yamato Basin sites.
The downhole increase in Ce/Ce* at Sites 794 and 797 is a passive response to the diagenetic transfer of LREE (except Ce) from sediment to interstitial water. At Site 795, the overall lack of correlation between Ce/Ce* and La/Y^ suggests that other processes mask the diagenetic behavior of all LREEs. First-order calculations of the Ce budget in Japan Sea waters and sediment indicate that ~20% of the excess Ce adsorbed by settling particles is recycled within the water column and that an additional -38% is recycled at or near the seafloor. Thus, because the remaining excess Ce is only -10% of the total Ce, there is not a large source of Ce to the deeply buried sediment, further suggesting that the downhole increase in Ce/Ce* is a passive response to diagenetic behavior of the other LREEs. The REE chemistry of Japan Sea sediment therefore predicts successive downhole addition of LREEs to deeply buried interstitial waters.
","largerWorkType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"largerWorkTitle":"Proceedings of the Ocean Drilling Program, Scientific Results","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"language":"English","publisher":"Ocean Drilling Program","usgsCitation":"Murray, R., Buchholtz ten Brink, M.R., Brumsack, H., Gerlach, D.C., and Russ, G.P., 1992, Rare earth, major and trace element composition of Leg 127 sediments, in Proceedings of the Ocean Drilling Program, Scientific Results, v. 127/128, no. 1, p. 677-695.","productDescription":"19 p.","startPage":"677","endPage":"695","costCenters":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":351024,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n 124.71679687499999,\n 29.916852233070173\n ],\n [\n 145.634765625,\n 29.916852233070173\n ],\n [\n 145.634765625,\n 46.98025235521883\n ],\n [\n 124.71679687499999,\n 46.98025235521883\n ],\n [\n 124.71679687499999,\n 29.916852233070173\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"127/128","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5a797b95e4b00f54eb1f5e1e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Murray, R.W.","contributorId":6196,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Murray","given":"R.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":726694,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Buchholtz ten Brink, Marilyn R.","contributorId":88021,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Buchholtz ten Brink","given":"Marilyn","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":726695,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Brumsack, Hans-Juergen","contributorId":61141,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brumsack","given":"Hans-Juergen","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":726696,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Gerlach, David C.","contributorId":138786,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Gerlach","given":"David","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":726697,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Russ, G. Price","contributorId":138787,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Russ","given":"G.","email":"","middleInitial":"Price","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":726698,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70016801,"text":"70016801 - 1992 - Geologic implications of earthquake source parameters in central and eastern North America","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-07-29T16:53:54.330313","indexId":"70016801","displayToPublicDate":"1992-10-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1992","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3372,"text":"Seismological Research Letters","onlineIssn":"1938-2057","printIssn":"0895-0695","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Geologic implications of earthquake source parameters in central and eastern North America","docAbstract":"The relations between geology and earthquakes remain mostly enigmatic in North America east of the Rocky Mountains. Hypocentral depths and the dips of rupture zones (preferred nodal planes) are among the seismological variables most likely associated with geologic structure in the stable continental region (SCR) of central and eastern North America (CENA). We compiled well-constrained depths and dips for 20 SCR shocks in CENA with magnitudes (M) between 4.9 and 6.8. The appendix lists the values we chose, our reasons for selecting specific values, and the uncertainties associated with each value. The median depth is 10 km, but an aseismic interval from about 15 to 25 km depth separates three midcrustal hypocenters from the others. The median dip of preferred nodal planes is 54°, and the larger earthquakes tend to rupture along shallower dips.
These results combined with geologic evidence lead to four inferences about SCR earthquakes with M≥ 4.9 in CENA. (1) If rupture generally progresses updip, then the tendency for large earthquakes to rupture more shallowly-dipping surfaces than small earthquakes can explain the scarcity of surface ruptures in CENA. (2) The few midcrustal earthquakes might be evidence that mafic or granulite facies rocks are present. (3) CENA seismicity is concentrated in Late Proterozoic and Phanerozoic orogens and extended terranes that rim an older, stable, central craton. Unusually shallow large CENA earthquakes have been observed only in the central craton, where they might cause severe but localized shaking. (4) Earthquakes in the Appalachian orogen tend to be shallower than those of comparable size in the Late Proterozoic rifted continental margin that underlies and borders the northwest side of the orogen. As a result, some Appalachian earthquakes could cause more localized shaking than comparable shocks in the rifted margin.
","language":"English","publisher":"GeoScienceWorld","doi":"10.1785/gssrl.63.4.491","issn":"08950695","usgsCitation":"Wheeler, R.L., and Johnston, A.C., 1992, Geologic implications of earthquake source parameters in central and eastern North America: Seismological Research Letters, v. 63, no. 4, p. 491-514, https://doi.org/10.1785/gssrl.63.4.491.","productDescription":"24 p.","startPage":"491","endPage":"514","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":224560,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Canada, United States","otherGeospatial":"eastern North America","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -98.87845690846513,\n 27.2189375296481\n ],\n [\n -80.70241480266644,\n 24.59677320228481\n ],\n [\n -76.37941551202118,\n 29.294020120121743\n ],\n [\n -58.98394270839073,\n 46.79924420551643\n ],\n [\n -63.54301504122161,\n 48.16421851147584\n ],\n [\n -72.09338175945517,\n 45.50996289514734\n ],\n [\n -81.4973905072629,\n 38.74095872321604\n ],\n [\n -99.05270220712828,\n 31.694486578592894\n ],\n [\n -98.87845690846513,\n 27.2189375296481\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"63","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1992-10-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a1981e4b0c8380cd559f8","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wheeler, R. L.","contributorId":34916,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wheeler","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":374531,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Johnston, A. C.","contributorId":85574,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Johnston","given":"A.","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":374532,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":5222950,"text":"5222950 - 1992 - Band reporting rates of mallards in the Mississippi alluvial valley","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-12-04T16:08:22.878072","indexId":"5222950","displayToPublicDate":"1992-07-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1992","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2508,"text":"Journal of Wildlife Management","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Band reporting rates of mallards in the Mississippi alluvial valley","docAbstract":"We captured 2,182 mallards (Anas platyrhynchos) in eastcentral Arkansas and marked 730 with standard bands, 728 with 10 reward bands, and 724 with 'dummy' radio transmitters during November 1986-89 to estimate band reporting rates in the Mississippi Alluvial Valley (MAV). Assuming all transmitters were reported, reporting rates were 0.16 (SE=0.049) for standard bands and 0.34 (SE=0.081) for 10 reward bands. Interviews with hunters indicated that flock size distributions differed (P=0.03) between mallards wearing transmitters and those wearing bands (standard or reward). Mallards wearing transmitters were more likely to be alone and less likely to be in large flocks when recovered than were mallards wearing bands. These results suggest that either band reporting rates of mallards in the MAV are substantially less than those of midcontinent mallards (P=0.03), or marking mallards with external transmitters increases susceptibility to hunting mortality.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.2307/3808868","usgsCitation":"Reinecke, K.J., Shaiffer, C.W., and Delnicki, D., 1992, Band reporting rates of mallards in the Mississippi alluvial valley: Journal of Wildlife Management, v. 56, no. 3, p. 526-531, https://doi.org/10.2307/3808868.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"526","endPage":"531","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":197885,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Arkansas","otherGeospatial":"White River National Wildlife Refuge","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -91.23373158070248,\n 34.34798972102975\n ],\n [\n -91.23373158070248,\n 34.0011936041697\n ],\n [\n -91.02690092078998,\n 34.0011936041697\n ],\n [\n -91.02690092078998,\n 34.34798972102975\n ],\n [\n -91.23373158070248,\n 34.34798972102975\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"56","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a81e4b07f02db64a0bf","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Reinecke, Kenneth J.","contributorId":87275,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Reinecke","given":"Kenneth","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":337533,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Shaiffer, Charles W.","contributorId":16148,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Shaiffer","given":"Charles","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":337534,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Delnicki, Don","contributorId":23651,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Delnicki","given":"Don","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":337532,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":5222878,"text":"5222878 - 1992 - Annual survival rates of adult and immature eastern population tundra swans","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-12-02T17:39:00.786106","indexId":"5222878","displayToPublicDate":"1992-07-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1992","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2508,"text":"Journal of Wildlife Management","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Annual survival rates of adult and immature eastern population tundra swans","docAbstract":"Tundra swans (Cygnus columbianus) of the eastern population were neckbanded in Maryland, North Carolina, and Alaska from 1966 through 1990. These swans were resighted and recaptured during autumn, winter, and spring, 1966-1990. Although the original motivation for this study involved swan movements, we wanted to use the resulting data to test hypotheses about sources of variation in swan survival rates. Recaptures of legbanded and neckbanded swans permitted us to estimate neckband loss rates, which were found to vary with age and sex of swans, and number of years since initial application. Estimates of annual neckband retention rate ranged from about 0.50 for adult male swans ≥ 2 years after initial neckbanding to > 0.96 for immature swans and adult females the first year following neckbanding. This variation in neckband loss rates prevented the simple correction of survival estimates to account for such loss. Consequently, we developed a series of multinomial models parameterized with survival, sighting, and neckband retention probabilities for use with the recapture and resighting data.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.2307/3808863","usgsCitation":"Nichols, J., Bart, J., Limpert, R.J., Sladen, W.J., and Hines, J., 1992, Annual survival rates of adult and immature eastern population tundra swans: Journal of Wildlife Management, v. 56, no. 3, p. 485-494, https://doi.org/10.2307/3808863.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"485","endPage":"494","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":196253,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska, Maryland, North 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\"}}]}","volume":"56","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ac8e4b07f02db67bb5c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Nichols, James D. jnichols@usgs.gov","contributorId":139087,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nichols","given":"James D.","email":"jnichols@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":337369,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bart, J.","contributorId":76272,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bart","given":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":337372,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Limpert, Roland J.","contributorId":30314,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Limpert","given":"Roland","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":337370,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Sladen, William J.L.","contributorId":85676,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Sladen","given":"William","email":"","middleInitial":"J.L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":337373,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Hines, James E. jhines@usgs.gov","contributorId":3506,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hines","given":"James E.","email":"jhines@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":337371,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70185469,"text":"70185469 - 1992 - Reply to Dr. Stoesselfs comment on “Reaction paths and equilibrium end-points in solid-solution aqueous-solution systems”","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-03-15T06:28:48","indexId":"70185469","displayToPublicDate":"1992-06-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1992","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1759,"text":"Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Reply to Dr. Stoesselfs comment on “Reaction paths and equilibrium end-points in solid-solution aqueous-solution systems”","docAbstract":"In reply to the Critical Comment of R. K. Stoessell (this issue), limiting activity coefficients of bromide in halite (γNaBr) have been calculated by least-squares fitting of Simons et al.'s (1952) bromide distribution coefficient data for the Na(Cl,Br)-NaOH-H2O system at 35°C. Regular and subregular solidsolution model fits give γNaBr = 7.4 and γNaBr = 8.8, respectively. The Br contents of halite at equilibrium with seawater at initial halite saturation, calculated from the regular and subregular fits, are 17 ppm and 14 ppm, respectively. A survey of literature data for trace bromide in halite shows a wide spread in distribution coefficients, with lower values (DBr≈ 0.01) reported by Bloch and Schnerb (1953), Puchelt et al. (1972), and Lutz (1975), and higher values (DBr− ≈ 0.03) reported by Braitsch and Herrmann (1963), Kühn (1968), Herrmann (1972), Herrmann (1980), Mccaffrey et al. (1987), valiashko et al. (1976), Valiashko and Lavrova (1976), and Fontes (pers. commun., 1990). The measurement of stoichiometric saturation states for halite (or sylvite) with trace bromide mole-fractions is not practical, given the insensitivity of the measured solubilities on the bromide mole-fractions. Distribution coefficient measurements, with proof of thermodynamic equilibrium, need to be obtained instead, to conclusively determine the thermodynamic-mixing properties of both Na(Cl,Br) and K(Cl,Br) solidsolution series at very low mole-fractions of bromide. The applicability of the stoichiometric saturation concept to the interpretation of precipitation processes is questionable, primarily because the concept requires solid-solutions to behave as one-component solids with fixed composition. Lippmann diagrams are useful in depicting stoichiometric saturation, endmember saturation, and thermodynamic equilibrium states in binary-solid-solution aqueous-solution systems. Lippmann diagrams can contribute a better understanding of these systems, regardless of the concentration of the endmember components.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0016-7037(92)90210-A","usgsCitation":"Glynn, P.D., Reardon, E.J., Plummer, N., and Busenberg, E., 1992, Reply to Dr. Stoesselfs comment on “Reaction paths and equilibrium end-points in solid-solution aqueous-solution systems”: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 56, no. 6, p. 2559-2572, https://doi.org/10.1016/0016-7037(92)90210-A.","productDescription":"14 p. ","startPage":"2559","endPage":"2572","costCenters":[{"id":436,"text":"National Research Program - Eastern Branch","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":338059,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"56","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58d38d60e4b0236b68f98f62","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Glynn, Pierre D. 0000-0001-8804-7003 pglynn@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8804-7003","contributorId":2141,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Glynn","given":"Pierre","email":"pglynn@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":436,"text":"National Research Program - Eastern Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":685662,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Reardon, Eric J.","contributorId":189679,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Reardon","given":"Eric","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":685663,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Plummer, Niel 0000-0002-4020-1013 nplummer@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4020-1013","contributorId":190100,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Plummer","given":"Niel","email":"nplummer@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":436,"text":"National Research Program - Eastern Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":685664,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Busenberg, Eurybiades ebusenbe@usgs.gov","contributorId":2271,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Busenberg","given":"Eurybiades","email":"ebusenbe@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":436,"text":"National Research Program - Eastern Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":685665,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70209224,"text":"70209224 - 1992 - Seismicity and geometry of a 110‐km‐long blind thrust fault 1. The 1985 Kettleman Hills, California, earthquake","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-03-24T14:39:52","indexId":"70209224","displayToPublicDate":"1992-04-24T14:36:09","publicationYear":"1992","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2314,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Seismicity and geometry of a 110‐km‐long blind thrust fault 1. The 1985 Kettleman Hills, California, earthquake","docAbstract":"The August 4, 1985, Kettleman Hills earthquake was the third in a sequence of moderate shocks to occur beneath the northern half of a 110‐km‐long fold chain bounding the eastern California Coast Ranges. The 1982 MW =5.4 New Idria, 1983 MW=6.5 Coalinga, and 1985 MW=6.1 Kettleman Hills events define a southward progression of seismic activity beneath the fold. We use teleseismic waveforms, geodetic modeling, hypocenters relocated in a three‐dimensional velocity model, and subsurface structural data to investigate the Kettleman Hills earthquake. The main shock results from motion on a shallowly dipping thrust fault buried at ∼10 km depth. Aftershocks and coseismic fault slip extend 20 km along the fold axis, nearly the full extent of the Kettleman Hills North Dome anticline. Aftershocks occur primarily several kilometers in front of the fault tip and in the core of the anticline. The main shock and several foreshocks occurred at a 2‐km right step in the Quaternary fold axis, which also corresponds to the southern end of the 1983 Coalinga and northern end of the 1985 Kettleman Hills aftershock zones. From this we infer that the step in the fold is caused by an offset or tear in the underlying fault. The scalar seismic moment is 1.6 × 1018 N m, consistent with the geodetic deformation, and the duration of rupture is 16 s, 3–4 times greater than for the average earthquake with this scalar moment. The slow rate of moment release provides an explanation for the low level of ground shaking and low local magnitude reported for the event. The peak of the geodetic uplift is located 5 km perpendicular to the Quaternary fold axis. We argue that the fault is propagating northeast into the undeformed San Joaquin Valley sediments and that the overlying fold is growing at about 0.5 mm/yr.
A seismic refraction/wide‐angle reflection survey for the Trans‐Alaska Crustal Transect program reveals a thin, reflective crust beneath the southern Yukon‐Tanana terrane (YTT) in east central Alaska. These data are the first detailed refraction survey of the southern YTT and compose a 130‐km‐long reversed profile along the Alaska and Richardson highways. Results from this study indicate that low‐velocity (≤ 6.4 km/s) rocks extend to approximately 27 km in depth. Based on these low velocities and an average Poisson's ratio of 0.23 determined for depths of ≤27 km, an overall silicic composition is interpreted for this portion of the crust beneath the Yukon‐Tanana terrane. From approximately 8 to 27 km depth the crust exhibits an increase in reflectivity. This middle to lower crustal reflectivity is modeled as alternating high‐ and low‐velocity lamellae with an average velocity of 6.1 km/s at 10 km depth to an average velocity of 6.4 km/s at 27 km depth. Beneath these reflective, low‐velocity rocks a 3‐ to 5‐km‐thick, 7.0 km/s basal crustal layer produces a prominent reflection that extends to offsets of up to 280 km. The crust‐mantle boundary, modeled at an average depth of 30 km, produces a variable PmP reflection, which may indicate lateral heterogeneity of this boundary, and a weak and emergent Pn refraction with a velocity of 8.2 km/s. We interpret the crustal section as follows: the low‐velocity rocks of the southern YTT extend from the surface to depths of approximately 10 km; underthrust Mesozoic flysch of the Kahiltna terrane, rocks of the Gravina arc, and basement of the Wrangellia(?) terrane extend from 10 to 27 km depth; a 3‐ to 5‐km‐thick layer of mantle‐derived mafic rocks, relic oceanic crust, or Wrangellia(?) terrane lower crust extends from 27 to approximately 30 km depth; a tectonically young Moho beneath the southern YTT is found at an average depth of 30 km; and it is underlain by a mantle that may be relatively cool and/or olivine rich. In this interpretation, the Yukon‐Tanana terrane is a thin‐skinned terrane. Our results indicate that tectonic, and possibly magmatic, underplating has played a significant role in crustal growth for central Alaska.
Upward-pointing shatter cones in sandstones of uncertain age (Middle Proterozoic? to Lower Cambrian?) and older crystalline basement rocks are exposed over an area of approximately 25 × 8 km in southwestern Montana. These shatter cones, together with pseudotachylites and breccias of various types (particularly in basement gneisses), are inferred to be products of a meteorite or cometary impact. However, Late Cretaceous contraction and Tertiary extension have contributed to the structural complexity of the area, and distinguishing unequivocally the shock brecciation from that due to younger tectonism is difficult. Stratigraphic constraints suggest the structure is Late Proterozoic or Cambrian in age.
The shocked rocks are present in the Cabin thrust plate—one of many in the Late Cretaceous Cordilleran Thrust belt—and hence are allochthonous, having been transported tens of kilometers from the west. They are considered to represent only a piece from the central uplift of an original complex crater at least 75 km in diameter. It is speculated that some of the considerable uplift and erosion inferred to have taken place in Late Proterozoic to early Paleozoic time in east-central Idaho (The Lemhi arch) may be related to the postulated impact event. Furthermore, quasi-circular magnetic and regional gravity anomalies (50 to 75 km diameter) centered south-southeast of Challis, Idaho, may mark the concealed scar of the original impact structure.
","language":"English","publisher":"GSA","doi":"10.1130/SPE293-p225","usgsCitation":"Hargraves, R., Kellogg, K.S., Fiske, P., and Hougen, S., 1992, Allochthonous impact-shocked rocks and superimposed deformations at the Beaverhead site in southwest Montana: GSA Special Papers, v. 293, p. 225-235, https://doi.org/10.1130/SPE293-p225.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"225","endPage":"235","costCenters":[{"id":318,"text":"Geosciences and Environmental Change Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":371218,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Idaho, Montana","otherGeospatial":"Northern and central Beaverhead and Tendoy Mountains, southwestern Montana and eastern Idaho","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -113.466796875,\n 43.8186748554532\n ],\n [\n -108.9404296875,\n 43.8186748554532\n ],\n [\n -108.9404296875,\n 47.368594345213374\n ],\n [\n -113.466796875,\n 47.368594345213374\n ],\n [\n -113.466796875,\n 43.8186748554532\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"293","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1992-01-01","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hargraves, R.B.","contributorId":84077,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hargraves","given":"R.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":779394,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Kellogg, Karl S. 0000-0002-6536-9066 kkellogg@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6536-9066","contributorId":1206,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kellogg","given":"Karl","email":"kkellogg@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":318,"text":"Geosciences and Environmental Change Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":779395,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Fiske, P.S.","contributorId":221653,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Fiske","given":"P.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":779396,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Hougen, S.B.","contributorId":221654,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Hougen","given":"S.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":779397,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70207643,"text":"70207643 - 1992 - Alleghanian development of the Goat Rock fault zone, southernmost Appalachians: Temporal compatibility with the master decollement","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-06-05T15:31:16.45325","indexId":"70207643","displayToPublicDate":"1992-01-02T10:28:43","publicationYear":"1992","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1796,"text":"Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Alleghanian development of the Goat Rock fault zone, southernmost Appalachians: Temporal compatibility with the master decollement","docAbstract":"The Goat Rock and associated Bartletts Ferry fault zones, which mark the eastern margin of the Pine Mountain Grenville basement massif, are controversial due to the suggestion that they are rare exposed segments of the late Paleozoic southern Appalachian master decollement. The controversy in part stems from reported middle Paleozoic (Acadian) radiometric dates postulated as the time of movement along these fault zones. Ultramylonite samples from the type area at Goat Rock Dam yield a 287 ±15 Ma Rb-Sr isochron interpreted as the time of Sr isotopic rehomogenization during mylonitization. This date is corroborated by Late Pennsylvanian-Early Permian 40Ar/39Ar mineral ages on hornblende (297-288 Ma) and muscovite (285-278 Ma) from neomineralized and dynamically recrystallized rocks within and straddling the fault zone. These Late Pennsylvanian-Early Permian dates indicate the time of right-slip movement (Alleghanian) along the Goat Rock fault zone, which is compatible with the timing suggested by COCORP for thrusting along the southern Appalachian master decollement.
","language":"English","publisher":"GSA","doi":"10.1130/0091-7613(1992)020<0845:ADOTGR>2.3.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Steltenpohl, M.G., Goldberg, S., Hanley, T., and Kunk, M.J., 1992, Alleghanian development of the Goat Rock fault zone, southernmost Appalachians: Temporal compatibility with the master decollement: Geology, v. 20, no. 9, p. 845-848, https://doi.org/10.1130/0091-7613(1992)020<0845:ADOTGR>2.3.CO;2.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"845","endPage":"848","costCenters":[{"id":243,"text":"Eastern Geology and Paleoclimate Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":40020,"text":"Florence Bascom Geoscience Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":370929,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Georgia, North Carolina, South Carolina","otherGeospatial":"Goat Rock fault zone","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -75.9375,\n 36.56260003738545\n ],\n [\n -82.001953125,\n 36.63316209558658\n ],\n [\n -83.75976562499999,\n 34.994003757575776\n ],\n [\n -84.0673828125,\n 32.565333160841035\n ],\n [\n -81.1669921875,\n 31.615965936476076\n ],\n [\n -78.33251953125,\n 33.65120829920497\n ],\n [\n -76.13525390624999,\n 34.470335121217474\n ],\n [\n -75.60791015625,\n 35.60371874069731\n ],\n [\n -75.9375,\n 36.56260003738545\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"20","issue":"9","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Steltenpohl, Mark G.","contributorId":178199,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Steltenpohl","given":"Mark","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":778730,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Goldberg, S.","contributorId":64888,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Goldberg","given":"S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":778731,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Hanley, T.B.","contributorId":58479,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hanley","given":"T.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":778732,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Kunk, Michael J. 0000-0003-4424-7825 mkunk@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4424-7825","contributorId":200968,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kunk","given":"Michael","email":"mkunk@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":40020,"text":"Florence Bascom Geoscience Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":243,"text":"Eastern Geology and Paleoclimate Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":778733,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":33239,"text":"b1988 - 1992 - Evolution of sedimentary basins: Eastern Great Basin","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":33110,"text":"b1988I - 1995 - Reconnaissance study of Mississippian siliciclastic sandstones in eastern Nevada","indexId":"b1988I","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"chapter":"I","title":"Reconnaissance study of Mississippian siliciclastic sandstones in eastern Nevada"},"predicate":"IS_PART_OF","object":{"id":33239,"text":"b1988 - 1992 - Evolution of sedimentary basins: Eastern Great Basin","indexId":"b1988","publicationYear":"1992","noYear":false,"title":"Evolution of sedimentary basins: Eastern Great Basin"},"id":1},{"subject":{"id":33117,"text":"b1988K - 1995 - Summary of chemical analyses and 40Ar/39Ar age-spectra data for Eocene volcanic rocks from the central part of the Northeast Nevada volcanic field","indexId":"b1988K","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"chapter":"K","title":"Summary of chemical analyses and 40Ar/39Ar age-spectra data for Eocene volcanic rocks from the central part of the Northeast Nevada volcanic field"},"predicate":"IS_PART_OF","object":{"id":33239,"text":"b1988 - 1992 - Evolution of sedimentary basins: Eastern Great Basin","indexId":"b1988","publicationYear":"1992","noYear":false,"title":"Evolution of sedimentary basins: Eastern Great Basin"},"id":2},{"subject":{"id":47888,"text":"b1988B - 1992 - Stratigraphy and structure of the Seaman Range and Fox Mountain, Lincoln and Nye counties, Nevada","indexId":"b1988B","publicationYear":"1992","noYear":false,"chapter":"B","title":"Stratigraphy and structure of the Seaman Range and Fox Mountain, Lincoln and Nye counties, Nevada"},"predicate":"IS_PART_OF","object":{"id":33239,"text":"b1988 - 1992 - Evolution of sedimentary basins: Eastern Great Basin","indexId":"b1988","publicationYear":"1992","noYear":false,"title":"Evolution of sedimentary basins: Eastern Great Basin"},"id":3},{"subject":{"id":47889,"text":"b1988C - 1992 - Mesozoic and Tertiary rocks near Elko, Nevada: Evidence for Jurassic to Eocene folding and low-angle faulting","indexId":"b1988C","publicationYear":"1992","noYear":false,"chapter":"C","title":"Mesozoic and Tertiary rocks near Elko, Nevada: Evidence for Jurassic to Eocene folding and low-angle faulting"},"predicate":"IS_PART_OF","object":{"id":33239,"text":"b1988 - 1992 - Evolution of sedimentary basins: Eastern Great Basin","indexId":"b1988","publicationYear":"1992","noYear":false,"title":"Evolution of sedimentary basins: Eastern Great Basin"},"id":4},{"subject":{"id":47890,"text":"b1988D - 1993 - Paleozoic and Mesozoic rocks of Mount Ichabod and Dorsey Canyon, Elko County, Nevada: Evidence for post-Early Triassic emplacement of the Roberts Mountains and Golconda allochthons","indexId":"b1988D","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"chapter":"D","title":"Paleozoic and Mesozoic rocks of Mount Ichabod and Dorsey Canyon, Elko County, Nevada: Evidence for post-Early Triassic emplacement of the Roberts Mountains and Golconda allochthons"},"predicate":"IS_PART_OF","object":{"id":33239,"text":"b1988 - 1992 - Evolution of sedimentary basins: Eastern Great Basin","indexId":"b1988","publicationYear":"1992","noYear":false,"title":"Evolution of sedimentary basins: Eastern Great Basin"},"id":5},{"subject":{"id":47891,"text":"b1988E - 1993 - Isolated carbonate bodies composed of stacked debris-flow deposits on a fine-grained carbonate lower slope of Devonian age, Antelope Peak, Elko County, Nevada","indexId":"b1988E","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"chapter":"E","title":"Isolated carbonate bodies composed of stacked debris-flow deposits on a fine-grained carbonate lower slope of Devonian age, Antelope Peak, Elko County, Nevada"},"predicate":"IS_PART_OF","object":{"id":33239,"text":"b1988 - 1992 - Evolution of sedimentary basins: Eastern Great Basin","indexId":"b1988","publicationYear":"1992","noYear":false,"title":"Evolution of sedimentary basins: Eastern Great Basin"},"id":6},{"subject":{"id":47892,"text":"b1988F - 1993 - Coralliferous carbonate shelves of Mississippian age, west side of Antler Orogen, central Nevada","indexId":"b1988F","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"chapter":"F","title":"Coralliferous carbonate shelves of Mississippian age, west side of Antler Orogen, central Nevada"},"predicate":"IS_PART_OF","object":{"id":33239,"text":"b1988 - 1992 - Evolution of sedimentary basins: Eastern Great Basin","indexId":"b1988","publicationYear":"1992","noYear":false,"title":"Evolution of sedimentary basins: Eastern Great Basin"},"id":7},{"subject":{"id":47893,"text":"b1988G - 1993 - Upper Devonian to Upper Mississippian strata of the Antler foreland in the Leppy Hills, easternmost northern Nevada","indexId":"b1988G","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"chapter":"G","title":"Upper Devonian to Upper Mississippian strata of the Antler foreland in the Leppy Hills, easternmost northern Nevada"},"predicate":"IS_PART_OF","object":{"id":33239,"text":"b1988 - 1992 - Evolution of sedimentary basins: Eastern Great Basin","indexId":"b1988","publicationYear":"1992","noYear":false,"title":"Evolution of sedimentary basins: Eastern Great Basin"},"id":8},{"subject":{"id":52693,"text":"b1988J - 1996 - Mississippian stratigraphic framework of east-central California and southern Nevada with revision of Upper Devonian and Mississippian stratigraphic units in Inyo County, California","indexId":"b1988J","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"chapter":"J","title":"Mississippian stratigraphic framework of east-central California and southern Nevada with revision of Upper Devonian and Mississippian stratigraphic units in Inyo County, California"},"predicate":"IS_PART_OF","object":{"id":33239,"text":"b1988 - 1992 - Evolution of sedimentary basins: Eastern Great Basin","indexId":"b1988","publicationYear":"1992","noYear":false,"title":"Evolution of sedimentary basins: Eastern Great Basin"},"id":9},{"subject":{"id":52694,"text":"b1988H - 1995 - Upper Devonian-Mississippian stratigraphic sequences in the distal Antler foreland of western Utah and adjoining Nevada","indexId":"b1988H","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"chapter":"H","title":"Upper Devonian-Mississippian stratigraphic sequences in the distal Antler foreland of western Utah and adjoining Nevada"},"predicate":"IS_PART_OF","object":{"id":33239,"text":"b1988 - 1992 - Evolution of sedimentary basins: Eastern Great Basin","indexId":"b1988","publicationYear":"1992","noYear":false,"title":"Evolution of sedimentary basins: Eastern Great Basin"},"id":10}],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-06-30T15:16:04","indexId":"b1988","displayToPublicDate":"1992-01-01T15:13:00","publicationYear":"1992","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":306,"text":"Bulletin","code":"B","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1988","title":"Evolution of sedimentary basins: Eastern Great Basin","docAbstract":"No abstract available.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Government Printing Office","doi":"10.3133/b1988","usgsCitation":"U.S. Government Printing Office, 1992, Evolution of sedimentary basins: Eastern Great Basin: U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin 1988, https://doi.org/10.3133/b1988.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":289255,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","otherGeospatial":"Eastern Great Basin","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -117.04,35.92 ], [ -117.04,43.72 ], [ -108.69,43.72 ], [ -108.69,35.92 ], [ -117.04,35.92 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53b286e8e4b07b8813a5548c"} ,{"id":70127607,"text":"70127607 - 1992 - Geographic Variation in Hirundo pyrrhonota (Cliff Swallow) from Northern North America","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-09-30T14:21:55","indexId":"70127607","displayToPublicDate":"1992-01-01T14:11:13","publicationYear":"1992","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3743,"text":"Western Birds","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Geographic Variation in Hirundo pyrrhonota (Cliff Swallow) from Northern North America","docAbstract":"The number of subspecies recognized in Hirundo pyrrhonota Vieillot (Cliff Swallow) from Alaska, Canada, and the northern contiguous United States ranges from one (Peters 1960) to three (e.g., Jewett et al. 1953, Oberholser, 1920, breeding from central Alaska to the central Great Basin, and two disjunct populations of nominate pyrrhonota, breeding on the west coast and east of the Rocky Mountains. Although various authors have reported measurements of wing chord, they have not provided quantitative data for other plumage characters, and they disagree in the characterizations and ranges of the subspecies they recognize. Because of this, I reviewed the geographic variation among the northern populations.
\nMy study is confined to specimens from Alaska, Canada, and the contigeous United States south to Merced County in California, both slopes of the Rocky Mountains from Montana and Colorado, and northern half of the eastern United States from Kansas east to Virginia (Figure 1). The A.O.U. (1957) gave the breeding range of hypopolia as extending from Alaska and Mackenzie to southeastern British Columbia, the eastern parts of Washington, Oregon, and central-eastern California, central Nevada, northern Utah, Montana, and northwestern Wyoming, and the range of nominate pyrhonota as from southwestern British Columbia, western Oregon and Washington to southern California, southern Nevada, southern and eastern Utag, and east of the Rocky Mountains. I excluded specimens of H. p. ganieri Phillips, 1986, a subspecies (Browning 1990) that breeds from at least west-central Tennessee to Texas, and H. p. tachina Oberholser, 1903 (sensu Phillips 1986), which breeds north to central California, Utah, Arizona, and new Mexico. I follow Phillips (1973) for the use of the generic name Hirundo for the Cliff Swallow, Hellmayr (1935) for the use of the specific name pyrrhonota.
","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Western Birds","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"California Field Ornithologists","publisherLocation":"Del Mar, CA","usgsCitation":"Browning, M.R., 1992, Geographic Variation in Hirundo pyrrhonota (Cliff Swallow) from Northern North America: Western Birds, v. 23, p. 21-29.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"21","endPage":"29","numberOfPages":"9","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":294668,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"23","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"542bc637e4b0abfb4c8097fd","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Browning, M. Ralph","contributorId":8528,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Browning","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"Ralph","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":502515,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70243293,"text":"70243293 - 1992 - Source region of a granite batholith: evidence from lower crustal xenoliths and inherited accessory minerals","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-05-05T17:15:17.324909","indexId":"70243293","displayToPublicDate":"1992-01-01T12:00:32","publicationYear":"1992","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"seriesTitle":{"id":5614,"text":"Special Papers of the Geological Society of America","printIssn":"0072-1077","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":24}},"title":"Source region of a granite batholith: evidence from lower crustal xenoliths and inherited accessory minerals","docAbstract":"Like many granites, the Late Cretaceous intrusives of the eastern Mojave Desert, California, have heretofore provided useful but poorly focused images of their source regions. New studies of lower crustal xenoliths and inherited accessory minerals are sharpening these images.
Xenoliths in Tertiary dykes in this region are the residues of an extensive partial melting event. Great diversity in their composition reflects initial heterogeneity (both igneous and sedimentary protoliths) and varying amounts of melt extraction (from <10% to >70%). Mineral assemblages and thermobarometry suggest that the melting event occurred at T≥750°C at a depth of about 40 km. Present-day Sr, Nd, and Pb isotopic ratios indicate a Mojave Proterozoic heritage, but unrealistic model ages demonstrate the late Phanerozoic adjustment of parent/daughter ratios. A link between these xenoliths and the Late Cretaceous granites, though not fully documented, is probable; in any case, they provide invaluable clues concerning a crustal melting event, recording information about nature of source material (heterogeneous, supracrustal-rich), conditions of melting (moderately deep, moderately high T, accompanied by partial dehydration), and melt extraction (highly variable, locally extensive).
The Old Woman-Piute granites contain a large fraction of inherited zircon and monazite. A SHRIMP ion probe investigation shows that these zircons record a Proterozoic history similar to that which affected the Mojave region. Zonation patterns in zircons, and to a lesser extent monazites and xenotimes, document multiple phases of igneous, metamorphic, and sedimentary growth and degradation, commonly several in a single grain. Low Y in portions of the cores of inherited zircons and monazites and in monazites and outer portions of zircons from the xenoliths appear to indicate growth in equilibrium with abundant garnet.
","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"The Second Hutton Symposium on the Origin of Granites and Related Rocks","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":12,"text":"Conference publication"},"conferenceTitle":"2nd Hutton Symposium on the Origin of Granites and Related Rocks","conferenceDate":"September 23-28, 1991","conferenceLocation":"Canberra, Capital Territory, Australia","language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","doi":"10.1130/SPE272-p49","usgsCitation":"Miller, C., Hanchar, J.M., Wooden, J., Bennett, V.C., Harrison, T.M., Wark, D.A., and Foster, D.A., 1992, Source region of a granite batholith: evidence from lower crustal xenoliths and inherited accessory minerals, chap. of The Second Hutton Symposium on the Origin of Granites and Related Rocks: Special Papers of the Geological Society of America, v. 272, p. 49-62, https://doi.org/10.1130/SPE272-p49.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"49","endPage":"62","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":416781,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"Mojave Desert","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -114.12866834512783,\n 34.25940680643025\n ],\n [\n -114.12866834512783,\n 34.295858248532596\n ],\n [\n -114.16726729156471,\n 34.3550581185811\n ],\n [\n -114.2224086436172,\n 34.36871369472111\n ],\n [\n -114.32166307731154,\n 34.45969397526906\n ],\n [\n -114.37680442936403,\n 34.450600401684284\n ],\n [\n -114.37680442936403,\n 34.54149155828007\n ],\n [\n -114.40988924059559,\n 34.58236024109114\n ],\n [\n -114.42091751100622,\n 34.63228357361474\n ],\n [\n -114.44848818703247,\n 34.65950182776065\n ],\n [\n -114.46503059264808,\n 34.71391152277205\n ],\n [\n -114.54774262072681,\n 34.76828544545407\n ],\n [\n -114.57531329675338,\n 34.840728319272316\n ],\n [\n -114.62494051360055,\n 34.87240204932961\n ],\n [\n -114.64148291921616,\n 35.017040835777436\n ],\n [\n -115.97038950368182,\n 36.05800634981712\n ],\n [\n -116.05310153176053,\n 35.85715232186607\n ],\n [\n -116.29572348079174,\n 36.053548478078625\n ],\n [\n -116.3894637792811,\n 35.799032791250355\n ],\n [\n -116.7147977563907,\n 36.0446319770962\n ],\n [\n -117.00153278706378,\n 35.812448768241765\n ],\n [\n -117.17798511363185,\n 36.03125533205116\n ],\n [\n -117.42612119786838,\n 36.053548478078625\n ],\n [\n -117.442663603484,\n 35.83033321215166\n ],\n [\n -117.66322901169394,\n 36.03125533205116\n ],\n [\n -117.9389357719567,\n 35.90629713116965\n ],\n [\n -117.90585096072513,\n 35.68714489659442\n ],\n [\n -118.14847290975635,\n 35.52575029834179\n ],\n [\n -118.0712750168826,\n 35.37751951610565\n ],\n [\n -118.08230328729323,\n 35.25153398701126\n ],\n [\n -118.85979635123368,\n 34.804514841167205\n ],\n [\n -118.69988643028121,\n 34.704845723771044\n ],\n [\n -118.28632628988757,\n 34.595978672111414\n ],\n [\n -117.99407712400918,\n 34.436958184708374\n ],\n [\n -117.641172470873,\n 34.33684722255697\n ],\n [\n -117.3268667641737,\n 34.22293956217905\n ],\n [\n -117.02358932788503,\n 34.21838004595325\n ],\n [\n -116.57694437625949,\n 34.145394236308036\n ],\n [\n -116.13581355983928,\n 33.861978722803\n ],\n [\n -115.85459266437151,\n 33.72908918492256\n ],\n [\n -115.52374455205661,\n 33.77035284023795\n ],\n [\n -114.53671435031652,\n 33.58221328381855\n ],\n [\n -114.50914367429026,\n 33.61436380341118\n ],\n [\n -114.53120021511118,\n 33.66027231975605\n ],\n [\n -114.48708713346933,\n 33.696981506390856\n ],\n [\n -114.52017194470055,\n 33.825340148328934\n ],\n [\n -114.48157299826401,\n 33.86655743986479\n ],\n [\n -114.50914367429026,\n 33.926058410507125\n ],\n [\n -114.43194578141652,\n 34.0175172518738\n ],\n [\n -114.42091751100622,\n 34.07691272269649\n ],\n [\n -114.30512067169593,\n 34.12257322549253\n ],\n [\n -114.26652172525904,\n 34.14995769897361\n ],\n [\n -114.2224086436172,\n 34.16364660769487\n ],\n [\n -114.12866834512783,\n 34.25940680643025\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"272","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1992-01-01","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Brown, P.E.","contributorId":57655,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brown","given":"P.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":871926,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Chappell, B. W.","contributorId":72444,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chappell","given":"B.","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":871927,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":2}],"authors":[{"text":"Miller, Calvin F.","contributorId":18437,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Miller","given":"Calvin F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":871919,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hanchar, John M.","contributorId":190636,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Hanchar","given":"John","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":871920,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Wooden, Joseph L.","contributorId":32209,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wooden","given":"Joseph L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":871921,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Bennett, Victoria C.","contributorId":190637,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Bennett","given":"Victoria","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":871922,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Harrison, T. Mark","contributorId":304921,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Harrison","given":"T.","email":"","middleInitial":"Mark","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":871923,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Wark, David A.","contributorId":304922,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Wark","given":"David","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":871924,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Foster, David A.","contributorId":304923,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Foster","given":"David","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":871925,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}} ]}