{"pageNumber":"3142","pageRowStart":"78525","pageSize":"25","recordCount":184880,"records":[{"id":70023265,"text":"70023265 - 2001 - Desertification and a shift of forest species in the West African Sahel","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-04-07T16:03:16","indexId":"70023265","displayToPublicDate":"2001-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1249,"text":"Climate Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Desertification and a shift of forest species in the West African Sahel","docAbstract":"<p>Original field data show that forest species richness and tree density in the West African Sahel declined in the last half of the 20th century. Average forest species richness of areas of 4 km2 in Northwest Senegal fell from 64 ?? 2 species ca 1945 to 43 ?? 2 species in 1993, a decrease significant at p &lt; 0.001. Densities of trees of height ???3 m declined from 10 ?? 0.3 trees ha-1 in 1954 to 7.8 ?? 0.3 trees ha-1 in 1989, also significant at p &lt; 0.001. Standing wood biomass fell 2.1 t ha-1 in the period 1956-1993, releasing CO2 at a rate of 60 kgC person-1 yr-1. These changes have shifted vegetation zones toward areas of higher rainfall at an average rate of 500 to 600 m yr-1. Arid Sahel species have expanded in the north, tracking a concomitant retraction of mesic Sudan and Guinean species to the south. Multivariate analyses identify latitude and longitude, proxies for rainfall and temperature, as the most significant factors explaining tree and shrub distribution. The changes also decreased human carrying capacity to below actual population densities. The rural population of 45 people km-2 exceeded the 1993 carrying capacity, for firewood from shrubs, of 13 people km-2 (range 1 to 21 people km-2). As an adaptation strategy, ecological and socioeconomic factors favor the natural regeneration of local species over the massive plantation of exotic species. Natural regeneration is a traditional practice in which farmers select small field trees that they wish to raise to maturity, protect them, and prune them to promote rapid growth of the apical meristem. The results of this research provide evidence for desertification in the West African Sahel. These documented impacts of desertification foreshadow possible future effects of climate change.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Inter-Research","doi":"10.3354/cr017217","issn":"0936577X","usgsCitation":"Gonzalez, P., 2001, Desertification and a shift of forest species in the West African Sahel: Climate Research, v. 17, no. 2, p. 217-228, https://doi.org/10.3354/cr017217.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"217","endPage":"228","numberOfPages":"12","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":478947,"rank":1,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.3354/cr017217","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":232554,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"17","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059ff30e4b0c8380cd4f07e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Gonzalez, Patrick","contributorId":171450,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Gonzalez","given":"Patrick","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":397081,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70023083,"text":"70023083 - 2001 - Temporal and spatial variations in fly ash quality","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:40","indexId":"70023083","displayToPublicDate":"2001-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1710,"text":"Fuel Processing Technology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Temporal and spatial variations in fly ash quality","docAbstract":"Fly ash quality, both as the amount of petrographically distinguishable carbons and in chemistry, varies in both time and space. Temporal variations are a function of a number of variables. Variables can include variations in the coal blend organic petrography, mineralogy, and chemistry; variations in the pulverization of the coal, both as a function of the coal's Hardgrove grindability index and as a function of the maintenance and settings of the pulverizers; and variations in the operating conditions of the boiler, including changes in the pollution control system. Spatial variation, as an instantaneous measure of fly ash characteristics, should not involve changes in the first two sets of variables listed above. Spatial variations are a function of the gas flow within the boiler and ducts, certain flow conditions leading to a tendency for segregation of the less-dense carbons in one portion of the gas stream. Caution must be applied in sampling fly ash. Samples from a single bin, or series of bins, m ay not be representative of the whole fly ash, providing a biased view of the nature of the material. Further, it is generally not possible to be certain about variation until the analysis of the ash is complete. ?? 2001 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Fuel Processing Technology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/S0378-3820(01)00193-X","issn":"03783820","usgsCitation":"Hower, J., Trimble, A., and Eble, C., 2001, Temporal and spatial variations in fly ash quality: Fuel Processing Technology, v. 73, no. 1, p. 37-58, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0378-3820(01)00193-X.","startPage":"37","endPage":"58","numberOfPages":"22","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":233911,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":208276,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0378-3820(01)00193-X"}],"volume":"73","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505ba4f9e4b08c986b3206f3","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hower, J.C.","contributorId":100541,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hower","given":"J.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":396079,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Trimble, A.S.","contributorId":78110,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Trimble","given":"A.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":396078,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Eble, C.F.","contributorId":35346,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Eble","given":"C.F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":396077,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70023178,"text":"70023178 - 2001 - Imaging of volcanic activity on Jupiter's moon Io by Galileo during the Galileo Europa Mission and the Galileo Millennium Mission","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-12-02T17:48:37.408527","indexId":"70023178","displayToPublicDate":"2001-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2317,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research E: Planets","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Imaging of volcanic activity on Jupiter's moon Io by Galileo during the Galileo Europa Mission and the Galileo Millennium Mission","docAbstract":"<div class=\"article-section__content en main\"><p>The Solid-State Imaging (SSI) instrument provided the first high- and medium-resolution views of Io as the Galileo spacecraft closed in on the volcanic body in late 1999 and early 2000. While each volcanic center has many unique features, the majority can be placed into one of two broad categories. The “Promethean” eruptions, typified by the volcanic center Prometheus, are characterized by long-lived steady eruptions producing a compound flow field emplaced in an insulating manner over a period of years to decades. In contrast, “Pillanian” eruptions are characterized by large pyroclastic deposits and short-lived but high effusion rate eruptions from fissures feeding open-channel or open-sheet flows. Both types of eruptions commonly have ∼100-km-tall, bright, SO<sub>2</sub>-rich plumes forming near the flow fronts and smaller deposits of red material that mark the vent for the silicate lavas.</p></div>","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/2000JE001383","issn":"01480227","usgsCitation":"Keszthelyi, L., McEwen, A.S., Phillips, C.B., Milazzo, M., Geissler, P., Turtle, E.P., Radebaugh, J., Williams, D., Simonelli, D., Breneman, H., Klaasen, K., Levanas, G., Denk, T., and Galileo SSI Team, 2001, Imaging of volcanic activity on Jupiter's moon Io by Galileo during the Galileo Europa Mission and the Galileo Millennium Mission: Journal of Geophysical Research E: Planets, v. 106, no. E12, p. 33025-33052, https://doi.org/10.1029/2000JE001383.","productDescription":"28 p.","startPage":"33025","endPage":"33052","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":233629,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"otherGeospatial":"Io","volume":"106","issue":"E12","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a3884e4b0c8380cd615cc","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Keszthelyi, L.","contributorId":42691,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Keszthelyi","given":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":396635,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"McEwen, A. S.","contributorId":11317,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McEwen","given":"A.","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":396595,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Phillips, C. B.","contributorId":103811,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Phillips","given":"C.","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":396730,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Milazzo, M.","contributorId":74118,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Milazzo","given":"M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":396683,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Geissler, P.","contributorId":45662,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Geissler","given":"P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":396642,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Turtle, E. P.","contributorId":44281,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Turtle","given":"E.","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":396639,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Radebaugh, J.","contributorId":34639,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Radebaugh","given":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":396624,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Williams, D.A.","contributorId":98048,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Williams","given":"D.A.","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":7114,"text":"Arizona State Unviersity","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":396721,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Simonelli, D.P.","contributorId":42373,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Simonelli","given":"D.P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":396634,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9},{"text":"Breneman, H.H.","contributorId":13400,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Breneman","given":"H.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":396602,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":10},{"text":"Klaasen, K.P.","contributorId":56806,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Klaasen","given":"K.P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":396656,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":11},{"text":"Levanas, G.","contributorId":80042,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Levanas","given":"G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":396697,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":12},{"text":"Denk, T.","contributorId":65247,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Denk","given":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":396668,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":13},{"text":"Galileo SSI Team","contributorId":299582,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"Galileo SSI Team","id":858232,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":14}]}}
,{"id":70023259,"text":"70023259 - 2001 - Upper crustal structure in Puget Lowland, Washington: Results from the 1998 Seismic Hazards Investigation in Puget Sound","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-11-17T19:07:56.17879","indexId":"70023259","displayToPublicDate":"2001-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2314,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Upper crustal structure in Puget Lowland, Washington: Results from the 1998 Seismic Hazards Investigation in Puget Sound","docAbstract":"<p>A new three-dimensional (3-D) model shows seismic velocities beneath the Puget Lowland to a depth of 11 km. The model is based on a tomographic inversion of nearly one million first-arrival travel times recorded during the 1998 Seismic Hazards Investigation in Puget Sound (SHIPS), allowing higher-resolution mapping of subsurface structures than previously possible. The model allows us to refine the subsurface geometry of previously proposed faults (e.g., Seattle, Hood Canal, southern Whidbey Island, and Devils Mountain fault zones) as well as to identify structures (Tacoma, Lofall, and Sequim fault zones) that warrant additional study. The largest and most important of these newly identified structures lies along the northern boundary of the Tacoma basin; we informally refer to this structure here as the Tacoma fault zone. Although tomography cannot provide information on the recency of motion on any structure, Holocene earthquake activity on the Tacoma fault zone is suggested by seismicity along it and paleoseismic evidence for abrupt uplift of tidal marsh deposits to its north. The tomography reveals four large, west to northwest trending low-velocity basins (Tacoma, Seattle, Everett, and Port Townsend) separated by regions of higher velocity ridges that are coincident with fault-bounded uplifts of Eocene Crescent Formation basalt and pre-Tertiary basement. The shapes of the basins and uplifts are similar to those observed in gravity data; gravity anomalies calculated from the 3-D tomography model are in close agreement with the observed anomalies. In velocity cross sections the Tacoma and Seattle basins are asymmetric: the basin floor dips gently toward a steep boundary with the adjacent high-velocity uplift, locally with a velocity \"overhang\" that suggests a basin vergent thrust fault boundary. Crustal fault zones grow from minor folds into much larger structures along strike. Inferred structural relief across the Tacoma fault zone increases by several kilometers westward along the fault zone to Lynch Cove, where we interpret it as a zone of south vergent faulting overthrusting Tacoma basin. In contrast, structural relief along the Seattle fault zone decreases west of Seattle, which we interpret as evidence that the N-S directed compression is being accommodated by slip transfer between the Seattle and Tacoma fault zones. Together, the Tacoma and Seattle fault zones raise the Seattle uplift, one of a series of east-west trending, pop-up structures underlying Puget Lowland from the Black Hills to the San Juan Islands.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/2001JB000154","issn":"01480227","usgsCitation":"Brocher, T., Parsons, T., Blakely, R., Christensen, N., Fisher, M.A., Wells, R., ten Brink, U., Pratt, T.L., Crosson, R.S., Creager, K.C., Symons, N.P., Preston, L., Van Wagoner, T., Miller, K., Snelson, C., Trehu, A., Langenheim, V., Spence, G., Ramachandran, K., Hyndman, R., Mosher, D.C., Zelt, B., and Weaver, C., 2001, Upper crustal structure in Puget Lowland, Washington: Results from the 1998 Seismic Hazards Investigation in Puget Sound: Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth, v. 106, no. B7, p. 13541-13564, https://doi.org/10.1029/2001JB000154.","productDescription":"24 p.","startPage":"13541","endPage":"13564","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":232434,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Washington","otherGeospatial":"Puget Lowland, Puget Sound","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -122.5089589251831,\n              48.559365845728394\n            ],\n            [\n              -122.71220607571715,\n              48.52663448892764\n            ],\n            [\n              -122.70121974759215,\n              48.38820299524801\n            ],\n            [\n              -122.78361720852978,\n              48.26036626132162\n            ],\n            [\n              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A.","contributorId":69972,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fisher","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":397058,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Wells, R.E. 0000-0002-7796-0160","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7796-0160","contributorId":67537,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wells","given":"R.E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":397056,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"ten Brink, Uri S. 0000-0001-6858-3001 utenbrink@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6858-3001","contributorId":127560,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"ten Brink","given":"Uri S.","email":"utenbrink@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":186,"text":"Coastal and Marine Geology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":397064,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Pratt, T. 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P.","contributorId":60410,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Symons","given":"N.","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":397054,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":11},{"text":"Preston, L.A.","contributorId":68943,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Preston","given":"L.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":397057,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":12},{"text":"Van Wagoner, T.","contributorId":74261,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Van Wagoner","given":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":397062,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":13},{"text":"Miller, K.C.","contributorId":81118,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Miller","given":"K.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":397063,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":14},{"text":"Snelson, C.M.","contributorId":52769,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Snelson","given":"C.M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":397049,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":15},{"text":"Trehu, A.M.","contributorId":90754,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Trehu","given":"A.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":397066,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":16},{"text":"Langenheim, V.E. 0000-0003-2170-5213","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2170-5213","contributorId":54956,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Langenheim","given":"V.E.","affiliations":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":397051,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":17},{"text":"Spence, G.D.","contributorId":85750,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Spence","given":"G.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":397065,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":18},{"text":"Ramachandran, K.","contributorId":71735,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ramachandran","given":"K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":397061,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":19},{"text":"Hyndman, R.A.","contributorId":43645,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hyndman","given":"R.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":397047,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":20},{"text":"Mosher, D. C.","contributorId":57689,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Mosher","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":397052,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":21},{"text":"Zelt, B.C.","contributorId":63572,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zelt","given":"B.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":397055,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":22},{"text":"Weaver, C.S.","contributorId":57874,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Weaver","given":"C.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":397053,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":23}]}}
,{"id":70023264,"text":"70023264 - 2001 - Singular spectrum analysis for time series with missing data","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-07-27T12:39:34","indexId":"70023264","displayToPublicDate":"2001-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1807,"text":"Geophysical Research Letters","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Singular spectrum analysis for time series with missing data","docAbstract":"<p>Geophysical time series often contain missing data, which prevents analysis with many signal processing and multivariate tools. A modification of singular spectrum analysis for time series with missing data is developed and successfully tested with synthetic and actual incomplete time series of suspended-sediment concentration from San Francisco Bay. This method also can be used to low pass filter incomplete time series.</p>","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Geophysical Research Letters","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1029/2000GL012698","issn":"00948276","usgsCitation":"Schoellhamer, D., 2001, Singular spectrum analysis for time series with missing data: Geophysical Research Letters, v. 28, no. 16, p. 3187-3190, https://doi.org/10.1029/2000GL012698.","startPage":"3187","endPage":"3190","numberOfPages":"4","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":552,"text":"San Francisco Bay-Delta","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":5079,"text":"Pacific Regional Director's Office","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":478960,"rank":10000,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2000gl012698","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":232517,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":207513,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2000GL012698"}],"volume":"28","issue":"16","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2001-08-15","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b90e3e4b08c986b3196c2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Schoellhamer, D. H. 0000-0001-9488-7340","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9488-7340","contributorId":85624,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schoellhamer","given":"D. H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":397080,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70023263,"text":"70023263 - 2001 - Arsenic in glacial drift aquifers and the implication for drinking water - Lower Illinois River Basin","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-10-17T15:25:45.795613","indexId":"70023263","displayToPublicDate":"2001-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1861,"text":"Ground Water","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Arsenic in glacial drift aquifers and the implication for drinking water - Lower Illinois River Basin","docAbstract":"<p>The lower Illinois River Basin (LIRB) covers 47,000 km<sup>2</sup><span>&nbsp;</span>of central and western Illinois. In the LIRB, 90% of the ground water supplies are from the deep and shallow glacial drift aquifers. The deep glacial drift aquifer (DGDA) is below 152 m altitude, a sand and gravel deposit that fills the Mahomet Buried Bedrock Valley, and overlain by more than 30.5 m of clayey till. The LIRB is part of the USGS National Water Quality Assessment program, which has an objective to describe the status and trends of surface and ground water quality.</p><p>In the DGDA, 55% of the wells used for public drinking-water supply and 43% of the wells used for domestic drinking water supply have arsenic concentrations above 10 μg/L (a new U.S. EPA drinking water standard). Arsenic concentrations greater than 25 μg/L in ground water are mostly in the form of arsenite (AsIII). The proportion of arsenate (AsV) to arsenite does not change along the flowpath of the DGDA. Because of the limited number of arsenic species analyses, no clear relations between species and other trace elements, major ions, or physical parameters could be established. Arsenic and barium concentrations increase from east to west in the DGDA and are positively correlated. Chloride and arsenic are positively correlated and provide evidence that arsenic may be derived locally from underlying bedrock.</p><p>Solid phase geochemical analysis of the till, sand and gravel, and bedrock show the highest presence of arsenic in the underlying organic-rich carbonate bedrock. The black shale or coal within the organic-rich carbonate bedrock is a potential source of arsenic. Most high arsenic concentrations found in the DGDA are west and downgradient of the bedrock structural features. Geologic structures in the bedrock are potential pathways for recharge to the DGDA from surrounding bedrock.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"National Groundwater Association","doi":"10.1111/j.1745-6584.2001.tb02327.x","issn":"0017467X","usgsCitation":"Warner, K., 2001, Arsenic in glacial drift aquifers and the implication for drinking water - Lower Illinois River Basin: Ground Water, v. 39, no. 3, p. 433-442, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6584.2001.tb02327.x.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"433","endPage":"442","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":232516,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Illinois","otherGeospatial":"Illinois River Basin","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -90.37353515625,\n              41.75492216766298\n            ],\n            [\n              -90.65917968749999,\n              41.566141964768384\n            ],\n            [\n              -91.12060546875,\n              41.49212083968776\n            ],\n            [\n              -91.23046875,\n              41.19518982948959\n            ],\n            [\n              -91.0546875,\n              41.00477542222947\n            ],\n            [\n              -91.505126953125,\n              40.613952441166596\n            ],\n            [\n              -91.593017578125,\n              40.18726672309203\n            ],\n            [\n              -91.56005859375,\n              39.74943369178247\n            ],\n            [\n              -90.802001953125,\n              39.20671884491848\n            ],\n            [\n              -90.71411132812499,\n              38.831149809348744\n            ],\n            [\n              -90.263671875,\n              38.788345355085625\n            ],\n            [\n              -87.462158203125,\n              38.79690830348427\n            ],\n            [\n              -87.440185546875,\n              41.713930073371294\n            ],\n            [\n              -90.37353515625,\n              41.75492216766298\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"39","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2005-12-13","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059ed8ee4b0c8380cd4989a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Warner, K.L.","contributorId":73781,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Warner","given":"K.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":397079,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":1003923,"text":"1003923 - 2001 - Oral chytridiomycosis in the mountain yellow-legged frog (Rana muscosa)","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-12-05T23:56:34.710278","indexId":"1003923","displayToPublicDate":"2001-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1337,"text":"Copeia","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"displayTitle":"Oral chytridiomycosis in the mountain yellow-legged frog (<i>Rana muscosa</i>)","title":"Oral chytridiomycosis in the mountain yellow-legged frog (Rana muscosa)","docAbstract":"<p><span>The chytrid fungus <i>Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis</i> was originally reported in wild frog populations in Panama and Australia, and from captive frogs in the U.S. National Zoological Park (Washington, DC). This recently described fungus affects the keratinized epidermis of amphibians and has been implicated as a causative factor in the declines of frog populations. We report here the presence of <i>B. dendrobatidis</i> in larval and recently metamorphosed mountain yellow-legged frogs (<i>Rana muscosa</i>) in or near the Sierra Nevada Mountains of California, an area where declines have been documented in all five species of native anurans. Forty-one percent (158 of 387) of larval <i>R. muscosa</i> examined in the field with a hand lens and 18% (14 of 79) of preserved larvae had abnormalities of the oral disc. Twenty-eight larvae were collected from 10 sites where tadpoles had been observed with missing or abnormally keratinized mouthparts, and 24 of these were examined for infection. Sixty-seven percent (16 of 24) of these tadpoles were infected with B. dendrobatidis. Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis was cultured from both tadpoles and recent metamorphs from one of these sites. Tadpoles with mouthpart abnormalities or confirmed chytrid fungus infections were collected at 23 sites spanning a distance of &gt; 440 km and an elevational range from 1658-3550 m. Life-history traits of <i>R. muscosa</i> may make this species particularly susceptible to infection by <i>Batrachochytrium</i>. We recommend that biologists examine tadpoles for oral disc abnormalities as a preliminary indication of chytridiomycosis. Further, we believe that biologists should take precautions to prevent spreading this and other amphibian diseases from one site to another.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"American Society of Ichthyologists and Herpetologists","doi":"10.1643/0045-8511(2001)001[0945:OCITMY]2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Fellers, G.M., Green, D.E., and Longcore, J., 2001, Oral chytridiomycosis in the mountain yellow-legged frog (Rana muscosa): Copeia, v. 2001, no. 4, p. 945-953, https://doi.org/10.1643/0045-8511(2001)001[0945:OCITMY]2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"945","endPage":"953","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":456,"text":"National Wildlife Health Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":478893,"rank":1,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1643/0045-8511(2001)001[0945:ocitmy]2.0.co;2","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":134289,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"Cascade Mountains, Sierra Nevada","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -119.44335937499999,\n              48.99463598353408\n            ],\n            [\n              -119.86083984375,\n              47.97521412341618\n            ],\n            [\n              -120.25634765624999,\n              46.48326472915561\n            ],\n            [\n              -120.80566406250001,\n              44.99588261816546\n            ],\n            [\n              -120.95947265624999,\n              43.929549935614595\n            ],\n            [\n              -120.65185546875,\n              43.16512263158296\n            ],\n            [\n              -119.90478515625,\n              42.439674178149424\n            ],\n            [\n              -119.794921875,\n              41.1290213474951\n            ],\n            [\n              -120.16845703125,\n              40.697299008636755\n            ],\n            [\n              -119.59716796875,\n              39.774769485295465\n            ],\n            [\n              -118.037109375,\n              37.00255267215955\n            ],\n            [\n              -117.75146484375,\n              35.51434313431818\n            ],\n            [\n              -117.88330078125,\n              34.74161249883172\n            ],\n            [\n              -118.89404296875,\n              34.56085936708384\n            ],\n            [\n              -119.20166015625,\n              34.687427949314845\n            ],\n            [\n              -119.13574218749999,\n              35.24561909420681\n            ],\n            [\n              -118.87207031250001,\n              35.85343961959182\n            ],\n            [\n              -119.4873046875,\n              36.491973470593685\n            ],\n            [\n              -120.4541015625,\n              37.56199695314352\n            ],\n            [\n              -121.77246093750001,\n              38.993572058209466\n            ],\n            [\n              -122.2119140625,\n              40.17887331434696\n            ],\n            [\n              -122.93701171874999,\n              41.96765920367816\n            ],\n            [\n              -123.6181640625,\n              43.50075243569041\n            ],\n            [\n              -123.134765625,\n              45.07352060670971\n            ],\n            [\n              -122.93701171874999,\n              46.800059446787316\n            ],\n            [\n              -122.54150390625,\n              48.07807894349862\n            ],\n            [\n              -122.62939453125001,\n              49.15296965617039\n            ],\n            [\n              -119.44335937499999,\n              48.99463598353408\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"2001","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4aeee4b07f02db691349","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Fellers, G. M.","contributorId":82653,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fellers","given":"G.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":314654,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Green, D. E. 0000-0002-7663-1832","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7663-1832","contributorId":58971,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Green","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":314653,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Longcore, J.E.","contributorId":102852,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Longcore","given":"J.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":314655,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":1001744,"text":"1001744 - 2001 - Proximity of white-tailed deer, Odocoileus virginianus, ranges to wolf Canis lupus, pack homesites","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-01-04T12:27:54","indexId":"1001744","displayToPublicDate":"2001-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1163,"text":"Canadian Field-Naturalist","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Proximity of white-tailed deer, Odocoileus virginianus, ranges to wolf Canis lupus, pack homesites","docAbstract":"Seven adult female White-tailed Deer (Odocoileus virginianus) in northeastern Minnesota lived within 1.8 km of Wolf pack (Canis lupus) homesites without vacating their home ranges. Six of these deer and at least three of their fawns survived through the Wolf homesite period.","language":"English","publisher":"Canadian Field-Naturalist","usgsCitation":"Nelson, M., and Mech, L., 2001, Proximity of white-tailed deer, Odocoileus virginianus, ranges to wolf Canis lupus, pack homesites: Canadian Field-Naturalist, v. 114, p. 503-504.","productDescription":"2 p.","startPage":"503","endPage":"504","costCenters":[{"id":480,"text":"Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":130451,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"114","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e479fe4b07f02db49308f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Nelson, M.E.","contributorId":102021,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nelson","given":"M.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":311649,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Mech, L.D. 0000-0003-3944-7769","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3944-7769","contributorId":75466,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Mech","given":"L.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":311648,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70023262,"text":"70023262 - 2001 - Use of radium isotopes to determine the age and origin of radioactive barite at oil-field production sites","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:14","indexId":"70023262","displayToPublicDate":"2001-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1555,"text":"Environmental Pollution","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Use of radium isotopes to determine the age and origin of radioactive barite at oil-field production sites","docAbstract":"Radium-bearing barite (radiobarite) is a common constituent of scale and sludge deposits that form in oil-field production equipment. The barite forms as a precipitate from radium-bearing, saline formation water that is pumped to the surface along with oil. Radioactivity levels in some oil-field equipment and in soils contaminated by scale and sludge can be sufficiently high to pose a potential health threat. Accurate determinations of radium isotopes (226Ra+228Ra) in soils are required to establish the level of soil contamination and the volume of soil that may exceed regulatory limits for total radium content. In this study the radium isotopic data are used to provide estimates of the age of formation of the radiobarite contaminant. Age estimates require that highly insoluble radiobarite approximates a chemically closed system from the time of its formation. Age estimates are based on the decay of short-lived 228Ra (half-life=5.76 years) compared to 226Ra (half-life=1600 years). Present activity ratios of 228Ra/226Ra in radiobarite-rich scale or highly contaminated soil are compared to initial ratios at the time of radiobarite precipitation. Initial ratios are estimated by measurements of saline water or recent barite precipitates at the site or by considering a range of probable initial ratios based on reported values in modern oil-field brines. At sites that contain two distinct radiobarite sources of different age, the soils containing mixtures of sources can be identified, and mixing proportions quantified using radium concentration and isotopic data. These uses of radium isotope data provide more description of contamination history and can possibly address liability issues. Copyright ?? 2000 .","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Environmental Pollution","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/S0269-7491(00)00188-3","issn":"02697491","usgsCitation":"Zielinski, R.A., Otton, J.K., and Budahn, J., 2001, Use of radium isotopes to determine the age and origin of radioactive barite at oil-field production sites: Environmental Pollution, v. 113, no. 3, p. 299-309, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0269-7491(00)00188-3.","startPage":"299","endPage":"309","numberOfPages":"11","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":207512,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0269-7491(00)00188-3"},{"id":232515,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"113","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bbf65e4b08c986b329b2f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Zielinski, R. A. 0000-0002-4047-5129","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4047-5129","contributorId":106930,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zielinski","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":164,"text":"Central Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":397078,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Otton, J. K.","contributorId":52589,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Otton","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":397076,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Budahn, J. R. 0000-0001-9794-8882","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9794-8882","contributorId":83914,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Budahn","given":"J. R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":397077,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70023257,"text":"70023257 - 2001 - Estimation of population size using open capture-recapture models","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:14","indexId":"70023257","displayToPublicDate":"2001-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2151,"text":"Journal of Agricultural, Biological, and Environmental Statistics","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Estimation of population size using open capture-recapture models","docAbstract":"One of the most important needs for wildlife managers is an accurate estimate of population size. Yet, for many species, including most marine species and large mammals, accurate and precise estimation of numbers is one of the most difficult of all research challenges. Open-population capture-recapture models have proven useful in many situations to estimate survival probabilities but typically have not been used to estimate population size. We show that open-population models can be used to estimate population size by developing a Horvitz-Thompson-type estimate of population size and an estimator of its variance. Our population size estimate keys on the probability of capture at each trap occasion and therefore is quite general and can be made a function of external covariates measured during the study. Here we define the estimator and investigate its bias, variance, and variance estimator via computer simulation. Computer simulations make extensive use of real data taken from a study of polar bears (Ursus maritimus) in the Beaufort Sea. The population size estimator is shown to be useful because it was negligibly biased in all situations studied. The variance estimator is shown to be useful in all situations, but caution is warranted in cases of extreme capture heterogeneity.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Agricultural, Biological, and Environmental Statistics","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1198/108571101750524553","issn":"10857117","usgsCitation":"McDonald, T.L., and Amstrup, S.C., 2001, Estimation of population size using open capture-recapture models: Journal of Agricultural, Biological, and Environmental Statistics, v. 6, no. 2, p. 206-220, https://doi.org/10.1198/108571101750524553.","startPage":"206","endPage":"220","numberOfPages":"15","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":232394,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":207442,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1198/108571101750524553"}],"volume":"6","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0ba0e4b0c8380cd527e1","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"McDonald, T. L.","contributorId":101211,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"McDonald","given":"T.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":397041,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Amstrup, Steven C.","contributorId":67034,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Amstrup","given":"Steven","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":13182,"text":"Polar Bears International","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":397040,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70194291,"text":"70194291 - 2001 - Soil biota in an ungrazed grassland: Response to annual grass (Bromus tectorum) invasion","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-11-08T19:47:10.101685","indexId":"70194291","displayToPublicDate":"2001-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1450,"text":"Ecological Applications","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"displayTitle":"Soil biota in an ungrazed grassland: Response to annual grass (<i>Bromus tectorum</i>) invasion","title":"Soil biota in an ungrazed grassland: Response to annual grass (Bromus tectorum) invasion","docAbstract":"<p><i>Bromus tectorum</i> is an exotic annual grass that currently dominates many western U.S. semi-arid ecosystems, and the effects of this grass on ecosystems in general, and soil biota specifically, are unknown. <i>Bromus</i> recently invaded two ungrazed and unburned perennial bunchgrass communities in southeastern Utah. This study compared the soil food-web structure of the two native grassland associations (<i>Stipa</i> [S] and <i>Hilaria</i> [H]), with and without the presence of <i>Bromus.</i> Perennial grass and total vascular-plant cover were higher in S than in H plots, while quantities of ground litter were similar. Distribution of live and dead plant material was highly clumped in S and fairly homogenous in H. Soil food-web structure was different between H and S, with lower trophic levels more abundant in H and higher trophic levels more abundant in S. In <i>Bromus</i>-invaded plots, the quantity of ground litter was 2.2 times higher in <i>Hilaria–Bromus</i> (HB) than in H plots, and 2.8 times higher in <i>Stipa–Bromus</i> (SB) than in S plots. Soil biota in HB generally responded to the <i>Bromus</i> invasion in an opposite manner than in SB, e.g., if a given component of the food web increased in one community, it generally decreased in the other. Active bacteria decreased in H vs. HB, while increasing in S vs. SB. Soil and live plant-infecting fungi were the exception, as they increased in both types of invaded plots relative to uninvaded plots. Dead-plant-infecting fungi decreased in H vs. HB and increased in S vs. SB. Most higher-trophic-level organisms increased in HB relative to H, while decreasing in SB relative to S. Given the mixed response to invasion, the structure of these soil food webs appears to be controlled by both plant inputs and internal dynamics between trophic levels. When compared to non-invaded sites, soil and soil food-web characterisitics of the newly invaded sites included: (1) lower species richness and lower absolute numbers of fungi and invertebrates; (2) greater abundance of active bacteria; (3) similar species of bacteria and fungi as those found in soils invaded over 50 yr ago; (4) higher levels of silt (thus greater fertility and soil water-holding capacity); and (5) a more continuous cover of living and dead plant material (thus facilitating germination of the large-seeded <i>Bromus</i>). These results illustrate that (1) soil food-web structure can vary widely within what would generally be considered one vegetation type (semi-arid grassland), depending on plant species composition within that type, and (2) addition of a common resource can evoke disparate responses from individual food-web compartments, depending on their original structure.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"ESA","doi":"10.1890/1051-0761(2001)011[1261:SBIAUG]2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Belnap, J., and Phillips, S.L., 2001, Soil biota in an ungrazed grassland: Response to annual grass (Bromus tectorum) invasion: Ecological Applications, v. 11, no. 5, p. 1261-1275, https://doi.org/10.1890/1051-0761(2001)011[1261:SBIAUG]2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"15 p.","startPage":"1261","endPage":"1275","costCenters":[{"id":290,"text":"Forest and Rangeland Ecosystem Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":568,"text":"Southwest Biological Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":349229,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"11","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5a612054e4b06e28e9c25b37","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Belnap, Jayne 0000-0001-7471-2279 jayne_belnap@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7471-2279","contributorId":1332,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Belnap","given":"Jayne","email":"jayne_belnap@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":568,"text":"Southwest Biological Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":723110,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Phillips, Susan L. 0000-0002-5891-8485 sue_phillips@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5891-8485","contributorId":717,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Phillips","given":"Susan","email":"sue_phillips@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":289,"text":"Forest and Rangeland Ecosys Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":723111,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70023260,"text":"70023260 - 2001 - Post-caldera volcanism: In situ measurement of U-Pb age and oxygen isotope ratio in Pleistocene zircons from Yellowstone caldera","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:14","indexId":"70023260","displayToPublicDate":"2001-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1427,"text":"Earth and Planetary Science Letters","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Post-caldera volcanism: In situ measurement of U-Pb age and oxygen isotope ratio in Pleistocene zircons from Yellowstone caldera","docAbstract":"The Yellowstone Plateau volcanic field, the site of some of the largest known silicic volcanic eruptions, is the present location of NE-migrating hotspot volcanic activity. Most volcanic rocks in the Yellowstone caldera (0.6 Ma), which formed in response to the climactic eruption of 1000 km3 of Lava Creek Tuff (LCT), have unusually low oxygen isotope ratios. Ion microprobe analysis of both U-Pb age and ??18O in zircons from these low-??18O lavas reveals evidence of complex inheritance and remelting. A majority of analyzed zircons from low-??18O lavas erupted inside the Yellowstone caldera have cores that range in age from 2.4 to 0.7 Ma, significantly older than their eruption ages (0.5-0.4 Ma). These ages and the high-??18O cores indicate that these lavas are largely derived from nearly total remelting of normal-??18O Huckleberry Ridge Tuff (HRT) and other pre-LCT volcanic rocks. A post-HRT low-??18O lava shows similar inheritance of HRT-age zircons. The recycling of volcanic rocks by shallow remelting can change the water content and eruptive potential of magma. This newly proposed mechanism of intracaldera volcanism is best studied by combining in situ analysis of oxygen and U-Pb isotope ratios of individual crystals. ?? 2001 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Earth and Planetary Science Letters","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/S0012-821X(01)00358-2","issn":"0012821X","usgsCitation":"Bindeman, I., Valley, J., Wooden, J.L., and Persing, H., 2001, Post-caldera volcanism: In situ measurement of U-Pb age and oxygen isotope ratio in Pleistocene zircons from Yellowstone caldera: Earth and Planetary Science Letters, v. 189, no. 3-4, p. 197-206, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0012-821X(01)00358-2.","startPage":"197","endPage":"206","numberOfPages":"10","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":478940,"rank":10000,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.548.83","text":"External Repository"},{"id":207484,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0012-821X(01)00358-2"},{"id":232474,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"189","issue":"3-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a7e5ae4b0c8380cd7a4ba","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bindeman, I.N.","contributorId":99337,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bindeman","given":"I.N.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":397071,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Valley, J.W.","contributorId":28741,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Valley","given":"J.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":397069,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Wooden, J. L.","contributorId":58678,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wooden","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":397070,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Persing, H.M.","contributorId":108275,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Persing","given":"H.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":397072,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":1003621,"text":"1003621 - 2001 - Lead poisoning of waterfowl by contaminated sediment in the Coeur D'Alene River","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-02-22T14:52:38","indexId":"1003621","displayToPublicDate":"2001-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":887,"text":"Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Lead poisoning of waterfowl by contaminated sediment in the Coeur D'Alene River","docAbstract":"<p>The Coeur d'Alene River basin in Idaho has been contaminated by mine tailings that have impaired the health of wildlife since the early 1900s. In other parts of the world, virtually all lead poisoning of waterfowl is caused by the ingestion of manmade lead artifacts, primarily spent lead shotshell pellets or, occasionally, fishing sinkers. However, in the Coeur d'Alene River basin in Idaho, nonartifactual lead poisoning was the ultimate cause of death of most of 219 (77%) of 285 waterfowl carcasses that had been found sick or dead from 1992 through 1997. The majority of these 219 waterfowl (172 tundra swans [Cygnus columbianus], 33 Canada geese [Branta canadensis], and 14 other species) were poisoned by ingesting river sediment that was contaminated with lead. The next most common cause of death (20 instances, 7%) was lead poisoning accompanied by ingested shotshell pellets. The remaining 46 waterfowl succumbed to trauma, infectious diseases (aspergillosis, avian cholera, tuberculosis), or miscellaneous problems, or the cause of death was not determined.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1007/s002440010260","usgsCitation":"Sileo, L., Creekmore, L.H., Audet, D., Snyder, M., Meteyer, C., Franson, J.C., Locke, L.N., Smith, M.R., and Finley, D., 2001, Lead poisoning of waterfowl by contaminated sediment in the Coeur D'Alene River: Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, v. 41, no. 3, p. 364-368, https://doi.org/10.1007/s002440010260.","productDescription":"5 p.","startPage":"364","endPage":"368","numberOfPages":"5","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":456,"text":"National Wildlife Health Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":135709,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Idaho","otherGeospatial":"Cour d'Alene River Basin","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -117.11700439453125,\n              47.84450101574877\n            ],\n            [\n              -117.1307373046875,\n              46.837649560937464\n            ],\n            [\n              -116.510009765625,\n              46.568302354495195\n            ],\n            [\n              -115.94696044921875,\n              46.470024689385305\n            ],\n            [\n              -114.949951171875,\n              46.604167162931844\n            ],\n            [\n              -114.89501953124999,\n              46.78501604269254\n            ],\n            [\n              -115.37841796874999,\n              47.27922900257082\n            ],\n            [\n              -115.4498291015625,\n              47.45780853075031\n            ],\n            [\n              -115.77392578125,\n              47.787325537803106\n            ],\n            [\n              -115.99914550781249,\n              47.89424772020999\n            ],\n            [\n              -116.3067626953125,\n              47.99359789867388\n            ],\n            [\n              -116.6912841796875,\n              47.98256841921402\n            ],\n            [\n              -117.11700439453125,\n              47.84450101574877\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"41","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b1ae4b07f02db6a846e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Sileo, L.","contributorId":46895,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sileo","given":"L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":313707,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Creekmore, L. H.","contributorId":15137,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Creekmore","given":"L.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":313703,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Audet, D. J.","contributorId":38949,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Audet","given":"D. J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":313705,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Snyder, M.R.","contributorId":20302,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Snyder","given":"M.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":313704,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Meteyer, C.U. 0000-0002-4007-3410","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4007-3410","contributorId":74327,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Meteyer","given":"C.U.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":313709,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Franson, J. Christian 0000-0002-0251-4238 jfranson@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0251-4238","contributorId":140358,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Franson","given":"J.","email":"jfranson@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"Christian","affiliations":[{"id":456,"text":"National Wildlife Health Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":313711,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Locke, L. N.","contributorId":73539,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Locke","given":"L.","email":"","middleInitial":"N.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":313708,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Smith, M. R.","contributorId":40551,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smith","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":313706,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Finley, D.L.","contributorId":91809,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Finley","given":"D.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":313710,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9}]}}
,{"id":1003668,"text":"1003668 - 2001 - Leaping lopsided: a review of the current hypotheses regarding etiologies of limb malformations in frogs","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-06-16T14:34:38","indexId":"1003668","displayToPublicDate":"2001-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3542,"text":"The Anatomical Record Part B: The New Anatomist","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Leaping lopsided: a review of the current hypotheses regarding etiologies of limb malformations in frogs","docAbstract":"<p>Recent progress in the investigation of limb malformations in free-living frogs has underlined the wide range in the types of limb malformations and the apparent spatiotemporal clustering of their occurrence. Here, we review the current understanding of normal and abnormal vertebrate limb development and regeneration and discuss some of the molecular events that may bring about limb malformation. Consideration of the differences between limb development and regeneration in amphibians has led us to the hypothesis that some of the observed limb malformations come about through misdirected regeneration. We report the results of a pilot study that supports this hypothesis. In this study, the distal aspect of the right hindlimb buds of X. laevis tadpoles was amputated at the pre-foot paddle stage. The tadpoles were raised in water from a pond in Minnesota at which 7% of surveyed newly metamorphosed feral frogs had malformations. Six percent (6 of 100) of the right limbs of the tadpoles raised in pond water developed abnormally. One truncated right limb was the only malformation in the control group, which was raised in dechlorinated municipal water. All unamputated limbs developed normally in both groups. Three major factors under consideration for effecting the limb malformations are discussed. These factors include environmental chemicals (primarily agrichemicals), encysted larvae (metacercariae) of trematode parasites, and increased levels of ultraviolet light. Emphasis is placed on the necessary intersection of environmental stressors and developmental events to bring about the specific malformations that are observed in free-living frog populations.</p>","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"The Anatomical Record Part B: The New Anatomist","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","usgsCitation":"Loeffler, I., Stocum, D., Fallon, J., and Meteyer, C., 2001, Leaping lopsided: a review of the current hypotheses regarding etiologies of limb malformations in frogs: The Anatomical Record Part B: The New Anatomist, v. 265, no. 5, p. 228-245.","productDescription":"p. 228-245","startPage":"228","endPage":"245","numberOfPages":"18","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":456,"text":"National Wildlife Health Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":134319,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":15145,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://www3.interscience.wiley.com/journal/86510968/abstract","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"},"description":"5063.000000000000000"}],"country":"Canada, United States","state":"California, Maine, Minnesota, Quebec, 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,{"id":1003867,"text":"1003867 - 2001 - Neckband retention for lesser snow geese in the western Arctic","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-12-21T11:08:42","indexId":"1003867","displayToPublicDate":"2001-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2508,"text":"Journal of Wildlife Management","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Neckband retention for lesser snow geese in the western Arctic","docAbstract":"<p>Neckbands are commonly used in waterfowl studies (especially geese) to identify individuals for determination of movement and behavior and to estimate population parameters. Substantial neckband loss can adversely affect these research objectives and produce biased survival estimates. We used capture, recovery, and observation histories for lesser snow geese (Chen caerulescens caerulescens) banded in the western Arctic, 1993-1996, to estimate neckband retention. We found that neckband retention differed between snow goose breeding colonies at Wrangel Island, Russia, and Banks Island, Northwest Territories, Canada. Male snow geese had higher neckband loss than females, a pattern similar to that found for Canada geese (Branta canadensis) and lesser snow geese in Alaska. We found that the rate of neckband loss increased with time, suggesting that neckbands are lost as the plastic deteriorates. Survival estimates for geese based on resighting neckbands will be biased unless estimates are corrected for neckband loss. We recommend that neckband loss be estimated using survival estimators that incorporate recaptures, recoveries, and observations of marked birds. Research and management studies using neckbands should be designed to improve neckband retention and to include the assessment of neckband retention.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Wildlife Society","doi":"10.2307/3803029","usgsCitation":"Samuel, M., Goldberg, D., Smith, A.E., Baranyuk, W., and Cooch, E., 2001, Neckband retention for lesser snow geese in the western Arctic: Journal of Wildlife Management, v. 65, no. 4, p. 797-807, https://doi.org/10.2307/3803029.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"797","endPage":"807","numberOfPages":"11","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":456,"text":"National Wildlife Health Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":135965,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Canada, Russia","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n   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E.","contributorId":58254,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smith","given":"A.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":314510,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Baranyuk, W.","contributorId":38129,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Baranyuk","given":"W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":314508,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Cooch, E.G.","contributorId":40932,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cooch","given":"E.G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":314509,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}}
,{"id":1003667,"text":"1003667 - 2001 - Quantitative analysis of herpes virus sequences from normal tissue and fibropapillomas of marine turtles with real-time PCR","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-10-04T10:17:57","indexId":"1003667","displayToPublicDate":"2001-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3696,"text":"Virology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Quantitative analysis of herpes virus sequences from normal tissue and fibropapillomas of marine turtles with real-time PCR","docAbstract":"<p>Quantitative real-time PCR has been used to measure fibropapilloma-associated turtle herpesvirus (FPTHV) pol DNA loads in fibropapillomas, fibromas, and uninvolved tissues of green, loggerhead, and olive ridley turtles from Hawaii, Florida, Costa Rica, Australia, Mexico, and the West Indies. The viral DNA loads from tumors obtained from terminal animals were relatively homogenous (range 2a??20 copies/cell), whereas DNA copy numbers from biopsied tumors and skin of otherwise healthy turtles displayed a wide variation (range 0.001a??170 copies/cell) and may reflect the stage of tumor development. FPTHV DNA loads in tumors were 2.5a??4.5 logs higher than in uninvolved skin from the same animal regardless of geographic location, further implying a role for FPTHV in the etiology of fibropapillomatosis. Although FPTHV pol sequences amplified from tumors are highly related to each other, single signature amino acid substitutions distinguish the Australia/Hawaii, Mexico/Costa Rica, and Florida/Caribbean groups.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1006/viro.2001.1023","usgsCitation":"Quackenbush, S., Casey, R., Murcek, R., Paul, T., Work, T.M., Limpus, C., Chaves, A., duToit, L., Perez, J., Aguirre, A., Spraker, T., Horrocks, J., Vermeer, L., Balazs, G., and Casey, J., 2001, Quantitative analysis of herpes virus sequences from normal tissue and fibropapillomas of marine turtles with real-time PCR: Virology, v. 287, no. 1, p. 105-111, https://doi.org/10.1006/viro.2001.1023.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"105","endPage":"111","numberOfPages":"7","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":456,"text":"National Wildlife Health Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":478973,"rank":1,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access 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,{"id":70178281,"text":"70178281 - 2001 - Conservation status and recovery strategies for endemic Hawaiian birds","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-09-27T22:17:44.886543","indexId":"70178281","displayToPublicDate":"2001-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3489,"text":"Studies in Avian Biology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Conservation status and recovery strategies for endemic Hawaiian birds","docAbstract":"<p>Populations of endemic Hawaiian birds declined catastrophically following the colonization of the islands by Polynesians and later cultures. Extinction is still occurring, and recovery programs are urgently needed to prevent the disappearance of many other species. Programs to recover the endemic avifauna incorporate a variety of conceptual and practical approaches that are constrained by biological, financial, social, and legal factors. Avian recovery is difficult to implement in Hawai‘i because a variety of challenging biological factors limit bird populations. Hawaiian birds are threatened by alien predatory mammals, introduced mosquitoes that transmit diseases, alien invertebrate parasites and predators that reduce invertebrate food resources, and alien animals and plants that destroy and alter habitats. Life in the remote Hawaiian Archipelago has imposed other biological constraints to avian recovery, including limited geographical distributions and small population sizes. Recovery of the endemic avifauna is also challenging because resources are insufficient to mitigate the many complex, interacting factors that limit populations. Decisions must be made for allocating limited resources to species teetering on the brink of extinction and those in decline. If funds are spent primarily on saving the rarest species, more abundant species will decline and become more difficult to recover. However, critically rare species will disappear if efforts are directed mainly towards restoring species that are declining but not in immediate danger of becoming extinct. Determining priorities is difficult also because management is needed both to supplement bird populations and to restore habitats of many species. Rare species cannot respond quickly to management efforts intended only to improve habitat and reduce limiting factors. Recovery is slow, if it occurs at all, because years or decades are generally required for habitat rehabilitation and because small populations of birds initially increase slowly even when habitat conditions are favorable. Consequently, even as habitat conditions begin to improve, small populations may disappear unless they are supplemented directly. Hawaiian bird conservation is also affected by social and legal factors, including hunting alien game species, commercial land use practices, and lawsuits and policies concerning endangered species and critical habitat. Influenced by this mixture of conflicting and competing issues, Hawaiian bird recovery programs range from management of single species and some components of their habitats to limited forms of community or ecosystem management. Although the effectiveness of most programs is difficult to evaluate because of monitoring limitations, several programs exemplify species and community management. Programs primarily intended to recover single species include Hawaiian Goose or Nene (<i>Branta sandvicensis</i>), Hawaiian Crow or ‘Alala (<i>Corvus hawaiiensis</i>), and Palila (<i>Loxioides bailleui</i>). Programs attempting to manage entire communities of forest birds include Hakalau Forest National Wildlife Refuge and Hawai‘i Volcanoes National Park on Hawai‘i, and Waikamoi Preserve, Hanawi Natural Area Reserve, and Haleakala National Park on Maui. </p>","language":"English","publisher":"Cooper Ornithological Society","publisherLocation":"Los Angeles, CA","usgsCitation":"Banko, P.C., David, R.E., Jacobi, J.D., and Banko, W.E., 2001, Conservation status and recovery strategies for endemic Hawaiian birds: Studies in Avian Biology, v. 22, p. 359-376.","productDescription":"28 p.","startPage":"359","endPage":"376","costCenters":[{"id":521,"text":"Pacific Island Ecosystems Research Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":330928,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":378786,"rank":2,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://sora.unm.edu/node/139636"}],"country":"United 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,{"id":70182259,"text":"70182259 - 2001 - Population viability analysis of Independence Lake Lahontan cutthroat trout","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-02-22T11:27:24","indexId":"70182259","displayToPublicDate":"2001-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Population viability analysis of Independence Lake Lahontan cutthroat trout","docAbstract":"<p>No abstract available&nbsp;</p>","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Proceedings of the desert fishes council volume XXXIII","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":12,"text":"Conference publication"},"conferenceTitle":"Desert fishes council volume XXXIII","language":"English","usgsCitation":"Rissler, P., and Scoppettone, G., 2001, Population viability analysis of Independence Lake Lahontan cutthroat trout, <i>in</i> Proceedings of the desert fishes council volume XXXIII, p. 49-49.","productDescription":"1 p. ","startPage":"49","endPage":"49","costCenters":[{"id":654,"text":"Western Fisheries Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":335927,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58aeb13ee4b01ccd54f9ee32","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Rissler, P.H.","contributorId":47539,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rissler","given":"P.H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":670263,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Scoppettone, G.G.","contributorId":22793,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Scoppettone","given":"G.G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":670264,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70180083,"text":"70180083 - 2001 - Salmonid behavior and water temperature","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-01-24T11:09:16","indexId":"70180083","displayToPublicDate":"2001-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":1,"text":"Federal Government Series"},"title":"Salmonid behavior and water temperature","docAbstract":"<p>Abstract not available&nbsp;</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Environmental Protection Agency","usgsCitation":"Sauter, S., McMillan, J., and Dunham, J., 2001, Salmonid behavior and water temperature.","costCenters":[{"id":654,"text":"Western Fisheries Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":333779,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"588876dde4b05ccb964baae9","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Sauter, S.","contributorId":178496,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Sauter","given":"S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":660270,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"McMillan, J.","contributorId":83835,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McMillan","given":"J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":660271,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Dunham, J.","contributorId":178644,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Dunham","given":"J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":660272,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":1004083,"text":"1004083 - 2001 - National Wildlife Health Center's Quarterly Mortality Report","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-01-02T15:27:13","indexId":"1004083","displayToPublicDate":"2001-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3499,"text":"Supplement to the Journal of Wildlife Diseases","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"National Wildlife Health Center's Quarterly Mortality Report","language":"English","usgsCitation":"Schrader, A., Converse, K., Miller, K.J., McLaughlin, G., and Sohn, R., 2001, National Wildlife Health Center's Quarterly Mortality Report: Supplement to the Journal of Wildlife Diseases, v. 37, no. 4, 3 p.","productDescription":"3 p.","numberOfPages":"3","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":456,"text":"National Wildlife Health Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":129520,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -180.17578125,\n              17.14079039331665\n            ],\n            [\n              -180.17578125,\n              72.71190310803662\n            ],\n            [\n              -65.7421875,\n              72.71190310803662\n            ],\n            [\n              -65.7421875,\n              17.14079039331665\n            ],\n            [\n              -180.17578125,\n              17.14079039331665\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"37","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b00e4b07f02db698425","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Schrader, A.","contributorId":104435,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schrader","given":"A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":315128,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Converse, K.","contributorId":40157,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Converse","given":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":315125,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Miller, Kimberli J.G. 0000-0002-7947-0894","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7947-0894","contributorId":81447,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Miller","given":"Kimberli","email":"","middleInitial":"J.G.","affiliations":[{"id":456,"text":"National Wildlife Health Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":315127,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"McLaughlin, G.","contributorId":38506,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McLaughlin","given":"G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":315124,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Sohn, Rex","contributorId":79056,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sohn","given":"Rex","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":315126,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}}
,{"id":1015195,"text":"1015195 - 2001 - The densest terrestrial vertebrate","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-01-01T21:42:47","indexId":"1015195","displayToPublicDate":"2001-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2487,"text":"Journal of Tropical Ecology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The densest terrestrial vertebrate","docAbstract":"<div class=\"row\"><div class=\"large-10 medium-10 small-12 columns\"><div class=\"description\"><div class=\"abstract\" data-abstract-type=\"normal\"><p>An understanding of the abundance of organisms is central to understanding ecology, but many population density estimates are unrepresentative because they were obtained from study areas chosen for the high abundance of the target species. For example, from a pool of 1072 lizard density estimates that we compiled from the literature, we sampled 303 estimates and scored each for its assessment of the degree to which the study site was representative. Less than half (45%) indicated that the study area was chosen to be representative of the population or habitat. An additional 15% reported that individual plots or transects were chosen randomly, but this often indicated only that the sample points were located randomly within a study area chosen for its high abundance of the target species. The remainder of the studies either gave no information or specified that the study area was chosen because the focal species was locally abundant.</p></div></div></div></div>","language":"English","publisher":"Cambridge University Press","doi":"10.1017/S0266467401001225","usgsCitation":"Rodda, G., Perry, G., Rondeau, R., and Lazell, J., 2001, The densest terrestrial vertebrate: Journal of Tropical Ecology, v. 17, no. 2, p. 331-338, https://doi.org/10.1017/S0266467401001225.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"331","endPage":"338","costCenters":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":133178,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"17","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2001-04-04","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a82e4b07f02db64af46","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Rodda, G.H.","contributorId":103998,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rodda","given":"G.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":322497,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Perry, G.","contributorId":91818,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Perry","given":"G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":322496,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Rondeau, R.J.","contributorId":72758,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rondeau","given":"R.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":322495,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Lazell, J.","contributorId":36517,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lazell","given":"J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":322494,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":1015204,"text":"1015204 - 2001 - Economic development and conservation of biological and cultural diversity in Yunnan Province, China","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-03-08T12:34:37","indexId":"1015204","displayToPublicDate":"2001-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1533,"text":"Environmental Development and Sustainability","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Economic development and conservation of biological and cultural diversity in Yunnan Province, China","docAbstract":"<p><span>Chinese and American scientists are co-operating to develop concepts, strategies, agreements, and proposals in support of an economic development and sustainable ecosystems project in Yunnan Province, People's Republic of China. Yunnan's Provincial Government has initiated a major programme to develop and further utilise its biological resources to help improve economic conditions for its citizens. They are co-operating with the US Geological Survey (USGS) on evaluation and management of biological resources so economic development will be compatible with sustainable ecological systems. Scientists from the USGS and co-operating universities will provide expertise on synthesising biological data, conducting a Gap Analysis for the Province, evaluating innovative economic opportunities, and designing an effective education, training, and outreach programme.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1023/A:1011490730789","usgsCitation":"Stendell, R., Johnson, R.L., Mosesso, J., and Zhang, X., 2001, Economic development and conservation of biological and cultural diversity in Yunnan Province, China: Environmental Development and Sustainability, v. 2, no. 3-4, p. 333-345, https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1011490730789.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"333","endPage":"345","costCenters":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":133002,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"2","issue":"3-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a4be4b07f02db625b02","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Stendell, Rey C.","contributorId":82263,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stendell","given":"Rey C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":322523,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Johnson, Richard L.","contributorId":32626,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Johnson","given":"Richard","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":322520,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Mosesso, J.P.","contributorId":65815,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mosesso","given":"J.P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":322522,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Zhang, X.","contributorId":30193,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zhang","given":"X.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":322521,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":1015194,"text":"1015194 - 2001 - A high validity census technique for herpetofaunal assemblages","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-12-17T10:05:08","indexId":"1015194","displayToPublicDate":"2001-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1898,"text":"Herpetological Review","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A high validity census technique for herpetofaunal assemblages","docAbstract":"<p>No abstract available.<br></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Society for the Study of Amphibians and Reptiles","usgsCitation":"Rodda, G., Campbell, E., and Fritts, T.H., 2001, A high validity census technique for herpetofaunal assemblages: Herpetological Review, v. 32, no. 1, p. 24-30.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"24","endPage":"30","costCenters":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":133177,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":15009,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://ssarherps.org/herpetological-review-pdfs/"}],"volume":"32","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b24e4b07f02db6ae480","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Rodda, G.H.","contributorId":103998,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rodda","given":"G.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":322493,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Campbell, E.W. III","contributorId":55390,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Campbell","given":"E.W.","suffix":"III","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":322492,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Fritts, T. H.","contributorId":40147,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fritts","given":"T.","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":322491,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":1015203,"text":"1015203 - 2001 - The interplay of habitat change, human disturbance and species interactions in a waterbird colony","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-03-29T16:08:49","indexId":"1015203","displayToPublicDate":"2001-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":737,"text":"American Midland Naturalist","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The interplay of habitat change, human disturbance and species interactions in a waterbird colony","docAbstract":"<p><span>Potential responses to human disturbance at breeding colonies of waterbirds include reproductive failure, population declines and displacement from activity areas. Several additional factors, including species interactions and environmental change, can either mask or intensify the effects of human activity. This study highlights the importance of considering these factors in concert with breeding biology when assessing the impacts of human disturbance on wildlife. We studied the effects of a Wildlife Viewing Area (WVA) at Chatfield State Recreation Area, Colorado, on a nesting colony of great blue herons (</span><i>Ardea herodias</i><span>) and double-crested cormorants (</span><i>Phalacrocorax auritus</i><span>). We stratified the colony's nest trees into near, middle and far areas relative to distances from the WVA and compared the distribution of nests, nesting and fledging success and breeding chronology among areas 2 y before and 2 y after construction of the WVA. We also evaluated whether adult nest attendance patterns and chick behavior differed relative to distance from the WVA. The number of active heron nests and nest success of herons declined during the study, but evidence that these declines were due solely to human disturbance is equivocal. These changes were most likely due to the interplay of habitat changes (loss of 14 of 31 original nest trees by windfall), acquisition of heron nests by cormorants and human disturbance. We found no evidence that cormorants were adversely affected by the WVA in distribution of nests, nesting and fledging success, breeding chronology, adult nest attendance or chick behaviors. Habitat changes and adverse weather contributed to nesting failures of cormorants.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"University of Notre Dame","doi":"10.1674/0003-0031(2001)145[0018:TIOHCH]2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Skagen, S.K., Melcher, C.P., and Muths, E.L., 2001, The interplay of habitat change, human disturbance and species interactions in a waterbird colony: American Midland Naturalist, v. 145, no. 1, p. 18-28, https://doi.org/10.1674/0003-0031(2001)145[0018:TIOHCH]2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"18","endPage":"28","costCenters":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":132794,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"145","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a85e4b07f02db64d385","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Skagen, Susan K. 0000-0002-6744-1244 skagens@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6744-1244","contributorId":2009,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Skagen","given":"Susan","email":"skagens@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":322519,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Melcher, Cynthia P. 0000-0002-8044-9689 melcherc@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8044-9689","contributorId":5094,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Melcher","given":"Cynthia","email":"melcherc@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":322518,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Muths, Erin L. 0000-0002-5498-3132 muthse@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5498-3132","contributorId":1260,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Muths","given":"Erin","email":"muthse@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":322517,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
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