{"pageNumber":"316","pageRowStart":"7875","pageSize":"25","recordCount":10457,"records":[{"id":1016023,"text":"1016023 - 1998 - Contaminants in ospreys from the Pacific Northwest:  I. Trends and patterns in polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and -dibenzofurans in eggs and plasma","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-08-14T16:51:55.036132","indexId":"1016023","displayToPublicDate":"1998-11-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":887,"text":"Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Contaminants in ospreys from the Pacific Northwest:  I. Trends and patterns in polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and -dibenzofurans in eggs and plasma","docAbstract":"<p><span>Osprey (</span><i>Pandion haliaetus</i><span>) eggs were collected from 1991 to 1997 at nests (n = 121) upstream and downstream of bleached kraft pulp mills and at reference sites in the Fraser and Columbia River drainage systems of British Columbia, Washington, and Oregon. Blood samples were collected from nestling ospreys during the 1992 breeding season on the Thompson River. Samples were analyzed for polychlorinated dibenzo-</span><i>p</i><span>-dioxins (PCDDs) and -dibenzofurans (PCDFs). Mean concentrations of 2,3,7,8-TCDD were significantly higher in eggs collected in 1991 at downstream compared to upstream nests near pulp mills at Kamloops and Castlegar, British Columbia. There were no significant temporal trends in 2,3,7,8-TCDD, -TCDF or other measured compounds at a sample of nests monitored between 1991 and 1994 downstream of the Castlegar pulp mill, despite changes in bleaching technology (CIO</span><sub>2</sub><span>&nbsp;substitution). However, by 1997 concentrations of 2,3,7,8-TCDD and -TCDF were significantly lower than previous years in nests sampled downstream at both Castlegar and Kamloops. An unusual pattern of higher chlorinated PCDDs and PCDFs was found in many of the osprey eggs collected in this study, and considerable individual variation in the pattern existed among eggs from the same site. For example, eggs from four different nests at one study area (Quesnel) on the Fraser River had concentrations of 1,2,3,4,6,7,8-HpCDD ranging from &lt;1 to 1,100 ng/kg and OCDD from &lt;1 to 7,000 ng/kg wet weight. Higher mean concentrations of HpCDD and OCDD were found in eggs from the Thompson River, a tributary of the Fraser, compared to the Columbia River, and concentrations were generally higher at nests upstream of pulp mills. In plasma samples, 1,2,3,4,6,7,8-HpCDD and OCDD were the main compounds detected, with no significant differences measured between samples upstream versus downstream or earlier versus later in the breeding season. Use of chlorophenolic wood preservatives by lumber processors was considered the main source of higher chlorinated PCDD/Fs throughout the systems, based on patterns of trace PCDFs in eggs and significant correlations between egg concentrations of pentachlorophenol and both HpCDD (r = 0.891, p &lt; 0.01) and OCDD (r = 0.870, p &lt; 0.01).</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"SpringerLink","doi":"10.1007/s002449900424","usgsCitation":"Elliott, J.E., Machmer, M.M., Henny, C.J., Wilson, L.K., and Norstrom, R.J., 1998, Contaminants in ospreys from the Pacific Northwest:  I. Trends and patterns in polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and -dibenzofurans in eggs and plasma: Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, v. 35, no. 4, p. 620-631, https://doi.org/10.1007/s002449900424.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"620","endPage":"631","numberOfPages":"12","costCenters":[{"id":290,"text":"Forest and Rangeland Ecosystem Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":134039,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Canada, United States","state":"British Columbia, Oregon, Washington","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -123.98059083500954,\n              44.87429794853017\n            ],\n            [\n              -118.99316234729099,\n              44.87429794853017\n            ],\n            [\n              -118.99316234729099,\n              51.17318981373512\n            ],\n            [\n              -126.04853558111421,\n              51.01796373260123\n            ],\n            [\n              -123.98059083500954,\n              44.87429794853017\n            ]\n          ]\n        ],\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"35","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4afde4b07f02db696e09","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Elliott, J. E.","contributorId":19914,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Elliott","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":323517,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Machmer, M. M.","contributorId":73558,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Machmer","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":323519,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Henny, Charles J. 0000-0001-7474-350X hennyc@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7474-350X","contributorId":3461,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Henny","given":"Charles","email":"hennyc@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":289,"text":"Forest and Rangeland Ecosys Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":323516,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Wilson, L. K.","contributorId":99511,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Wilson","given":"L.","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":323520,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Norstrom, R. J.","contributorId":69936,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Norstrom","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":323518,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}}
,{"id":1003888,"text":"1003888 - 1998 - Epizootic vacuolar myelinopathy of the central nervous system of bald eagles (<i>Haliaeetus leucocephalus</i>) and American coots (<i>Fulica americana</i>)","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2026-03-16T15:01:47.953659","indexId":"1003888","displayToPublicDate":"1998-11-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3687,"text":"Veterinary Pathology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Epizootic vacuolar myelinopathy of the central nervous system of bald eagles (<i>Haliaeetus leucocephalus</i>) and American coots (<i>Fulica americana</i>)","docAbstract":"<p>Unprecedented mortality occurred in bald eagles (<i>Haliaeetus leucocephalus</i>) at DeGray Lake, Arkansas, during the winters of 1994-1995 and 1996-1997. The first eagles were found dead during November, soon after arrival from fall migration, and deaths continued into January during both episodes. In total, 29 eagles died at or near DeGray Lake in the winter of 1994-1995 and 26 died in the winter of 1996-1997; no eagle mortality was noted during the same months of the intervening winter or in the earlier history of the lake. During the mortality events, sick eagles were observed overflying perches or colliding with rock walls. Signs of incoordination and limb paresis were also observed in American coots (<i>Fulica americana</i>) during the episodes of eagle mortality, but mortality in coots was minimal. No consistent abnormalities were seen on gross necropsy of either species. No microscopic findings in organs other than the central nervous system (CNS) could explain the cause of death. By light microscopy, all 26 eagles examined and 62/77 (81%) coots had striking, diffuse, spongy degeneration of the white matter of the CNS. Vacuolation occurred in all myelinated CNS tissue, including the cerebellar folia and medulla oblongata, but was most prominent in the optic tectum. In the spinal cord, vacuoles were concentrated near the gray matter, and occasional swollen axons were seen. Vacuoles were uniformly present in optic nerves but were not evident in the retina or peripheral or autonomic nerves. Cellular inflammatory response to the lesion was distinctly lacking. Vacuoles were 8-50 microns in diameter and occurred individually, in clusters, or in rows. In sections stained by luxol fast blue/periodic acid-Schiff stain, the vacuoles were delimited and transected by myelin strands. Transmission electron microscopy revealed intramyelinic vacuoles formed in the myelin sheaths by splitting of one or more myelin lamellae at the intraperiodic line. This lesion is characteristic of toxicity from hexachlorophene, triethyltin, bromethalin, isonicotinic acid hydrazide, and certain exotic plant toxins; however, despite exhaustive testing, no etiology was determined for the DeGray Lake mortality events. This is the first report of vacuolar myelinopathy associated with spontaneous mortality in wild birds.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Sage Journals","doi":"10.1177/030098589803500602","usgsCitation":"Thomas, N., Meteyer, C., and Sileo, L., 1998, Epizootic vacuolar myelinopathy of the central nervous system of bald eagles (<i>Haliaeetus leucocephalus</i>) and American coots (<i>Fulica americana</i>): Veterinary Pathology, v. 35, no. 6, p. 479-487, https://doi.org/10.1177/030098589803500602.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"479","endPage":"487","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":456,"text":"National Wildlife Health Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":135641,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Arkansas","otherGeospatial":"DeGray Lake","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n     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J. 0000-0002-0161-0391","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0161-0391","contributorId":49731,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thomas","given":"N. J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":314562,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Meteyer, C.U. 0000-0002-4007-3410","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4007-3410","contributorId":74327,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Meteyer","given":"C.U.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":314563,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Sileo, L.","contributorId":46895,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sileo","given":"L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":314561,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70244158,"text":"70244158 - 1998 - Suppression of large earthquakes by stress shadows: A comparison of Coulomb and rate-and-state failure","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-06-27T16:57:20.484673","indexId":"70244158","displayToPublicDate":"1998-10-10T14:18:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":6453,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research Solid Earth","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Suppression of large earthquakes by stress shadows: A comparison of Coulomb and rate-and-state failure","docAbstract":"<p><span>Stress shadows generated by California's two most recent great earthquakes (1857 Fort Tejon and 1906 San Francisco) substantially modified 19th and 20th century earthquake history in the Los Angeles basin and in the San Francisco Bay area. Simple Coulomb failure calculations, which assume that earthquakes can be modeled as static dislocations in an elastic half-space, have done quite well at approximating how long the stress shadows, or relaxing effects, should last and at predicting where subsequent large earthquakes will not occur. There has, however, been at least one apparent exception to the predictions of such simple models. The 1911&nbsp;</span><i>M</i><span>&gt;6.0 earthquake near Morgan Hill, California, occurred at a relaxed site on the Calaveras fault. We examine how the more complex rate-and-state friction formalism based on laboratory experiments might have allowed the 1911 earthquake. Rate-and-state time-to-failure calculations are consistent with the occurrence of the 1911 event just 5 years after 1906 if the Calaveras fault was already close to failure before the effects of 1906. We also examine the likelihood that the entire 78 years of relative quiet (only four&nbsp;</span><i>M</i><span>≥6 earthquakes) in the bay area after 1906 is consistent with rate-and-state assumptions, given that the previous 7 decades produced 18&nbsp;</span><i>M</i><span>≥6 earthquakes. Combinations of rate-and-state variables can be found that are consistent with this pattern of large bay area earthquakes, assuming that the rate of earthquakes in the 7 decades before 1906 would have continued had 1906 not occurred. These results demonstrate that rate-and-state offers a consistent explanation for the 78-year quiescence and the 1911 anomaly, although they do not rule out several alternate explanations.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/98jb00793","usgsCitation":"Harris, R.A., and Simpson, R.W., 1998, Suppression of large earthquakes by stress shadows: A comparison of Coulomb and rate-and-state failure: Journal of Geophysical Research Solid Earth, v. 103, no. B10, p. 24439-24451, https://doi.org/10.1029/98jb00793.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"24439","endPage":"24451","costCenters":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":417757,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"San Francisco Bay area","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -123.34621477521637,\n              38.62991953361845\n            ],\n            [\n              -123.34621477521637,\n              36.17558364871968\n            ],\n            [\n              -120.53976343305399,\n              36.17558364871968\n            ],\n            [\n              -120.53976343305399,\n              38.62991953361845\n            ],\n            [\n              -123.34621477521637,\n              38.62991953361845\n            ]\n          ]\n        ],\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"103","issue":"B10","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1998-10-10","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Harris, Ruth A. 0000-0002-9247-0768 harris@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9247-0768","contributorId":786,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Harris","given":"Ruth","email":"harris@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":874659,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Simpson, Robert W. simpson@usgs.gov","contributorId":1053,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Simpson","given":"Robert","email":"simpson@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":874660,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":1015837,"text":"1015837 - 1998 - Effects of nutrient patches and root systems on the clonal plasticity of a rhizomatous grass","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-12-14T16:24:43.509723","indexId":"1015837","displayToPublicDate":"1998-10-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1465,"text":"Ecology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Effects of nutrient patches and root systems on the clonal plasticity of a rhizomatous grass","docAbstract":"<p><span>Clonal plant foraging has been examined primarily on individual clones exposed to resource-poor and resource-rich environments. We designed an experiment to examine the clonal foraging behavior of the rhizomatous grass&nbsp;</span><i>Elymus lanceolatus</i><span>&nbsp;ssp.&nbsp;</span><i>lanceolatus</i><span>&nbsp;under the influence of neighboring plant root systems in a heterogeneous nutrient environment. Individual&nbsp;</span><i>Elymus</i><span>&nbsp;clones were planted in large bins together with one of three neighboring grass species,&nbsp;</span><i>Agropyron desertorum, Pseudoroegneria spicata,</i><span>&nbsp;or&nbsp;</span><i>Bromus tectorum,</i><span>&nbsp;which differ in rooting density and growth activity. The position of&nbsp;</span><i>Elymus</i><span>&nbsp;clones was manipulated so rhizomes encountered a short-duration nutrient patch and subsequently root systems of the neighboring plants. Unexpectedly, the morphological plasticity of the perennial grass&nbsp;</span><i>Elymus lanceolatus</i><span>&nbsp;ssp.&nbsp;</span><i>lanceolatus</i><span>&nbsp;was influenced by the presence of the neighboring species much more than by the local nutrient enrichments, although nutrient patches did amplify some of the foraging responses.&nbsp;</span><i>Elymus</i><span>&nbsp;rhizomes branched readily and initiated large daughter plants as they encountered the low-density root systems of&nbsp;</span><i>Pseudoroegneria.</i><span>&nbsp;When&nbsp;</span><i>Elymus</i><span>&nbsp;encountered the fine, dense root systems of the annual&nbsp;</span><i>Bromus,</i><span>&nbsp;clonal expansion was initially reduced. Yet, after the short growing season of&nbsp;</span><i>Bromus, Elymus</i><span>&nbsp;resumed clonal expansion and produced several daughter plants.&nbsp;</span><i>Elymus</i><span>&nbsp;clones were most constrained by the fine, dense root systems of&nbsp;</span><i>Agropyron desertorum.</i><span>&nbsp;In this case, a few, long rhizomes avoided the densely rooted soil environment by growing aboveground as stolons crossing over the&nbsp;</span><i>Agropyron</i><span>&nbsp;tussocks.&nbsp;</span><i>Elymus</i><span>&nbsp;clonal biomass was largest in neighborhoods of&nbsp;</span><i>Pseudoroegneria,</i><span>&nbsp;intermediate in neighborhoods with&nbsp;</span><i>Bromus,</i><span>&nbsp;and smallest in neighborhoods with&nbsp;</span><i>Agropyron.</i><span>&nbsp;The latter were approximately half the size of those in the&nbsp;</span><i>Pseudoroegneria</i><span>&nbsp;environments.&nbsp;</span><i>Elymus</i><span>&nbsp;growth could not be explained by simple resource competition alone; other mechanisms must have been involved in the apparent differences in interference patterns of neighboring plants with&nbsp;</span><i>Elymus.</i></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Ecological Society of America","doi":"10.1890/0012-9658(1998)079[2676:AYSOSC]2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Huber-Sannwald, E., Pyke, D.A., Caldwell, M.M., and Durham, S., 1998, Effects of nutrient patches and root systems on the clonal plasticity of a rhizomatous grass: Ecology, v. 79, no. 7, p. 2267-2280, https://doi.org/10.1890/0012-9658(1998)079[2676:AYSOSC]2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"2267","endPage":"2280","numberOfPages":"14","costCenters":[{"id":290,"text":"Forest and Rangeland Ecosystem Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":134222,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"79","issue":"7","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a26e4b07f02db60fe57","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Huber-Sannwald, Elisabeth","contributorId":88700,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Huber-Sannwald","given":"Elisabeth","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":323218,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Pyke, David A. 0000-0002-4578-8335 david_a_pyke@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4578-8335","contributorId":3118,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pyke","given":"David","email":"david_a_pyke@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":289,"text":"Forest and Rangeland Ecosys Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":290,"text":"Forest and Rangeland Ecosystem Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":323215,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Caldwell, M. M.","contributorId":86296,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Caldwell","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":323217,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Durham, Susan","contributorId":69698,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Durham","given":"Susan","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":323216,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":25823,"text":"wri974248 - 1998 - Water-quality assessment of part of the upper Mississippi River basin, Minnesota and Wisconsin— Ground-water quality in an urban part of the Twin Cities Metropolitan area, Minnesota, 1996","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-11-08T22:54:03.562167","indexId":"wri974248","displayToPublicDate":"1998-10-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"97-4248","title":"Water-quality assessment of part of the upper Mississippi River basin, Minnesota and Wisconsin— Ground-water quality in an urban part of the Twin Cities Metropolitan area, Minnesota, 1996","docAbstract":"<p>In the spring of 1996, the Upper Mississippi River Basin Study Unit of the National Water-Quality Assessment Program drilled 30 shallow monitoring wells in a study area characterized by urban residential and commercial land uses. The monitoring wells were installed in sandy river-terrace deposits adjacent to the Mississippi River in Anoka and Hennepin Counties, Minnesota, in areas where urban development primarily occurred during the past 30 years.</p>\n<p>Analyses of sediments collected during well drilling indicated that at most well sites the aquifer materials had relatively high hydraulic conductivities (ranging from 0.01 to 238 feet per day), and relatively low organic carbon contents (0.10 to 41 grams per kilogram), indicating a high susceptibility to leaching of fertilizers and organic substances used on the land surface. Sediment pH values, which can affect leaching of pesticides, were generally alkaline, ranging from 5.1 to 9.6.</p>\n<p>Ground-water levels ranged from 2.39 to 23.14 feet below land surface, and indicated that shallow ground water flows primarily toward the Mississippi River. Dissolved-oxygen concentrations in water samples from the wells were generally less than 3 milligrams per liter (mg/L) and specific conductances were generally greater than 600 microsiemens per centimeter. Calcium, magnesium, sodium, bicarbonate, chloride, and sulfate were the primary dissolved constituents in the water samples. Sodium and chloride concentrations were generally greater than commonly reported in the region, probably due to leaching of sodium chloride applied to roads during the winter. Most tracemetal concentrations in ground-water samples were less than 10 micrograms per liter (&mu;g/L), but concentrations of iron and manganese commonly exceeded Secondary Maximum Contaminant Levels set by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency of 300 and 50 &mu;g/L, respectively. Mineral saturation indices indicated that calcite, dolomite, and gypsum were slightly undersaturated in most water samples, and that quartz, and many oxides and hydroxides of iron and manganese were oversaturated in all of the water samples.</p>\n<p>Concentrations of nitrate nitrogen, the primary nutrient of concern in ground water, ranged from less than 0.05 to 16 mg/L, with a median concentration of 1.4 mg/L. Dissolved phosphorus concentrations ranged from less than 0.01 to 1.5 mg/L in the water samples, with a median concentration of 0.02 mg/L. Water from one well was oversaturated with respect to hydroxyapatite, a phosphatic mineral used as a fertilizer.</p>\n<p>Pesticide compounds were detected in water samples from 16 wells, but concentrations of those compounds were less than 1.0 &mu;g/L. Prometon, an herbicide commonly used for right-of-way weed control, was detected in water samples from 10 of the wells. Atrazine, and its metabolite deethylatrazine, were detectable in water samples from 6 and 8 wells, respectively. Atrazine is commonly applied to land planted with corn and is detectable in rainfall and air samples in concentrations of less than 1 ng/L in the urban land use study area. Other detected pesticide compounds, which are used in agriculture, right-of-way weed control, or lawn care included: tebuthiuron, EPTC, <i>p</i>,<i>p</i>'-DDE, metolachlor, simazine, bentazon, and bromacil.</p>\n<p>Volatile organic compounds were detected in water samples from 26 wells, but the concentrations of most of those compounds were less than 1 &mu;g/L. Carbon disulfide, which may be produced by bacteria in soils, was the most commonly detected volatile organic compound in water samples from the wells. Other detected volatile organic compounds included: methyl chloride, acetone, dichlorofluoromethane, tetrahydrofuran, trichlorofluoromethane, methyl iodide, 1,1-dichloroethane, chloroform, toluene, trichloroethane, trichloroethene, <i>cis</i>-1,2-dichloroethene, methylene chloride, bromodichloromethane, benzene, methylisobutylketone, ethyl ether, and tetrachloroethene.</p>\n<p>Tritium concentrations, analyzed in water samples from 15 of the 30 wells, indicated that shallow ground water has been recharged since the mid-1950's, and that shallow ground water should be affected by urban development that has taken place over the past 40 years.</p>\n<p>Land uses in the urban land use study area affected the concentrations of some water-quality constituents. Concentrations of nitrate and chloride, and frequencies of detection of pesticides and of volatile organic compounds, were greater in water samples from the surficial sand and gravel aquifer underlying the urban land use study area than in water samples from similar aquifers from part of the Upper Mississippi River Basin National Water-Quality Assessment study unit. Land uses within 500-meter radii of each well were quantified by digitizing overlays of aerial photographs that were verified and updated in the field. Concentrations of magnesium and sulfate were greater in ground water beneath areas of denser residential development, which may be a natural artifact of better drainage and a deeper water table in those areas. Frequencies of detection of some pesticides and volatile organic compounds were greater in water from wells with greater proportions of industrial and transportation land uses. Ground water in areas with less dense residential development, mostly the more recently-developed areas, tended to have greater concentrations of agricultural herbicides and some nutrients probably a relict of previous agricultural land use.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Mounds View, MN","doi":"10.3133/wri974248","usgsCitation":"Andrews, W., Fong, A.L., Harrod, L., and Dittes, M.E., 1998, Water-quality assessment of part of the upper Mississippi River basin, Minnesota and Wisconsin— Ground-water quality in an urban part of the Twin Cities Metropolitan area, Minnesota, 1996: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 97-4248, viii, 54 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri974248.","productDescription":"viii, 54 p.","numberOfPages":"62","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":392,"text":"Minnesota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":391497,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_48855.htm"},{"id":54573,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1997/4248/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":158065,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1997/4248/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Minnesota","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -93.4,\n              45.233333\n            ],\n            [\n              -93.25,\n              45.233333\n            ],\n          \n            [\n              -93.25,\n              45.0833\n            ],\n              [\n              -93.4,\n              45.0833\n            ],\n            [\n              -93.4,\n              45.233333\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49e6e4b07f02db5e71be","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Andrews, W. J. 0000-0003-4780-8835","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4780-8835","contributorId":56261,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Andrews","given":"W. J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":195215,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Fong, A. L.","contributorId":58309,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fong","given":"A.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":195216,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Harrod, Leigh","contributorId":63053,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Harrod","given":"Leigh","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":195217,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Dittes, M. E.","contributorId":94343,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dittes","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":195218,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70020662,"text":"70020662 - 1998 - Conspecific reproductive success and breeding habitat selection: Implications for the study of coloniality","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-12-14T16:17:24.957802","indexId":"70020662","displayToPublicDate":"1998-10-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1465,"text":"Ecology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Conspecific reproductive success and breeding habitat selection: Implications for the study of coloniality","docAbstract":"<p><span>Habitat selection is a crucial process in the life cycle of animals because it can affect most components of fitness. It has been proposed that some animals cue on the reproductive success of conspecifics to select breeding habitats. We tested this hypothesis with demographic and behavioral data from a 17-yr study of the Black-legged Kittiwake (</span><i>Rissa tridactyla</i><span>), a cliff-nesting seabird. As the hypothesis assumes, the Black-legged Kittiwake nesting environment was patchy, and the relative quality of the different patches (i.e., breeding cliffs) varied in time. The average reproductive success of the breeders of a given cliff was predictable from one year to the next, but this predictability faded after several years. The dynamic nature of cliff quality in the long term is partly explained by the autocorrelation of the prevalence of an ectoparasite that influences reproductive success. As predicted by the performance-based conspecific attraction hypothesis, the reproductive success of current breeders on a given cliff was predictive of the reproductive success of new recruits on the cliff in the following year. Breeders tended to recruit to the previous year’s most productive cliffs and to emigrate from the least productive ones. Consequently, the dynamics of breeder numbers on the cliffs were explained by local reproductive success on a year-to-year basis. Because, on average, young Black-legged Kittiwakes first breed when 4 yr old, such a relationship probably results from individual choices based on the assessment of previous-year local quality. When breeders changed breeding cliffs between years, they selected cliffs of per capita higher reproductive success. Furthermore, after accounting for the potential effects of age and sex as well as between-year variations, the effect of individual breeding performance on breeding dispersal was strongly influenced by the average reproductive success of other breeders on the same cliff. Individual breeding performance did not appear to influence the probability of dispersing for birds breeding on cliffs with high local reproductive success, whereas individual breeding performance did have a strong effect on dispersal for birds that bred on cliffs with lower local reproductive success. This suggests that the reproductive success of locally breeding conspecifics may be sufficient to override an individual’s own breeding experience when deciding whether to emigrate. These results, which are supported by behavioral observations of the role of prospecting in recruitment, suggest that both first breeders and adults rely on the reproductive success of conspecifics as “public information” to assess their own chances of breeding successfully in a given patch and to make settling decisions. A corollary prediction is that individuals should attempt to breed near successful conspecifics (a form of social attraction) in order to benefit from the same favorable local environmental conditions. Such a performance-based conspecific attraction mechanism can thus lead to an aggregative distribution of nests and may have played a role in the evolution of coloniality.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Ecological Society of America","issn":"00129658","usgsCitation":"Danchin, E., Boulinier, T., and Massot, M., 1998, Conspecific reproductive success and breeding habitat selection: Implications for the study of coloniality: Ecology, v. 79, no. 7, p. 2415-2428.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"2415","endPage":"2428","numberOfPages":"14","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":231347,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"79","issue":"7","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059fa02e4b0c8380cd4d88d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Danchin, Etienne","contributorId":69034,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Danchin","given":"Etienne","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":387048,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Boulinier, T.","contributorId":37845,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Boulinier","given":"T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":387047,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Massot, M.","contributorId":18535,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Massot","given":"M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":387046,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70214427,"text":"70214427 - 1998 - Anaerobic benzene oxidation in the Fe(III) reduction zone of petroleum-contaminated aquifers","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-09-25T20:17:03.589724","indexId":"70214427","displayToPublicDate":"1998-09-25T15:06:53","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1565,"text":"Environmental Science & Technology","onlineIssn":"1520-5851","printIssn":"0013-936X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Anaerobic benzene oxidation in the Fe(III) reduction zone of petroleum-contaminated aquifers","docAbstract":"<div class=\"article_abstract\"><div class=\"container container_scaled-down\"><div class=\"row\"><div class=\"col-xs-12\"><div id=\"abstractBox\" class=\"article_abstract-content hlFld-Abstract\"><p class=\"articleBody_abstractText\">The potential for anaerobic benzene oxidation in the Fe(III)-reduction zone of petroleum-contaminated aquifers was evaluated. Sediments were incubated under strict anaerobic conditions without any amendments in order to simulate in situ conditions. [<sup>14</sup>C]Benzene was not oxidized to<span>&nbsp;</span><sup>14</sup>CO<sub>2</sub><span>&nbsp;</span>at most sites examined, which is consistent with previous studies that have found that benzene tends to persist in unamended, anaerobic aquifer materials and/or long periods of time are required in order to adapt the microbial population for benzene degradation. However, at one site located in Bemidji, MN, [<sup>14</sup>C]benzene was oxidized to<span>&nbsp;</span><sup>14</sup>CO<sub>2</sub><span>&nbsp;</span>in unamended sediments without an apparent lag, suggesting that benzene was anaerobically degraded in situ. Benzene was not significantly oxidized in sediments from nearby Fe(III)-reducing sites nor in sediments collected from an uncontaminated background site in the same aquifer. Culturing and 16S rRNA-based molecular studies of the Bemidji aquifer demonstrated that while all sites contained similar numbers of Fe(III)-reducing microorganisms closely related to<span>&nbsp;</span><i>Geothrix fermentens</i>, the site at which anaerobic benzene degradation was observed was greatly enriched with microorganisms in the family<span>&nbsp;</span><i>Geobacteraceae</i>. This study provides the first data consistent with in situ anaerobic oxidation of benzene to carbon dioxide in the Fe(III)-reducing zone of a petroleum-contaminated aquifer and suggests that comparative studies on the size of the<span>&nbsp;</span><i>Geobacteraceae</i><span>&nbsp;</span>community in petroleum-contaminated aquifers might aid in the location of zones in which benzene degradation coupled to Fe(III) reduction is taking place.</p></div></div></div></div></div>","language":"English","publisher":"American Chemical Society","doi":"10.1021/es9704949","usgsCitation":"Anderson, R.T., Rooney-Varga, J.N., Gaw, C.V., and Lovley, D.R., 1998, Anaerobic benzene oxidation in the Fe(III) reduction zone of petroleum-contaminated aquifers: Environmental Science & Technology, v. 32, no. 9, p. 1222-1229, https://doi.org/10.1021/es9704949.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"1222","endPage":"1229","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":378783,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"32","issue":"9","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1998-03-18","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Anderson, Robert T.","contributorId":178193,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Anderson","given":"Robert","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":799674,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Rooney-Varga, Juliette N.","contributorId":241455,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Rooney-Varga","given":"Juliette","email":"","middleInitial":"N.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":799675,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Gaw, Catherine V.","contributorId":241456,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Gaw","given":"Catherine","email":"","middleInitial":"V.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":799676,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Lovley, Derek R.","contributorId":107852,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lovley","given":"Derek","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":799677,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70174936,"text":"70174936 - 1998 - Effects of landcover, water redistribution, and temperature on ecosystem processes in the South Plate Basin","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-02-21T15:45:27","indexId":"70174936","displayToPublicDate":"1998-09-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1450,"text":"Ecological Applications","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Effects of landcover, water redistribution, and temperature on ecosystem processes in the South Plate Basin","docAbstract":"<p><span>Over one-third of the land area in the South Platte Basin of Colorado, Nebraska, and Wyoming, has been converted to croplands. Irrigated cropland now comprises 8% of the basin, while dry croplands make up 31%. We used the RHESSys model to compare the changes in plant productivity and vegetation-related hydrological processes that occurred as a result of either land cover alteration or directional temperature changes (&minus;2&deg;C, +4&deg;C). Land cover change exerted more control over annual plant productivity and water fluxes for converted grasslands, while the effect of temperature changes on productivity and water fluxes was stronger in the mountain vegetation. Throughout the basin, land cover change increased the annual loss of water to the atmosphere by 114 mm via evaporation and transpiration, an increase of 37%. Both irrigated and nonirrigated grains became active earlier in the year than shortgrass steppe, leading to a seasonal shift in water losses to the atmosphere. Basin-wide photosynthesis increased by 80% due to grain production. In contrast, a 4&deg;C warming scenario caused annual transpiration to increase by only 3% and annual evaporation to increase by 28%, for a total increase of 71 mm. Warming decreased basin-wide photosynthesis by 16%. There is a large elevational range from east to west in the South Platte Basin, which encompasses the western edge of the Great Plains and the eastern front of the Rocky Mountains. This elevational gain is accompanied by great changes in topographic complexity, vegetation type, and climate. Shortgrass steppe and crops found at elevations between 850 and 1800 m give way to coniferous forests and tundra between 1800 and 4000 m. Climate is increasingly dominated by winter snow precipitation with increasing elevation, and the timing of snowmelt influences tundra and forest ecosystem productivity, soil moisture, and downstream discharge. Mean annual precipitation of &lt;500 mm on the plains below 1800 m is far less than potential evapotranspiration of 1000&ndash;1500 mm and is insufficient for optimum plant productivity. The changes in water flux and photosynthesis from conversion of steppe to cropland are the result of redistribution of snowmelt water from the mountains and groundwater pumping through irrigation projects.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Ecological Society of America","doi":"10.1890/1051-0761(1998)008[1037:EOLCWR]2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Baron, J., Hartman, M., Kittel, T.G., Band, L., Ojima, D.S., and Lammers, R., 1998, Effects of landcover, water redistribution, and temperature on ecosystem processes in the South Plate Basin: Ecological Applications, v. 8, no. 4, p. 1037-1051, https://doi.org/10.1890/1051-0761(1998)008[1037:EOLCWR]2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"15 p.","startPage":"1037","endPage":"1051","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":325544,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"8","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"57934445e4b0eb1ce79e8bed","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Baron, Jill 0000-0002-5902-6251 jill_baron@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5902-6251","contributorId":194124,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Baron","given":"Jill","email":"jill_baron@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":643228,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hartman, M.D.","contributorId":7671,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hartman","given":"M.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":643229,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Kittel, Timothy G.F.","contributorId":66612,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kittel","given":"Timothy","email":"","middleInitial":"G.F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":643230,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Band, L.E.","contributorId":70342,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Band","given":"L.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":643231,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Ojima, D. S.","contributorId":13166,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ojima","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":643232,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Lammers, R.B.","contributorId":67469,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lammers","given":"R.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":643233,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}}
,{"id":70199197,"text":"70199197 - 1998 - Analysis and simulation of reactive transport of metal contaminants in ground water in Pinal Creek Basin, Arizona","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-09-10T10:00:59","indexId":"70199197","displayToPublicDate":"1998-08-01T09:57:23","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2342,"text":"Journal of Hydrology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Analysis and simulation of reactive transport of metal contaminants in ground water in Pinal Creek Basin, Arizona","docAbstract":"<div id=\"abstracts\" class=\"Abstracts\"><div id=\"aep-abstract-id24\" class=\"abstract author\"><div id=\"aep-abstract-sec-id25\"><p>Large-scale mining activities have generated a plume of acidic ground water more than 15&nbsp;<span>km long in the regional&nbsp;aquifer&nbsp;of the Pinal Creek Basin. A one-dimensional&nbsp;reactive-transport&nbsp;model was developed using PHREEQC to aid in the analysis of transport and&nbsp;chemical processes&nbsp;in the plume and to determine the uses and limitations of this type of modeling approach. In 1984, the acidic part of the plume had a pH as low as 3.4 and contained milligram-per-liter concentrations of iron, copper, aluminum and other metals. From 1984 to 1994, concentrations of contaminants in the alluvial aquifer in Pinal Creek Basin, Arizona, decreased as a result of mixing, recharge, remedial pumping and chemical reactions. For reactions involving&nbsp;gypsum&nbsp;and&nbsp;rhodochrosite, the equilibrium modeling assumption of a local geochemical equilibrium was generally valid. From 1984 to 1990, water along the simulated flow path was at equilibrium or slightly supersaturated with gypsum, and gypsum equilibria controlled dissolved concentrations of calcium and&nbsp;sulfate. Beginning in 1991, water in the acidic part of the plume became increasingly undersaturated with respect to gypsum, indicating that the gypsum available for dissolution in the aquifer may have been completely consumed by about 1991. Rhodochrosite precipitation was thought responsible for the measured attenuation in dissolved&nbsp;manganese&nbsp;in the neutralized zone.&nbsp;</span><span>For reactions involving&nbsp;calcite, the assumption of a local geochemical equilibrium was generally not valid. Dissolution of calcite in the transition zone was not sufficient to establish equilibrium although, following neutralization, the calcite saturation index decreased to −1.2 in 1986. Calcite undersaturation decreased along the flow path in the neutralized zone, and equilibrium was attained about 7</span>&nbsp;<span>km downgradient of the transition zone. The assumption of a local geochemical equilibrium was not valid for&nbsp;oxidation–reduction reactions&nbsp;that involved&nbsp;iron oxides&nbsp;and&nbsp;manganese oxides. Kinetically controlled oxidation–reduction reactions continued in the acidic part of the flow path for years following the passage of the transition zone. Although the equilibrium approach helped to provide an increased understanding of&nbsp;contaminant transport&nbsp;at Pinal Creek, future work will require a kinetic modeling approach to more accurately simulate selected reactions between the plume and aquifer materials.</span></p></div></div></div>","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/S0022-1694(98)00091-2","usgsCitation":"Brown, J.G., Bassett, R.L., and Glynn, P.D., 1998, Analysis and simulation of reactive transport of metal contaminants in ground water in Pinal Creek Basin, Arizona: Journal of Hydrology, v. 209, no. 1-4, p. 225-250, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-1694(98)00091-2.","productDescription":"26 p.","startPage":"225","endPage":"250","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":357185,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Arizona","otherGeospatial":"Pinal Creek Basin","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -111,33.25 ], [ -111,33.61666666666667 ], [ -110.71666666666667,33.61666666666667 ], [ -110.71666666666667,33.25 ], [ -111,33.25 ] ] ] } } ] }","volume":"209","issue":"1-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5b98de78e4b0702d0e848671","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Brown, James G.","contributorId":81094,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brown","given":"James","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":744633,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bassett, R. L.","contributorId":100304,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bassett","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":744634,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Glynn, Pierre D. 0000-0001-8804-7003 pglynn@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8804-7003","contributorId":2141,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Glynn","given":"Pierre","email":"pglynn@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":436,"text":"National Research Program - Eastern Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":744635,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":25793,"text":"wri964135 - 1998 - Surface-water-quality assessment of the upper Illinois River Basin in Illinois, Indiana, and Wisconsin: Pesticides and other synthetic organic compounds in water, sediment, and biota, 1975-90","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-12-13T22:54:31.331835","indexId":"wri964135","displayToPublicDate":"1998-08-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"96-4135","title":"Surface-water-quality assessment of the upper Illinois River Basin in Illinois, Indiana, and Wisconsin: Pesticides and other synthetic organic compounds in water, sediment, and biota, 1975-90","docAbstract":"The distribution of pesticides and other synthetic organic compounds in water, sediment, and biota in the upper Illinois River Basin in Illinois, Indiana, and Wisconsin was examined from 1987 through 1990 as part of the pilot National Water-Quality Assesssment Program conducted by the U.S. Geological Survey. Historical data for water and sediment collected from 1975 through 1986 were similar to data collected from 1987 through 1990. Some compounds were detected in concentrations that exceed U.S. Environmental Protection Agency water-quality criteria.\r\nResults from pesticide sampling at four stations in 1988 and 1989 identified several agricultural pesticides that were detected more frequently and at higher concentrations in urban areas than in agricultural areas. Results from herbicide sampling at 17 stations in the Kankakee and Iroquois River Basins in 1990 indicated that atrazine concentrations exceeded the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's maximum contaminant level for drinking water during runoff periods.\r\n\r\nResults from sampling for volatile and semivolatile organic compounds in water indicate that, with one exception, all stations at which more than one compound was detected were within 2 miles downstream from the nearest point source. Detections at two stations in the Chicago urban area accounted for 37 percent of the total number of detections. Concentrations of tetrachloroethylene, trichloroethylene, and 1,2-dichlorethane from stations in the Des Plaines River Basin exceeded the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's maximum contaminant level for drinking water in one and two samples from the two stations in the Chicago area.\r\n\r\nPhenols and pentachlorophenols were detected most frequently in the Des Plaines River Basin where point-source discharges were common. Phenol concentrations were significantly different among the Des Plaines, Kankakee, and Fox River Basins. Phenols and pentachlorophenols never exceeded the general use and secondary contact standards.\r\n\r\nResults from a 1989 synoptic survey of semivolatile organic compounds in sediment indicate that these compounds were detected most frequently at sites in the Chicago urban area. Of the 17 stations at which 10 or more compounds were detected, 14 were located in the Des Plaines River subbasin, and 1 was on the Illinois River mainstem. As was the case with organic compounds in water, each of these sites was located within 2 miles downstream from point sources.\r\n\r\nBiota samples were collected and analyzed for organochlorines and polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons in 1989 and 1990. The most commonly detected compound in both years was p,p'-DDE. National Academy of Science recommendations for chlordane and dieldrin for protection of predators were exceeded in 19 and 10 samples, respectively, when the 1989 and 1990 data were combined. In the nine fish-fillet samples collected in 1989, concentrations exceeded U.S. Environmental Protection Agency fish-tissue criteria in nine fillets for p,p'-DDE and five fillets for dieldrin.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri964135","usgsCitation":"Sullivan, D.J., Stinson, T.W., Crawford, J.K., Schmidt, A.R., and Colman, J.A., 1998, Surface-water-quality assessment of the upper Illinois River Basin in Illinois, Indiana, and Wisconsin: Pesticides and other synthetic organic compounds in water, sediment, and biota, 1975-90: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 96-4135, ix, 131 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri964135.","productDescription":"ix, 131 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":410424,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_48484.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":54540,"rank":1,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1996/4135/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":158365,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1996/4135/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Illinois, Indiana, Wisconsin","otherGeospatial":"upper Illinois River basin","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -87.50100801193956,\n              41.651204269025726\n            ],\n            [\n              -87.86903427371796,\n              42.67736509991755\n            ],\n            [\n              -87.85468280424294,\n              43.21643185455525\n            ],\n            [\n              -88.5468191414437,\n              42.97806865325791\n            ],\n            [\n              -88.7940388908309,\n              41.76665358974668\n            ],\n            [\n              -88.64362768300037,\n              40.67935213936329\n            ],\n            [\n              -87.9724865679459,\n              40.104537895285915\n            ],\n            [\n              -86.93471258293368,\n              40.035497013445195\n            ],\n            [\n              -86.43413199631502,\n              41.14711718277687\n            ],\n            [\n              -86.43401024073836,\n              41.648745486108396\n            ],\n            [\n              -86.70965405093068,\n              41.72392178190145\n            ],\n            [\n              -87.50100801193956,\n              41.651204269025726\n            ]\n          ]\n        ],\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ae4e4b07f02db689b0a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Sullivan, Daniel J. 0000-0003-2705-3738 djsulliv@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2705-3738","contributorId":1703,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sullivan","given":"Daniel","email":"djsulliv@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":677,"text":"Wisconsin Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":195093,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Stinson, Troy W.","contributorId":33739,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stinson","given":"Troy","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":195095,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Crawford, J. Kent","contributorId":54176,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Crawford","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"Kent","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":195096,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Schmidt, Arthur R.","contributorId":105709,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schmidt","given":"Arthur","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":195097,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Colman, John A. 0000-0001-9327-0779 jacolman@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9327-0779","contributorId":2098,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Colman","given":"John","email":"jacolman@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":376,"text":"Massachusetts Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":466,"text":"New England Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":195094,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}}
,{"id":25003,"text":"pp1595 - 1998 - Geologic studies in Alaska by the U.S. Geological Survey, 1996","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-01-07T20:04:24.106791","indexId":"pp1595","displayToPublicDate":"1998-08-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":331,"text":"Professional Paper","code":"PP","onlineIssn":"2330-7102","printIssn":"1044-9612","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1595","title":"Geologic studies in Alaska by the U.S. Geological Survey, 1996","docAbstract":"<p>This collection of 12 papers continues the annual series of U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) reports on geologic investigations in Alaska. The annual volume presents results from new or ongoing studies in Alaska that are of interest to scientists in academia, industry, land and resource managers, and the general public. The Geological Studies in Alaska volume reports the results of studies that cover a broad spectrum of earth science topics from many parts of the state (fig. 1).</p><p>The papers in this volume are organized under the topics Environment and Climate, Resources, and Geologic Framework, in order to reflect the objectives and scope of USGS programs that are currently active in Alaska. Environmental studies are the focus of two articles in this volume: One study addresses the relation between glaciers and aquatic habitat on the Kenai River and another study evaluates the geochemistry of water draining chromite deposits in Alaska. Two papers address mineral resources in southwestern Alaska including a geochemical study of the Fortyseven Creek prospect and a geological and geochemical study of the Stuyahok area. Eight geologic framework studies apply a variety of techniques to a wide range of subjects throughout Alaska, including biostratigraphy, geochemistry, geochronology, paleomagnetism, sedimentology, and tectonics.</p><p>Two bibliographies at the end of the volume list reports about Alaska in USGS publications released in 1996 and reports about Alaska by USGS authors in non-USGS publications in 1996.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Washington, D.C.","doi":"10.3133/pp1595","usgsCitation":"1998, Geologic studies in Alaska by the U.S. Geological Survey, 1996: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1595, vi, 200 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/pp1595.","productDescription":"vi, 200 p.","numberOfPages":"210","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":171,"text":"Central Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":421214,"rank":4,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index 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Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_13158.htm","text":"New 40Ar/39Ar dates for intrusions and mineral prospects in the eastern Yukon-Tanana terrane, Alaska - regional patterns and significance","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":465805,"rank":7,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_13159.htm","text":"40Ar/39Ar ages of detrital minerals in Lower Cretaceous rocks of the Okpikruak Formation: evidence for Upper Paleozoic metamorphic rocks in the Koyukuk arc","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":465806,"rank":8,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_13160.htm","text":"The Coast Mountains structural zones in southeastern Alaska - descriptions, relations, and lithotectonic terrane significance","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":465807,"rank":9,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_22512.htm","text":"Age, isotopic, and geochemical studies of the Fortyseven Creek Au-As-Sb-W prospect and vicinity, southwestern Alaska","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":465808,"rank":10,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_22513.htm","text":"Radiolarian and conodont biostratigraphy of the type section of the Akmalik Chert (Mississippian), Brooks Range, Alaska","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":465809,"rank":11,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_22514.htm","text":"Sedimentology, conodonts, structure, and regional correlation of Silurian and Devonian metasedimentary rocks in Denali National Park, Alaska","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":465810,"rank":12,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_22516.htm","text":"Petrology, geochemistry, age, and significance of two foliated intrusions in the Fairbanks district, Alaska","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":465811,"rank":13,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_22517.htm","text":"Age of formation of Kaguyak caldera, eastern Aleutian arc, Alaska, estimated by tephrochronology","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":465812,"rank":14,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_22518.htm","text":"he coastal mountains structural zones in southeastern Alaska - descriptions, relations, and lithotectonic terrane significance","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              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R.","contributorId":70048,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Riehle","given":"James","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":544574,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70188661,"text":"70188661 - 1998 - Overview of a workshop on screening methods for detecting potential (anti-) estrogenic/androgenic chemicals in wildlife","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-06-20T16:16:10","indexId":"70188661","displayToPublicDate":"1998-07-16T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1571,"text":"Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Overview of a workshop on screening methods for detecting potential (anti-) estrogenic/androgenic chemicals in wildlife","docAbstract":"<p><span>The U.S. Congress has passed legislation requiring the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (U.S. EPA) to develop, validate, and implement screening tests for identifying potential endocrine-disrupting chemicals within 3 years. To aid in the identification of methods suitable for this purpose, the U.S. EPA, the Chemical Manufacturers Association, and the World Wildlife Fund sponsored several workshops, including the present one, which dealt with wildlife species. This workshop was convened with 30 international scientists representing multiple disciplines in March 1997 in Kansas City, Missouri, USA. Participants at the meeting identified methods in terms of their ability to indicate (anti-) estrogenic/androgenic effects, particularly in the context of developmental and reproductive processes. Data derived from structure-activity relationship models and in vitro test systems, although useful in certain contexts, cannot at present replace in vivo tests as the sole basis for screening. A consensus was reached that existing mammalian test methods (e.g., with rats or mice) generally are suitable as screens for assessing potential (anti-) estrogenic/ androgenic effects in mammalian wildlife. However, due to factors such as among-class variation in receptor structure and endocrine function, it is uncertain if these mammalian assays would be of broad utility as screens for other classes of vertebrate wildlife. Existing full and partial life-cycle tests with some avian and fish species could successfully identify chemicals causing endocrine disruption; however, these long-term tests are not suitable for routine screening. However, a number of short-term tests with species from these two classes exist that could serve as effective screening tools for chemicals inducing (anti-) estrogenic/androgenic effects. Existing methods suitable for identifying chemicals with these mechanisms of action in reptiles and amphibians are limited, but in the future, tests with species from these classes may prove highly effective as screens. In the case of invertebrate species, too little is known at present about the biological role of estrogens and androgens in reproduction and development to recommend specific assays.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry","doi":"10.1002/etc.5620170110","usgsCitation":"Ankley, G., Mihaich, E., Stahl, R.G., Tillitt, D.E., Colborn, T., McMaster, S., Miller, R., Bantle, J., Campbell, P., Denslow, N., Dickerson, R.L., Folmar, L.C., Fry, M., Giesy, J.P., Gray, L., Guiney, P., Hutchinson, T., Kennedy, S.W., Kramer, V., LeBlanc, G.A., Mayes, M., Nimrod, A., Patino, R., Peterson, R., Purdy, R., Ringer, R., Thomas, P.C., Touart, L., Van Der Kraak, G., and Zacharewski, T., 1998, Overview of a workshop on screening methods for detecting potential (anti-) estrogenic/androgenic chemicals in wildlife: Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, v. 17, no. 1, p. 68-87, https://doi.org/10.1002/etc.5620170110.","productDescription":"20 p.","startPage":"68","endPage":"87","costCenters":[{"id":192,"text":"Columbia Environmental Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":479707,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1002/etc.5620170110","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":342678,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"17","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1998-01-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"594a342ae4b062508e36af63","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ankley, Gerald T.","contributorId":177970,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Ankley","given":"Gerald T.","affiliations":[{"id":13485,"text":"U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Duluth, MN","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":698814,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Mihaich, Ellen","contributorId":193140,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Mihaich","given":"Ellen","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":698815,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Stahl, Ralph G.","contributorId":78666,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stahl","given":"Ralph","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":698816,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Tillitt, Donald E. 0000-0002-8278-3955 dtillitt@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8278-3955","contributorId":1875,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tillitt","given":"Donald","email":"dtillitt@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":192,"text":"Columbia Environmental Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":698817,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Colborn, Theo","contributorId":193141,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Colborn","given":"Theo","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":698818,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"McMaster, Suzzanne","contributorId":193142,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"McMaster","given":"Suzzanne","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":698819,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Miller, Ron","contributorId":193143,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Miller","given":"Ron","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":698820,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Bantle, John","contributorId":193144,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Bantle","given":"John","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":698821,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Campbell, Pamela","contributorId":193145,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Campbell","given":"Pamela","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":698822,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9},{"text":"Denslow, Nancy","contributorId":26268,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Denslow","given":"Nancy","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":698823,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":10},{"text":"Dickerson, Richard L.","contributorId":113056,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dickerson","given":"Richard","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":698824,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":11},{"text":"Folmar, Leroy C.","contributorId":106976,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Folmar","given":"Leroy","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":698825,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":12},{"text":"Fry, Michael","contributorId":193146,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Fry","given":"Michael","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":698826,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":13},{"text":"Giesy, John P.","contributorId":57426,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Giesy","given":"John","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":698827,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":14},{"text":"Gray, L. Earl","contributorId":193147,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Gray","given":"L. Earl","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":698828,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":15},{"text":"Guiney, Patrick","contributorId":193148,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Guiney","given":"Patrick","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":698829,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":16},{"text":"Hutchinson, Thomas","contributorId":193149,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Hutchinson","given":"Thomas","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":698830,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":17},{"text":"Kennedy, Sean W.","contributorId":58999,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kennedy","given":"Sean","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":698831,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":18},{"text":"Kramer, Vincent","contributorId":193150,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Kramer","given":"Vincent","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":698832,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":19},{"text":"LeBlanc, Gerald A.","contributorId":169887,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"LeBlanc","given":"Gerald","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":7091,"text":"North Carolina State University","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":698833,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":20},{"text":"Mayes, Monte","contributorId":193151,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Mayes","given":"Monte","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":698834,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":21},{"text":"Nimrod, Alison","contributorId":193152,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Nimrod","given":"Alison","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":698835,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":22},{"text":"Patino, Reynaldo 0000-0002-4831-8400 r.patino@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4831-8400","contributorId":2311,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Patino","given":"Reynaldo","email":"r.patino@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":198,"text":"Coop Res Unit Atlanta","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":698836,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":23},{"text":"Peterson, Richard","contributorId":54685,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Peterson","given":"Richard","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":698837,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":24},{"text":"Purdy, Richard","contributorId":193153,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Purdy","given":"Richard","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":698838,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":25},{"text":"Ringer, Robert","contributorId":193154,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Ringer","given":"Robert","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":698839,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":26},{"text":"Thomas, Peter C.","contributorId":26567,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thomas","given":"Peter","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":698840,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":27},{"text":"Touart, Les","contributorId":193155,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Touart","given":"Les","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":698841,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":28},{"text":"Van Der Kraak, Glen","contributorId":170040,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Van Der Kraak","given":"Glen","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":698842,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":29},{"text":"Zacharewski, Tim","contributorId":193156,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Zacharewski","given":"Tim","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":698843,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":30}]}}
,{"id":5223785,"text":"5223785 - 1998 - The influence of extraction procedure on ion concentrations in sediment pore water","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-08-14T16:25:20.805824","indexId":"5223785","displayToPublicDate":"1998-07-01T12:18:47","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":887,"text":"Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The influence of extraction procedure on ion concentrations in sediment pore water","docAbstract":"<p><span>Sediment pore water has the potential to yield important information on sediment quality, but the influence of isolation procedures on the chemistry and toxicity are not completely known and consensus on methods used for the isolation from sediment has not been reached. To provide additional insight into the influence of collection procedures on pore water chemistry, anion (filtered only) and cation concentrations were measured in filtered and unfiltered pore water isolated from four sediments using three different procedures: dialysis, centrifugation, and vacuum. Peepers were constructed using 24-cell culture plates and cellulose membranes and vacuum extractors consisted of fused-glass air stones attached with airline tubing to 60-cc syringes. Centrifugation was accomplished at two speeds (2,500 and 10,000&nbsp;</span><i>g</i><span>) for 30 min in a refrigerated centrifuge maintained at 4°C. Only minor differences in chemical characteristics and cation and anion concentrations were found among the different collecting methods with differences being sediment-specific. Filtering of the pore water did not appreciably reduce major cation concentrations, but trace metals (Cu and Pb) were markedly reduced. Although the extraction methods evaluated produced pore waters of similar chemistries, the vacuum extractor provided the following advantages over the other methods: ease of extraction, volumes of pore water isolated, minimal preparation time, and least time required for extraction of pore water from multiple samples at one time.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"SpringerLink","doi":"10.1007/s002449900341","usgsCitation":"Winger, P.V., Lasier, P., and Jackson, B.P., 1998, The influence of extraction procedure on ion concentrations in sediment pore water: Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, v. 35, no. 1, p. 8-13, https://doi.org/10.1007/s002449900341.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"8","endPage":"13","numberOfPages":"6","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":200269,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"35","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a85e4b07f02db64d56e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Winger, P. V.","contributorId":43075,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Winger","given":"P.","email":"","middleInitial":"V.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":339490,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Lasier, P. J.","contributorId":79201,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lasier","given":"P. J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":339491,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Jackson, B. P.","contributorId":27976,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Jackson","given":"B.","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":339489,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70021083,"text":"70021083 - 1998 - The San Gabriel Mountains bright reflective zone: Possible evidence of young mid-crustal thrust faulting in southern California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-08-14T16:22:51.059669","indexId":"70021083","displayToPublicDate":"1998-06-25T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3525,"text":"Tectonophysics","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The San Gabriel Mountains bright reflective zone: Possible evidence of young mid-crustal thrust faulting in southern California","docAbstract":"<p><span>During the Los Angeles Region Seismic Experiment (LARSE), a reflection/refraction survey was conducted along a line extending northeastward from Seal Beach, California, to the Mojave Desert, crossing the Los Angeles basin and San Gabriel Mountains. Shots and receivers were spaced most densely through the San Gabriel Mountains for the purpose of obtaining a combined reflection and refraction image of the crust in that area. A stack of common-midpoint (CMP) data reveals a bright reflective zone, 1-s thick, that dominates the stack and extends throughout most of the mid-crust of the San Gabriel Mountains. The top of this zone ranges in depth from 6 s (∼18-km depth) in the southern San Gabriel Mountains to 7.5 s (∼23-km depth) in the northern San Gabriel Mountains. The zone bends downward beneath the surface traces of the San Gabriel and San Andreas faults. It is brightest between these two faults, where it is given the name San Gabriel Mountains ‘bright spot’ (SGMBS), and becomes more poorly defined south of the San Gabriel fault and north of the San Andreas fault. The polarity of the seismic signal at the top of this zone is clearly negative, and our analysis suggests it represents a negative velocity step. The magnitude of the velocity step is approximately 1.7 km/s. In at least one location, an event with positive polarity can be observed 0.2 s beneath the top of this zone, indicating a thickness of the order of 500 m for the low-velocity zone at this location. Several factors combine to make the preferred interpretation of this bright reflective zone a young fault zone, possibly a ‘master’ decollement. (1) It represents a significant velocity reduction. If the rocks in this zone contain fluids, such a reduction could be caused by a differential change in fluid pressure between the caprock and the rocks in the SGMBS; near-lithostatic fluid pressure is required in the SGMBS. Such differential changes are believed to occur in the neighborhood of active fault zones, where ‘fault-value’ action has been postulated. Less likely alternative explanations for this velocity reduction include the presence of magma and a change in composition to serpentinite or metagraywacke. (2) It occurs at or near the brittle-ductile transition, at least in the southern San Gabriel Mountains, a possible zone of concentrated shear. (3) A thin reflection rising from its top in the southern San Gabriel Mountains projects to the hypocenter of the 1987&nbsp;</span><i>M</i><span>&nbsp;5.9 Whittier Narrows earthquake, a blind thrust-fault earthquake with one focal plane subparallel to the reflection. Alternatively, one could argue that the bends or disruptions in the reflective zone seen at the San Gabriel and San Andreas faults are actually offsets and that the reflective zone is therefore an older feature, possibly an older fault zone.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/S0040-1951(97)00253-9","issn":"00401951","usgsCitation":"Ryberg, T., and Fuis, G., 1998, The San Gabriel Mountains bright reflective zone: Possible evidence of young mid-crustal thrust faulting in southern California: Tectonophysics, v. 286, no. 1-4, p. 31-46, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0040-1951(97)00253-9.","productDescription":"16 p.","startPage":"31","endPage":"46","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":229771,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","city":"Los Angeles","otherGeospatial":"southern California","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -119.20628519933783,\n              34.42545117753792\n            ],\n            [\n              -119.20628519933783,\n              33.04720938583435\n            ],\n            [\n              -116.33098025193479,\n              33.04720938583435\n            ],\n            [\n              -116.33098025193479,\n              34.42545117753792\n            ],\n            [\n              -119.20628519933783,\n              34.42545117753792\n            ]\n          ]\n        ],\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"286","issue":"1-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505ba8d5e4b08c986b321e9e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ryberg, T.","contributorId":91643,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ryberg","given":"T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":388593,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Fuis, G. S.","contributorId":83131,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fuis","given":"G. S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":388592,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":5223778,"text":"5223778 - 1998 - Retrospective study of the diagnostic criteria in a lead-poisoning survey of waterfowl","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-03-23T12:53:55","indexId":"5223778","displayToPublicDate":"1998-06-16T12:18:40","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":887,"text":"Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Retrospective study of the diagnostic criteria in a lead-poisoning survey of waterfowl","docAbstract":"<p>Between 1983 and 1986 the National Wildlife Health Center (NWHC) conducted a nationwide study of lead poisoning of waterfowl from federal and state refuges. This survey was done to assist in identifying zones with lead-poisoning problems. One thousand forty one moribund or dead waterfowl were collected and examined. The presence or absence of 13 gross lesions selected as indicators of lead poisoning and 3 lesions indicating body condition was recorded. Lead-poisoning diagnoses were based on the finding of at least 6 8 ppm (wet weight) lead in the liver and either lead shot in the gizzard content or at least one convincing gross lesion indicative of lead poisoning. Four hundred and twenty-one of these waterfowl were diagnosed as lead-poisoned. The NWHC survey provided a comprehensive basis for estimating the sensitivities, specificities, and likelihood ratios of the gross lesions of lead poisoning and the associated hepatic lead concentrations for several species of waterfowl. Some of the 13 defined gross lesions were more common than others; frequencies ranged from 3% to 80% in the 421 lead-poisoned waterfowl. The most reliable indicators of lead poisoning were impactions of the upper alimentary tract, submandibular edema, myocardial necrosis, and biliary discoloration of the liver. Each of the 13 lesions occurred more frequently in the lead-poisoned birds, but each of the lesions also occurred in waterfowl that died of other causes. The number of lead shot present in a bird?s gizzard was only weakly correlated with its hepatic lead concentration; however, this weak correlation may have been adequate to account for differences in hepatic lead concentrations among species, once the weights of the species were taken into account. Although lead-poisoned ducks tended to have higher hepatic mean lead concentrations than did lead-poisoned geese or swans, the differences were probably a result of a greater dose of shot per body weight than to kinetic differences between species. Hepatic lead concentrations were independent of age and sex. Ninety-five percent of waterfowl diagnosed as lead-poisoned had hepatic lead concentrations of at least 38 ppm, dry weight (10 ppm, wet weight). Fewer than 1% of the waterfowl that died of other causes had a concentration that high. This 5th percentile, of 38 ppm dry weight (10 ppm wet weight), is a defensible criterion for identifying lead-poisoned waterfowl when interpreting hepatic lead concentrations in the absence of pathological observations.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1007/s002449900409","usgsCitation":"Beyer, W.N., Franson, J.C., Locke, L.N., Stroud, R.K., and Sileo, L., 1998, Retrospective study of the diagnostic criteria in a lead-poisoning survey of waterfowl: Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, v. 35, no. 3, p. 506-512, https://doi.org/10.1007/s002449900409.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"506","endPage":"512","numberOfPages":"7","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":456,"text":"National Wildlife Health Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":199519,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"35","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1998-10-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a0ce4b07f02db5fc2cd","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Beyer, W. Nelson 0000-0002-8911-9141 nbeyer@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8911-9141","contributorId":3301,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Beyer","given":"W.","email":"nbeyer@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"Nelson","affiliations":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":339468,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Franson, J. Christian 0000-0002-0251-4238 jfranson@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0251-4238","contributorId":140358,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Franson","given":"J.","email":"jfranson@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"Christian","affiliations":[{"id":456,"text":"National Wildlife Health Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":339470,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Locke, Lou N.","contributorId":64623,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Locke","given":"Lou","email":"","middleInitial":"N.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":339469,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Stroud, R. K.","contributorId":45660,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stroud","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":339466,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Sileo, L.","contributorId":46895,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sileo","given":"L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":339467,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}}
,{"id":70020392,"text":"70020392 - 1998 - Evidence for large prehistoric earthquakes in the northern New Madrid seismic zone, central United States","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-07-28T15:52:06.754162","indexId":"70020392","displayToPublicDate":"1998-05-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3372,"text":"Seismological Research Letters","onlineIssn":"1938-2057","printIssn":"0895-0695","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Evidence for large prehistoric earthquakes in the northern New Madrid seismic zone, central United States","docAbstract":"<p><span>We surveyed the area north of New Madrid, Missouri, for prehistoric liquefaction deposits and uncovered two new sites with evidence of pre-1811 earthquakes. At one site, located about 20 km northeast of New Madrid, Missouri, radiocarbon dating indicates that an upper sand blow was probably deposited after A.D. 1510 and a lower sand blow was deposited prior to A.D. 1040. A sand blow at another site about 45 km northeast of New Madrid, Missouri, is dated as likely being deposited between A.D. 55 and A.D. 1620 and represents the northernmost recognized expression of prehistoric liquefaction likely related to the New Madrid seismic zone. This study, taken together with other data, supports the occurrence of at least two earthquakes strong enough to induce liquefaction or faulting before A.D. 1811 and after A.D. 400. One earthquake probably occurred around A.D. 900 and a second earthquake occurred around A.D. 1350. The data are not yet sufficient to estimate the magnitudes of the causative earthquakes for these liquefaction deposits although we conclude that all of the earthquakes are at least moment magnitude&nbsp;</span><strong>M</strong><span>&nbsp;∼ 6.8, the size of the 1895 Charleston, Missouri, earthquake. A more rigorous estimate of the number and sizes of prehistoric earthquakes in the New Madrid seismic zone awaits evaluation of additional sites.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"GeoScienceWorld","doi":"10.1785/gssrl.69.3.270","issn":"00128287","usgsCitation":"Li, Y., Schweig, E., Tuttle, M., and Ellis, M., 1998, Evidence for large prehistoric earthquakes in the northern New Madrid seismic zone, central United States: Seismological Research Letters, v. 69, no. 3, p. 270-276, https://doi.org/10.1785/gssrl.69.3.270.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"270","endPage":"276","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":231179,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Arkansas, Illinois, Kentucky, Missouri, Tennessee","otherGeospatial":"New Madrid seismic zone","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -90.09313466643623,\n              36.632175245802316\n            ],\n            [\n              -91.19015970339679,\n              34.79253279366196\n            ],\n            [\n              -90.49143007259046,\n              34.64381339872331\n            ],\n            [\n              -89.04255755000423,\n              36.329924427872804\n            ],\n            [\n              -88.72479652589945,\n              37.02499667245861\n            ],\n            [\n              -88.96304165812002,\n              37.80075625176917\n            ],\n            [\n              -89.35890272212504,\n              37.635150880684684\n            ],\n            [\n              -90.09313466643623,\n              36.632175245802316\n            ]\n          ]\n        ],\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"69","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0d45e4b0c8380cd52ef6","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Li, Y.","contributorId":41394,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Li","given":"Y.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":386071,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Schweig, E.S.","contributorId":34538,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schweig","given":"E.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":386070,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Tuttle, M.P.","contributorId":90001,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Tuttle","given":"M.P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":386073,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Ellis, M.A.","contributorId":42716,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ellis","given":"M.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":386072,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70228804,"text":"70228804 - 1998 - Paleoclimate simulations for North America over the past 21,000 years: Features of the simulated climate and comparisons with paleoenvironmental data","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-02-22T14:44:01.256068","indexId":"70228804","displayToPublicDate":"1998-04-01T08:30:46","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3219,"text":"Quaternary Science Reviews","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Paleoclimate simulations for North America over the past 21,000 years: Features of the simulated climate and comparisons with paleoenvironmental data","docAbstract":"<p>Maps of upper-level and surface winds and of surface temperature and precipitation illustrate the results of a sequence of global paleoclimatic simulations spanning the past 21,000&nbsp;yr for North America. We review (a) the large-scale features of circulation, temperature, and precipitation that appear in the simulations from the NCAR Community Climate Model Version 1 (CCM 1), (b) the implications of the simulated climate for the past continental-scale distributions of three plant taxa (<i>Picea</i><span>&nbsp;</span>spp.,<span>&nbsp;</span><i>Pseudotsuga menziesii</i>, and<span>&nbsp;</span><i>Artemisia tridentata</i>), which are broadly representative of the vegetation across the continent, and (c) the potential explanations in terms of atmospheric circulation or surface energy- and water-balance processes for mismatches between the simulations and observations. Most of the broad-scale features of previous paleoclimatic simulations with the NCAR CCM 0 for North America are present in the current simulations. Many of the elements of a conceptual model (based on previous climate simulations) that describes the controls of paleoclimatic variations across North America during the past 21,000&nbsp;yr are found in simulations reviewed here. These include (1) displacement of the jet stream by the Laurentide Ice Sheet to the south of its present position in both winter and summer, (2) generation of a ‘glacial anticyclone’ over the ice sheet at the LGM, and the consequent induction of large-scale sinking motions induced over eastern North America, (3) changes in the strength of surface atmospheric circulation features through time, including weakening of the Aleutian low in winter, and strengthening of the eastern Pacific and Bermuda high-pressure systems in summer as the ice sheet decreased in size, (4) development of a ‘heat low’ at the surface and a strengthened ridge in the upper-atmosphere over the continent at the time of the maximum summer insolation anomaly, (5) increases in summer temperature earlier in regions remote from the ice sheet (these increases appear earlier in the present (CCM 1) simulations than in the previous (CCM 0) ones, however), and (6) continuation of negative winter temperature anomalies into the middle Holocene. In general, simulated surface conditions that are discordant with paleoenvironmental observations can be attributed to the simulation of particular atmospheric circulation patterns (e.g. those that suppress precipitation or advect warm air into a region), with these mismatches amplified in Beringia and the southeastern United States by surface energy- and water-balance processes.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/S0277-3791(98)00012-2","usgsCitation":"Bartlein, P., Anderson, K.H., Anderson, P.M., Edwards, M.E., Mock, C.J., Thompson, R.S., Webb, R.S., Webb, T., and Whitlock, C., 1998, Paleoclimate simulations for North America over the past 21,000 years: Features of the simulated climate and comparisons with paleoenvironmental data: Quaternary Science Reviews, v. 17, no. 6-7, p. 549-585, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0277-3791(98)00012-2.","productDescription":"37 p.","startPage":"549","endPage":"585","costCenters":[{"id":218,"text":"Denver Federal Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":396240,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"otherGeospatial":"North America","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -79.1015625,\n              6.315298538330033\n            ],\n            [\n              -75.9375,\n              11.867350911459308\n            ],\n            [\n              -66.796875,\n              19.973348786110602\n            ],\n            [\n              -78.3984375,\n              31.653381399664\n            ],\n            [\n              -50.2734375,\n              47.27922900257082\n            ],\n            [\n              -40.078125,\n              62.431074232920906\n            ],\n            [\n         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J.","contributorId":54566,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Bartlein","given":"P. J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":835551,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Anderson, K. H.","contributorId":81527,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Anderson","given":"K.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":835552,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Anderson, P. M.","contributorId":71722,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Anderson","given":"P.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":835553,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Edwards, M. E.","contributorId":29977,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Edwards","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":835554,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Mock, C. J.","contributorId":279846,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Mock","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":835555,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Thompson, Robert S. 0000-0001-9287-2954 rthompson@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9287-2954","contributorId":891,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thompson","given":"Robert","email":"rthompson@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":318,"text":"Geosciences and Environmental Change Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":835556,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Webb, R. S.","contributorId":279847,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Webb","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":835557,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Webb, T. III","contributorId":38297,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Webb","given":"T.","suffix":"III","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":835558,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Whitlock, C.","contributorId":105836,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Whitlock","given":"C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":835559,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9}]}}
,{"id":70021101,"text":"70021101 - 1998 - More than one way to stretch: A tectonic model for extension along the plume track of the Yellowstone hotspot and adjacent Basin and Range Province","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-09-05T21:53:36.858048","indexId":"70021101","displayToPublicDate":"1998-04-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3524,"text":"Tectonics","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"More than one way to stretch: A tectonic model for extension along the plume track of the Yellowstone hotspot and adjacent Basin and Range Province","docAbstract":"<p><span>The eastern Snake River Plain of southern Idaho poses a paradoxical problem because it is nearly aseismic and unfaulted although it appears to be actively extending in a SW-NE direction continuously with the adjacent block-faulted Basin and Range Province. The plain represents the 100-km-wide track of the Yellowstone hotspot during the last ∼16–17 m.y., and its crust has been heavily intruded by mafic magma, some of which has erupted to the surface as extensive basalt flows. Outside the plain's distinct topographic boundaries is a transition zone 30–100 km wide that has variable expression of normal faulting and magmatic activity as compared with the surrounding Basin and Range Province. Many models for the evolution of the Snake River Plain have as an integral component the suggestion that the crust of the plain became strong enough through basaltic intrusion to resist extensional deformation. However, both the boundaries of the plain and its transition zone lack any evidence of zones of strike slip or other accommodation that would allow the plain to remain intact while the Basin and Range Province extended around it; instead, the plain is coupled to its surroundings and extending with them. We estimate strain rates for the northern Basin and Range Province from various lines of evidence and show that these strains would far exceed the elastic limit of any rocks coupled to the Basin and Range; thus, if the plain is extending along with its surroundings, as the geologic evidence indicates, it must be doing so by a nearly aseismic process. Evidence of the process is provided by volcanic rift zones, indicators of subsurface dikes, which trend across the plain perpendicular to its axis. We suggest that variable magmatic strain accommodation, by emplacement and inflation of dikes perpendicular to the least principal stress in the elastic crust, allows the crust of the plain to extend nearly aseismically. Dike injection releases accumulated elastic strain but generates only the small earthquakes associated with dike propagation. The rate of dike emplacement required to accommodate the estimated longitudinal strain rate of the plain is roughly a composite width of 10 m every 1000 years for the geologically youngest and most active part of the plain. The locus of most rapid intrusion and strain has migrated toward Yellowstone and is now in the northeastern 100–150 km of the plain. Reduced magmatic input in the transition zone of the plain causes the transitional expression of seismicity and faulting there.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/98TC00463","issn":"02787407","usgsCitation":"Parsons, T., Thompson, G.A., and Smith, R., 1998, More than one way to stretch: A tectonic model for extension along the plume track of the Yellowstone hotspot and adjacent Basin and Range Province: Tectonics, v. 17, no. 2, p. 221-234, https://doi.org/10.1029/98TC00463.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"221","endPage":"234","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":495379,"rank":2,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1029/98tc00463","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":230013,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -123.82733557102696,\n              46.42333982221035\n            ],\n            [\n              -123.82733557102696,\n              31.555661908928727\n            ],\n            [\n              -106.91437710811869,\n              31.555661908928727\n            ],\n            [\n              -106.91437710811869,\n              46.42333982221035\n            ],\n            [\n              -123.82733557102696,\n              46.42333982221035\n            ]\n          ]\n        ],\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"17","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a5e2de4b0c8380cd7084d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Parsons, Tom 0000-0002-0582-4338","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0582-4338","contributorId":75009,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Parsons","given":"Tom","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":388646,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Thompson, George A.","contributorId":94288,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thompson","given":"George","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":388647,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Smith, R.P.","contributorId":105283,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smith","given":"R.P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":388648,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70210058,"text":"70210058 - 1998 - Geographic trend in mercury measured in common loon feathers and blood","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-05-12T18:43:56.981064","indexId":"70210058","displayToPublicDate":"1998-02-28T13:31:13","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1571,"text":"Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Geographic trend in mercury measured in common loon feathers and blood","docAbstract":"<p><span>The common loon (</span><i>Gavia immer</i><span>) is a high‐trophic‐level, long‐lived, obligate piscivore at risk from elevated levels of Hg through biomagnification and bioaccumulation. From 1991 to 1996 feather (</span><i>n</i><span>&nbsp;= 455) and blood (</span><i>n</i><span>&nbsp;= 381) samples from adult loons were collected between June and September in five regions of North America: Alaska, northwestern United States, Upper Great Lakes, New England, and the Canadian Maritimes. Concentrations of Hg in adults ranged from 2.8 to 36.7 μg/g (fresh weight) in feathers and from 0.12 to 7.80 μg/g (wet weight) in whole blood. Blood Hg concentrations in 3 to 6‐week‐old juveniles ranged from 0.03 to 0.78 μg/g (wet weight) (</span><i>n</i><span>&nbsp;= 183). To better interpret exposure data, relationships between blood and feather Hg concentrations were examined among age and sex classes. Blood and feather Hg concentrations from the same individuals were significantly correlated and varied geographically (</span><i>r</i><sup>2</sup><span>&nbsp;ranged from 0.03 to 0.48). Blood and feather Hg correlated strongest in areas with the highest blood Hg levels, indicating a possible carryover of breeding season Hg that is depurated during winter remigial molt. Mean blood and feather Hg concentrations in males were significantly higher than concentrations in females for each region. The mean blood Hg concentration in adults was 10 times higher than that in juveniles, and feather Hg concentrations significantly increased over 1 to 4‐year periods in recaptured individuals. Geographic stratification indicates a significant increasing regional trend in adult and juvenile blood Hg concentrations from west to east. This gradient resembles U.S. Environmental Protection Agency‐modeled predictions of total anthropogenic Hg deposition across the United States. This gradient is clearest across regions. Within‐region blood Hg concentrations in adults and juveniles across nine sites of one region, the Upper Great Lakes, were less influenced by variations in geographic Hg deposition than by hydrology and lake chemistry. Loons breeding on low‐pH lakes in the Upper Great Lakes and in all lake types of northeastern North America are most at risk from Hg.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry","doi":"10.1002/etc.5620170206","usgsCitation":"Kaplan, J.D., Meyer, M.W., Reaman, P.S., Braselton, W.E., Major, A., Burgess, N., and Scheuhammer, A.M., 1998, Geographic trend in mercury measured in common loon feathers and blood: Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, v. 17, no. 2, p. 173-183, https://doi.org/10.1002/etc.5620170206.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"173","endPage":"183","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":374704,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Canada, United States","state":"Alaska, Maine, Michigan, Minnesota, Montana, New Brunswick, New Hampshire, Nova Scotia, Ontario, Washington, Wisconsin","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  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WI","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":788945,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Reaman, Peter S.","contributorId":224649,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Reaman","given":"Peter","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":788946,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Braselton, W. Emmett","contributorId":176143,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Braselton","given":"W.","email":"","middleInitial":"Emmett","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":788947,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Major, A.","contributorId":9846,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Major","given":"A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":788948,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Burgess, Neil","contributorId":224650,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Burgess","given":"Neil","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":788949,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Scheuhammer, Anton M.","contributorId":15477,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Scheuhammer","given":"Anton","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":788950,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8}]}}
,{"id":70006510,"text":"70006510 - 1998 - Environmental modification of gillraker number in coregonine fishes","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-06-30T09:24:50","indexId":"70006510","displayToPublicDate":"1998-01-01T09:20:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"title":"Environmental modification of gillraker number in coregonine fishes","docAbstract":"<p>Gillraker number, one of the most important taxonomic characters in the Coregoninae, has been considered genetically determined and not environmentally modifiable. However, laboratory-reared progeny of <i>Coregonus alpenae</i>, <i>C. artedi</i>, <i>C. clupeaformis</i>, <i>C. hoyi</i>, <i>C. kiyi</i>, <i>C. zenithicus</i>, and <i>Prosopium cylindraceum</i> generally had fewer gillrakers than the wild parents from which eggs were taken for hatching and rearing. Of 19 experimental groups hatched and reared between 1957 and 1996, only progeny from <i>C. alpenae</i>, <i>C. zenithicus</i>, and one group of <i>C. clupeaformis</i> had gillraker counts similar to their parents. All other groups had three to six gillrakers less than their wild parents. Most species were hatched and reared under similar conditions including similar temperatures, except for three groups of <i>C. hoyi</i> and several groups of <i>C. clupeaformis</i> and <i>C. artedi</i>. Incubation of <i>C. hoyi</i> eggs at 2°, 4°, and 8° C produced fish with five to six fewer gillrakers on average than their wild parental source in Lake Michigan. Warmer rearing temperatures produced higher gillraker counts in <i>C. clupeaformis</i>, and perhaps the discrepancies observed between wild and laboratory-reared fish in these experiments resulted from colder rearing temperatures in the laboratory than those experienced by wild fish.</p>","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Biology and management of Coregonid fishes-1996","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":4,"text":"Other Government Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"E. Schweizerbart'sche Verlagsbuchhandlung","publisherLocation":"Stuttgart, Germany","usgsCitation":"Todd, T.N., 1998, Environmental modification of gillraker number in coregonine fishes, chap. <i>of</i> Biology and management of Coregonid fishes-1996, p. 305-315.","productDescription":"p. 305-315","startPage":"305","endPage":"315","numberOfPages":"11","costCenters":[{"id":324,"text":"Great Lakes Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":289164,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53b286e7e4b07b8813a55484","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Todd, Thomas N.","contributorId":42547,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Todd","given":"Thomas","email":"","middleInitial":"N.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":354645,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":1007971,"text":"1007971 - 1998 - Use of restored riparian habitat by the endangered least Bell's vireo (Vireo bellii pusillus)","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-07-22T14:48:46.473197","indexId":"1007971","displayToPublicDate":"1998-01-01T01:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3271,"text":"Restoration Ecology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"displayTitle":"Use of restored riparian habitat by the endangered least Bell's vireo (<i>Vireo bellii pusillus</i>)","title":"Use of restored riparian habitat by the endangered least Bell's vireo (Vireo bellii pusillus)","docAbstract":"<p><span>A primary objective of riparian restoration in California is the creation of habitat for endangered species. Four restoration sites in San Diego County were monitored between 1989 and 1993 and evaluated for their suitability as nesting habitat for&nbsp;</span><i>Vireo bellii pusillus</i><span>&nbsp;(Least Bell's Vireo), a state and federally endangered obligate riparian breeder. Vegetation structure at each site was quantified annually and compared to a model of canopy architecture derived from Least Bell's Vireo territories in natural habitat. Vireo use of restored habitat was documented through systematic surveys and nest monitoring. By 1993, only one site in its entirety met the habitat suitability criteria of the model, but portions of each site during all years did so. Differences between sites in the time required to develop suitable habitat—well-developed layered vegetation from the ground to under 8m in height)—were attributable largely to variation in annual rainfall. Vireos visited restoration sites to forage as early as the first growing season, but they did not establish territories or nest there until at least part of the site supported suitable habitat as determined from the model. Placement of territories and nests coincided with patches of dense vegetation characteristic of natural nesting areas. Occupation of restored sites was accelerated by the presence of adjacent mature riparian habitat, which afforded birds nest sites and/or foraging habitat lacking in the planted vegetation. Vireos nesting in restored habitat achieved success comparable to that of vireos nesting in surrounding natural habitat, and there was no evidence that productivity was reduced in created areas. These findings indicate that creating nesting habitat for this target species is feasible and suggest that the critical components of vireo nesting habitat have been captured in both the design and quantitative assessment of restoration sites.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1046/j.1526-100x.1998.06110.x","usgsCitation":"Kus, B., 1998, Use of restored riparian habitat by the endangered least Bell's vireo (Vireo bellii pusillus): Restoration Ecology, v. 6, no. 1, p. 75-82, https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1526-100x.1998.06110.x.","productDescription":"8 p","startPage":"75","endPage":"82","numberOfPages":"8","costCenters":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":129941,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"6","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2002-01-05","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a17e4b07f02db6043c4","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kus, B.E.","contributorId":99492,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kus","given":"B.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":316442,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":1008000,"text":"1008000 - 1998 - Mechanism of smoke-induced seed germination in a post-fire chaparral annual","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-04-19T19:55:41.30383","indexId":"1008000","displayToPublicDate":"1998-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2242,"text":"Journal of Ecology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Mechanism of smoke-induced seed germination in a post-fire chaparral annual","docAbstract":"<p><strong>1</strong>  Smoke-stimulated germination in the post-fire flora of California chaparral does not appear to be triggered by nitrate. Application of freshly prepared unbuffered KNO<sub><i>3</i></sub><span>&nbsp;</span>solutions (pH<span>&nbsp;</span><i>c.</i><span>&nbsp;</span>6.2) failed to enhance germination of five populations of<span>&nbsp;</span><i>Emmenanthe penduliflora</i><span>&nbsp;</span>or one<span>&nbsp;</span><i>Phacelia grandiflora</i><span>&nbsp;</span>population, regardless of light or stratification conditions.</p><p><strong>2</strong>  KNO<sub><i>3</i></sub><span>&nbsp;</span>buffered at acidic pH (or unbuffered solutions equilibrated with atmospheric CO<sub><i>2</i></sub>) did induce germination, but KNO<sub><i>3</i></sub><span>&nbsp;</span>solutions at pH 7 failed to induce germination. Induction of germination is therefore not due to the nitrate ion<span>&nbsp;</span><i>per se</i>, but rather to high [H<sup>+</sup>], although buffered controls gave weak germination at low pH, suggesting a role for H<sup>+</sup><span>&nbsp;</span>plus nitrate. However, other anions such as sulphate were equally as effective as nitrate at breaking dormancy.</p><p><strong>3  </strong>The germination response to KNO<sub><i>3</i></sub><span>&nbsp;</span>was affected by the type of filter paper used and this may be linked to differences in pH.</p><p><strong>4  </strong>NO<sub><i>2</i></sub>, at concentrations present in biomass smoke, was highly effective at inducing germination, and other oxidizing agents also induced germination.</p><p><strong>5  </strong>Several growth regulators, including nitrite and gibberellin, were stimulatory only at acidic pH, but KCN was stimulatory across a broad pH range.</p><p><strong>6  </strong>Germination decreased at smoke exposures longer than a few minutes. Also, smoked water samples effective at breaking dormancy were acidic and were less effective when buffered to pH &gt;7.</p><p><strong>7</strong>  Physical scarification of the seed coat induced germination but the effect was not due to penetration of a water barrier, or to enhanced oxygen uptake or to wound responses such as CO<sub><i>2</i></sub><span>&nbsp;</span>or ethylene production.</p><p><strong>8  </strong>Different effects of the gibberellin inhibitor CCC (chlorocholine chloride) suggested that the mechanisms of scarification-induced and smoke-induced germination may differ.</p><p><strong>9  </strong>We conclude that either oxidizing gases in smoke and/or acids generated on burnt sites play a role in germination of post-fire annuals in chaparral.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"British Ecological Society","doi":"10.1046/j.1365-2745.1998.00230.x","usgsCitation":"Keeley, J., and Fotheringham, C.J., 1998, Mechanism of smoke-induced seed germination in a post-fire chaparral annual: Journal of Ecology, v. 86, p. 27-36, https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2745.1998.00230.x.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"27","endPage":"36","numberOfPages":"10","costCenters":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":489982,"rank":2,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2745.1998.00230.x","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":130079,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"86","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2002-01-05","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a29e4b07f02db611a4e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Keeley, Jon E. 0000-0002-4564-6521","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4564-6521","contributorId":69082,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Keeley","given":"Jon E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":316510,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Fotheringham, C. J.","contributorId":63334,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fotheringham","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":316509,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":1014538,"text":"1014538 - 1998 - Long term trends liver neoplasm epizootics of brown bullhead in the Black River, Ohio","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-11-03T11:34:42.970548","indexId":"1014538","displayToPublicDate":"1998-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1552,"text":"Environmental Monitoring and Assessment","onlineIssn":"1573-2959","printIssn":"0167-6369","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Long term trends liver neoplasm epizootics of brown bullhead in the Black River, Ohio","docAbstract":"<p><span>Since 1980, liver neoplasms in brown bullhead and polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) in sediment have been researched in a series of studies on the Black River in Lorain, Ohio. In the early 1980s the liver cancer prevalence in fish of age 3 and older was high, ranging from 22% to 39% of the adult population. These high cancer rates corresponded to high levels of PAHs in the sediment resulting from long-term releases by an upstream coking facility (USX). In 1983 this coking plant was closed, and by 1987 the PAH in sediment had declined by about two orders of magnitude. Coincidentally the tumor prevalence in 1987 was only about one-fourth of that in the early 1980s. In 1990, the most contaminated sediments were dredged. Neoplasm surveys in 1992 and 1993 found liver tumor frequencies in mature bullhead were as high as or higher than in the early 1980s. However liver tumor incidence declined in 1994, especially among age 3 fish, where neoplasm incidence was zero. These age 3 fish were the first group sampled that were not present during the 1990 dredging. These data are consistent with a hypothesis that the increase in tumor prevalence in 1992 and 1993 was caused by exposure to buried PAH-contaminated sediments released by the dredging. This research points out the insight provided by long term effects studies.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1023/A:1005967631275","usgsCitation":"Baumann, P.C., and Harshbarger, J., 1998, Long term trends liver neoplasm epizootics of brown bullhead in the Black River, Ohio: Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, v. 53, no. 1, p. 213-223, https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1005967631275.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"213","endPage":"223","costCenters":[{"id":365,"text":"Leetown Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":131938,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Ohio","city":"Lorain","otherGeospatial":"Black River","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n           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C.","contributorId":43297,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Baumann","given":"P.","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":320554,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Harshbarger, J.C.","contributorId":18303,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Harshbarger","given":"J.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":320553,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":1002928,"text":"1002928 - 1998 - Sampling benthic macroinvertebrates in a large flood-plain river: Considerations of study design, sample size, and cost","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-01-16T16:54:33.490394","indexId":"1002928","displayToPublicDate":"1998-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1552,"text":"Environmental Monitoring and Assessment","onlineIssn":"1573-2959","printIssn":"0167-6369","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Sampling benthic macroinvertebrates in a large flood-plain river: Considerations of study design, sample size, and cost","docAbstract":"<p><span>Estimation of benthic macroinvertebrate populations over large spatial scales is difficult due to the high variability in abundance and the cost of sample processing and taxonomic analysis. To determine a cost-effective, statistically powerful sample design, we conducted an exploratory study of the spatial variation of benthic macroinvertebrates in a 37 km reach of the Upper Mississippi River. We sampled benthos at 36 sites within each of two strata, contiguous backwater and channel border. Three standard ponar (525 cm</span><sup>2</sup><span>) grab samples were obtained at each site ('Original Design'). Analysis of variance and sampling cost of strata-wide estimates for abundance of Oligochaeta, Chironomidae, and total invertebrates showed that only one ponar sample per site ('Reduced Design') yielded essentially the same abundance estimates as the Original Design, while reducing the overall cost by 63%. A posteriori statistical power analysis (α = 0.05, β = 0.20) on the Reduced Design estimated that at least 18 sites per stratum were needed to detect differences in mean abundance between contiguous backwater and channel border areas for Oligochaeta, Chironomidae, and total invertebrates. Statistical power was nearly identical for the three taxonomic groups. The abundances of several taxa of concern (e.g., Hexagenia mayflies and Musculium fingernail clams) were too spatially variable to estimate power with our method. Resampling simulations indicated that to achieve adequate sampling precision for Oligochaeta, at least 36 sample sites per stratum would be required, whereas a sampling precision of 0.2 would not be attained with any sample size for Hexagenia in channel border areas, or Chironomidae and Musculium in both strata given the variance structure of the original samples. Community-wide diversity indices (Brillouin and 1-Simpsons) increased as sample area per site increased. The backwater area had higher diversity than the channel border area. The number of sampling sites required to sample benthic macroinvertebrates during our sampling period depended on the study objective and ranged from 18 to more than 40 sites per stratum. No single sampling regime would efficiently and adequately sample all components of the macroinvertebrate community.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1023/A:1005802715051","usgsCitation":"Bartsch, L., Richardson, W.B., and Naimo, T., 1998, Sampling benthic macroinvertebrates in a large flood-plain river: Considerations of study design, sample size, and cost: Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, v. 52, no. 3, p. 425-439, https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1005802715051.","productDescription":"15 p.","startPage":"425","endPage":"439","numberOfPages":"15","costCenters":[{"id":606,"text":"Upper Midwest Environmental Sciences Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":134372,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"52","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4aaee4b07f02db66c74e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bartsch, L.A.","contributorId":7675,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bartsch","given":"L.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":312358,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Richardson, W. B.","contributorId":16363,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Richardson","given":"W.","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":312359,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Naimo, T.J.","contributorId":32870,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Naimo","given":"T.J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":312360,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":1000644,"text":"1000644 - 1998 - Human versus lightning ignition of presettlement surface fires in costal pine forests of the upper Great Lakes","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-04-04T13:42:51","indexId":"1000644","displayToPublicDate":"1998-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":737,"text":"American Midland Naturalist","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Human versus lightning ignition of presettlement surface fires in costal pine forests of the upper Great Lakes","docAbstract":"<p>To recover direct evidence of surface fires before European settlement, we sectioned fire-scarred logging-era stumps and trees in 39 small, physically isolated sand patches along the Great Lakes coast of northern Michigan and northern Wisconsin. While much information was lost to postharvest fire and stump deterioration, 147 fire-free intervals revealed in cross-sections from 29 coastal sand patches document numerous close interval surface fires before 1910; only one post-1910 fire was documented. Cross-sections from the 10 sections with records spanning &gt;150 yr suggest local fire occurrence rates before 1910 ca. 10 times the present rate of lightning-caused fire. Since fire spread between or into coastal sand patches is rare, and seasonal use of the patches by Native people before 1910 is well documented, both historically and ethnographically, ignition by humans probably accounts for more than half of the pre-1910 fires recorded in cross-sections.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"University of Notre Dame","doi":"10.1674/0003-0031(1998)140[0206:HVLIOP]2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Loope, W.L., and Anderton, J.B., 1998, Human versus lightning ignition of presettlement surface fires in costal pine forests of the upper Great Lakes: American Midland Naturalist, v. 140, no. 2, p. 206-218, https://doi.org/10.1674/0003-0031(1998)140[0206:HVLIOP]2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"206","endPage":"218","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":324,"text":"Great Lakes Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":128716,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"140","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a52e4b07f02db62a5a8","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Loope, Walter L. wloope@usgs.gov","contributorId":4616,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Loope","given":"Walter","email":"wloope@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":324,"text":"Great Lakes Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":309004,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Anderton, John B.","contributorId":23880,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Anderton","given":"John","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":309005,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
]}