Accurate estimates of earthquake ground shaking rely on uncertain ground-motion models derived from limited instrumental recordings of historical earthquakes. A critical issue is that there is currently no method to empirically validate the resultant ground-motion estimates of these models at the timescale of rare, large earthquakes; this lack of validation causes great uncertainty in ground-motion estimates. Here, we address this issue and validate ground-motion estimates for southern California utilizing the unexceeded ground motions recorded by 20 precariously balanced rocks. We used cosmogenic 10Be exposure dating to model the age of the precariously balanced rocks, which ranged from ca. 1 ka to ca. 50 ka, and calculated their probability of toppling at different ground-motion levels. With this rock data, we then validated the earthquake ground motions estimated by the Uniform California Earthquake Rupture Forecast, Version 3 (UCERF3) seismic-source characterization and the Next Generation Attenuation (NGA)-West2 ground-motion models. We found that no ground-motion model estimated levels of earthquake ground shaking consistent with the observed continued existence of all 20 precariously balanced rocks. The ground-motion model I14 estimated ground-motion levels that were inconsistent with the most rocks; therefore, I14 was invalidated and removed. At a 2475 year mean return period, the removal of this invalid ground-motion model resulted in a 2–7% reduction in the mean and a 10–36% reduction in the 5th–95th fractile uncertainty of the ground-motion estimates. Our findings demonstrate the value of empirical data from precariously balanced rocks as a validation tool for removing invalid ground-motion models and, in turn, reducing the uncertainty in earthquake ground-motion estimates.
","language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","doi":"10.1130/B36484.1","usgsCitation":"Rood, A.H., Rood, D., Balco, G., Stafford, P.J., Grant Ludwig, L., Kendrick, K.J., and Wilcken, K., 2023, Validation of earthquake ground-motion models in southern California, USA, using precariously balanced rocks: GSA Bulletin, v. 135, no. 9-10, p. 2179-2199, https://doi.org/10.1130/B36484.1.","productDescription":"21 p.","startPage":"2179","endPage":"2199","ipdsId":"IP-143199","costCenters":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":482565,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -118,\n 34.6\n ],\n [\n -118,\n 33.6\n ],\n [\n -116,\n 33.6\n ],\n [\n -116,\n 34.6\n ],\n [\n -118,\n 34.6\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"135","issue":"9-10","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2022-12-20","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Rood, Anna H.","contributorId":245478,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Rood","given":"Anna","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":928942,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Rood, Dylan","contributorId":167067,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Rood","given":"Dylan","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":24608,"text":"Imperial College London","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":928943,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Balco, Greg","contributorId":347027,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Balco","given":"Greg","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":13621,"text":"Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":928944,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Stafford, Peter J.","contributorId":261918,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Stafford","given":"Peter","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":24608,"text":"Imperial College London","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":928945,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Grant Ludwig, Lisa","contributorId":245422,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Grant Ludwig","given":"Lisa","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":34134,"text":"UC Irvine","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":928946,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Kendrick, Katherine J. 0000-0002-9839-6861","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9839-6861","contributorId":207907,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kendrick","given":"Katherine","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":928947,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Wilcken, Klaus","contributorId":351569,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Wilcken","given":"Klaus","affiliations":[{"id":84009,"text":"Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":928948,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}} ,{"id":70239050,"text":"70239050 - 2023 - Cryptic declines of small, cold-water specialists highlight potential vulnerabilities of headwater streams as climate refugia","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-12-22T12:48:14.551596","indexId":"70239050","displayToPublicDate":"2022-12-20T06:45:50","publicationYear":"2023","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1015,"text":"Biological Conservation","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Cryptic declines of small, cold-water specialists highlight potential vulnerabilities of headwater streams as climate refugia","docAbstract":"Increasing temperatures and climate-driven disturbances like wildfire are a growing threat to many species, including cold-water specialists. Montane areas and cold streams are often considered climate refugia that buffer communities against change. However, climate refugia are often species-specific, and despite growing awareness that life histories and habitat requirements shape responses to change, small or non-game species are often under-represented in monitoring and planning programs. A recent study in Montana, USA, revealed much larger warming-related declines in occupancy for small, non-game slimy sculpin (Cottus cognatus) between 1993 and 1995 and 2011–2013 than for two socially valued salmonid fishes that shape regional conservation efforts. To broaden insight into climate change vulnerabilities of headwater stream communities, we analyzed data for Rocky Mountain tailed frogs (Ascaphus montanus) that were collected during those same electrofishing surveys for fishes from 241 stream reaches. Tailed frogs occupy small, cold streams and have several life-history traits that make them sensitive to environmental change. We used a Bayesian framework to estimate occupancy, colonization, and extinction dynamics relative to forest canopy, estimated stream temperature, and wildfire effects. Tailed frog occupancy decreased by 19 % from 1993 to 1995 to 2011–2013. Changes in occupancy were linked with increased extinction and reduced colonization where there were fire-driven reductions in canopy cover, and reduced colonization of stream reaches that warmed on average 0.8 °C during the study. Our results highlight extensive extirpations for oft-overlooked species and emphasize the importance of including species with diverse habitat requirements and life histories in conservation planning.
Rock detention structures (RDS) are used in restoration of riparian areas around the world. The purpose of this study was to analyze the effect of RDS installation on vegetation in terms of species abundance and composition. We present the results from 5 years of annual vegetation sampling which focused on short term non-woody vegetation response within the riparian channel at 3 restoration sites across southeastern Arizona. We examined the potential ways that RDS can preserve native species, encourage wetland species, and/or introduce nonnative species using a Control-Impact-Paired-Series study design. Species composition and frequency were measured within quadrats and zones on an annual basis. Multivariate bootstrap analyses were performed, including Bray-Curtis dissimilarity index and non-metric multidimensional scaling ordination. We found that response to RDS was variable and could be related to the level of degradation or proximity to groundwater. The non-degraded site did not show a response to RDS and the severely degraded site showed a slight increase in vegetation frequency, but the moderately degraded site experienced a significant increase. At the moderately degraded site, located between two historic ciénegas (desert wetlands), species composition shifted and nonnative species invaded, dominating the vegetation increase at this location. At the severely degraded site, pre-existing wetland species frequency increased in response to the installation of RDS. These findings extend the understanding of RDS effects on vegetation, provide scenarios to help land and water resource managers understand potential outcomes, and can assist in optimizing success for restoration projects.
The Prairie Pothole Region (PPR) is globally important for breeding waterfowl but has been altered via wetland drainage and grassland conversion to accommodate agricultural land use. Thus, understanding the ecology of waterfowl in these highly modified landscapes is essential for their conservation. Brood occurrence is the cumulative outcome of key life-history events including pair formation and territory establishment, nest success, and early brood survival. We applied new technological advances in brood surveying methods to understand brood use of wetlands and how land use and wetland-specific factors influenced brood use of 413 wetlands in crop-dominated landscapes in the PPR of Iowa, Minnesota, North Dakota, and South Dakota, USA, during summers of 2018–2020. Dynamic occupancy models combining information from 2 visits throughout the year revealed no difference among the 4 states or between private and public lands, resulting in a region-wide annual wetland occupancy estimate of 0.41 (95% credible interval [CrI] = 0.26, 0.58). We assessed aquatic invertebrate forage availability, wetland and upland vegetation communities, and various water chemistry metrics in a subset (n = 225) of these wetlands to evaluate how landscape and wetland-specific factors influenced occupancy. The amount of grassland surrounding wetlands was the only variable to influence occupancy at a landscape scale, while wetland size, invertebrates, fish, and vegetation communities influenced occupancy at finer scales. Closer scrutiny of wetland area revealed occupancy was greater in small wetlands after controlling for total wetland area. Our results indicate the greatest constraint on brood occupancy across crop-dominated landscapes of the PPR in the United States was the occurrence of semipermanent wetlands suitable for brood rearing. Other factors, such as wetland vegetation or surrounding land use, had minor intervening influences on duck brood use and ducks were distributed invariant of wetland ownership or broad spatial processes occurring among states. These results demonstrated wetland conservation and restoration strategies are likely to yield gains in annual duck broods across this vast, altered, and highly modified landscape.
Bottled water (BW) consumption in the United States and globally has increased amidst heightened concern about environmental contaminant exposures and health risks in drinking water supplies, despite a paucity of directly comparable, environmentally-relevant contaminant exposure data for BW. This study provides insight into exposures and cumulative risks to human health from inorganic/organic/microbial contaminants in BW.
BW from 30 total domestic US (23) and imported (7) sources, including purified tapwater (7) and spring water (23), were analyzed for 3 field parameters, 53 inorganics, 465 organics, 14 microbial metrics, and in vitro estrogen receptor (ER) bioactivity. Health-benchmark-weighted cumulative hazard indices and ratios of organic-contaminant in vitro exposure-activity cutoffs were assessed for detected regulated and unregulated inorganic and organic contaminants.
48 inorganics and 45 organics were detected in sampled BW. No enforceable chemical quality standards were exceeded, but several inorganic and organic contaminants with maximum contaminant level goal(s) (MCLG) of zero (no known safe level of exposure to vulnerable sub-populations) were detected. Among these, arsenic, lead, and uranium were detected in 67 %, 17 %, and 57 % of BW, respectively, almost exclusively in spring-sourced samples not treated by advanced filtration. Organic MCLG exceedances included frequent detections of disinfection byproducts (DBP) in tapwater-sourced BW and sporadic detections of DBP and volatile organic chemicals in BW sourced from tapwater and springs. Precautionary health-based screening levels were exceeded frequently and attributed primarily to DBP in tapwater-sourced BW and co-occurring inorganic and organic contaminants in spring-sourced BW.
The results indicate that simultaneous exposures to multiple drinking-water contaminants of potential human-health concern are common in BW. Improved understandings of human exposures based on more environmentally realistic and directly comparable point-of-use exposure characterizations, like this BW study, are essential to public health because drinking water is a biological necessity and, consequently, a high-vulnerability vector for human contaminant exposures.
Veniaminof Volcano on the Alaska Peninsula of southwest Alaska is one of a small group of ice-clad volcanoes globally that erupts lava flows in the presence of glacier ice. Here, we describe the nature of lava-ice-snow interactions that have occurred during historical eruptions of the volcano since 1944. Lava flows with total volumes on the order of 0.006 km3 have been erupted in 1983–1984, 1993–1994, 2013, and 2018. Smaller amounts of lava (1 × 10−4 km3 or less) were generated during eruptions in 1944 and 2021. All known historical eruptions have occurred at a 300-m-high cinder cone (informally named cone A) within the 8 × 10-km-diameter ice-filled caldera that characterizes Veniaminof Volcano. Supraglacial lava flows erupted at cone A, resulted in minor amounts of melting and did not lead to any significant outflows of water in nearby drainages. Subglacial effusion of lava in 1983–1984, 2021 and possibly in 1944 and 1993–1994 resulted in more significant melting including a partially water-filled melt pit, about 0.8 km2 in area, that developed during the 1983–1984 eruption. The 1983–1984 event created an impression that meltwater floods from Mount Veniaminof’s ice-filled caldera could be significant and hazardous given the large amount of glacier ice resident within the caldera (ice volume about 8 km3). To date, no evidence supporting catastrophic outflow of meltwater from lava-ice interactions at cone A has been found. Analysis of imagery from the 1983–1984 eruption shows that the initial phase erupted englacial lavas that melted ice/snow/firn from below, producing surface subsidence outward from the cone with no discernable surface connection to the summit vent on cone A. This also happened during the 2021 eruption, and possibly during the 1993–1994 eruption although meltwater lakes did not form during these events. Thus, historical eruptions at Veniaminof Volcano appear to have two different modes of effusive eruptive behavior, where lava reaches the ice subglacially from flank vents, or where lava flows are erupted subaerially from vents near the summit of cone A and flow down the cone on to the ice surface. When placed in the context of global lava-ice eruptions, in cases where lava flows melt the ice from the surface downward, the main hazards are from localized phreatic explosions as opposed to potential flood/lahar hazards. However, when lava effusion/emplacement occurs beneath the ice surface, melting is more rapid and can produce lakes whose drainage could plausibly produce localized floods and lahars.
","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1007/s11069-022-05523-4","usgsCitation":"Waythomas, C.F., Edwards, B.R., Miller, T.P., and McGimsey, R.G., 2023, Lava-ice interactions during historical eruptions of Veniaminof Volcano, Alaska and the potential for meltwater floods and lahars: Natural Hazards, v. 115, p. 73-106, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11069-022-05523-4.","productDescription":"34 p.","startPage":"73","endPage":"106","ipdsId":"IP-135174","costCenters":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":467131,"rank":2,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11069-022-05523-4","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":463345,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"Veniaminof Volcano","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -159.5358525511267,\n 56.27834441063078\n ],\n [\n -159.5358525511267,\n 56.05302637076889\n ],\n [\n -159.12370600367657,\n 56.05302637076889\n ],\n [\n -159.12370600367657,\n 56.27834441063078\n ],\n [\n -159.5358525511267,\n 56.27834441063078\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"115","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2022-12-16","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Waythomas, Christopher F. 0000-0002-3898-272X cwaythomas@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3898-272X","contributorId":640,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Waythomas","given":"Christopher","email":"cwaythomas@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":917055,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Edwards, Benjamin R","contributorId":345586,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Edwards","given":"Benjamin","email":"","middleInitial":"R","affiliations":[{"id":39028,"text":"Dickinson College","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":917056,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Miller, Thomas P","contributorId":345587,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Miller","given":"Thomas","email":"","middleInitial":"P","affiliations":[{"id":36206,"text":"Retired","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":917057,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"McGimsey, Robert G. 0000-0001-5379-7779 mcgimsey@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5379-7779","contributorId":2352,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McGimsey","given":"Robert","email":"mcgimsey@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":917058,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70239011,"text":"70239011 - 2023 - Genetic architecture and evolution of color variation in American black bears","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-01-18T17:28:15.216346","indexId":"70239011","displayToPublicDate":"2022-12-16T07:49:49","publicationYear":"2023","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1352,"text":"Current Biology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Genetic architecture and evolution of color variation in American black bears","docAbstract":"Color variation is a frequent evolutionary substrate for camouflage in small mammals, but the underlying genetics and evolutionary forces that drive color variation in natural populations of large mammals are mostly unexplained. The American black bear, Ursus americanus (U. americanus), exhibits a range of colors including the cinnamon morph, which has a similar color to the brown bear, U. arctos, and is found at high frequency in the American southwest. Reflectance and chemical melanin measurements showed little distinction between U. arctos and cinnamon U. americanus individuals. We used a genome-wide association for hair color as a quantitative trait in 151 U. americanus individuals and identified a single major locus (p < 10−13). Additional genomic and functional studies identified a missense alteration (R153C) in Tyrosinase-related protein 1 (TYRP1) that likely affects binding of the zinc cofactor, impairs protein localization, and results in decreased pigment production. Population genetic analyses and demographic modeling indicated that the R153C variant arose 9.36 kya in a southwestern population where it likely provided a selective advantage, spreading both northwards and eastwards by gene flow. A different TYRP1 allele, R114C, contributes to the characteristic brown color of U. arctos but is not fixed across the range.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/j.cub.2022.11.042","usgsCitation":"Puckett, E., Davis, I.S., Harper, D.C., Wakamatsu, K., Battu, G., Belant, J., Beyer, D.E., Carpenter, C., Crupi, A., Davidson, M., DePerno, C.S., Forman, N., Fowler, N.L., Garshelis, D.L., Gould, N., Gunther, K., Haroldson, M.A., Ito, S., Kocka, D.M., Lackey, C., Leahy, R., Lee-Roney, C., Lewis, T., Lutto, A., McGowan, K., Olfenbuttel, C., Orlando, M., Platt, A., Pollard, M.D., Ramaker, M., Reich, H., Sajecki, J.L., Sell, S.K., Strules, J., Thompson, S., van Manen, F.T., Whitman, C., Williamson, R., Winslow, F., Kaelin, C.B., Marks, M.S., and Barsh, G.S., 2023, Genetic architecture and evolution of color variation in American black bears: Current Biology, v. 33, no. 1, p. 86-97, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2022.11.042.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"86","endPage":"97","ipdsId":"IP-143084","costCenters":[{"id":481,"text":"Northern Rocky Mountain Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":445098,"rank":2,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/10039708","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":410793,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Canada, Mexico, United States","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -107.85157251445827,\n 25.6211792901653\n ],\n [\n -97.58268484778245,\n 23.084984518665763\n ],\n [\n -96.96832358817309,\n 27.11908661835035\n ],\n [\n -91.54341286821204,\n 29.674296848638633\n ],\n [\n -85.61608647951357,\n 30.00825129481538\n ],\n [\n -81.84087040426968,\n 26.400103408668386\n ],\n [\n -80.18411199752484,\n 26.92465845160062\n ],\n [\n -80.56235407106773,\n 31.76638154317395\n ],\n [\n -75.1885029754967,\n 35.619498983946855\n ],\n [\n -73.82570962813662,\n 39.802245647958785\n ],\n [\n -70.32156080785978,\n 42.731285388995474\n ],\n [\n -65.20253876832015,\n 44.75914396894834\n ],\n [\n -66.18489680108061,\n 43.67486445570324\n ],\n [\n -60.3982413153156,\n 45.77618805411478\n ],\n [\n -52.86860077882844,\n 47.48999714077618\n ],\n [\n -58.66729728770852,\n 55.854592629494135\n ],\n [\n -64.12779841707362,\n 60.11371527907423\n ],\n [\n -76.44848050666239,\n 63.10538026810016\n ],\n [\n -109.48842417309726,\n 66.7498526487866\n ],\n [\n -140.75947552586504,\n 67.40329083145704\n ],\n [\n -166.44571907544412,\n 65.70394653058045\n ],\n [\n -168.00858309753102,\n 60.67622546491444\n ],\n [\n -172.21140880784844,\n 60.83339346513449\n ],\n [\n -166.26803084694873,\n 59.54666069030014\n ],\n [\n -161.89508471831965,\n 58.29760083198573\n ],\n [\n -161.84501939855392,\n 56.218992211277936\n ],\n [\n -163.3965990246336,\n 55.42321766496832\n ],\n [\n -157.95494761717828,\n 55.46465046303916\n ],\n [\n -153.04594629078406,\n 57.78263455069717\n ],\n [\n -150.57652857683686,\n 59.37586371371165\n ],\n [\n -142.645601969195,\n 59.779723448669074\n ],\n [\n -133.62317137693802,\n 54.77924777921652\n ],\n [\n -125.14085680739743,\n 47.78704512961323\n ],\n [\n -124.56418312254539,\n 38.52255897996048\n ],\n [\n -119.5903644515603,\n 33.15932270643472\n ],\n [\n -115.27027549361577,\n 32.79226182167089\n ],\n [\n -107.84109362691999,\n 25.284249601824158\n ],\n [\n -107.85157251445827,\n 25.6211792901653\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"33","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Puckett, E.","contributorId":300214,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Puckett","given":"E.","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":17864,"text":"University of Memphis","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":859684,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Davis, I. 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L.","contributorId":300219,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Belant","given":"J. L.","affiliations":[{"id":6601,"text":"Michigan State University","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":859689,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Beyer, D. E.","contributorId":300220,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Beyer","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":6601,"text":"Michigan State University","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":859690,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Carpenter, C.","contributorId":300221,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Carpenter","given":"C.","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":40299,"text":"West Virginia Division of Natural Resources","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":859691,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Crupi, A. 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B.","contributorId":300249,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Kaelin","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[{"id":65057,"text":"School of Medicine, Stanford","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":859720,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":40},{"text":"Marks, M. S.","contributorId":300250,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Marks","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":64596,"text":"Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":859721,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":41},{"text":"Barsh, G. S.","contributorId":300251,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Barsh","given":"G.","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":65054,"text":"HudsonAlpha","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":859722,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":42}]}} ,{"id":70240631,"text":"70240631 - 2023 - Spatial and temporal distribution of sinuous ridges in southeastern Terra Sabaea and the northern region of Hellas Planitia, Mars","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-03-01T17:25:37.201183","indexId":"70240631","displayToPublicDate":"2022-12-16T07:14:28","publicationYear":"2023","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1963,"text":"Icarus","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Spatial and temporal distribution of sinuous ridges in southeastern Terra Sabaea and the northern region of Hellas Planitia, Mars","docAbstract":"Sinuous ridges are an important yet understudied component of Mars' hydrologic history. We have produced a map of sinuous ridges, valleys and channels, and tectonic ridges across southeastern Terra Sabaea and into northern Hellas Planitia (10°-45° S, 35°-80° E) using a CTX mosaic. Although we mapped different types of ridges and negative relief features, the focus of this paper are the sinuous ridges. We present here a new dataset of sinuous ridges that includes basic morphometry (e.g., length, width, sinuosity), morphology, and the types of terrains they are located on. We chose our region of interest because it includes surface ages spanning Mars' geologic history, with emphasis on Noachian and Hesperian terrains. The shift from either a warm and wet or a cold and icy environment to our modern cold and dry climate occurred towards the end of the Noachian and into the Hesperian, a critical temporal window to characterize fluvial landforms.
Our CTX-based mapping significantly improved the documentation of fluvial landforms within the study region, with over an order of magnitude increase in the number of valley networks and channels, and nearly 1700 sinuous ridges. Sinuous ridges are found in concentrated settings, with the majority (∼80%) located within impact craters and relatively few (∼20%) on the intercrater plains. Fluvial features are prevalent on Early and Middle Noachian-aged terrain but are relatively rare in the Late Noachian, signifying a shift in fluvial activity that likely led to a decrease in channel incision and subsequent inversion of relief. A subset of sinuous ridges—radial ridges in high-elevation, degraded craters— are possible records of ancient proglacial lakes. The youngest sinuous ridges are associated with intracrater alluvial fans in a narrow zone (∼12°S to 30°S and ∼ 62°E to 77°E). These formed in the Late Hesperian into the Amazonian, reflecting a later epoch of punctuated fluvial events driven by pre-existing topography and solar insolation.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/j.icarus.2022.115399","usgsCitation":"Gullikson, A.L., Anderson, R.B., and Williams, R.M., 2023, Spatial and temporal distribution of sinuous ridges in southeastern Terra Sabaea and the northern region of Hellas Planitia, Mars: Icarus, v. 394, 115399, 14 p., https://doi.org/10.1016/j.icarus.2022.115399.","productDescription":"115399, 14 p.","ipdsId":"IP-129949","costCenters":[{"id":131,"text":"Astrogeology Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":445100,"rank":2,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.icarus.2022.115399","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":412941,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"otherGeospatial":"Hellas Plantia, Mars, Terra Sabaea","volume":"394","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Gullikson, Amber L. 0000-0002-1505-3151","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1505-3151","contributorId":208679,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gullikson","given":"Amber","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":131,"text":"Astrogeology Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":864024,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Anderson, Ryan B. 0000-0003-4465-2871 rbanderson@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4465-2871","contributorId":170054,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Anderson","given":"Ryan","email":"rbanderson@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[{"id":131,"text":"Astrogeology Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":864025,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Williams, Rebecca M.E.","contributorId":302332,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Williams","given":"Rebecca","email":"","middleInitial":"M.E.","affiliations":[{"id":13179,"text":"Planetary Science Institute","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":864026,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70238945,"text":"70238945 - 2023 - Effects of structure and volcanic stratigraphy on groundwater and surface water flow: Hat Creek basin, California, USA","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-03-31T15:02:55.092427","indexId":"70238945","displayToPublicDate":"2022-12-16T06:57:41","publicationYear":"2023","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1923,"text":"Hydrogeology Journal","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Effects of structure and volcanic stratigraphy on groundwater and surface water flow: Hat Creek basin, California, USA","docAbstract":"Hydrogeologic systems in the southern Cascade Range in California (USA) develop in volcanic rocks where morphology, stratigraphy, extensional structures, and attendant basin geometry play a central role in groundwater flow paths, groundwater/surface-water interactions, and spring discharge locations. High-volume springs (greater than 3 m3/s) flow from basin-filling (<800 ka) volcanic rocks in the Hat Creek and Fall River tributaries and contribute approximately half of the average annual flow of the Pit River, the largest tributary to Shasta Lake. A hydrogeologic conceptual framework is constructed for the Hat Creek basin combining new geologic mapping, water-well lithologic logs, a database of active faults, LiDAR mapping of faults and volcanic landforms, streamflow measurements and airborne thermal infrared remote sensing of stream temperature. These data are used to integrate the geologic structure and the volcanic and volcaniclastic stratigraphy to create a three-dimensional interpretation of the hydrogeology in the basin. Two large streamflow gains from focused groundwater discharge near Big Spring and north of Sugarloaf Peak result from geologic barriers that restrict lateral groundwater flow and force water into Hat Creek. The inferred groundwater-flow barriers divide the aquifer system into at least three leaky compartments. The two downstream compartments lose streamflow in the upstream reaches (immediately downstream of the groundwater-flow barriers) and gain in downstream reaches with the greatest inflows immediately upstream of the barriers.
Discoveries made during the 18 May 1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens advanced our understanding of tephra transport and deposition in fundamental ways. The eruption enabled detailed, quantitative observations of downwind cloud movement and particle sedimentation, along with the dynamics of co-pyroclastic-density current (PDC) clouds lofted from ground-hugging currents. The deposit was mapped and sampled over more than 150,000 km2 within days of the event and remains among the most thoroughly documented tephra deposits in the world. Abundant observations were made possible by the large size of the eruption, its occurrence in good weather during daylight hours, cloud movement over a large, populated continent, and the availability of images from recently deployed satellites. These observations underpinned new, quantitative models for the rise and growth of volcanic plumes, the importance of umbrella clouds in dispersing ash, and the roles of particle aggregation and gravitational instabilities in removing ash from the atmosphere. Exceptional detail in the eruption chronology and deposit characterization helped identify the eruptive phases contributing to deposition in different sectors of the distal deposit. The eruption was the first to significantly impact civil aviation, leading to the earliest documented case of in-flight engine damage. Continued eruptive activity in 1980 also motivated pioneering use of meteorological models to forecast ash-cloud movement. In this paper, we consider the most important discoveries and how they changed the science of tephra transport.
Deep-sea coral habitats, comprising mostly Lophelia pertusa (Linnaeus 1758), are well developed on the upper and middle continental slope off the southeastern United States (SEUS). These habitats support a diverse and abundant invertebrate fauna, yet ecology and biology of most of these species are poorly known. Ten cruises conducted off the SEUS (Summer–Fall; Cape Lookout, NC–Cape Canaveral, FL) from 2000 to 2005, and in 2009 provided an opportunity to investigate abundance and distribution of Eumunida picta Smith1883, a large-sized species of squat lobster commonly associated with these deep-water coral habitats. Video analysis from 70 manned-submersible dives documented occurrence, density, location on the coral colony, and behavioral observations for 5774 individuals of E. picta. Individuals collected (n = 178) from coral and adjacent habitats (e.g., rubble, soft sediments) were measured and their sex determined. Males and females were comparable in size (to 53.5 mm carapace length) and exhibited a sex ratio of approximately 1:1. Eumunida picta were most frequently observed as solitary individuals on high-profile coral matrix and were noted only infrequently on coral rubble, or rarely on soft substratum. Presence of coral habitat (i.e., live/dead L. pertusa), geographic region within the sampling area, and depth significantly influenced abundances of E. picta. Additionally, coral habitat (dead versus live coral), vertical position on the coral (upper, middle, or lower zone), as well as horizontal position in relation to the coral matrix (outer surface versus embedded in coral matrix) were significant factors influencing E. picta distributions within the coral habitat. More individuals were found on dead versus live coral, and most frequently occurred on the outer surfaces of coral branches located on the upper portion or near the tops of coral colonies. Eumunida picta were most often observed with claws extended into the water column. This unique hunting stance provides this squat lobster the opportunity to capture prey from the water column. An active predator, this species utilizes both pelagic (i.e., fishes, pyrosomes) and benthic (e.g., scavenging and grazing) food resources, and may function as an important trophic link between the water column and the benthos. Although considered a facultative reef associate in the strictest sense of the term, E. picta has a complex and intimate relationship with L. pertusa. Based on observations from dive videos, E. picta is a dominant and ecologically important member of the invertebrate assemblage associated with deep-sea coral habitats off the SEUS. As such, this species figures prominently in the structure and function of this ecosystem.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/j.dsr.2022.103953","usgsCitation":"Nizinski, M.S., McClain Counts, J., and Ross, S.W., 2023, Habitat utilization, demography, and behavioral observations of the squat lobster, Eumunida picta (Crustacea: Anomura: Eumunididae), on western North Atlantic deep-water coral habitats: Deep-Sea Research Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography, v. 193, 103953, 20 p.; Data Release, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr.2022.103953.","productDescription":"103953, 20 p.; Data Release","ipdsId":"IP-145573","costCenters":[{"id":17705,"text":"Wetland and Aquatic Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":445108,"rank":3,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr.2022.103953","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":411341,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":414826,"rank":2,"type":{"id":30,"text":"Data Release"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5066/P9SYJUJN","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","otherGeospatial":"western North Atlantic","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -79.99026419015127,\n 27.290563814093574\n ],\n [\n -78.14057288217109,\n 27.651357530019922\n ],\n [\n -77.07172444542535,\n 28.699952584012266\n ],\n [\n -75.8341243236539,\n 31.795816338340643\n ],\n [\n -74.35357485494727,\n 34.954423308593064\n ],\n [\n -75.47334960048407,\n 35.3163537710838\n ],\n [\n -76.60498711049124,\n 34.53514585117303\n ],\n [\n -77.30172293596715,\n 34.36027883319805\n ],\n [\n -78.12488963094005,\n 33.66114332984414\n ],\n [\n -78.77918881841038,\n 33.56733248056554\n ],\n [\n -79.5135731063979,\n 32.80599446091246\n ],\n [\n -80.71317149531318,\n 31.971533592235616\n ],\n [\n -81.35895057240324,\n 31.202430930334316\n ],\n [\n -81.22456898983918,\n 29.737874767209576\n ],\n [\n -79.99026419015127,\n 27.290563814093574\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"193","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Nizinski, Martha S.","contributorId":174770,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Nizinski","given":"Martha","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":27510,"text":"NMFS National Systematics Laboratory, Smithsonian Institution","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":860743,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"McClain Counts, Jennifer 0000-0002-3383-5472","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3383-5472","contributorId":219233,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McClain Counts","given":"Jennifer","affiliations":[{"id":17705,"text":"Wetland and Aquatic Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":860744,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Ross, Steve W.","contributorId":72543,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Ross","given":"Steve","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":860745,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70266501,"text":"70266501 - 2023 - Tracking fish lifetime exposure to mercury using eye lenses","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-05-09T14:40:07.251144","indexId":"70266501","displayToPublicDate":"2022-12-14T09:38:16","publicationYear":"2023","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":5925,"text":"Environmental Science and Technology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Tracking fish lifetime exposure to mercury using eye lenses","docAbstract":"Mercury (Hg) uptake in fish is affected by diet, growth, and environmental factors such as primary productivity or oxygen regimes. Traditionally, fish Hg exposure is assessed using muscle tissue or whole fish, reflecting both loss and uptake processes that result in Hg bioaccumulation over entire lifetimes. Tracking changes in Hg exposure of an individual fish chronologically throughout its lifetime can provide novel insights into the processes that affect Hg bioaccumulation. Here we use eye lenses to determine Hg uptake at an annual scale for individual fish. We assess the widely distributed benthic round goby (Neogobius melanostomus) from the Baltic Sea, Lake Erie, and the St. Lawrence River. We aged layers of the eye lens using proportional relationships between otolith length at age and eye lens radius for each individual fish. Mercury concentrations were quantified using laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. The eye lens Hg content revealed that Hg exposure increased with age in Lake Erie and the Baltic Sea but decreased with age in the St. Lawrence River, a trend not detected using muscle tissues. This novel methodology for measuring Hg concentration over time with eye lens chronology holds promise for quantifying how global change processes like increasing hypoxia affect the exposure of fish to Hg.
","language":"English","publisher":"ACS Publications","doi":"10.1021/acs.estlett.2c00755","usgsCitation":"Miraly, H., Razavi, N.R., Vogl, A., Kraus, R., Gorman, A., and Limburg, K., 2023, Tracking fish lifetime exposure to mercury using eye lenses: Environmental Science and Technology, v. 10, no. 3, p. 222-227, https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.estlett.2c00755.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"222","endPage":"227","ipdsId":"IP-146262","costCenters":[{"id":324,"text":"Great Lakes Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":490110,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.estlett.2c00755","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":485643,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"10","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2022-12-14","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Miraly, Hadis","contributorId":354772,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Miraly","given":"Hadis","affiliations":[{"id":33387,"text":"SUNY-ESF","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":936373,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Razavi, N. Roxanna 0000-0003-4077-496X","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4077-496X","contributorId":224997,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Razavi","given":"N.","email":"","middleInitial":"Roxanna","affiliations":[{"id":12623,"text":"State University of New York College of Environmental Science and Forestry","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":936374,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Vogl, Annabelle","contributorId":354774,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Vogl","given":"Annabelle","affiliations":[{"id":33387,"text":"SUNY-ESF","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":936375,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Kraus, Richard 0000-0003-4494-1841","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4494-1841","contributorId":216548,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kraus","given":"Richard","affiliations":[{"id":324,"text":"Great Lakes Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":936376,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Gorman, Ann Marie","contributorId":350334,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Gorman","given":"Ann Marie","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":936377,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Limburg, Karin 0000-0003-3716-8555","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3716-8555","contributorId":225258,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Limburg","given":"Karin","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":12722,"text":"Cornell University","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":936378,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70241592,"text":"70241592 - 2023 - A large new crater exposes the limits of water ice on Mars","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-05-16T15:34:22.846494","indexId":"70241592","displayToPublicDate":"2022-12-14T08:45:54","publicationYear":"2023","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1807,"text":"Geophysical Research Letters","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A large new crater exposes the limits of water ice on Mars","docAbstract":"Water ice in the Martian mid-latitudes has advanced and retreated in response to variations in the planet's orbit, obliquity, and climate. A 150 m-diameter new impact crater near 35°N provides the lowest-latitude impact exposure of subsurface ice on Mars. This is the largest known ice-exposing crater and provides key constraints on Martian climate history. This crater indicates a regional, relatively pure ice deposit that is unstable and has nearly vanished. In the past, this deposit may have been tens of meters thick and extended equatorward of 35°N. We infer that it is overlain by pore ice emplaced during temporary stable intervals, due to recent climate variability. The marginal survival of ice here suggests that it is near the edge of shallow ice that regularly exchanges with the atmosphere.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/2022GL100747","usgsCitation":"Dundas, C., Mellon, M.T., Posiolova, L.V., Miljkovic, K., Collins, G., Tornabene, L.L., Rangarajan, V.G., Golombek, M.P., Warner, N.H., Daubar, I.J., Byrne, S., McEwen, A.S., Seelos, K.D., Viola, D., Bramson, A.M., and Speth, G., 2023, A large new crater exposes the limits of water ice on Mars: Geophysical Research Letters, v. 50, e2022GL100747, 9 p., https://doi.org/10.1029/2022GL100747.","productDescription":"e2022GL100747, 9 p.","ipdsId":"IP-140105","costCenters":[{"id":131,"text":"Astrogeology Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":445110,"rank":2,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2022gl100747","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":414700,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"otherGeospatial":"Mars","volume":"50","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2023-01-23","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Dundas, Colin M. 0000-0003-2343-7224","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2343-7224","contributorId":237028,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dundas","given":"Colin M.","affiliations":[{"id":131,"text":"Astrogeology Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":867407,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Mellon, Michael T.","contributorId":8603,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Mellon","given":"Michael","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[{"id":7037,"text":"Southwest Research Institute, Boulder, Colorado","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":867408,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Posiolova, Liliya V","contributorId":303374,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Posiolova","given":"Liliya","email":"","middleInitial":"V","affiliations":[{"id":36716,"text":"Malin Space Science Systems","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":867409,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Miljkovic, Katarina","contributorId":303375,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Miljkovic","given":"Katarina","affiliations":[{"id":13639,"text":"Curtin University","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":867410,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Collins, Gareth S","contributorId":303376,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Collins","given":"Gareth S","affiliations":[{"id":24608,"text":"Imperial College London","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":867411,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Tornabene, Livio L.","contributorId":203691,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Tornabene","given":"Livio","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":13255,"text":"University of Western Ontario","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":867412,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Rangarajan, Vidhya Ganesh","contributorId":303377,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Rangarajan","given":"Vidhya","email":"","middleInitial":"Ganesh","affiliations":[{"id":13255,"text":"University of Western Ontario","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":867413,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Golombek, Matthew P.","contributorId":175450,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Golombek","given":"Matthew","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[{"id":7023,"text":"Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":867414,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Warner, Nicholas H.","contributorId":193499,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Warner","given":"Nicholas","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":867415,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9},{"text":"Daubar, Ingrid J.","contributorId":204233,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Daubar","given":"Ingrid","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":7023,"text":"Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":867416,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":10},{"text":"Byrne, Shane","contributorId":192609,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Byrne","given":"Shane","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":867417,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":11},{"text":"McEwen, Alfred S.","contributorId":61657,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"McEwen","given":"Alfred","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":7042,"text":"University of Arizona","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":867418,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":12},{"text":"Seelos, Kimberly D.","contributorId":189160,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Seelos","given":"Kimberly","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":867419,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":13},{"text":"Viola, Donna","contributorId":127526,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Viola","given":"Donna","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":7042,"text":"University of Arizona","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":867420,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":14},{"text":"Bramson, Ali M 0000-0003-4903-0916","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4903-0916","contributorId":201618,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Bramson","given":"Ali","email":"","middleInitial":"M","affiliations":[{"id":27205,"text":"U. Arizona","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":867421,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":15},{"text":"Speth, Gunnar","contributorId":258279,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Speth","given":"Gunnar","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":36716,"text":"Malin Space Science Systems","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":867531,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":16}]}} ,{"id":70248126,"text":"70248126 - 2023 - Seasonal resource selection and movement ecology of free-ranging horses in the western United States","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-09-05T12:26:23.603732","indexId":"70248126","displayToPublicDate":"2022-12-14T07:22:41","publicationYear":"2023","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2508,"text":"Journal of Wildlife Management","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Seasonal resource selection and movement ecology of free-ranging horses in the western United States","docAbstract":"Understanding factors driving resource selection and habitat use of different species is an important component of management and conservation. Feral horses (Equus caballus) are free ranging across various vegetation types in the western United States, yet few studies have quantified their resource selection and seasonal use. We conducted a study to determine effects of vegetation community, distance to water, and topographic variables on seasonal resource selection in 2 feral horse populations in Great Basin sagebrush (Artemisia spp.) ecosystems of west-central Utah, USA: Conger Herd Management Area (HMA) and Frisco HMA. We deployed global positioning system (GPS) radio-collars on 38 female horses and GPS-transmitters braided and glued into the tail hair of 14 males, collecting locations every 2 hours for 1–4 years between 2016 and 2020. We calculated home range size and core use area of social groups (harems) and bachelor males using auto-correlated kernel density estimators for each biologically defined season (breeding, fall, and winter) per study year. We examined seasonal home range size and overlap of harem groups and bachelor males and compared movement speed of bachelors and harems among seasons. We determined seasonal resource selection in a use-availability framework using resource selection functions. We hypothesized that horses would select for areas of high herbaceous vegetation, that water would be a key variable in resource selection models like other equids, and home range size in winter would be largest because horses can eat snow for hydration and could therefore roam farther from surface water. Mean annual home range size was 103.12 ± 37.38 km2 (SD) for Conger harems and 117.47 ± 32.75 km2 for Frisco harems. At Conger there was no difference in home range size between harem groups and bachelor males, but home range size was smaller in winter than other seasons, whereas winter home range size at Frisco was larger than other seasons. Bachelor males moved at higher speeds than harems during all seasons, and harem groups from both populations had lower movement speeds in winter. Harem groups had distinct winter ranges with little overlap on breeding season ranges. In both populations, all horses selected for herbaceous vegetation types and avoided forest relative to shrubland throughout the year. Harems at Frisco were consistently located closer to water sources, whereas selection for water sources by Conger harems varied seasonally, with winter having the lowest selection. Harem groups at Conger had an average of 10.6% of their home ranges outside the HMA boundary and Frisco harems had up to 66.8% outside, likely because of the horseshoe shape of Frisco HMA in which shrub meadows (foraging areas) comprise the horseshoe center, which is outside the HMA. Our results highlight the importance of water sources, which were a key predictor of horse movement patterns in our study. We emphasize the utility of telemetry devices to understand resource selection of feral horses at a fine scale, enabling management to be more targeted and facilitate planning.
Excessive sediment runoff as a result of anthropogenic activities is a major concern for watershed ecologic health. This study sought to determine the sources, storage, and delivery of sediment using a sediment budget approach for the predominantly pasture and forested Smith Creek watershed, Virginia United States, a tributary to the Chesapeake Bay. Utilizing a novel combination of the Universal Soil Loss Equation (USLE) model and an index of connectivity along with field surveys of channels, this study indicated that streambanks and pastures were major sources of sediment. Overestimation of fine-grained sediment flux exported from the watershed according to this study's models (3811 Mg/year) compared to export measured at the outlet (2918 Mg/year) most likely indicates underestimation of storage in the watershed from unaccounted for geomorphic features (ponds, toe slopes, and colluvial slopes). Sediment budget results indicating that streambanks are a major source of sediment in the watershed support previous sediment fingerprinting results and provide a framework for managers to address the sediment problem in Smith Creek and similar tributaries to the Chesapeake Bay.
Studies of marine terraces and their fossils can yield important information about sea level history, tectonic uplift rates, and paleozoogeography, but some aspects of terrace history, particularly with regard to their fossil record, are not clearly understood. Marine terraces are well preserved on Santa Rosa Island, California, and the island is situated near a major marine faunal boundary. Two prominent low-elevation terraces record the ∼80 ka (marine isotope stage [MIS] 5a) and ∼120 ka (MIS 5e) high-sea stands, based on U-series dating of fossil corals and aminostratigraphic correlation to dated localities elsewhere in California and Baja California. Low uplift rates are implied by an interpretation of these ages, along with their elevations. The fossil assemblage from the ∼120 ka (2nd) terrace contains a number of northern, cool-water species, along with several southern, warm-water species, a classic example of what has been called a thermally anomalous fauna. Low uplift rates in the late Pleistocene, combined with glacial isostatic adjustment (GIA) processes, could have resulted in reoccupation of the ∼120 ka (MIS 5e), 2nd terrace during the ∼100 ka (MIS 5c) high-sea stand, explaining the mix of warm-water (∼120 ka?) and cool-water (∼100 ka?) fossils in the terrace deposits. In addition, however, sea surface temperature (SST) variability during MIS 5e may have been a contributing factor, given that Santa Rosa Island is bathed at times by the cold California Current with its upwelling and at other times is subject to El Niño warm waters, evident in the Holocene SST record. Study of an older, high-elevation marine terrace on the western part of Santa Rosa Island shows more obvious evidence of fossil mixing. Strontium isotope ages span a large range, from ∼2.3 Ma to ∼0.91 Ma. These analyses indicate an age range of ∼500 ka at one locality and ∼ 600 ka at another locality, interpreted to be due to terrace reoccupation and fossil reworking. Consideration of elevations and ages here also yield low, long-term uplift rates, which in part explains the potential for terrace reoccupation in the early Pleistocene. In addition, however, early Pleistocene glacial-interglacial cycles were of much shorter duration, linked to the ∼41 ka obliquity cycle of orbital forcing, a factor that would also enhance terrace reoccupation in regions of low uplift rate. It is likely that other Pacific Coast marine terrace localities of early Pleistocene age, in areas with low uplift rates, also have evidence of fossil mixing from these processes, an hypothesis that can be tested in future studies.
Although there have been few attempts to systematically analyze information on the use of deterrents on polar bears (Ursus maritimus), understanding their effectiveness in mitigating human-polar bear conflicts is critical to ensuring both human safety and polar bear conservation. To fill this knowledge gap, we analyzed 19 incidents involving the use of bear spray on free-ranging polar bears from 1986 to 2019 in Canada, Russia, and the United States to evaluate the effectiveness of bear spray as a polar bear deterrent. We found that bear spray was an effective deterrent in close-range encounters with polar bears, stopping undesirable behavior in 18 of 19 incidents. Bear spray effectively deterred both curious and aggressive polar bears, including polar bears attempting to attack people. The mean distance between user and bear at the time of spraying was 2 m (min–max = 0.2–10.0 m, mode = 1 m), though bears were usually first seen at greater distances. Bear spray was successfully deployed against polar bears in all 4 seasons. Wind affected spray performance in 1 of 19 of incidents. In 8 of 14 bear spray incidents, other deterrents were used without success before bear spray was used effectively to deter polar bears. No humans or polar bears were killed or injured in any of the incidents in which bear spray was used. We also analyzed 54 polar bear attacks and attempted attacks on humans where bear spray was not carried. The data suggest that in 93% of those incidents, the use of bear spray might have saved the lives of both the people and bears involved if it had been available and used. Our analysis improves our understanding of the effectiveness of bear spray for polar bear conflict mitigation.
Ocular aerial surveys allow efficient coverage of large areas and can be used to monitor abundance and distribution of wild populations. However, uncertainty around resulting population estimates can be large due to difficulty in visually identifying and counting animals from aircraft, as well as logistical challenges in estimating detection probabilities. Photographic aerial surveys can mitigate these challenges and can allow flight at higher altitudes to minimize disturbance of birds and improve safety for surveyors. We evaluated a photographic aerial survey that incorporated a systematic sampling design with automated photo capture and processing for fall-staging geese at Izembek Lagoon, Alaska, in 2017–2019. Ocular aerial surveys have been completed at Izembek Lagoon for >40 years. For the new photo survey, we used a commercial system to automatically trigger cameras at preset points. We then applied a machine-learning algorithm trained to automatically identify and count geese in our photos, manually corrected those counts, and quantified the algorithm's accuracy. We translated corrected counts into density and extrapolated mean density across the entire lagoon to estimate total population size for Pacific brant (Branta bernicla) and cackling geese (B. hutchinsii). The automated algorithm undercounted geese, but successfully identified the small subset of photos containing geese. Manual correction was therefore needed only for photos automatically identified as containing geese, allowing substantial reduction of workload. Manually-corrected, photo-based estimates of Pacific brant and cackling goose population sizes were larger and more precise than ocular estimates in all 3 years. To reduce costs with little penalty for variance around population estimates, the photographic survey design could be optimized by reducing the number of transects to ~67% of the current number while still manually correcting all photos in which the automated algorithm detected geese. Further years of both ocular and photo surveys would be needed to calibrate the photo estimates against the >40-year timeseries of the ocular survey, after which the photo series could successfully guide management of Pacific brant. As technologies continue to advance, we expect photographic surveys with automated counting to be easily implemented and advantageous to many monitoring programs.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wildlife Society","doi":"10.1002/wsb.1407","usgsCitation":"Weiser, E.L., Flint, P.L., Marks, D.K., Shults, B.S., Wilson, H.M., Thompson, S.J., and Fischer, J., 2023, Optimizing surveys of fall-staging geese using aerial imagery and automated counting: Wildlife Society Bulletin, v. 47, no. 1, e1407, 21 p., https://doi.org/10.1002/wsb.1407.","productDescription":"e1407, 21 p.","ipdsId":"IP-137880","costCenters":[{"id":65299,"text":"Alaska Science Center Ecosystems","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":445127,"rank":3,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1002/wsb.1407","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":435547,"rank":2,"type":{"id":30,"text":"Data Release"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5066/P9HNU1WE","text":"USGS data release","linkHelpText":"R scripts for analysis of fall photographic waterfowl surveys, Izembek NWR, Alaska, 2017-2019"},{"id":435546,"rank":2,"type":{"id":30,"text":"Data Release"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5066/P9ALG8MY","text":"USGS data release","linkHelpText":"Counts of Birds in Aerial Photos from Fall Waterfowl Surveys, Izembek Lagoon, Alaska, 2017-2019"},{"id":435545,"rank":2,"type":{"id":30,"text":"Data Release"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5066/P9UHP1LE","text":"USGS data release","linkHelpText":"Aerial Photo Imagery from Fall Waterfowl Surveys, Izembek Lagoon, Alaska, 2017-2019"},{"id":410789,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"Izembek Lagoon","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -162.07980014813813,\n 55.30350115100623\n ],\n [\n -162.4399694624232,\n 55.561700478328845\n ],\n [\n -163.24548326666869,\n 55.14387580648213\n ],\n [\n -163.36472851261436,\n 55.08541810057966\n ],\n [\n -163.24548326666869,\n 55.02547988825049\n ],\n [\n -162.9437197871326,\n 55.02268988023704\n ],\n [\n -162.1041359126169,\n 55.26608141501123\n ],\n [\n -162.07980014813813,\n 55.3021158638397\n ],\n [\n -162.07980014813813,\n 55.30350115100623\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"47","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2022-12-13","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Weiser, Emily L. 0000-0003-1598-659X","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1598-659X","contributorId":206605,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Weiser","given":"Emily","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":65299,"text":"Alaska Science Center Ecosystems","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":859723,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Flint, Paul L. 0000-0002-8758-6993 pflint@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8758-6993","contributorId":3284,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Flint","given":"Paul","email":"pflint@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":117,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology WTEB","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":859724,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Marks, Dennis K","contributorId":300252,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Marks","given":"Dennis","email":"","middleInitial":"K","affiliations":[{"id":6654,"text":"USFWS","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":859725,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Shults, Brad S","contributorId":300254,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Shults","given":"Brad","email":"","middleInitial":"S","affiliations":[{"id":6654,"text":"USFWS","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":859726,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Wilson, Heather M.","contributorId":37056,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Wilson","given":"Heather","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":13236,"text":"U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Migratory Bird Management","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":859727,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Thompson, Sarah J.","contributorId":300256,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Thompson","given":"Sarah","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":65059,"text":"Idaho Dept Fish & Game","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":859728,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Fischer, Julian B.","contributorId":207042,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Fischer","given":"Julian B.","affiliations":[{"id":36188,"text":"U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":859729,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}} ,{"id":70247517,"text":"70247517 - 2023 - Estimates of k0 and effects on ground motions in the San Francisco Bay area","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-08-11T13:23:21.704651","indexId":"70247517","displayToPublicDate":"2022-12-13T07:00:33","publicationYear":"2023","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1135,"text":"Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America","onlineIssn":"1943-3573","printIssn":"0037-1106","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"displayTitle":"Estimates of k0 and effects on ground motions in the San Francisco Bay area","title":"Estimates of k0 and effects on ground motions in the San Francisco Bay area","docAbstract":"Ground‐motion studies are a key component of seismic hazard analyses and often rely on information of the source, path, and site. Extensive research has been done on each of these parameters; however, site‐specific studies are of particular interest to seismic hazard studies, especially in the field of earthquake engineering, as near‐site conditions can have a significant impact on the resulting ground motion at a site. There has been much focus on the constraint of site parameters and their application to seismic hazard studies, especially in the development of ground‐motion models (GMMs). Kappa is an observational parameter describing the high‐frequency attenuation of spectra, and its site contribution (
Identifying habitat needs for species with large distributions is challenging because species-habitat associations may vary across scales and regions (spatial nonstationarity). Furthermore, management efforts often cross jurisdictional boundaries, complicating the development of cohesive conservation strategies among management entities. The greater sage-grouse (Centrocercus urophasianus) is a rapidly declining species that spans 11 U.S. states and responds to habitat conditions across a wide range of spatial scales and regions. Allowing for regional variance in species-habitat associations and suitability predictions could systematically identify important habitats at levels relevant to management. We collaboratively developed a model with Bureau of Land Management (BLM) biologists that: (1) evaluated the scale of effect for different environmental covariates; (2) accounted for regional differences in population-level responses; and (3) predicted probabilities of persistence across the U.S. occupied range. We modeled range-wide lek persistence data (6615 communal breeding sites classified as active or inactive) as a function of environmental covariates. Environmental covariates included sagebrush cover, pinyon-juniper cover, topography, precipitation, point and line disturbance densities, and landscape configuration metrics. Our model treated habitat assessment areas – regionally delineated by BLM biologists – as random intercepts and slopes that allowed for geographic variation in species-habitat associations and predicted probabilities of lek persistence. Our final model indicated support for 12 environmental covariates predicting lek persistence at scales extending between 1- to 15-km radii from lek centers, and a covariate measuring distance to the occupied range boundary. Five of these covariates showed significant regionally varying responses: sagebrush clumpiness (a measure of habitat aggregation), pinyon-juniper cover, point disturbance of anthropogenic features such as energy infrastructure and communication towers, elevation, and a topographic index associated with mesic habitats. This spatial nonstationarity indicates unitary range-wide recommendations, or rules-of-thumb with respect to their effects on lek persistence, may be problematic for these environmental conditions. For covariates that did not include random slopes, and which were potentially amenable to management actions, we found that leks were predicted to become extirpated when sagebrush cover fell below 9.6 % (summarized at the 3.2-km radius extent), and the proportion of classified sagebrush habitat fell below 0.7 (1-km). We produced a continuous predictive probability surface of lek persistence which we binned based on model sensitivity thresholds to produce habitat quality categories. The highest quality habitat (capturing 50 % of active leks) covered 25.5 % of the occupied range, while the combined lowest through highest quality habitats (capturing 95 % of active leks) covered 65.0 %. Accommodating regional environmental differences in models that are relevant to habitat management planning will help ensure their applicability to targeted goals. Continuous collaboration between modelers and land managers early in the modeling process increases the likelihood of this outcome.
The iconic volcanic center at Long Valley has released ∼820 km3 of rhyolite in at least 110 eruptions. From 2.2 Ma until 0.23 Ma, products were exclusively rhyolitic, and ∼ 700 km3 were high-silica rhyolite severely depleted in Sr, Ba, and Eu. The rhyolitic interval was preceded by an interval from 3.9 to 2.6 Ma with numerous basalt-andesite-dacite eruptions accompanied by no rhyolite at all. We have now mapped the circumcaldera products of this interval, defined 107 eruptive units, characterized them all chemically and petrographically, and dated many by 40Ar/39Ar. Here we display and describe them by sector around the caldera, interpret the nature of the transcrustal magma system that eventuated in the 35-km-wide Long Valley granite-rhyolite pluton, and analyze regional tectonic factors that did or did not contribute to siting the system.
Nine Miocene (12–6 Ma) eruptive units close to Long Valley were followed by a Pliocene flare-up that released >300 mafic eruptions in a SW–NE swath 170 km long, centered across the later site of Long Valley. The basalts and their fractionates are intraplate alkalic products dominated by a continental lithosphere that had long been fluxed by Mesozoic subduction. Tertiary arc volcanism had not impinged on the area of Long Valley. Volumes estimated for the 107 Neogene precaldera eruptive units (only 40 of which exceeded 0.1 km3) total ∼ 27 km3 ± 50%—only ∼3% of the subsequent volume of rhyolite erupted. Such a volume of high-silica rhyolite with ultra-low Sr and Eu is not a product of partial melting but requires as proximate parent a leucogranitic crystal mush that is itself the upper level of a long-lived plutonic reservoir that extends to the lower crust. The 27 km3 of Neogene magma that erupted was a small contingent of the mantle-derived basaltic flux needed to energize (and contribute its fractionated melt to) a 30-km-deep compositionally graded crustal column, which culminated in ∼10,000 km3 of granitoid mush from which 820 km3 of Quaternary high-silica rhyolitic melt escaped and erupted.
Pliocene basaltic eruptions ceased at ∼2.6 Ma, probably because the basaltic flux intensified sufficiently to render the mushy upper crust impenetrable. The 2.6–2.2 Ma quiescent interval represented culmination of thermal activation of the plutonic column and refinement of its leucogranitic mushy upper layer, from which extreme melts escaped for the next 2 Myr. The Pliocene mafic swath crosses the Sierran rangefront fault zone coincident with a left-stepping extensional reentrant that also began developing at ∼3 Ma. Moreover, Long Valley overlies a dextral offset in the initial Sr-isotope 0.706 line, which may reflect the rifted or attenuated edge of Proterozoic crust and mantle lithosphere. Concatenation of these three influences may account for siting of intensified edge-focused magmatism that produced the great Quaternary pluton.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2022.107726","usgsCitation":"Hildreth, E., Fierstein, J., and Calvert, A.T., 2023, Precaldera mafic magmatism at Long Valley, California: Magma-tectonic siting and incubation of the Great Rhyolite System: Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, v. 433, 107726, 36 p., https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2022.107726.","productDescription":"107726, 36 p.","ipdsId":"IP-141327","costCenters":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":445134,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2022.107726","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":413276,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -119.28124388750244,\n 37.86382864098137\n ],\n [\n -119.28124388750244,\n 37.40028484577047\n ],\n [\n -118.4301505906455,\n 37.40028484577047\n ],\n [\n -118.4301505906455,\n 37.86382864098137\n ],\n [\n -119.28124388750244,\n 37.86382864098137\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"433","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hildreth, Edward 0000-0002-7925-4251 hildreth@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7925-4251","contributorId":146999,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hildreth","given":"Edward","email":"hildreth@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":864844,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Fierstein, Judith E. 0000-0001-8024-1426","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8024-1426","contributorId":269401,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fierstein","given":"Judith E.","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":864845,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Calvert, Andrew T. 0000-0001-5237-2218 acalvert@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5237-2218","contributorId":2694,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Calvert","given":"Andrew","email":"acalvert@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":864846,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70239432,"text":"70239432 - 2023 - Magma storage and transport timescales for the 1959 Kīlauea Iki eruption and implications for diffusion chronometry studies using time-series samples versus tephra deposits","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-01-13T12:54:34.34429","indexId":"70239432","displayToPublicDate":"2022-12-12T06:49:49","publicationYear":"2023","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1109,"text":"Bulletin of Volcanology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Magma storage and transport timescales for the 1959 Kīlauea Iki eruption and implications for diffusion chronometry studies using time-series samples versus tephra deposits","docAbstract":"Complex crystal cargo in basaltic eruptions has the potential to yield diverse insights on pre- and syn-eruptive timescales of magma storage and transport. Research on eruption products from the 1959 eruption from Kīlauea Iki Crater at Kīlauea volcano (Hawai‘i) demonstrates that time-series samples collected during an eruption can yield a wealth of information not accessible by studying the fall deposit alone. Major element zoning in olivine crystals illustrates four environments of magma storage that were variably mixed and progressively involved in the eruption. Diffusion timescales retrieved from crystals < 1 mm in size are typically much shorter than those from crystals > 1 mm, illustrating the additional complexity of information recorded by different grain sizes and olivine populations. The timescales can be divided into two groups: (1) t > 100 days reflect longer-term magma recharge into Kīlauea’s deep (8–10 km) reservoir system and (2) t < 100 days broadly correspond to a period of unrest and inflation beginning ~ 3 months prior to eruption. Some timescales reflect syn-eruptive processes, where diffusion began after the eruption onset. Progressive changes in zoning populations in the time-series scoriae samples illustrate how quickly diffusive re-equilibration can erase older magmatic histories and information and underscores that studies on fall deposits can lead to an incomplete record of magmatic processes. Thus, diffusion timescales from fall deposits alone should be cautiously interpreted with the caveat that they may be missing a substantial part of the total eruptive event and, therefore, the record of magmatic histories inferred from crystal cargo.