The chytrid fungus Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis was originally reported in wild frog populations in Panama and Australia, and from captive frogs in the U.S. National Zoological Park (Washington, DC). This recently described fungus affects the keratinized epidermis of amphibians and has been implicated as a causative factor in the declines of frog populations. We report here the presence of B. dendrobatidis in larval and recently metamorphosed mountain yellow-legged frogs (Rana muscosa) in or near the Sierra Nevada Mountains of California, an area where declines have been documented in all five species of native anurans. Forty-one percent (158 of 387) of larval R. muscosa examined in the field with a hand lens and 18% (14 of 79) of preserved larvae had abnormalities of the oral disc. Twenty-eight larvae were collected from 10 sites where tadpoles had been observed with missing or abnormally keratinized mouthparts, and 24 of these were examined for infection. Sixty-seven percent (16 of 24) of these tadpoles were infected with B. dendrobatidis. Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis was cultured from both tadpoles and recent metamorphs from one of these sites. Tadpoles with mouthpart abnormalities or confirmed chytrid fungus infections were collected at 23 sites spanning a distance of > 440 km and an elevational range from 1658-3550 m. Life-history traits of R. muscosa may make this species particularly susceptible to infection by Batrachochytrium. We recommend that biologists examine tadpoles for oral disc abnormalities as a preliminary indication of chytridiomycosis. Further, we believe that biologists should take precautions to prevent spreading this and other amphibian diseases from one site to another.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Society of Ichthyologists and Herpetologists","doi":"10.1643/0045-8511(2001)001[0945:OCITMY]2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Fellers, G.M., Green, D.E., and Longcore, J., 2001, Oral chytridiomycosis in the mountain yellow-legged frog (Rana muscosa): Copeia, v. 2001, no. 4, p. 945-953, https://doi.org/10.1643/0045-8511(2001)001[0945:OCITMY]2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"945","endPage":"953","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":456,"text":"National Wildlife Health Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":478893,"rank":1,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1643/0045-8511(2001)001[0945:ocitmy]2.0.co;2","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":134289,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"Cascade Mountains, Sierra Nevada","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -119.44335937499999,\n 48.99463598353408\n ],\n [\n -119.86083984375,\n 47.97521412341618\n ],\n [\n -120.25634765624999,\n 46.48326472915561\n ],\n [\n -120.80566406250001,\n 44.99588261816546\n ],\n [\n -120.95947265624999,\n 43.929549935614595\n ],\n [\n -120.65185546875,\n 43.16512263158296\n ],\n [\n -119.90478515625,\n 42.439674178149424\n ],\n [\n -119.794921875,\n 41.1290213474951\n ],\n [\n -120.16845703125,\n 40.697299008636755\n ],\n [\n -119.59716796875,\n 39.774769485295465\n ],\n [\n -118.037109375,\n 37.00255267215955\n ],\n [\n -117.75146484375,\n 35.51434313431818\n ],\n [\n -117.88330078125,\n 34.74161249883172\n ],\n [\n -118.89404296875,\n 34.56085936708384\n ],\n [\n -119.20166015625,\n 34.687427949314845\n ],\n [\n -119.13574218749999,\n 35.24561909420681\n ],\n [\n -118.87207031250001,\n 35.85343961959182\n ],\n [\n -119.4873046875,\n 36.491973470593685\n ],\n [\n -120.4541015625,\n 37.56199695314352\n ],\n [\n -121.77246093750001,\n 38.993572058209466\n ],\n [\n -122.2119140625,\n 40.17887331434696\n ],\n [\n -122.93701171874999,\n 41.96765920367816\n ],\n [\n -123.6181640625,\n 43.50075243569041\n ],\n [\n -123.134765625,\n 45.07352060670971\n ],\n [\n -122.93701171874999,\n 46.800059446787316\n ],\n [\n -122.54150390625,\n 48.07807894349862\n ],\n [\n -122.62939453125001,\n 49.15296965617039\n ],\n [\n -119.44335937499999,\n 48.99463598353408\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"2001","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4aeee4b07f02db691349","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Fellers, G. 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On each treatment, measurements of plant biomass, leaf area index, plant cover, leaf moisture and soil moisture were collected. In addition, measurements were taken of the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), which is derived from spectral reflectance measurements. Measurements were taken in mid-June, mid-July and late summer of 1990 and 1991. Multivariate analysis of variance was used to determine whether there were differences in the set of variables among treatments and years. Follow-up tests included univariate t-tests to determine which variables were contributing to any significant difference. Results showed a significant difference (p < 0.0005) among treatments in the composite of parameters during each of the months sampled. In most treatment types, there was a significant difference between years within each month. The univariate tests showed, however, that only some variables, primarily soil moisture, were contributing to this difference. We conclude that biomass and % plant cover show the best potential to serve as long-term indicators of grassland condition as they generally were sensitive to effects of different land management practices but not to yearly change in weather conditions. NDVI was insensitive to precipitation differences between years in July for most treatments, but was not in the native prairie. Choice of sampling time is important for these parameters to serve effectively as indicators.","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1023/A:1010703725172","issn":"01676369","usgsCitation":"Griffith, J.A., Price, K.P., and Martinko, E.A., 2001, A multivariate analysis of biophysical parameters of tallgrass prairie among land management practices and years: Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, v. 68, no. 3, p. 249-271, https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1010703725172.","productDescription":"23 p.","startPage":"249","endPage":"271","numberOfPages":"23","costCenters":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":232721,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":207617,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1010703725172"}],"volume":"68","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e490e4b0c8380cd46723","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Griffith, J. 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Densities of invertebrate animals larger than 0.5 mm in sediments of the bay ranged from counts of 10260 m-2 in the fine carbonate sands of the central bay to 870 m-2 in the habitat dominated by terrigenous silt near the reef edge close to the Hanalei river mouth. Similar sediment types supported broadly similar infaunal communities. Within the primarily carbonate sediments, mean grain size and wave exposure appear to have an important influence on the community. Taxonomic richness, number of individuals, and diversity showed significant negative relationships with exposure to wave energy (as estimated by sand ripple wavelength). The number of individuals was also significantly correlated with mean grain size. Overall, polychaetes and small crustaceans were numerically dominant among the major taxonomic groups investigated. Macrophagous and microphagous polychaetes had significant, but opposite, associations with grain size. In addition, microphagous polychaetes were significantly negatively correlated with wave exposure. No habitat variable measured could explain the variation in percent composition of crustaceans or echinoderms in the sedimentary habitats. The percentage of gastropods in the community was significantly negatively correlated with grain size, grain-size standard deviation and exposure, and positively with percent organic carbon. Bivalves were significantly positively associated with depth and grain size. These strong relationships imply that, in Hanalei Bay, physical processes are especially important in influencing assemblage structure, and that community structure and composition vary continuously along environmental gradients.
","language":"English","publisher":"Inter-Research Science Publisher","doi":"10.3354/meps215121","issn":"01718630","usgsCitation":"DeFelice, R., and Parrish, J., 2001, Physical processes dominate in shaping invertebrate assemblages in reef-associated sediments of an exposed Hawaiian coast: Marine Ecology Progress Series, v. 215, p. 121-131, https://doi.org/10.3354/meps215121.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"121","endPage":"131","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":479004,"rank":1,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.3354/meps215121","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":232722,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Hawai'i","otherGeospatial":"Hanalei Bay, Kaua'i","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -159.5183452267047,\n 22.214059598556688\n ],\n [\n -159.51868854945852,\n 22.210881156580186\n ],\n [\n -159.51800190395073,\n 22.209768684879464\n ],\n [\n -159.51783024257384,\n 22.20706693117434\n ],\n [\n -159.5116504330035,\n 22.202140069939702\n ],\n [\n -159.50924717372618,\n 22.203093669481277\n ],\n [\n -159.50564228481022,\n 22.201981136052908\n ],\n [\n -159.50032078212456,\n 22.204206194092535\n ],\n [\n -159.4968875545855,\n 22.208497277850327\n ],\n [\n -159.49654423183168,\n 22.21342391592114\n ],\n [\n -159.49757420009325,\n 22.216761217623244\n ],\n [\n -159.49757420009325,\n 22.218827126510206\n ],\n [\n -159.49723087733946,\n 22.22168756550549\n ],\n [\n -159.49517094081597,\n 22.222482121540537\n ],\n [\n -159.4924243587847,\n 22.223117763126822\n ],\n [\n -159.49070774501516,\n 22.225183578385014\n ],\n [\n -159.4893344539996,\n 22.224706854487863\n ],\n [\n -159.4862445492145,\n 22.228679504104065\n ],\n [\n -159.5331081051227,\n 22.217714717813294\n ],\n [\n -159.5264133114215,\n 22.21453635864262\n ],\n [\n -159.5183452267047,\n 22.214059598556688\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"215","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a7ab4e4b0c8380cd7905d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"DeFelice, R.C.","contributorId":73374,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"DeFelice","given":"R.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":397112,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Parrish, J.D.","contributorId":63083,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Parrish","given":"J.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":397111,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70023251,"text":"70023251 - 2001 - Using absolute gravimeter data to determine vertical gravity gradients","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:04","indexId":"70023251","displayToPublicDate":"2001-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2718,"text":"Metrologia","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Using absolute gravimeter data to determine vertical gravity gradients","docAbstract":"The position versus time data from a free-fall absolute gravimeter can be used to estimate the vertical gravity gradient in addition to the gravity value itself. Hipkin has reported success in estimating the vertical gradient value using a data set of unusually good quality. This paper explores techniques that may be applicable to a broader class of data that may be contaminated with \"system response\" errors of larger magnitude than were evident in the data used by Hipkin. This system response function is usually modelled as a sum of exponentially decaying sinusoidal components. The technique employed here involves combining the x0, v0 and g parameters from all the drops made during a site occupation into a single least-squares solution, and including the value of the vertical gradient and the coefficients of system response function in the same solution. The resulting non-linear equations must be solved iteratively and convergence presents some difficulties. Sparse matrix techniques are used to make the least-squares problem computationally tractable.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Metrologia","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1088/0026-1394/38/2/6","issn":"00261394","usgsCitation":"Robertson, D., 2001, Using absolute gravimeter data to determine vertical gravity gradients: Metrologia, v. 38, no. 2, p. 147-153, https://doi.org/10.1088/0026-1394/38/2/6.","startPage":"147","endPage":"153","numberOfPages":"7","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":207397,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0026-1394/38/2/6"},{"id":232315,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"38","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2003-03-05","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bc02ae4b08c986b329f7d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Robertson, D.S.","contributorId":74167,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Robertson","given":"D.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":397022,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70023245,"text":"70023245 - 2001 - Inheritance of microsatellite loci in the polyploid lake sturgeon (Acipenser fulvescens)","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:04","indexId":"70023245","displayToPublicDate":"2001-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1740,"text":"Genome","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Inheritance of microsatellite loci in the polyploid lake sturgeon (Acipenser fulvescens)","docAbstract":"Inheritance in the expression of amplicons for four microsatellite primer pairs was determined using 10 families created from gametes of wild lake sturgeon (Acipenser fulvescens). Loci Afu34 and Afu68 expressed a maximum of two even-intensity bands per individual and had progeny genotype ratios that fit disomic inheritance (P > 0.05). Some variation exhibited at Afu34 and Afu68 was attributable to a null allele. Genotype expression at both loci also indicated that one female parent had transmitted unreduced gametes. Primer Afu39 amplified products that exhibited four gene doses, where genotype counts fit expected ratios for disomic inheritance (P > 0.05) indicating amplification of products from two disomic loci that share alleles. Meiotic drive was evident at the Afu39 loci based on a test for random segregation (P < 0.05). Only the expression of Afu19 gave evidence of tetrasomic inheritance based on a single progeny potentially produced by a double reduction gamete. No evidence for proposed octoploid inheritance was observed.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Genome","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1139/gen-44-2-185","issn":"08312796","usgsCitation":"Pyatskowit, J., Krueger, C., Kincaid, H.L., and May, B., 2001, Inheritance of microsatellite loci in the polyploid lake sturgeon (Acipenser fulvescens): Genome, v. 44, no. 2, p. 185-191, https://doi.org/10.1139/gen-44-2-185.","startPage":"185","endPage":"191","numberOfPages":"7","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":207348,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1139/gen-44-2-185"},{"id":232237,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"44","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a3bd2e4b0c8380cd6284c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Pyatskowit, J.D.","contributorId":12657,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pyatskowit","given":"J.D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":397003,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Krueger, C.C.","contributorId":97042,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Krueger","given":"C.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":397006,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Kincaid, H. L.","contributorId":21891,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Kincaid","given":"H.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":397005,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"May, B.","contributorId":19112,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"May","given":"B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":397004,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70023244,"text":"70023244 - 2001 - Does fluctuating asymmetry of antlers in white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) follow patterns predicted for sexually selected traits?","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:59","indexId":"70023244","displayToPublicDate":"2001-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3174,"text":"Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Does fluctuating asymmetry of antlers in white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) follow patterns predicted for sexually selected traits?","docAbstract":"Secondary sexual characters have been hypothesized to signal male quality and should demonstrate a negative relationship between the size of the trait and degree of fluctuating asymmetry because they are costly to produce. We collected morphometric and antler data from 439 white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) in Oklahoma, USA, in order to determine whether measures of antler asymmetry follow the patterns predicted for sexually selected characters. Relative fluctuating asymmetry was negatively related to antler size for all deer and within age groups up to five and a half years of age. We did not detect an association between asymmetry and antler size among deer that were six and a half years or older. When categorizing deer by antler size, we found that deer with small antlers (???33rd percentile) had greater levels of relative asymmetry than deer with large antlers (???67th percentile). The relative asymmetry of antlers was negatively related to age and was greatest in deer that were one and a half years old. Relative asymmetry was also negatively related to carcass mass, inside spread, skull length and body length. These data suggest that asymmetry in the antlers of white-tailed deer may be a reliable signal of quality and, as such, may be important in maintaining honesty in intrasexual advertisements during the breeding season.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1098/rspb.2001.1588","issn":"09628436","usgsCitation":"Ditchkoff, S., Lochmiller, R., Masters, R., Starry, W., and Leslie, D., 2001, Does fluctuating asymmetry of antlers in white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) follow patterns predicted for sexually selected traits?: Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, v. 268, no. 1470, p. 891-898, https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2001.1588.","startPage":"891","endPage":"898","numberOfPages":"8","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":478969,"rank":10000,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2001.1588","text":"External Repository"},{"id":207334,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2001.1588"},{"id":232197,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"268","issue":"1470","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2001-05-07","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0390e4b0c8380cd5053a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ditchkoff, S.S.","contributorId":100580,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ditchkoff","given":"S.S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":397002,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Lochmiller, R.L.","contributorId":68061,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lochmiller","given":"R.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":397001,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Masters, R.E.","contributorId":49146,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Masters","given":"R.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":396999,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Starry, W.R.","contributorId":10581,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Starry","given":"W.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":396998,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Leslie, David M. Jr.","contributorId":52514,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Leslie","given":"David M.","suffix":"Jr.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":397000,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70023243,"text":"70023243 - 2001 - Sulfur and lead isotope geochemistry of hypogene mineralization at the Barite Hill Gold Deposit, Carolina Slate Belt, southeastern United States: A window into and through regional metamorphism","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-10-18T12:46:43","indexId":"70023243","displayToPublicDate":"2001-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2746,"text":"Mineralium Deposita","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Sulfur and lead isotope geochemistry of hypogene mineralization at the Barite Hill Gold Deposit, Carolina Slate Belt, southeastern United States: A window into and through regional metamorphism","docAbstract":"The Barite Hill gold deposit, at the southwestern end of the Carolina slate belt in the southeastern United States, is one of four gold deposits in the region that have a combined yield of 110 metric tons of gold over the past 10 years. At Barite Hill, production has dominantly come from oxidized ores. Sulfur isotope data from hypogene portions of the Barite Hill gold deposit vary systematically with pyrite–barite associations and provide insights into both the pre-metamorphic Late Proterozoic hydrothermal and the Paleozoic regional metamorphic histories of the deposit. The δ34S values of massive barite cluster tightly between 25.0 and 28.0‰, which closely match the published values for Late Proterozoic seawater and thus support a seafloor hydrothermal origin. The δ34S values of massive sulfide range from 1.0 to 5.3‰ and fall within the range of values observed for modern and ancient seafloor hydrothermal sulfide deposits. In contrast, δ34S values for finer-grained, intergrown pyrite (5.1–6.8‰) and barite (21.0–23.9‰) are higher and lower than their massive counterparts, respectively. Calculated sulfur isotope temperatures for the latter barite–pyrite pairs (Δ=15.9–17.1‰) range from 332–355 °C and probably reflect post-depositional equilibration at greenschist-facies regional metamorphic conditions. Thus, pyrite and barite occurring separately from one another provide pre-metamorphic information about the hydrothermal origin of the deposit, whereas pyrite and barite occurring together equilibrated to record the metamorphic conditions. Preliminary fluid inclusion data from sphalerite are consistent with a modified seawater source for the mineralizing fluids, but data from quartz and barite may reflect later metamorphic and (or) more recent meteoric water input. Lead isotope values from pyrites range for 206Pb/204Pb from 18.005–18.294, for 207Pb/204Pb from 15.567–15.645, and for 208Pb/204Pb from 37.555–38.015. The data indicate derivation of the ore leads from the country rocks, which themselves show evidence for contributions from relatively unradiogenic, mantle-like lead, and more evolved or crustal lead. Geological relationships, and stable and radiogenic isotopic data, suggest that the Barite Hill gold deposit formed on the Late Proterozoic seafloor through exhalative hydrothermal processes similar to those that were responsible for the massive sulfide deposits of the Kuroko district, Japan. On the basis of similarities with other gold-rich massive sulfide deposits and modern seafloor hydrothermal systems, the gold at Barite Hill was probably introduced as an integral part of the formation of the massive sulfide deposit.
","language":"English","publisher":"Springer-Verlag","doi":"10.1007/s001260050294","issn":"00264598","usgsCitation":"Seal,, R., Ayuso, R.A., Foley, N.K., and Clark, S.H., 2001, Sulfur and lead isotope geochemistry of hypogene mineralization at the Barite Hill Gold Deposit, Carolina Slate Belt, southeastern United States: A window into and through regional metamorphism: Mineralium Deposita, v. 36, no. 2, p. 137-148, https://doi.org/10.1007/s001260050294.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"137","endPage":"148","numberOfPages":"12","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":245,"text":"Eastern Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":232196,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Georgia, North Carolina, South Carolina, Virginia","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -78.431396484375,\n 36.923547681089296\n ],\n [\n -78.11279296875,\n 36.60670888641815\n ],\n [\n -78.20068359374999,\n 36.1822249804225\n ],\n [\n -78.50830078125,\n 35.7019167328534\n ],\n [\n -79.442138671875,\n 35.02999636902566\n ],\n [\n -80.44189453125,\n 34.098159345215535\n ],\n [\n -82.210693359375,\n 33.00866349457558\n ],\n [\n -82.46337890625,\n 32.9257074887604\n ],\n [\n -82.99072265625,\n 33.17434155100208\n ],\n [\n -82.9248046875,\n 33.916013113401696\n ],\n [\n -81.9580078125,\n 34.59704151614417\n ],\n [\n -81.05712890625,\n 35.15584570226544\n ],\n [\n -80.145263671875,\n 36.1733569352216\n ],\n [\n -79.661865234375,\n 36.78289206199065\n ],\n [\n -79.29931640625,\n 37.020098201368114\n ],\n [\n -78.72802734375,\n 37.020098201368114\n ],\n [\n -78.431396484375,\n 36.923547681089296\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"36","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b9dcee4b08c986b31dab4","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Seal,, Robert R. II 0000-0003-0901-2529 rseal@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0901-2529","contributorId":141204,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Seal,","given":"Robert R.","suffix":"II","email":"rseal@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":245,"text":"Eastern Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":396997,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Ayuso, Robert A. 0000-0002-8496-9534 rayuso@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8496-9534","contributorId":2654,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ayuso","given":"Robert","email":"rayuso@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":245,"text":"Eastern Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":387,"text":"Mineral Resources Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":396995,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Foley, Nora K. 0000-0003-0124-3509 nfoley@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0124-3509","contributorId":4010,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Foley","given":"Nora","email":"nfoley@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[{"id":245,"text":"Eastern Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":396994,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Clark, Sandra H. B.","contributorId":88706,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Clark","given":"Sandra","email":"","middleInitial":"H. B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":396996,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70023248,"text":"70023248 - 2001 - A two-dimensional, time-dependent model of suspended sediment transport and bed reworking for continental shelves","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:04","indexId":"70023248","displayToPublicDate":"2001-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1315,"text":"Computers & Geosciences","printIssn":"0098-3004","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A two-dimensional, time-dependent model of suspended sediment transport and bed reworking for continental shelves","docAbstract":"A two-dimensional, time-dependent solution to the transport equation is formulated to account for advection and diffusion of sediment suspended in the bottom boundary layer of continental shelves. This model utilizes a semi-implicit, upwind-differencing scheme to solve the advection-diffusion equation across a two-dimensional transect that is configured so that one dimension is the vertical, and the other is a horizontal dimension usually aligned perpendicular to shelf bathymetry. The model calculates suspended sediment concentration and flux; and requires as input wave properties, current velocities, sediment size distributions, and hydrodynamic sediment properties. From the calculated two-dimensional suspended sediment fluxes, we quantify the redistribution of shelf sediment, bed erosion, and deposition for several sediment sizes during resuspension events. The two-dimensional, time-dependent approach directly accounts for cross-shelf gradients in bed shear stress and sediment properties, as well as transport that occurs before steady-state suspended sediment concentrations have been attained. By including the vertical dimension in the calculations, we avoid depth-averaging suspended sediment concentrations and fluxes, and directly account for differences in transport rates and directions for fine and coarse sediment in the bottom boundary layer. A flux condition is used as the bottom boundary condition for the transport equation in order to capture time-dependence of the suspended sediment field. Model calculations demonstrate the significance of both time-dependent and spatial terms on transport and depositional patterns on continental shelves. ?? 2001 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Computers and Geosciences","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/S0098-3004(00)00122-9","issn":"00983004","usgsCitation":"Harris, C.K., and Wiberg, P., 2001, A two-dimensional, time-dependent model of suspended sediment transport and bed reworking for continental shelves: Computers & Geosciences, v. 27, no. 6, p. 675-690, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0098-3004(00)00122-9.","startPage":"675","endPage":"690","numberOfPages":"16","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":207372,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0098-3004(00)00122-9"},{"id":232275,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"27","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e608e4b0c8380cd47101","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Harris, C. K.","contributorId":80337,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Harris","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":397014,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Wiberg, P.L.","contributorId":33827,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wiberg","given":"P.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":397013,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70023236,"text":"70023236 - 2001 - Nitrogen input to the Gulf of Mexico","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-09-25T18:16:02.119947","indexId":"70023236","displayToPublicDate":"2001-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Nitrogen input to the Gulf of Mexico","docAbstract":"Historical streamflow and concentration data were used in regression models to estimate the annual flux of nitrogen (N) to the Gulf of Mexico and to determine where the nitrogen originates within the Mississippi Basin. Results show that for 1980-1996 the mean annual total N flux to the Gulf of Mexico was 1 568 000 t yr-1. The flux was about 61% nitrate N, 37% organic N, and 2% ammonium N. The flux of nitrate N to the Gulf has approximately tripled in the last 30 years with most of the increase occurring between 1970 and 1983. The mean annual N flux has changed little since the early 1980s, but large year-to-year variations in N flux occur because of variations in precipitation. During wet years the N flux can increase by 50% or more due to flushing of nitrate N that has accumulated in the soils and unsaturated zones in the basin. The principal source areas of N are basins in southern Minnesota, Iowa, Illinois, Indiana, and Ohio that drain agricultural land. Basins in this region yield 1500 to more than 3100 kg N km-2 yr-1 to streams, several times the N yield of basins outside this region.","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.2134/jeq2001.302329x","issn":"00472425","usgsCitation":"Goolsby, D.A., Battaglin, W., Aulenbach, B., and Hooper, R.P., 2001, Nitrogen input to the Gulf of Mexico, v. 30, no. 2, p. 329-336, https://doi.org/10.2134/jeq2001.302329x.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"329","endPage":"336","numberOfPages":"8","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":232718,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","otherGeospatial":"Mississippi–Atchafalaya River basin","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -92.28515625,\n 46.255846818480315\n ],\n [\n -93.955078125,\n 46.98025235521883\n ],\n [\n -98.173828125,\n 48.3416461723746\n ],\n [\n -101.6015625,\n 48.22467264956519\n ],\n [\n -102.12890625,\n 46.01222384063236\n ],\n [\n -100.107421875,\n 42.94033923363181\n ],\n [\n -97.03125,\n 41.44272637767212\n ],\n [\n -94.306640625,\n 38.61687046392973\n ],\n [\n -93.515625,\n 34.45221847282654\n ],\n [\n -94.39453125,\n 30.221101852485987\n ],\n [\n -92.46093749999999,\n 28.844673680771795\n ],\n [\n -89.6484375,\n 28.844673680771795\n ],\n [\n -88.330078125,\n 30.14512718337613\n ],\n [\n -88.505859375,\n 34.23451236236987\n ],\n [\n -87.451171875,\n 39.57182223734374\n ],\n [\n -85.341796875,\n 39.30029918615029\n ],\n [\n -78.75,\n 39.57182223734374\n ],\n [\n -75.234375,\n 42.09822241118974\n ],\n [\n -75.41015624999999,\n 44.59046718130883\n ],\n [\n -79.1015625,\n 42.94033923363181\n ],\n [\n -82.6171875,\n 41.44272637767212\n ],\n [\n -87.5390625,\n 41.77131167976407\n ],\n [\n -89.296875,\n 43.644025847699496\n ],\n [\n -91.318359375,\n 45.9511496866914\n ],\n [\n -92.28515625,\n 46.255846818480315\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"30","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a66e2e4b0c8380cd73051","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Goolsby, D. A.","contributorId":50508,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Goolsby","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":396958,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Battaglin, W.A.","contributorId":16376,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Battaglin","given":"W.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":396956,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Aulenbach, Brent T.","contributorId":62766,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Aulenbach","given":"Brent T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":396959,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Hooper, R. P.","contributorId":26321,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hooper","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":396957,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70023250,"text":"70023250 - 2001 - Adsorption of sulfur dioxide on ammonia-treated activated carbon fibers","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:04","indexId":"70023250","displayToPublicDate":"2001-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1182,"text":"Carbon","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Adsorption of sulfur dioxide on ammonia-treated activated carbon fibers","docAbstract":"A series of activated carbon fibers (ACFs) and ammonia-treated ACFs prepared from phenolic fiber precursors have been studied to elucidate the role of pore size, pore volume, and pore surface chemistry on adsorption of sulfur dioxide and its catalytic conversion to sulfuric acid. As expected, the incorporation of basic functional groups into the ACFs was shown as an effective method for increasing adsorption of sulfur dioxide. The adsorption capacity for dry SO2 did not follow specific trends; however the adsorption energies calculated from the DR equation were found to increase linearly with nitrogen content for each series of ACFs. Much higher adsorption capacities were achieved for SO2 in the presence of oxygen and water due to its catalytic conversion to H2SO4. The dominant factor for increasing adsorption of SO2 from simulated flue gas for each series of fibers studied was the weight percent of basic nitrogen groups present. In addition, the adsorption energies calculated for dry SO2 were shown to be linearly related to the adsorption capacity of H2SO4 from this flue gas for all fibers. It was shown that optimization of this parameter along with the pore volume results in higher adsorption capacities for removal of SO2 from flue gases. ?? 2001 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Carbon","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/S0008-6223(00)00300-6","issn":"00086223","usgsCitation":"Mangun, C., DeBarr, J., and Economy, J., 2001, Adsorption of sulfur dioxide on ammonia-treated activated carbon fibers: Carbon, v. 39, no. 11, p. 1689-1696, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0008-6223(00)00300-6.","startPage":"1689","endPage":"1696","numberOfPages":"8","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":207374,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0008-6223(00)00300-6"},{"id":232277,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"39","issue":"11","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e6fee4b0c8380cd4779f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Mangun, C.L.","contributorId":91996,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mangun","given":"C.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":397021,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"DeBarr, J.A.","contributorId":20078,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"DeBarr","given":"J.A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":397019,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Economy, J.","contributorId":40351,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Economy","given":"J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":397020,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70023241,"text":"70023241 - 2001 - Latent outflow activity for western Tharsis, Mars: Significant flood record exposed","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-12-01T17:23:36.158373","indexId":"70023241","displayToPublicDate":"2001-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2317,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research E: Planets","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Latent outflow activity for western Tharsis, Mars: Significant flood record exposed","docAbstract":"Observations permitted by the newly acquired Mars Observer Laser Altimeter data have revealed a system of gigantic valleys northwest of the huge Martian shield volcano, Arsia Mons, in the western hemisphere of Mars (northwestern slope valleys (NSVs)). These features, which generally correspond spatially to gravity lows, are obscured by veneers of materials including volcanic lava flows, air fall deposits, and eolian materials. Geologic investigations of the Tharsis region suggest that the system of gigantic valleys predates the construction of Arsia Mons and its extensive associated lava flows of mainly late Hesperian and Amazonian age and coincides stratigraphically with the early development of the outflow channels that debouch into Chryse Planitia. Similar to the previously identified outflow channels, which issued tremendous volumes of water into topographic lows such as Chryse Planitia, the NSVs potentially represent flooding of immense magnitude and, as such, a source of water for a northern plains ocean.","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/2000JE001352","issn":"01480227","usgsCitation":"Dohm, J.M., Anderson, R.C., Baker, V., Ferris, J., Rudd, L.P., Hare, T., Rice, J.W., Casavant, R., Strom, R., Zimbelman, J.R., and Scott, D.H., 2001, Latent outflow activity for western Tharsis, Mars: Significant flood record exposed: Journal of Geophysical Research E: Planets, v. 106, no. 6, p. 12301-12314, https://doi.org/10.1029/2000JE001352.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"12301","endPage":"12314","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":478926,"rank":1,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2000je001352","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":232158,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"otherGeospatial":"Arsia Mons, Mars, Tharsis","volume":"106","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a456de4b0c8380cd672e9","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Dohm, J. M.","contributorId":102150,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dohm","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":396980,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Anderson, R. C.","contributorId":9755,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Anderson","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":396970,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Baker, V.R.","contributorId":47079,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Baker","given":"V.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":396974,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Ferris, J.C.","contributorId":13731,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ferris","given":"J.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":396971,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Rudd, L. P.","contributorId":78446,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Rudd","given":"L.","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":396977,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Hare, T.M. 0000-0001-8842-389X","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8842-389X","contributorId":43828,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hare","given":"T.M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":396972,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Rice, J. W. Jr.","contributorId":53040,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rice","given":"J.","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":396975,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Casavant, R.R.","contributorId":97668,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Casavant","given":"R.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":396979,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Strom, R.G.","contributorId":45744,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Strom","given":"R.G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":396973,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9},{"text":"Zimbelman, J. R.","contributorId":94685,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zimbelman","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":396978,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":10},{"text":"Scott, D. H.","contributorId":73565,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Scott","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":396976,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":11}]}} ,{"id":70023249,"text":"70023249 - 2001 - Toward linking maize chemistry to archaeological agricultural sites in the North American Southwest","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-02-15T12:50:04","indexId":"70023249","displayToPublicDate":"2001-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2182,"text":"Journal of Archaeological Science","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Toward linking maize chemistry to archaeological agricultural sites in the North American Southwest","docAbstract":"Maize (Zea mays L.) was the staple domestic food crop for Ancestral Pueblo people throughout the northern American Southwest. It is thought to have been the basic food of the inhabitants of Chaco Canyon. New Mexico, a location that was a major centre of Ancestral Pueblo building and population during the 11th and early 12th centuries AD. Modern heirloom varieties of Native American corn have been difficult to grow in experimental fields in Chaco Canyon. Given an abundance of apparent storage structures in Chacoan buildings, it is possible that some corn recovered from archaeological contexts, was imported from surrounding areas. The ultimate goal of this research is to determine whether the corn in Chaco Canyon was grown locally or imported. This paper establishes the feasibility of a method to accomplish this goal. This study reports the results of using inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometric (ICP-MS) instrumentation to determine chemical constituents of experimental fields and modern heirloom varieties of Native American corn. Analysis of 19 elements is adequate to differentiate soil and corn from three field areas. These results are promising: however, a number of problems, including post-depositional alterations in maize, remain to be solved. ?? 2001 Academic Press.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Archaeological Science","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1006/jasc.2001.0598","issn":"03054403","usgsCitation":"Cordell, L., Durand, S., Antweiler, R.C., and Taylor, H.E., 2001, Toward linking maize chemistry to archaeological agricultural sites in the North American Southwest: Journal of Archaeological Science, v. 28, no. 5, p. 501-513, https://doi.org/10.1006/jasc.2001.0598.","startPage":"501","endPage":"513","numberOfPages":"13","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":232276,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":207373,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1006/jasc.2001.0598"}],"volume":"28","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bb5b8e4b08c986b32685e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Cordell, L.S.","contributorId":63569,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cordell","given":"L.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":397017,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Durand, S.R.","contributorId":87315,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Durand","given":"S.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":397018,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Antweiler, Ronald C. 0000-0001-5652-6034 antweil@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5652-6034","contributorId":1481,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Antweiler","given":"Ronald","email":"antweil@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":5044,"text":"National Research Program - Central Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":397016,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Taylor, Howard E. hetaylor@usgs.gov","contributorId":1551,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Taylor","given":"Howard","email":"hetaylor@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":5044,"text":"National Research Program - Central Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":397015,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70023267,"text":"70023267 - 2001 - Measurement of gas yields and flow rates using a custom flowmeter","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:14","indexId":"70023267","displayToPublicDate":"2001-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3276,"text":"Review of Scientific Instruments","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Measurement of gas yields and flow rates using a custom flowmeter","docAbstract":"A simple gas collection apparatus based on the principles of a Torricelli tube has been designed and built to measure gas volume yields and flow rates. This instrument is routinely used to monitor and collect methane gas released during methane hydrate dissociation experiments. It is easily and inexpensively built, operates at ambient pressures and temperatures, and measures gas volumes of up to 7 L to a precision of about 15 ml (about 0.0025 mol). It is capable of measuring gas flow rates varying from more than 103 to less than 10-1 ml/min during gas evolution events that span minutes to several days. We have obtained a highly reproducible hydrate number of n=5.891 with a propagated uncertainty of ??0.020 for synthetic methane hydrate. ?? 2001 American Institute of Physics.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Review of Scientific Instruments","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1063/1.1372173","issn":"00346748","usgsCitation":"Circone, S., Kirby, S.H., Pinkston, J., and Stern, L., 2001, Measurement of gas yields and flow rates using a custom flowmeter: Review of Scientific Instruments, v. 72, no. 6, p. 2709-2716, https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1372173.","startPage":"2709","endPage":"2716","numberOfPages":"8","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":232556,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":207529,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1372173"}],"volume":"72","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a5304e4b0c8380cd6c80d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Circone, S.","contributorId":35901,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Circone","given":"S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":397084,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Kirby, S. H.","contributorId":51721,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kirby","given":"S.","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":397086,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Pinkston, J.C.","contributorId":68063,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pinkston","given":"J.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":397087,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Stern, L.A.","contributorId":38293,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stern","given":"L.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":397085,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70023252,"text":"70023252 - 2001 - Major brazilian gold deposits - 1982 to 1999","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:04","indexId":"70023252","displayToPublicDate":"2001-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2746,"text":"Mineralium Deposita","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Major brazilian gold deposits - 1982 to 1999","docAbstract":"Brazil has been a major but intermittent producer of gold since its discovery in 1500. Brazil led the world in gold production during the 18th and early 19th centuries. From the late 19th century to the late 20th century, total mining company and garimpeiro production was small and relatively constant at about 5 to 8 t/year. The discovery of alluvial deposits in the Amazon by garimpeiros in the 1970s and the opening of eight mines by mining companies from 1983 to 1990 fueled a major boom in Brazil's gold production, exceeding 100 t/year in 1988 and 1989. However, garimpeiro alluvial production decreased 'rapidly in the 1990s, to about 10 t/year by 1999. Company production increased about tenfold from about 4 t/year in 1982 to 40 t in 1992. Production from 1992 to the present remained relatively stable, even though several mines were closed or were in the process of closing and no new major mines were put into production during that period. Based on their production history from 1982-1999, 17 gold mines are ranked as major (> 20 t) and minor (3-8 t) mines. From 1982-1999, deposits hosted in Archean rocks produced 66% of the gold in Brazil, whereas deposits in Paleoproterozoic and Neoproterozoic rocks accounted for 19% and 15%, respectively. Deposits in metamorphosed sedimentary rocks, especially carbonate-rich rocks and carbonate iron-formation, yielded the great bulk of the gold. Deposits in igneous rocks were of much less importance. The Archean and Paleoproterozoic terranes of Brazil largely lack base-metal-rich volcanogenic massive sulfide deposits, porphyry deposits, and polymetallic veins and sedimentary exhalative deposits. An exception to this is in the Caraja??s Mineral Province.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Mineralium Deposita","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1007/s001260100170","issn":"00264598","usgsCitation":"Thorman, C., Dewitt, E., Maron, M., and Ladeira, E., 2001, Major brazilian gold deposits - 1982 to 1999: Mineralium Deposita, v. 36, no. 3-4, p. 218-227, https://doi.org/10.1007/s001260100170.","startPage":"218","endPage":"227","numberOfPages":"10","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":232316,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":207398,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s001260100170"}],"volume":"36","issue":"3-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2001-05-19","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a4c0be4b0c8380cd6997f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Thorman, C.H.","contributorId":67524,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thorman","given":"C.H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":397024,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Dewitt, E.","contributorId":108257,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dewitt","given":"E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":397026,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Maron, M.A.","contributorId":99335,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Maron","given":"M.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":397025,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Ladeira, E.A.","contributorId":11797,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ladeira","given":"E.A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":397023,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70023233,"text":"70023233 - 2001 - Nature reserves: Do they capture the full range of America's biological diversity?","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-11-17T16:35:25","indexId":"70023233","displayToPublicDate":"2001-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1450,"text":"Ecological Applications","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Nature reserves: Do they capture the full range of America's biological diversity?","docAbstract":"Less than 6% of the coterminous United States is in nature reserves. Assessment of the occurrence of nature reserves across ranges of elevation and soil productivity classes indicates that nature reserves are most frequently found at higher elevations and on less productive soils. The distribution of plants and animals suggests that the greatest number of species is found at lower elevations. A preliminary assessment of the occurrence of mapped land cover types indicates that ???60% of mapped cover types have <10% of their area in nature reserves Land ownership patterns show that areas of lower elevation and more productive soils are most often privately owned and already extensively converted to urban and agricultural uses. Thus any effort to establish a system of nature reserves that captures the full geographical and ecological range of cover types and species must fully engage the private sector.","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1890/1051-0761(2001)011[0999:NRDTCT]2.0.CO;2","issn":"10510761","usgsCitation":"Scott, J.M., Davis, F., McGhie, R., Wright, R., Groves, C., and Estes, J., 2001, Nature reserves: Do they capture the full range of America's biological diversity?: Ecological Applications, v. 11, no. 4, p. 999-1007, https://doi.org/10.1890/1051-0761(2001)011[0999:NRDTCT]2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"999","endPage":"1007","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":232676,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"11","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a639de4b0c8380cd725d6","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Scott, J. M.","contributorId":55766,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Scott","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":396946,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Davis, Frank W.","contributorId":36894,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Davis","given":"Frank W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":396944,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"McGhie, R.G.","contributorId":66554,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McGhie","given":"R.G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":396947,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Wright, R.G.","contributorId":9622,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wright","given":"R.G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":396942,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Groves, C.","contributorId":15479,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Groves","given":"C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":396943,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Estes, John","contributorId":190894,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Estes","given":"John","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":396945,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70194291,"text":"70194291 - 2001 - Soil biota in an ungrazed grassland: Response to annual grass (Bromus tectorum) invasion","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-11-08T19:47:10.101685","indexId":"70194291","displayToPublicDate":"2001-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1450,"text":"Ecological Applications","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"displayTitle":"Soil biota in an ungrazed grassland: Response to annual grass (Bromus tectorum) invasion","title":"Soil biota in an ungrazed grassland: Response to annual grass (Bromus tectorum) invasion","docAbstract":"Bromus tectorum is an exotic annual grass that currently dominates many western U.S. semi-arid ecosystems, and the effects of this grass on ecosystems in general, and soil biota specifically, are unknown. Bromus recently invaded two ungrazed and unburned perennial bunchgrass communities in southeastern Utah. This study compared the soil food-web structure of the two native grassland associations (Stipa [S] and Hilaria [H]), with and without the presence of Bromus. Perennial grass and total vascular-plant cover were higher in S than in H plots, while quantities of ground litter were similar. Distribution of live and dead plant material was highly clumped in S and fairly homogenous in H. Soil food-web structure was different between H and S, with lower trophic levels more abundant in H and higher trophic levels more abundant in S. In Bromus-invaded plots, the quantity of ground litter was 2.2 times higher in Hilaria–Bromus (HB) than in H plots, and 2.8 times higher in Stipa–Bromus (SB) than in S plots. Soil biota in HB generally responded to the Bromus invasion in an opposite manner than in SB, e.g., if a given component of the food web increased in one community, it generally decreased in the other. Active bacteria decreased in H vs. HB, while increasing in S vs. SB. Soil and live plant-infecting fungi were the exception, as they increased in both types of invaded plots relative to uninvaded plots. Dead-plant-infecting fungi decreased in H vs. HB and increased in S vs. SB. Most higher-trophic-level organisms increased in HB relative to H, while decreasing in SB relative to S. Given the mixed response to invasion, the structure of these soil food webs appears to be controlled by both plant inputs and internal dynamics between trophic levels. When compared to non-invaded sites, soil and soil food-web characterisitics of the newly invaded sites included: (1) lower species richness and lower absolute numbers of fungi and invertebrates; (2) greater abundance of active bacteria; (3) similar species of bacteria and fungi as those found in soils invaded over 50 yr ago; (4) higher levels of silt (thus greater fertility and soil water-holding capacity); and (5) a more continuous cover of living and dead plant material (thus facilitating germination of the large-seeded Bromus). These results illustrate that (1) soil food-web structure can vary widely within what would generally be considered one vegetation type (semi-arid grassland), depending on plant species composition within that type, and (2) addition of a common resource can evoke disparate responses from individual food-web compartments, depending on their original structure.
","language":"English","publisher":"ESA","doi":"10.1890/1051-0761(2001)011[1261:SBIAUG]2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Belnap, J., and Phillips, S.L., 2001, Soil biota in an ungrazed grassland: Response to annual grass (Bromus tectorum) invasion: Ecological Applications, v. 11, no. 5, p. 1261-1275, https://doi.org/10.1890/1051-0761(2001)011[1261:SBIAUG]2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"15 p.","startPage":"1261","endPage":"1275","costCenters":[{"id":290,"text":"Forest and Rangeland Ecosystem Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":568,"text":"Southwest Biological Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":349229,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"11","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5a612054e4b06e28e9c25b37","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Belnap, Jayne 0000-0001-7471-2279 jayne_belnap@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7471-2279","contributorId":1332,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Belnap","given":"Jayne","email":"jayne_belnap@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":568,"text":"Southwest Biological Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":723110,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Phillips, Susan L. 0000-0002-5891-8485 sue_phillips@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5891-8485","contributorId":717,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Phillips","given":"Susan","email":"sue_phillips@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":289,"text":"Forest and Rangeland Ecosys Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":723111,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70023255,"text":"70023255 - 2001 - Sources of salinity near a coal mine spoil pile, north-central Colorado","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-10-26T17:25:38.057742","indexId":"70023255","displayToPublicDate":"2001-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2262,"text":"Journal of Environmental Quality","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Sources of salinity near a coal mine spoil pile, north-central Colorado","docAbstract":"A small (1 km2) salt-affected stream drainage on the High Plains north of Denver, Colorado was sampled to determine the near-surface dispersion of soluble salts and metals from low-sulfur coal mining waste (spoil). Surface waters collected along the 0.8-km stream reach, and aqueous leachates of spoil and naturally saline local soil, were analyzed for chemical constituents and sulfur isotopes. In this semiarid setting with abundant carbonate-bearing surficial sediments, the limited, mildly acidic drainage from the spoil pile is quickly neutralized, restricting the mobility of many elements. However, some spoil-derived constituents were clearly traceable within the upper 0.4 km of the stream reach. Spoil leachates and surface water near the spoil pile have distinctive compositions of major anions and cations, and elevated levels of dissolved nitrate compared with downstream waters. Spoil-derived sulfate was traceable because it has generally positive values of δ34S that contrasted with generally negative values of δ34S in soil leachates and evaporite salts from the surrounding area. Spatial–chemical sampling of surface water showed an abrupt increase in dissolved U, Se, B, Li, and Mn in the lower 0.4 km of the stream reach where shallow ground water from surrounding irrigated fields contributed to surface flow. The downstream evolution of surface water chemistry and sulfur isotopic composition is consistent with mixing between spoil-affected upstream water and irrigation-return water. The methods described should be applicable at other sites in similar settings where the environmental effect of low-sulfur coal mining waste must be assessed and where access to samples of shallow ground water is limited.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.2134/jeq2001.3041237x","issn":"00472425","usgsCitation":"Zielinski, R.A., Otton, J.K., and Johnson, C.A., 2001, Sources of salinity near a coal mine spoil pile, north-central Colorado: Journal of Environmental Quality, v. 30, no. 4, p. 1237-1248, https://doi.org/10.2134/jeq2001.3041237x.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"1237","endPage":"1248","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":232353,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Colorado","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -105.4419574723959,\n 40.99614804381659\n ],\n [\n -105.4419574723959,\n 39.9889659446894\n ],\n [\n -104.15599923339506,\n 39.9889659446894\n ],\n [\n -104.15599923339506,\n 40.99614804381659\n ],\n [\n -105.4419574723959,\n 40.99614804381659\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"30","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b938ee4b08c986b31a566","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Zielinski, R. A. 0000-0002-4047-5129","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4047-5129","contributorId":106930,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zielinski","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":164,"text":"Central Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":397036,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Otton, J. K.","contributorId":52589,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Otton","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":397035,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Johnson, C. A. 0000-0002-1334-2996","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1334-2996","contributorId":27492,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Johnson","given":"C.","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":397034,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70023235,"text":"70023235 - 2001 - Eddy covariance measurement of CO2 flux to the atmosphere from a area of high volcanogenic emissions, Mammoth Mountain, California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-11-30T05:55:07","indexId":"70023235","displayToPublicDate":"2001-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1213,"text":"Chemical Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Eddy covariance measurement of CO2 flux to the atmosphere from a area of high volcanogenic emissions, Mammoth Mountain, California","docAbstract":"Three pilot studies were performed to assess application of the eddy covariance micrometeorological method in the measurement of carbon dioxide (CO2) flux of volcanic origin. The selected study area is one of high diffuse CO2 emission on Mammoth Mountain, CA. Because terrain and source characteristics make this a complex setting for this type of measurement, added consideration was given to source area and upwind fetch. Footprint analysis suggests that the eddy covariance measurements were representative of an upwind elliptical source area (3.8×103 m2) which can vary with mean wind direction, surface roughness, and atmospheric stability. CO2 flux averaged 8–16 mg m−2 s−1 (0.7–1.4 kg m−2day−1). Eddy covariance measurements of flux were compared with surface chamber measurements made in separate studies [Geophys. Res. Lett. 25 (1998a) 1947; EOS Trans. 79 (1998) F941.] and were found to be similar.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/S0009-2541(00)00380-6","issn":"00092541","usgsCitation":"Anderson, D.E., and Farrar, C.D., 2001, Eddy covariance measurement of CO2 flux to the atmosphere from a area of high volcanogenic emissions, Mammoth Mountain, California: Chemical Geology, v. 177, no. 1-2, p. 31-42, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0009-2541(00)00380-6.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"31","endPage":"42","costCenters":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":232717,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":207615,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0009-2541(00)00380-6"}],"volume":"177","issue":"1-2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a05a7e4b0c8380cd50ebd","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Anderson, Dean E. deander@usgs.gov","contributorId":662,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Anderson","given":"Dean","email":"deander@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":396954,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Farrar, Christopher D. cdfarrar@usgs.gov","contributorId":1501,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Farrar","given":"Christopher","email":"cdfarrar@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":396955,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":1015201,"text":"1015201 - 2001 - Rapid assessment of butterfly diversity in a montane landscape","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-12-17T09:56:50","indexId":"1015201","displayToPublicDate":"2001-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1006,"text":"Biodiversity and Conservation","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Rapid assessment of butterfly diversity in a montane landscape","docAbstract":"We present the results of a rapid assessment of butterfly diversity in the 754 ha Beaver Meadows study area in Rocky Mountain National Park, Larimer County, Colorado. We measured butterfly species richness and relative abundance as part of a landscape-scale investigation of diversity patterns involving several groups of organisms. A stratified random sampling design was used to include replication in both rare and common vegetation types. We recorded 49 butterfly species from the twenty-four 0.1 ha plots that were sampled four times during June, July, and August 1996. Butterfly species richness, diversity, and uniqueness were highest in quaking aspen (Populus tremuloides Michaux) groves and wet meadows, which occupy only a small proportion of the studied landscape. This result supports the suggestion that aspen areas represent ‘hotspots’ of biological diversity in this montane landscape. Patterns of butterfly species richness were positively correlated with total vascular plant species richness (r = 0.69; P < 0.001), and native plant species richness (r = 0.64; P < 0.001). However, exotic plant species richness (r = 0.70; P < 0.001) and the cover of exotic plant species (r = 0.70; P < 0.001) were the best predictors of butterfly species richness.
","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1023/A:1016663931882","usgsCitation":"Simonson, S., Opler, P., Stohlgren, T., and Chong, G., 2001, Rapid assessment of butterfly diversity in a montane landscape: Biodiversity and Conservation, v. 10, no. 8, p. 1369-1386, https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1016663931882.","productDescription":"18 p.","startPage":"1369","endPage":"1386","costCenters":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":133236,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Colorado","county":"Larimer","otherGeospatial":"Rocky Mountain National Park","volume":"10","issue":"8","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a80e4b07f02db6494d6","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Simonson, S.E.","contributorId":78695,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Simonson","given":"S.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":322513,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Opler, P.A.","contributorId":48521,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Opler","given":"P.A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":322511,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Stohlgren, T.J.","contributorId":7217,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stohlgren","given":"T.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":322510,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Chong, G.W.","contributorId":54153,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chong","given":"G.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":322512,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70023302,"text":"70023302 - 2001 - Influence of reactive sulfide (AVS) and supplementary food on Ag, Cd and Zn bioaccumulation in the marine polychaete Neanthes arenaceodentata","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-12-03T08:55:15","indexId":"70023302","displayToPublicDate":"2001-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2663,"text":"Marine Ecology Progress Series","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Influence of reactive sulfide (AVS) and supplementary food on Ag, Cd and Zn bioaccumulation in the marine polychaete Neanthes arenaceodentata","docAbstract":"A laboratory bioassay determined the relative contribution of various pathways of Ag, Cd and Zn bioaccumulation in the marine polychaete Neanthes arenaceodentata exposed to moderately contaminated sediments. Juvenile worms were exposed for 25 d to experimental sediments containing 5 different reactive sulfide (acid volatile sulfides, AVS) concentrations (1 to 30 ??mol g-1), but with constant Ag, Cd, and Zn concentrations of 0.1, 0.1 and 7 ??mol g-1, respectively. The sediments were supplemented with contaminated food (TetraMin??) containing 3 levels of Ag-Cd-Zn (uncontaminated, 1?? or 5??1 metal concentrations in the contaminated sediment). The results suggest that bioaccumulation of Ag, Cd and Zn in the worms occurred predominantly from ingestion of contaminated sediments and contaminated supplementary food. AVS or dissolved metals (in porewater and overlying water) had a minor effect on bioaccumulation of the 3 metals in most of the treatments. The contribution to uptake from the dissolved source was most important in the most oxic sediments, with maximum contributions of 8% for Ag, 30% for Cd and 20% for Zn bioaccumulation. Sediment bioassays where uncontaminated supplemental food is added could seriously underestimate metal exposures in an equilibrated system; N. arenaceodentata feeding on uncontaminated food would be exposed to 40-60% less metal than if the food source was equilibrated (as occurs in nature). Overall, the results show that pathways of metal exposure are dynamically linked in contaminated sediments and shift as external geochemical characteristics and internal biological attributes vary.","language":"English","publisher":"Inter-Research","doi":"10.3354/meps216129","issn":"01718630","usgsCitation":"Lee, J., Lee, B., Yoo, H., Koh, C., and Luoma, S., 2001, Influence of reactive sulfide (AVS) and supplementary food on Ag, Cd and Zn bioaccumulation in the marine polychaete Neanthes arenaceodentata: Marine Ecology Progress Series, v. 216, p. 129-140, https://doi.org/10.3354/meps216129.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"129","endPage":"140","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":478950,"rank":1,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.3354/meps216129","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":232519,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"216","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a3b6de4b0c8380cd62513","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lee, J.-S.","contributorId":15787,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lee","given":"J.-S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":397204,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Lee, B.-G.","contributorId":11777,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lee","given":"B.-G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":397203,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Yoo, H.","contributorId":46725,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Yoo","given":"H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":397205,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Koh, C.-H.","contributorId":9797,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Koh","given":"C.-H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":397202,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Luoma, S. 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We report on the persistence and population performance of 24 translocated populations of bighorn sheep. Persistence in these sheep was strongly correlated with larger patch sizes, greater distance to domestic sheep, higher population growth rates, and migratory movements, as well as to larger population sizes. Persistence was also positively correlated with larger average home-range size (p = 0.058, n = 10 translocated populations) and home-range size of rams (p = 0.087, n = 8 translocated populations). Greater home-range size and dispersal rates of bighorn sheep were positively correlated to larger patches. We conclude that patch size and thus habitat carrying capacity, not population size per se, is the primary correlate to both population performance and persistence. Because habitat carrying capacity defines the upper limit to population size, clearly the amount of suitable habitat in a patch is ultimately linked to population size. Larger populations (250+ animals) were more likely to recover rapidly to their pre-epizootic survey number following an epizootic (p = 0.019), although the proportion of the population dying in the epizootic also influenced the probability of recovery (p = 0.001). Expensive management efforts to restore or increase bighorn sheep populations should focus on large habitat patches located ≥23 km from domestic sheep, and less effort should be expended on populations in isolated, small patches of habitat.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1111/j.1523-1739.2001.99488.x","usgsCitation":"Singer, F.J., Zeigenfuss, L., and Spicer, L., 2001, Role of patch size, disease, and movement in rapid extinction of bighorn sheep: Conservation Biology, v. 15, no. 5, p. 1347-1354, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1523-1739.2001.99488.x.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"1347","endPage":"1354","costCenters":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":132779,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"15","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2008-07-07","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4aafe4b07f02db66cccd","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Singer, F. J.","contributorId":97848,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Singer","given":"F.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":322516,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Zeigenfuss, L. C.","contributorId":69089,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zeigenfuss","given":"L. C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":322515,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Spicer, L.","contributorId":27409,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Spicer","given":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":322514,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70170492,"text":"70170492 - 2001 - Influence of breeding habitat on bear predation and age at maturity and sexual dimorphism of sockeye salmon populations","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-04-21T16:40:27","indexId":"70170492","displayToPublicDate":"2001-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1176,"text":"Canadian Journal of Zoology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Influence of breeding habitat on bear predation and age at maturity and sexual dimorphism of sockeye salmon populations","docAbstract":"Age structure and morphology differ among Pacific salmon (Oncorhynchus spp.) populations. Sexual selection and reproductive capacity (fecundity and egg size) generally favor large (old), deep-bodied fish. We hypothesized that natural selection from physical access to spawning grounds and size-biased predation by bears, Ursus spp., opposes such large, deep-bodied salmon. Accordingly, size and shape of salmon should vary predictably among spawning habitats. We tested this hypothesis by measuring the age composition and body depth of sockeye salmon, Oncorhynchus nerka, and the intensity of predation in a range of breeding habitats in southwestern Alaska. Stream width was positively correlated with age at maturity and negatively correlated with predation level. However, salmon spawning on lake beaches were not consistently old, indicating that different factors affect age in riverine- and beach-spawning populations. Body depths of male and female salmon were positively correlated with water depth across all sites, as predicted. However, the mouths of some streams were so shallow that they might select against large or deep-bodied salmon, even in the absence of bear predation. Taken together, the results indicated that habitat has direct and indirect effects (via predation) on life history and morphology of mature salmon.
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