Binary coded wire tags (CWTs) are used extensively for identification and management of anadromous salmonid populations. A study of bacterial kidney disease (BKD) in two brood year groups of hatchery-reared spring chinook salmon Oncorhynchus tshawytscha provided strong evidence that horizontal transmission of Renibacterium salmoninarum, the causative agent of BKD, might be enhanced by CWT-marking procedures. About 4 months after CWTs were implanted in the snouts of juvenile fish, 14-16 different tissues were sampled from each of 60 fish per brood year group for histological analysis. Of the fish that were positive for R. salmoninarum by histological examination, 41% (7 of 17) of the 1988 brood year fish and 24% (10 of 42) of the 1989 brood year fish had BKD lesions confined to the head near the site of tag implantation. These lesions often resulted in the destruction of tissues of one or both olfactory organs. No focal snout infections were observed in fish that had not been marked with CWTs. Further data obtained from tissue analyses by use of an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and a fluorescent antibody test for detection of R. salmoninarum supported the hypothesis that infections of R. salmoninarum can be initiated in the snout tissues of CWT-marked fish and then spread to other organs. The tagging procedures might promote transmission of the pathogen among fish via contaminated tagging needles, by facilitating the entry of pathogens through the injection wound, or both. Limited evidence from this study suggested that implantation of passive integrated transponder tags in the peritoneal cavities of fish might also promote the transmission of R. salmoninarum or exacerbate existing infections. The results indicated a need for strict sanitary procedures during the tagging of fish in populations positive for R. salmoninarum to reduce the probability of enhanced horizontal transmission of the pathogen.
","language":"English","publisher":"Taylor & Francis","doi":"10.1577/1548-8667(2001)013<0181:ETCWTP>2.0.CO;2","issn":"08997659","usgsCitation":"Elliott, D., and Pascho, R., 2001, Evidence that coded-wire-tagging procedures can enhance transmission of Renibacterium salmoninarum in chinook salmon: Journal of Aquatic Animal Health, v. 13, no. 3, p. 181-193, https://doi.org/10.1577/1548-8667(2001)013<0181:ETCWTP>2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"181","endPage":"193","numberOfPages":"13","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":654,"text":"Western Fisheries Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":232467,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":207480,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1577/1548-8667(2001)013<0181:ETCWTP>2.0.CO;2"}],"volume":"13","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0d71e4b0c8380cd5300b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Elliott, D.G.","contributorId":58226,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Elliott","given":"D.G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":398802,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Pascho, R.J.","contributorId":65796,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pascho","given":"R.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":398803,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70023776,"text":"70023776 - 2001 - Pesticides associated with suspended sediments entering San Francisco Bay following the first major storm of water year 1996","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-11-28T11:00:49","indexId":"70023776","displayToPublicDate":"2001-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1583,"text":"Estuaries","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Pesticides associated with suspended sediments entering San Francisco Bay following the first major storm of water year 1996","docAbstract":"Estuaries receive large quantities of suspended sediments following the first major storm of the water year. The first-flush events transport the majority of suspended sediments in any given year, and because of their relative freshness in the hydrologic system, these sediments may carry a significant amount of the sediment-associated pesticide load transported into estuaries. To characterize sediment-associated pesticides during a first-flush event, water and suspended sediment samples were collected at the head of the San Francisco Bay during the peak in suspended sediment concentration that followed the first major storm of the 1996 hydrologic year. Samples were analyzed for a variety of parameters as well as 19 pesticides and degradation products that span a wide range of hydrophobicity. Tidal mixing at the head of the estuary mixed relatively fresh suspended sediment transported down the rivers with suspended sediments in estuary waters. Segregation of the samples into groups with similar degrees of mixing between river and estuary water revealed that transport of suspended sediments from the Sacramento-San Joaquin drainage basin strongly influenced the concentration and distribution of sediment-associated pesticides entering the San Francisco Bay. The less-mixed suspended sediment contained a different distribution of pesticides than the sediments exposed to greater mixing. Temporal trends were evident in pesticide content after samples were segregated according to mixing history. These results indicate sampling strategies that collect at a low frequency or do not compare samples with similar mixing histories will not elucidate basin processes. Despite the considerable influence of mixing, a large number of pesticides were found associated with the suspended sediments. Few pesticides were found in the concurrent water samples and in concentrations much lower than predicted from equilibrium partitioning between the aqueous and sedimentary phases. The observed sediment-associated pesticide concentrations may reflect disequilibria between sedimentary and aqueous phases resulting from long equilibration times at locations where pesticides were applied, and relatively short transit times over which re-equilibration may occur.
","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.2307/1353239","issn":"01608347","usgsCitation":"Bergamaschi, B.A., Kuivila, K., and Fram, M.S., 2001, Pesticides associated with suspended sediments entering San Francisco Bay following the first major storm of water year 1996: Estuaries, v. 24, no. 3, p. 368-380, https://doi.org/10.2307/1353239.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"368","endPage":"380","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":552,"text":"San Francisco Bay-Delta","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":5079,"text":"Pacific Regional Director's Office","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":232466,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"24","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a7736e4b0c8380cd7844c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bergamaschi, Brian A. 0000-0002-9610-5581 bbergama@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9610-5581","contributorId":140776,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bergamaschi","given":"Brian","email":"bbergama@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":398799,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Kuivila, Kathryn 0000-0001-7940-489X kkuivila@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7940-489X","contributorId":190790,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kuivila","given":"Kathryn","email":"kkuivila@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":518,"text":"Oregon Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":398800,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Fram, Miranda S. 0000-0002-6337-059X mfram@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6337-059X","contributorId":1156,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fram","given":"Miranda","email":"mfram@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":398801,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70023775,"text":"70023775 - 2001 - Locating earthquakes: At what distance can the Earth no longer be treated as flat?","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-12-23T17:23:37.545264","indexId":"70023775","displayToPublicDate":"2001-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3372,"text":"Seismological Research Letters","onlineIssn":"1938-2057","printIssn":"0895-0695","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Locating earthquakes: At what distance can the Earth no longer be treated as flat?","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"Seismological Society of America","doi":"10.1785/gssrl.72.5.538","issn":"00128287","usgsCitation":"Snoke, J., and Lahr, J., 2001, Locating earthquakes: At what distance can the Earth no longer be treated as flat?: Seismological Research Letters, v. 72, no. 5, p. 538-541, https://doi.org/10.1785/gssrl.72.5.538.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"538","endPage":"541","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":232427,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"otherGeospatial":"Earth","volume":"72","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a48fee4b0c8380cd682ab","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Snoke, J.A.","contributorId":23310,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Snoke","given":"J.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":398797,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Lahr, J.C.","contributorId":34892,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lahr","given":"J.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":398798,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70023774,"text":"70023774 - 2001 - A metadata initiative for global information discovery","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:13","indexId":"70023774","displayToPublicDate":"2001-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1850,"text":"Government Information Quarterly","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A metadata initiative for global information discovery","docAbstract":"The Global Information Locator Service (GILS) encompasses a global vision framed by the fundamental values of open societies. Societal values such as a free flow of information impose certain requirements on the society's information infrastructure. These requirements in turn shape the various laws, policies, standards, and technologies that determine the infrastructure design. A particular focus of GILS is the requirement to provide the means for people to discover sources of data and information. Information discovery in the GILS vision is designed to be decentralized yet coherent, and globally comprehensive yet useful for detailed data. This article introduces basic concepts and design issues, with emphasis on the techniques by which GILS supports interoperability. It explains the practical implications of GILS for the common roles of organizations involved in handling information, from content provider through system engineer and intermediary to searcher. The article provides examples of GILS initiatives in various types of communities: bibliographic, geographic, environmental, and government. ?? 2001 Elsevier Science Inc.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Government Information Quarterly","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/S0740-624X(01)00074-0","issn":"0740624X","usgsCitation":"Christian, E., 2001, A metadata initiative for global information discovery: Government Information Quarterly, v. 18, no. 3, p. 209-221, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0740-624X(01)00074-0.","startPage":"209","endPage":"221","numberOfPages":"13","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":207460,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0740-624X(01)00074-0"},{"id":232426,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"18","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e44de4b0c8380cd4657c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Christian, E.","contributorId":99318,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Christian","given":"E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":398796,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70023772,"text":"70023772 - 2001 - Initial hydrologic and geomorphic response following a wildfire in the Colorado front range","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-06-05T10:31:23","indexId":"70023772","displayToPublicDate":"2001-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1425,"text":"Earth Surface Processes and Landforms","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Initial hydrologic and geomorphic response following a wildfire in the Colorado front range","docAbstract":"A wildfire in May 1996 burned 4690 hectares in two watersheds forested by ponderosa pine and Douglas fir in a steep, mountainous landscape with a summer, convective thunderstorm precipitation regime. The wildfire lowered the erosion threshold in the watersheds, and consequently amplified the subsequent erosional response to shorter time interval episodic rainfall and created both erosional and depositional features in a complex pattern throughout the watersheds. The initial response during the first four years was an increase in runoff and erosion rates followed by decreases toward pre-fire rates. The maximum unit-area peak discharge was 24 m3 s-1 km-2 for a rainstorm in 1996 with a rain intensity of 90 mm h-1. Recovery to pre-fire conditions seems to have occurred by 2000 because for a maximum 30-min rainfall intensity of 50 mm h-1, the unit-area peak discharge in 1997 was 6.6 m3 s-1 km-2, while in 2000 a similar intensity produced only 0.11 m3 s-1 km-2. Rill erosion accounted for 6 per cent, interrill erosion for 14 per cent, and drainage erosion for 80 per cent of the initial erosion in 1996. This represents about a 200-fold increase in erosion rates on hillslopes which had a recovery or relaxation time of about three years. About 67 per cent of the initially eroded sediment is still stored in the watersheds after four years with an estimated residence time greater than 300 years. This residence time is much greater than the fire recurrence interval so erosional and depositional features may become legacies from the wildfire and may affect landscape evolution by acting as a new set of initial conditions for subsequent wildfire and flood sequences.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1002/esp.253","issn":"01979337","usgsCitation":"Moody, J.A., and Martin, D.A., 2001, Initial hydrologic and geomorphic response following a wildfire in the Colorado front range: Earth Surface Processes and Landforms, v. 26, no. 10, p. 1049-1070, https://doi.org/10.1002/esp.253.","productDescription":"22 p.","startPage":"1049","endPage":"1070","numberOfPages":"22","costCenters":[{"id":5044,"text":"National Research Program - Central Branch","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":37277,"text":"WMA - Earth System Processes Division","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":232424,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United 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the world. Comparisons of those maps with actual ground water quality data have shown that the DRASTIC method is typically a poor predictor of ground water contamination. This study significantly improved the effectiveness of a modified DRASTIC ground water vulnerability map by calibrating the point rating schemes to actual ground water quality data by using nonparametric statistical techniques and a geographic information system. Calibration was performed by comparing data on nitrite plus nitrate as nitrogen (NO2+ NO3-N) concentrations in ground water to land-use, soils, and depth to first-encountered ground water data. These comparisons showed clear statistical differences between NO2+ NO3-N concentrations and the various categories. Ground water probability point ratings for NO2+ NO3-N contamination were developed from the results of these comparisons, and a probability map was produced. This ground water probability map was then correlated with an independent set of NO2+ NO3-N data to demonstrate its effectiveness in predicting elevated NO2+ NO3-N concentrations in ground water. This correlation demonstrated that the probability map was effective, but a vulnerability map produced with the uncalibrated DRASTIC method in the same area and using the same data layers was not effective. Considerable time and expense have been outlaid to develop ground water vulnerability maps with the DRASTIC method. This study demonstrates a cost-effective method to improve and verify the effectiveness of ground water vulnerability maps.
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Atrazine is chosen because it is widely used, is transported in runoff relatively easily, is widely observed in surface waters, and has relatively little loss in the stream network. Data on runoff of atrazine from experimental plot and field studies is combined with annual estimates of load in numerous streams and rivers, resulting in a data set with 408 observations that span 14 orders of magnitude in area. The load as a percent of use (LAPU) on an annual basis is the parameter that is compared among the studies. There is no difference in the mean or range of LAPU values for areas from the size of experimental field plots (???0.000023 ha) and small watersheds (<100 000 ha). The relatively invariant LAPU value observed across a large range of watershed areas implies that the characteristics of atrazine itself (application method and chemical properties) are important in determining the extent of runoff. The variable influences on the extent of runoff from individual watershed characteristics and weather events are superimposed on the relatively invariant LAPU value observed across the range of watershed areas. The results from this study establish the direct relevance for agricultural field plot studies to watershed studies across the full range of scale.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Environmental Science and Technology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1021/es001220f","issn":"0013936X","usgsCitation":"Capel, P., and Larson, S., 2001, Effect of scale on the behavior of atrazine in surface waters: Environmental Science & Technology, v. 35, no. 4, p. 648-657, https://doi.org/10.1021/es001220f.","startPage":"648","endPage":"657","numberOfPages":"10","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":207508,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es001220f"},{"id":232508,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"35","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2001-01-12","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0603e4b0c8380cd5109d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Capel, P. D. 0000-0003-1620-5185","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1620-5185","contributorId":95498,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Capel","given":"P. D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":398641,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Larson, S.J.","contributorId":17641,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Larson","given":"S.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":398640,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70023738,"text":"70023738 - 2001 - The dependence of acoustic properties of a crack on the resonance mode and geometry","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:13","indexId":"70023738","displayToPublicDate":"2001-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1807,"text":"Geophysical Research Letters","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The dependence of acoustic properties of a crack on the resonance mode and geometry","docAbstract":"We examine the dependence of the acoustic properties of a crack containing magmatic or hydrothermal fluids on the resonance mode and geometry to quantify the source properties of long-period (LP) events observed in volcanic areas. Our results, based on spectral analyses of synthetic waveforms generated with a fluid-driven crack model, indicate that the basic features of the dimensionless frequency (??) and quality factor (Qr) for a crack containing various types of fluids are not strongly affected by the choice of mode, although the actual ranges of Q?? and ?? both depend on the mode. The dimensionless complex frequency systematically varies with changes in the crack geometry, showing increases in both Qr and ?? as the crack length to aperture ratio decreases. The present results may be useful for the interpretation of spatial and temporal variations in the observed complex frequencies of LP events.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Geophysical Research Letters","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1029/2001GL013025","issn":"00948276","usgsCitation":"Kumagai, H., and Chouet, B., 2001, The dependence of acoustic properties of a crack on the resonance mode and geometry: Geophysical Research Letters, v. 28, no. 17, p. 3325-3328, https://doi.org/10.1029/2001GL013025.","startPage":"3325","endPage":"3328","numberOfPages":"4","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":478916,"rank":10000,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2001gl013025","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":207507,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2001GL013025"},{"id":232507,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"28","issue":"17","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505baa8be4b08c986b322893","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kumagai, Hiroyuki","contributorId":71337,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Kumagai","given":"Hiroyuki","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":398639,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Chouet, B. A.","contributorId":31813,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chouet","given":"B. A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":398638,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70023737,"text":"70023737 - 2001 - Transport and fate of organic wastes in groundwater at the Stringfellow hazardous waste disposal site, southern California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-12-03T08:32:04","indexId":"70023737","displayToPublicDate":"2001-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2233,"text":"Journal of Contaminant Hydrology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Transport and fate of organic wastes in groundwater at the Stringfellow hazardous waste disposal site, southern California","docAbstract":"In January 1999, wastewater influent and effluent from the pretreatment plant at the Stringfellow hazardous waste disposal site were sampled along with groundwater at six locations along the groundwater contaminant plume. The objectives of this sampling and study were to identify at the compound class level the unidentified 40–60% of wastewater organic contaminants, and to determine what organic compound classes were being removed by the wastewater pretreatment plant, and what organic compound classes persisted during subsurface waste migration. The unidentified organic wastes are primarily chlorinated aromatic sulfonic acids derived from wastes from DDT manufacture. Trace amounts of EDTA and NTA organic complexing agents were discovered along with carboxylate metabolites of the common alkylphenolpolyethoxylate plasticizers and nonionic surfactants. The wastewater pretreatment plant removed most of the aromatic chlorinated sulfonic acids that have hydrophobic neutral properties, but the p-chlorobenzenesulfonic acid which is the primary waste constituent passed through the pretreatment plant and was discharged in the treated wastewaters transported to an industrial sewer. During migration in groundwater, p-chlorobenzenesulfonic acid is removed by natural remediation processes. Wastewater organic contaminants have decreased 3- to 45-fold in the groundwater from 1985 to 1999 as a result of site remediation and natural remediation processes. The chlorinated aromatic sulfonic acids with hydrophobic neutral properties persist and have migrated into groundwater that underlies the adjacent residential community.
The Sebree Trough is a relatively narrow, shale-filled sedimentary feature extending for several hundred kilometers across the Middle and Late Ordovician carbonate platform of the Midcontinent United States. The dark graptolitic shales within the trough stand in contrast to the coeval bryozoan-brachiopod-echinoderm– rich limestones on the flanking platforms. We infer from regional stratal patterns, thickness and facies trends, and temporal relations established by biostratigraphy and K-bentonite stratigraphy that the Sebree Trough initially began to develop during late Turinian to early Chatfieldian time (Mohawkian Series) as a linear bathymetric depression situated over the failed late Precambrian–Early Cambrian Reelfoot Rift. Rising sea level and positioning of a subtropical convergence zone along the southern margin of Laurentia caused the rift depression to descend into cool, oxygen-poor, phosphate-rich oceanic waters that entered the southern reaches of the rift from the Iapetus Ocean. The trough apparently formed in a system of epicontinental estuarine circulation marked by a density- stratified water column. Trough formation was accompanied by cessation of carbonate sedimentation, deposition of graptolitic shales, development of hardground omission surfaces, substrate erosion, and local phosphogenesis. The carbonate platforms on either side of the trough are dominated by bryozoan-brachiopod- echinoderm grainstones and packstones that were deposited in zones of mixing where cool, nutrient-rich waters encountered warmer shelf waters. Concurrently, lime mudstone and wackestone were deposited shoreward (northern Illinois, Wisconsin, Iowa, Minnesota, Michigan) in warmer, more tropical shallow seas. Coeval upward growth of the flanking carbonate platforms sustained and enhanced development of the trough shale facies.
Five widespread diachronous late Mohawkian and Cincinnatian omission surfaces are present in the carbonate facies of the Midcontinent. These surfaces include sub-Deicke K-bentonite, DS1; top of Black River Limestone, DS2; base and top of the Guttenberg Limestone Member of the Decorah Formation, DS3 and DS4; and top of the Trenton Limestone, DS5. Some of the surfaces correspond to previously described depositional sequence boundaries. All five surfaces, which embody deepening phases on top of highstand-systems tracts, converge in the Sebree Trough, indicating that the trough was a long-lived feature and was the source of eutrophic waters that episodically spread across the adjacent platforms, terminating carbonate production. Late Turinian and early Chatfieldian incipient drowning episodes were followed by a final drowning event that began in the Sebree Trough during the late Chatfieldian (Climacograptus spiniferus Zone) and reached southernmost Minnesota and other regions far within the platform interior by Richmondian time (Amorphognathus ordovicicus Zone).
","language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","doi":"10.1130/0016-7606(2001)113<1067:TOSTAO>2.0.CO;2","issn":"00167606","usgsCitation":"Kolata, D.R., Huff, W., and Bergstrom, S., 2001, The Ordovician Sebree Trough: An oceanic passage to the Midcontinent United States: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 113, no. 8, p. 1067-1078, https://doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(2001)113<1067:TOSTAO>2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"1067","endPage":"1078","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":232422,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Indiana, Kentucky, Ohio, Tennessee","otherGeospatial":"Sebree Trough","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -89.5166015625,\n 36.474306755095235\n ],\n [\n -87.5830078125,\n 35.60371874069731\n ],\n [\n -85.18798828125,\n 37.37015718405753\n ],\n [\n -82.59521484375,\n 40.195659093364654\n ],\n [\n -83.84765625,\n 40.84706035607122\n ],\n [\n -89.5166015625,\n 36.474306755095235\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"113","issue":"8","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505ba86ae4b08c986b321be9","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kolata, Dennis R.","contributorId":79495,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Kolata","given":"Dennis","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":398622,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Huff, W.D.","contributorId":48327,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Huff","given":"W.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":398621,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Bergstrom, Stig M.","contributorId":80832,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bergstrom","given":"Stig M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":398623,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70023700,"text":"70023700 - 2001 - Interparticle collision of natural sediment grains in water","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-03-30T10:23:37","indexId":"70023700","displayToPublicDate":"2001-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3722,"text":"Water Resources Research","onlineIssn":"1944-7973","printIssn":"0043-1397","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Interparticle collision of natural sediment grains in water","docAbstract":"Elastohydrodynamic theory and measurements of particle impacts on an inclined glass plane in water are used to investigate the mechanics of interparticle collisions in sediment‐transporting flows. A collision Stokes number is proposed as a measure of the momentum of an interparticle collision versus the viscous pressure force in the interstitial gap between colliding particles. The viscous pressure force opposes motion of the particles on approach and rebound. A Stokes number of between 39 and 105 is estimated as the critical range below which particle impacts are completely viscously damped and above which impacts are partially elastic. The critical Stokes number is shown to roughly coincide with the Bagnold number transition between macroviscous and grain inertial debris flows and the transition between damped and partially elastic bed load transport saltation impacts. The nonspherical nature of natural particles significantly alters the motion of the center of mass after a partially elastic collision. The normal to the point of contact between the particles does not necessarily go through the center of mass. Thus normal rebound of the center of mass may not occur. A model of particle motion after rebound for particles of arbitrary shape, conserving both linear and angular momentum, is proposed.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/2001WR000531","usgsCitation":"Schmeeckle, M.W., Nelson, J.M., Pitlick, J., and Bennett, J.P., 2001, Interparticle collision of natural sediment grains in water: Water Resources Research, v. 37, no. 9, p. 2377-2391, https://doi.org/10.1029/2001WR000531.","productDescription":"16 p.","startPage":"2377","endPage":"2391","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":232503,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"37","issue":"9","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a3d4fe4b0c8380cd6347e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Schmeeckle, Mark W.","contributorId":178432,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Schmeeckle","given":"Mark","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":398485,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Nelson, Jonathan M. 0000-0002-7632-8526 jmn@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7632-8526","contributorId":2812,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nelson","given":"Jonathan","email":"jmn@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":5044,"text":"National Research Program - Central Branch","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":37778,"text":"WMA - Integrated Modeling and Prediction Division","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":398488,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Pitlick, John","contributorId":168765,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Pitlick","given":"John","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":25358,"text":"University of Colorado, Geography Dept., Boulder, CO","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":398487,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Bennett, James P.","contributorId":100323,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bennett","given":"James","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":398486,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70023698,"text":"70023698 - 2001 - Application of a nonlinear slug test model","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-10-17T16:03:05.926659","indexId":"70023698","displayToPublicDate":"2001-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1861,"text":"Ground Water","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Application of a nonlinear slug test model","docAbstract":"Knowledge of the hydraulic conductivity distribution is of utmost importance in understanding the dynamics of an aquifer and in planning the consequences of any action taken upon that aquifer. Slug tests have been used extensively to measure hydraulic conductivity in the last 50 years since Hvorslev's (1951) work. A general nonlinear model based on the Navier-Stokes equation, nonlinear frictional loss, non-Darcian flow, acceleration effects, radius changes in the wellbore, and a Hvorslev model for the aquifer has been implemented in this work. The nonlinear model has three parameters: β, which is related primarily to radius changes in the water column; A, which is related to the nonlinear head losses; and K, the hydraulic conductivity. An additional parameter has been added representing the initial velocity of the water column at slug initiation and is incorporated into an analytical solution to generate the first time step before a sequential numerical solution generates the remainder of the time solution. Corrections are made to the model output for acceleration before it is compared to the experimental data. Sensitivity analysis and least squares fitting are used to estimate the aquifer parameters and produce some diagnostic results, which indicate the accuracy of the fit. Finally, an example of field data has been presented to illustrate the application of the model to data sets that exhibit nonlinear behavior. Multiple slug tests should be taken at a given location to test for nonlinear effects and to determine repeatability.
","language":"English","publisher":"National Groundwater Association","doi":"10.1111/j.1745-6584.2001.tb02364.x","issn":"0017467X","usgsCitation":"McElwee, C., 2001, Application of a nonlinear slug test model: Ground Water, v. 39, no. 5, p. 737-744, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6584.2001.tb02364.x.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"737","endPage":"744","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":232461,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"39","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2005-12-13","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059ec90e4b0c8380cd4934d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"McElwee, C.D.","contributorId":66408,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McElwee","given":"C.D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":398481,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70023697,"text":"70023697 - 2001 - Palynologically calibrated vertebrate record from North Dakota consistent with abrupt dinosaur extinction at the Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-10-14T17:10:35.831809","indexId":"70023697","displayToPublicDate":"2001-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1796,"text":"Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Palynologically calibrated vertebrate record from North Dakota consistent with abrupt dinosaur extinction at the Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary","docAbstract":"New data from 17 Cretaceous-Tertiary (K-T) boundary sections and 53 vertebrate sites in the Hell Creek and Fort Union Formations in southwestern North Dakota document a 1.76 m barren interval between the highest Cretaceous vertebrate fossils and the palynologically recognized K-T boundary. The boundary is above the formational contact at 15 localities and coincident with it at two, demonstrating that the formational contact is diachronous. Dinosaurs are common in the highest Cretaceous vertebrate samples and a partial dinosaur skeleton in the Fort Union Formation is the highest recorded Cretaceous vertebrate fossil in this area.","language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","doi":"10.1130/0091-7613(2001)029<0039:PCVRFN>2.0.CO;2","issn":"00917613","usgsCitation":"Pearson, D., Schaefer, T., Johnson, K., and Nichols, D.J., 2001, Palynologically calibrated vertebrate record from North Dakota consistent with abrupt dinosaur extinction at the Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary: Geology, v. 29, no. 1, p. 39-42, https://doi.org/10.1130/0091-7613(2001)029<0039:PCVRFN>2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"39","endPage":"42","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":232460,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"North Dakota","county":"Bowman County, Slope County","otherGeospatial":"Little Missouri River","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -103.76174926757812,\n 45.94637543106672\n ],\n [\n -103.82217407226562,\n 46.049407867959005\n ],\n [\n -103.74252319335938,\n 46.12560451043768\n ],\n [\n -103.83041381835938,\n 46.402829175697995\n ],\n [\n -103.65600585937499,\n 46.53619267489863\n ],\n [\n -103.4637451171875,\n 46.514460648524775\n ],\n [\n -103.3428955078125,\n 46.639065361163226\n ],\n [\n -103.41430664062499,\n 46.78219493629104\n ],\n [\n -103.40057373046875,\n 46.90055413151483\n ],\n [\n -103.64501953125,\n 46.95401192579361\n ],\n [\n -103.76174926757812,\n 46.803819640791566\n ],\n [\n -103.73565673828125,\n 46.69278343251575\n ],\n [\n -104.04602050781249,\n 46.51540570001737\n ],\n [\n -104.04739379882812,\n 45.944465613675035\n ],\n [\n -103.76174926757812,\n 45.94637543106672\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"29","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a7499e4b0c8380cd7770b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Pearson, D.A.","contributorId":106674,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pearson","given":"D.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":398480,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Schaefer, T.","contributorId":82890,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schaefer","given":"T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":398479,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Johnson, K.R.","contributorId":28599,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Johnson","given":"K.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":398477,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Nichols, D. J.","contributorId":55466,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nichols","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":398478,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70023695,"text":"70023695 - 2001 - Determination of variables in the prediction of strontium distribution coefficients for selected sediments","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:12","indexId":"70023695","displayToPublicDate":"2001-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1539,"text":"Environmental Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Determination of variables in the prediction of strontium distribution coefficients for selected sediments","docAbstract":"Idaho State University and the US Geological Survey, in cooperation with the US Department of Energy, conducted a study to determine and evaluate strontium distribution coefficients (Kds) of subsurface materials at the Idaho National Engineering and Environmental Laboratory (INEEL). The Kds were determined to aid in assessing the variability of strontium Kds and their effects on chemical transport of strontium-90 in the Snake River Plain aquifer system. Data from batch experiments done to determine strontium Kds of five sediment-infill samples and six standard reference material samples were analyzed by using multiple linear regression analysis and the stepwise variable-selection method in the statistical program, Statistical Product and Service Solutions, to derive an equation of variables that can be used to predict strontium Kds of sediment-infill samples. The sediment-infill samples were from basalt vesicles and fractures from a selected core at the INEEL; strontium Kds ranged from ???201 to 356 ml g-1. The standard material samples consisted of clay minerals and calcite. The statistical analyses of the batch-experiment results showed that the amount of strontium in the initial solution, the amount of manganese oxide in the sample material, and the amount of potassium in the initial solution are the most important variables in predicting strontium Kds of sediment-infill samples.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Environmental Geology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1007/s002540100288","issn":"09430105","usgsCitation":"Pace, M., Rosentreter, J., and Bartholomay, R.C., 2001, Determination of variables in the prediction of strontium distribution coefficients for selected sediments: Environmental Geology, v. 40, no. 8, p. 993-1002, https://doi.org/10.1007/s002540100288.","startPage":"993","endPage":"1002","numberOfPages":"10","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":207457,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002540100288"},{"id":232420,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"40","issue":"8","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059ffe7e4b0c8380cd4f47a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Pace, M.N.","contributorId":63573,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pace","given":"M.N.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":398473,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Rosentreter, J.J.","contributorId":24394,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rosentreter","given":"J.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":398472,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Bartholomay, R. C.","contributorId":66271,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bartholomay","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":398474,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70023692,"text":"70023692 - 2001 - Drawdown and stream depletion produced by pumping in the vicinity of a partially penetrating stream","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-10-17T15:50:05.93703","indexId":"70023692","displayToPublicDate":"2001-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1861,"text":"Ground Water","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Drawdown and stream depletion produced by pumping in the vicinity of a partially penetrating stream","docAbstract":"Commonly used analytical approaches for estimation of pumping-induced drawdown and stream depletion are based on a series of idealistic assumptions about the stream-aquifer system. A new solution has been developed for estimation of drawdown and stream depletion under conditions that are more representative of those in natural systems (finite width stream of shallow penetration adjoining an aquifer of limited lateral extent). This solution shows that the conventional assumption of a fully penetrating stream will lead to a significant overestimation of stream depletion (> 100 %) in many practical applications. The degree of overestimation will depend on the value of the stream leakance parameter and the distance from the pumping well to the stream. Although leakance will increase with stream width, a very wide stream will not necessarily be well represented by a model of a fully penetrating stream. The impact of lateral boundaries depends upon the distance from the pumping well to the stream and the stream leakance parameter. In most cases, aquifer width must be on the order of hundreds of stream widths before the assumption of a laterally infinite aquifer is appropriate for stream-depletion calculations. An important assumption underlying this solution is that stream-channel penetration is negligible relative to aquifer thickness. However, an approximate extension to the case of nonnegligible penetration provides reasonable results for the range of relative penetrations found in most natural systems (up to 85%). Since this solution allows consideration of a much wider range of conditions than existing analytical approaches, it could prove to be a valuable new tool for water management design and water rights adjudication purposes.","language":"English","publisher":"National Groundwater Association","doi":"10.1111/j.1745-6584.2001.tb02354.x","issn":"0017467X","usgsCitation":"Butler, J., Zlotnik, V., and Tsou, M., 2001, Drawdown and stream depletion produced by pumping in the vicinity of a partially penetrating stream: Ground Water, v. 39, no. 5, p. 651-659, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6584.2001.tb02354.x.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"651","endPage":"659","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":489792,"rank":1,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/geosciencefacpub/272","text":"External Repository"},{"id":232342,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"39","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2005-12-13","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a03d7e4b0c8380cd50693","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Butler, J.J. Jr.","contributorId":12194,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Butler","given":"J.J.","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":398464,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Zlotnik, V.A.","contributorId":102660,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zlotnik","given":"V.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":398466,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Tsou, Ming-shu","contributorId":20507,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Tsou","given":"Ming-shu","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":398465,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70023691,"text":"70023691 - 2001 - Wavefield properties of a shallow long-period event and tremor at Kilauea Volcano, Hawaii","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:12","indexId":"70023691","displayToPublicDate":"2001-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2499,"text":"Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Wavefield properties of a shallow long-period event and tremor at Kilauea Volcano, Hawaii","docAbstract":"The wavefields of tremor and a long-period (LP) event associated with the ongoing eruptive activity at Kilauea Volcano, Hawaii, are investigated using a combination of dense small-aperture (300 m) and sparse large-aperture (5 km) arrays deployed in the vicinity of the summit caldera. Measurements of azimuth and slowness for tremor recorded on the small-aperture array indicate a bimodal nature of the observed wavefield. At frequencies below 2 Hz, the wavefield is dominated by body waves impinging the array with steep incidence. These arrivals are attributed to the oceanic microseismic noise. In the 2-6 Hz band, the wavefield is dominated by waves propagating from sources located at shallow depths (<1 km) beneath the eastern edge of the Halemaumau pit crater. The hypocenter of the LP event, determined from frequency-slowness analyses combined with phase picks, appears to be located close to the source of tremor but at a shallower depth (<0.1 km). The wavefields of tremor and LP event are characterized by a complex composition of body and surface waves, whose propagation and polarization properties are strongly affected by topographic and structural features in the summit caldera region. Analyses of the directional properties of the wavefield in the 2-6 Hz band point to the directions of main scattering sources, which are consistent with pronounced velocity contrasts imaged in a high-resolution three-dimensional velocity model of the caldera region. The frequency and Q of the dominant peak observed in the spectra of the LP event may be explained as the dominant oscillation mode of a crack with scale length 20-100 m and aperture of a few centimeters filled with bubbly water. The mechanism driving the shallow tremor appears to be consistent with a sustained excitation originating in the oscillations of a bubbly cloud resulting from vesiculation and degassing in the magma. ?? 2001 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/S0377-0273(00)00310-3","issn":"03770273","usgsCitation":"Saccorotti, G., Chouet, B., and Dawson, P., 2001, Wavefield properties of a shallow long-period event and tremor at Kilauea Volcano, Hawaii: Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, v. 109, no. 1-3, p. 163-189, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0377-0273(00)00310-3.","startPage":"163","endPage":"189","numberOfPages":"27","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":207413,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0377-0273(00)00310-3"},{"id":232341,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"109","issue":"1-3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bcf9ce4b08c986b32e9d9","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Saccorotti, G.","contributorId":107041,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Saccorotti","given":"G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":398463,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Chouet, B.","contributorId":68465,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chouet","given":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":398462,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Dawson, P. 0000-0003-4065-0588","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4065-0588","contributorId":49529,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dawson","given":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":398461,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70023690,"text":"70023690 - 2001 - Geochemical and mineralogical studies of dinosaur bone from the Morrison Formation at Dinosaur Ridge","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:02","indexId":"70023690","displayToPublicDate":"2001-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2789,"text":"Mountain Geologist","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Geochemical and mineralogical studies of dinosaur bone from the Morrison Formation at Dinosaur Ridge","docAbstract":"The dinosaur bones first discovered in 1877 in the Upper Jurassic Morrison Formation at Morrison, Colorado were the first major find of dinosaur skeletons in the western U.S. and led to the recognition of four new dinosaur genera (Apatosaurus, Allosaurus, Diplodocus, and Stegosaurus). Eight articles dealing with these bones which appeared as research reports in the annual reports of the Friends of Dinosaur Ridge from 1990-1999 are condensed and summarized with some additional comments. Two of the articles are about the mineralogy and preservation of the bones; two are about the physical description of the bone occurrence; two are about the history of the site, and two are about use of novel instrumental methods (ground-penetrating radar and a directional scintillometer) to search for new bones.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Mountain Geologist","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","issn":"0027254X","usgsCitation":"Modreski, P., 2001, Geochemical and mineralogical studies of dinosaur bone from the Morrison Formation at Dinosaur Ridge: Mountain Geologist, v. 38, no. 3, p. 111-118.","startPage":"111","endPage":"118","numberOfPages":"8","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":232305,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"38","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a15e2e4b0c8380cd54f8f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Modreski, P.J.","contributorId":98335,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Modreski","given":"P.J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":398460,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70023689,"text":"70023689 - 2001 - Translational and fluctuating asymmetry as tools to detect stress in stress-adapted and nonadapted plants","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-01-19T11:27:39","indexId":"70023689","displayToPublicDate":"2001-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2065,"text":"International Journal of Plant Sciences","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Translational and fluctuating asymmetry as tools to detect stress in stress-adapted and nonadapted plants","docAbstract":"Plants having experienced previous exposure to a stress are expected to be more resistant to further stress than those not having been exposed. While the assessment of stress in plants is a difficult task, particularly for stress-adapted plants, developmental instability has proven a useful tool for assessing stress in organisms. We examined the effect of water availability on developmental instability (translational asymmetry and fluctuating asymmetry) and growth of Anthyllis cytisoides L. under a precipitation gradient. We compared A. cytisoides in very xeric (Almeri??a, 256 mm of average rainfall) and subhumid (Ma??laga, 613 mm of average rainfall) areas, from north- and south-facing slopes, after both a period of extreme drought (1995) and a humid period (1997). Translational symmetry varied between north- and south-exposed plants but differently for the Almeri??a and Ma??laga populations. We observed that developmental stability was enhanced in south-exposed plants in the population from the more xeric habitat (Almeri??a) after both dry and humid periods. In contrast, A. cytisoides living in a subhumid habitat did not alter their developmental stability in response to exposure after a humid period but exhibited a decline in stability in south-exposed slopes after a dry period. That is interpreted as a consequence of the adaptation of A. cytisoides to aridity. Growth patterns were also investigated. By reducing growth, plants can mitigate stress through a reduction of water and nutrient demands, allowing the maintenance of a steady supply of nutrients for developmental stability. This strategy was followed by plants acclimated to drought. But in mild weather, such as that of Montes de Ma??laga, a high growth rate cannot be supported when water is scarce. We also observed that floral fluctuating asymmetry was greatest on north-facing slopes at both the Almeri??a and Ma??laga sites. That is, southern exposure enhanced floral homeostasis during development. Additionally, comparisons between translational and fluctuating asymmetry showed that translational asymmetry is more sensitive to environmental change than fluctuating asymmetry.
","language":"English","publisher":"University of Chicago Press","doi":"10.1086/320130","issn":"10585893","usgsCitation":"Alados, C., Navarro, T., Escos, J., Cabezudo, B., and Emlen, J., 2001, Translational and fluctuating asymmetry as tools to detect stress in stress-adapted and nonadapted plants: International Journal of Plant Sciences, v. 162, no. 3, p. 607-616, https://doi.org/10.1086/320130.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"607","endPage":"616","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":654,"text":"Western Fisheries Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":487478,"rank":10000,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"http://hdl.handle.net/10261/122635","text":"External Repository"},{"id":232304,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":207389,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1086/320130"}],"volume":"162","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bb718e4b08c986b327060","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Alados, C.L.","contributorId":22925,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Alados","given":"C.L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":398455,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Navarro, T.","contributorId":68497,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Navarro","given":"T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":398459,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Escos, J.","contributorId":44311,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Escos","given":"J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":398456,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Cabezudo, B.","contributorId":59986,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cabezudo","given":"B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":398457,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Emlen, J.M.","contributorId":63979,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Emlen","given":"J.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":398458,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70023688,"text":"70023688 - 2001 - Density model of the Cascadia subduction zone","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-05-04T19:27:43.723968","indexId":"70023688","displayToPublicDate":"2001-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2125,"text":"Izvestiya, Physics of the Solid Earth","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Density model of the Cascadia subduction zone","docAbstract":"The main goal of this work is to construct self-consistent density models along two profiles crossing the northern and central Cascadia subduction zone that have been comprehensively studied on the basis of geological, geophysical, etc. data.","largerWorkTitle":"","language":"English","issn":"10693513","usgsCitation":"Romanyuk, T., Mooney, W.D., and Blakely, R., 2001, Density model of the Cascadia subduction zone: Izvestiya, Physics of the Solid Earth, v. 37, no. 8, p. 617-635.","productDescription":"19 p.","startPage":"617","endPage":"635","numberOfPages":"19","costCenters":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":232303,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"37","issue":"8","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059fea8e4b0c8380cd4ee55","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Romanyuk, T.V.","contributorId":91270,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Romanyuk","given":"T.V.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":398454,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Mooney, Walter D. 0000-0002-5310-3631 mooney@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5310-3631","contributorId":3194,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mooney","given":"Walter","email":"mooney@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":398453,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Blakely, R.J. 0000-0003-1701-5236","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1701-5236","contributorId":70755,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Blakely","given":"R.J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":398452,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70023687,"text":"70023687 - 2001 - Elevated carbon dioxide flux at the Dixie Valley geothermal field, Nevada; relations between surface phenomena and the geothermal reservoir","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:02","indexId":"70023687","displayToPublicDate":"2001-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1213,"text":"Chemical Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Elevated carbon dioxide flux at the Dixie Valley geothermal field, Nevada; relations between surface phenomena and the geothermal reservoir","docAbstract":"In the later part of the 1990s, a large die-off of desert shrubs occurred over an approximately 1 km2 area in the northwestern section of the Dixie Valley (DV) geothermal field. This paper reports results from accumulation-chamber measurements of soil CO2 flux from locations in the dead zone and stable isotope and chemical data on fluids from fumaroles, shallow wells, and geothermal production wells within and adjacent to the dead zone. A cumulative probability plot shows three types of flux sites within the dead zone: Locations with a normal background CO2 flux (7 g m-2 day-1); moderate flux sites displaying \"excess\" geothermal flux; and high flux sites near young vents and fumaroles. A maximum CO2 flux of 570 g m-2 day-1 was measured at a location adjacent to a fumarole. Using statistical methods appropriate for lognormally distributed populations of data, estimates of the geothermal flux range from 7.5 t day-1 from a 0.14-km2 site near the Stillwater Fault to 0.1 t day-1 from a 0.01 -km2 location of steaming ground on the valley floor. Anomalous CO2 flux is positively correlated with shallow temperature anomalies. The anomalous flux associated with the entire dead zone area declined about 35% over a 6-month period. The decline was most notable at a hot zone located on an alluvial fan and in the SG located on the valley floor. Gas geochemistry indicates that older established fumaroles along the Stillwater Fault and a 2-year-old vent in the lower section of the dead zone discharge a mixture of geothermal gases and air or gases from air-saturated meteoric water (ASMW). Stable isotope data indicate that steam from the smaller fumaroles is produced by ??? 100??C boiling of these mixed fluids and reservoir fluid. Steam from the Senator fumarole (SF) and from shallow wells penetrating the dead zone are probably derived by 140??C to 160??C boiling of reservoir fluid. Carbon-13 isotope data suggest that the reservoir CO2 is produced mainly by thermal decarbonation of hydrothermal calcite in veins that cut reservoir rocks. Formation of the dead zone is linked to the reservoir pressure decline caused by continuous reservoir drawdown from 1986 to present. These reservoir changes have restricted flow and induced boiling in a subsurface hydrothermal outflow plume extending from the Stillwater Fault southeast toward the DV floor. We estimate that maximum CO2 flux in the upflow zone along the Stillwater Fault in 1998 was roughly seven to eight times greater than the pre-production flux in 1986. The eventual decline in CO2 flux reflects the drying out of the outflow plume. Published by Elsevier Science B.V.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Chemical Geology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/S0009-2541(00)00381-8","issn":"00092541","usgsCitation":"Bergfeld, D., Goff, F., and Janik, C.J., 2001, Elevated carbon dioxide flux at the Dixie Valley geothermal field, Nevada; relations between surface phenomena and the geothermal reservoir: Chemical Geology, v. 177, no. 1-2, p. 43-66, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0009-2541(00)00381-8.","startPage":"43","endPage":"66","numberOfPages":"24","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":207367,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0009-2541(00)00381-8"},{"id":232264,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"177","issue":"1-2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a08c7e4b0c8380cd51c7f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bergfeld, D.","contributorId":58053,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bergfeld","given":"D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":398451,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Goff, F.","contributorId":53408,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Goff","given":"F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":398450,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Janik, C. J.","contributorId":10795,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Janik","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":398449,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70023686,"text":"70023686 - 2001 - Soil efflux and total emission rates of magmatic CO2 at the horseshoe lake tree kill, mammoth mountain, California, 1995-1999","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:02","indexId":"70023686","displayToPublicDate":"2001-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1213,"text":"Chemical Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Soil efflux and total emission rates of magmatic CO2 at the horseshoe lake tree kill, mammoth mountain, California, 1995-1999","docAbstract":"We report the results of eight soil CO2 efflux surveys by the closed circulation chamber method at the Horseshoe Lake tree kill (HLTK) - the largest tree kill on Mammoth Mountain. The surveys were undertaken from 1995 to 1999 to constrain total HLTK CO2 emissions and to evaluate occasional efflux surveys as a surveillance tool for the tree kills. HLTK effluxes range from 1 to > 10,000 g m -2 day -1 (grams CO2 per square meter per day); they are not normally distributed. Station efflux rates can vary by 7-35% during the course of the 8- to 16-h surveys. Disturbance of the upper 2 cm of ground surface causes effluxes to almost double. Semivariograms of efflux spatial covariance fit exponential or spherical models; they lack nugget effects. Efflux contour maps and total CO2 emission rates based on exponential, spherical, and linear kriging models of survey data are nearly identical; similar results are also obtained with triangulation models, suggesting that the kriging models are not seriously distorted by the lack of normal efflux distributions. In addition, model estimates of total CO2 emission rates are relatively insensitive to the measurement precision of the efflux rates and to the efflux value used to separate magmatic from forest soil sources of CO2. Surveys since 1997 indicate that, contrary to earlier speculations, a termination of elevated CO2 emissions at the HLTK is unlikely anytime soon. The HLTK CO2 efflux anomaly fluctuated greatly in size and intensity throughout the 1995-1999 surveys but maintained a N-S elongation, presumably reflecting fault control of CO2 transport from depth. Total CO2 emission rates also fluctuated greatly, ranging from 46 to 136 t day-1 (metric tons CO2 per day) and averaging 93 t day-1. The large inter-survey variations are caused primarily by external (meteorological) processes operating on time scales of hours to days. The externally caused variations can mask significant changes occurring at depth; a striking example is the masking of a degassing event generated at depth and detected by a soil gas sensor network in September 1997 while an efflux survey was in progress. Thus, occasional efflux surveys are not an altogether effective surveillance tool for the HLTK, and making them effective by greatly increasing their frequency may not be practical. Published by Elsevier Science B.V.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Chemical Geology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/S0009-2541(00)00385-5","issn":"00092541","usgsCitation":"Gerlach, T., Doukas, M., McGee, K., and Kessler, R., 2001, Soil efflux and total emission rates of magmatic CO2 at the horseshoe lake tree kill, mammoth mountain, California, 1995-1999: Chemical Geology, v. 177, no. 1-2, p. 101-116, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0009-2541(00)00385-5.","startPage":"101","endPage":"116","numberOfPages":"16","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":207366,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0009-2541(00)00385-5"},{"id":232263,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"177","issue":"1-2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b91fde4b08c986b319c10","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Gerlach, T.M.","contributorId":38713,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gerlach","given":"T.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":398448,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Doukas, M.P.","contributorId":28615,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Doukas","given":"M.P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":398446,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"McGee, K.A.","contributorId":6059,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McGee","given":"K.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":398445,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Kessler, R.","contributorId":35088,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kessler","given":"R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":398447,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70023685,"text":"70023685 - 2001 - U.S. Geological Survey programs and investigations related to soil and water conservation","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-08-15T11:03:13","indexId":"70023685","displayToPublicDate":"2001-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2072,"text":"International Journal of Sediment Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"U.S. Geological Survey programs and investigations related to soil and water conservation","docAbstract":"The U.S. Geological Survey has a rich tradition of collecting hydrologic data, especially for fluxes of water and suspended sediment, that provide a foundation for studies of soil and water conservation. Applied and basic research has included investigations of the effects of land use on rangelands, croplands, and forests; hazards mapping; derivation of flood and drought frequency, and other statistics related to streamflow and reservoir storage; development and application of models of rainfall-runoff relations, chemical quality, and sediment movement; and studies of the interactive processes of overland and channel flow with vegetation. Networks of streamgaging stations and (or) sampling sites within numerous drainage basins are yielding information that extends databases and enhances the ability to use those data for interpretive studies.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"International Journal of Sediment Research","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","issn":"10016279","usgsCitation":"Osterkamp, W.R., and Gray, J.R., 2001, U.S. Geological Survey programs and investigations related to soil and water conservation: International Journal of Sediment Research, v. 16, no. 3, p. 421-429.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"421","endPage":"429","costCenters":[{"id":502,"text":"Office of Surface Water","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":232228,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"16","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bbafee4b08c986b32843f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Osterkamp, W. R.","contributorId":46044,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Osterkamp","given":"W.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":398443,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Gray, J. R.","contributorId":63372,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gray","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":398444,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ]}