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,{"id":25752,"text":"wri884096 - 1991 - Relations between warm springs and geology delineated by side-looking airborne-radar imagery in eastern West Virginia","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-01-08T19:16:25.484101","indexId":"wri884096","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"88-4096","title":"Relations between warm springs and geology delineated by side-looking airborne-radar imagery in eastern West Virginia","docAbstract":"<p>No abstract available.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri884096","usgsCitation":"Lessing, P.H., Dean, S., and Kulander, B., 1991, Relations between warm springs and geology delineated by side-looking airborne-radar imagery in eastern West Virginia: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 88-4096, iv, 44 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri884096.","productDescription":"iv, 44 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":156193,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1988/4096/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":54514,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1988/4096/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":465892,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_47014.htm","text":"Boiling Springs area","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":465893,"rank":4,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_47015.htm","text":"Capon Springs area","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":465894,"rank":5,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_47016.htm","text":"Hancock Station and Berkeley Springs area","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":465895,"rank":6,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_47017.htm","text":"Minnehaha, Curry, McCorty, and Dunmore Springs area","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"West Virginia","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -80,\n              40\n            ],\n            [\n              -80,\n              38\n            ],\n            [\n              -78,\n              38\n            ],\n            [\n              -78,\n              40\n            ],\n            [\n              -80,\n              40\n            ]\n          ]\n        ],\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b05e4b07f02db699ef5","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lessing, Peter Hobba Hobba","contributorId":57319,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lessing","given":"Peter","suffix":"Hobba","email":"","middleInitial":"Hobba","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":194924,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Dean, S.L.","contributorId":69010,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dean","given":"S.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":194925,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Kulander, B.R.","contributorId":96532,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kulander","given":"B.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":194926,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":25708,"text":"wri914066 - 1991 - Plan of study for the regional aquifer-system analysis of the Appalachian Valley and Ridge, Piedmont, and Blue Ridge physiographic provinces of the eastern and southeastern United States, with a description of study-area geology and hydrogeology","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:15","indexId":"wri914066","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"91-4066","title":"Plan of study for the regional aquifer-system analysis of the Appalachian Valley and Ridge, Piedmont, and Blue Ridge physiographic provinces of the eastern and southeastern United States, with a description of study-area geology and hydrogeology","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nBooks and Open-File Reports Section [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/wri914066","usgsCitation":"Swain, L., Hollyday, E., Daniel, C.C., and Zapecza, O., 1991, Plan of study for the regional aquifer-system analysis of the Appalachian Valley and Ridge, Piedmont, and Blue Ridge physiographic provinces of the eastern and southeastern United States, with a description of study-area geology and hydrogeology: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 91-4066, v, 44 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri914066.","productDescription":"v, 44 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":121905,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1991/4066/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":54468,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1991/4066/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4adae4b07f02db6855ed","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Swain, L.A.","contributorId":11249,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Swain","given":"L.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":194745,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hollyday, E. F.","contributorId":95062,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hollyday","given":"E. F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":194748,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Daniel, C. C. III","contributorId":71953,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Daniel","given":"C.","suffix":"III","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":194747,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Zapecza, O. S.","contributorId":22787,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zapecza","given":"O. S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":194746,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":17091,"text":"ofr91599 - 1991 - Element dispersion in alluvium covering gold deposits east of the Osgood Mountains, Getchell Trend, Humboldt County, Nevada: slides and text of a talk given at the Association of Exploration Geochemists' 15th International Geochemical Exploration Symposium, Reno, Nevada","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-05-29T11:33:46","indexId":"ofr91599","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"91-599","title":"Element dispersion in alluvium covering gold deposits east of the Osgood Mountains, Getchell Trend, Humboldt County, Nevada: slides and text of a talk given at the Association of Exploration Geochemists' 15th International Geochemical Exploration Symposium, Reno, Nevada","docAbstract":"<p>The current trend in mineral exploration is to search for covered deposits. In the Great Basin, this\ntranslates into searching for ore bodies buried by alluvial cover. The exploration techniques used range from\nrandom drilling to the use of new and exciting geochemical sampling media and analytical methods. But\nwe have a problem. Many of our geochemical techniques lack a conceptual basis (We tried it and it\nworked) or the original conceptual basis is now suspect (The method also works when it shouldn't). What\nwe need is a basic understanding of what is going on in the alluvium -- the third dimension.</p>\n<br/>\n<p>The discovery and development of the alluvium-covered, disseminated gold deposits at Rabbit\nCreek, Chimney Creek, and Pinson provides us with an opportunity to gain some knowledge of the\ndispersion of elements in the third dimension.</p>\n<br/>\n<p>The work presented here is one part of a larger multi-disciplinary study of the Kelly Creek Valley by\nthe U.S. Geological Survey in cooperation with FirstMiss Gold, Inc., Gold Fields Mining Corporation, Pinson\nMining Company, and Santa Fe Pacific Mining, Inc.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Denver, CO","doi":"10.3133/ofr91599","usgsCitation":"Smith, S.M., Detra, D.E., Theobald, P., and Theodorakos, P.M., 1991, Element dispersion in alluvium covering gold deposits east of the Osgood Mountains, Getchell Trend, Humboldt County, Nevada: slides and text of a talk given at the Association of Exploration Geochemists' 15th International Geochemical Exploration Symposium, Reno, Nevada: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 91-599, 5 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr91599.","productDescription":"5 p.","numberOfPages":"34","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":287803,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":287802,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1991/0599/report.pdf"}],"country":"United States","state":"Nevada","county":"Humboldt County","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -119.3314,40.5261 ], [ -119.3314,42.0004 ], [ -117.0176,42.0004 ], [ -117.0176,40.5261 ], [ -119.3314,40.5261 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e479ee4b07f02db492585","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Smith, Steven M. 0000-0003-3591-5377 smsmith@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3591-5377","contributorId":1460,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smith","given":"Steven","email":"smsmith@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":171,"text":"Central Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":387,"text":"Mineral Resources Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":174896,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Detra, David E.","contributorId":17342,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Detra","given":"David","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":174898,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Theobald, Paul K.","contributorId":45361,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Theobald","given":"Paul K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":174899,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Theodorakos, Peter M. ptheodor@usgs.gov","contributorId":1566,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Theodorakos","given":"Peter","email":"ptheodor@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":171,"text":"Central Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":174897,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":17099,"text":"ofr91427 - 1991 - Evaluation of metallic mineral resources and their geologic controls in the East Mojave National Scenic Area, San Bernardino County, California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-10-14T17:03:52.255795","indexId":"ofr91427","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"91-427","title":"Evaluation of metallic mineral resources and their geologic controls in the East Mojave National Scenic Area, San Bernardino County, California","docAbstract":"<p>No abstract available.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr91427","usgsCitation":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey, 1991, Evaluation of metallic mineral resources and their geologic controls in the East Mojave National Scenic Area, San Bernardino County, California: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 91-427, Report: x, 278 p.; 6 Plates: 53.79 × 42.79 inches or smaller, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr91427.","productDescription":"Report: x, 278 p.; 6 Plates: 53.79 × 42.79 inches or smaller","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":46226,"rank":404,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1991/0427/plate-5.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":46225,"rank":403,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1991/0427/plate-4.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":46224,"rank":402,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1991/0427/plate-3.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":108879,"rank":700,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_18132.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"},"description":"18132"},{"id":46227,"rank":405,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1991/0427/plate-6.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":46228,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1991/0427/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":46223,"rank":401,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1991/0427/plate-2.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":46222,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1991/0427/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":149725,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1991/0427/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","county":"San Bernardino County","otherGeospatial":"East Mojave National Scenic Area","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -116.167,\n              34.705\n            ],\n            [\n              -114.916,\n              34.705\n            ],\n            [\n              -114.916,\n              35.633\n            ],\n            [\n              -116.167,\n              35.633\n            ],\n            [\n              -116.167,\n              34.705\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a09e4b07f02db5facf4","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","contributorId":128075,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","id":529006,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":17139,"text":"ofr9152 - 1991 - Geohydrology and evaluation of water-resource potential of the Upper Floridan aquifer in the Albany area, southwestern Georgia","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":17139,"text":"ofr9152 - 1991 - Geohydrology and evaluation of water-resource potential of the Upper Floridan aquifer in the Albany area, southwestern Georgia","indexId":"ofr9152","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"title":"Geohydrology and evaluation of water-resource potential of the Upper Floridan aquifer in the Albany area, southwestern Georgia"},"predicate":"SUPERSEDED_BY","object":{"id":59,"text":"wsp2391 - 1993 - Geohydrology and evaluation of water-resource potential of the upper Floridan Aquifer in the Albany area, southwestern Georgia","indexId":"wsp2391","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"title":"Geohydrology and evaluation of water-resource potential of the upper Floridan Aquifer in the Albany area, southwestern Georgia"},"id":1}],"supersededBy":{"id":59,"text":"wsp2391 - 1993 - Geohydrology and evaluation of water-resource potential of the upper Floridan Aquifer in the Albany area, southwestern Georgia","indexId":"wsp2391","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"title":"Geohydrology and evaluation of water-resource potential of the upper Floridan Aquifer in the Albany area, southwestern Georgia"},"lastModifiedDate":"2022-04-06T18:17:18.108896","indexId":"ofr9152","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"91-52","title":"Geohydrology and evaluation of water-resource potential of the Upper Floridan aquifer in the Albany area, southwestern Georgia","docAbstract":"<p>In the Albany area of southwestern Georgia, the Upper Floridan aquifer lies entirely within the Dougherty Plain district of the Coastal Plain physiographic province, and consists of the Ocala Limestone of late Eocene age. The aquifer is divided throughout most of the study area into an upper and a lower lithologic unit, which creates an upper and a lower water-bearing zone. The lower water-bearing zone consists of alternating layers of sandy limestone and medium-brown, recrystallized dolomitic limestone, and ranges in thickness from about 50 to 100 feet. It is highly fractured, and exhibits well-developed permeability by solution features that are responsible for transmitting most of the ground water in the aquifer. Transmissivity of the lower water-bearing zone ranges from about 90,000 to 178,000 feet squared per day. The upper water-bearing zone is a finely crystallized-to-oolitic, locally dolomitic limestone having an average thickness of about 60 feet. Transmissivities in the upper water-bearing zone are considerably less than those in the lower water-bearing zone. The Upper Floridan aquifer is overlain by about 20 to 120 feet of undifferentiated overburden consisting of fine-to-coarse quartz sand and noncalcareous clay. A clay zone about 10 to 30 feet thick may be continuous throughout the southwestern part of the Albany area, and where present, causes confinement of the Upper Floridan aquifer and creates perched ground water after periods of heavy rainfall. The Upper Floridan aquifer is confined below by the Lisbon Formation, a mostly dolomitic limestone that contains trace amounts of glauconite. The Lisbon Formation is at least 50 feet thick in the study area, and acts as an impermeable base to the Upper Floridan aquifer. The quality of ground-water in the Upper Floridan aquifer is suitable for most uses; wells generally yield water of the hard, calcium-bicarbonate type that generally meets the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's Primary or Secondary Drinking Water Regulations.</p><p>The water-resource potential of the Upper Floridan aquifer was evaluated by compiling results of test drilling and aquifer testing in the study area, and by conducting computer simulations of the ground-water-flow system under the seasonal-low conditions of November 1985, and under conditions of pumping within a 12square-mile area located southwest of Albany. Results of test drilling, aquifer testing, and water-quality analyses indicate that, in the area southwest of Albany, geohydrologic conditions in the Upper Floridan aquifer, undifferentiated overburden, and Lisbon Formation were favorable for the aquifer to provide a large quantity of water without having adverse effects on the ground-water system. The confinement of the Upper Floridan aquifer by the undifferentiated overburden and the rural setting of the area of potential development decreases the likelihood that chemical constituents will enter the aquifer during development of the ground-water resources.</p><p>Computer simulations of ground-water flow in the Upper Floridan aquifer, incorporating conditions for regional flow across model boundaries, leakage from rivers and other surface-water features, and vertical leakage from the undifferentiated overburden, were conducted by using a finite-element model for groundwater flow in two dimensions. Comparison of computed and measured water levels in the Upper Floridan aquifer for November 1985 at 74 locations indicated that computed water levels generally were within 5 feet of the measured values, which is the accuracy to which measured water levels were known. Water-level altitudes ranged from about 260 feet to 130 feet above sea level in the study area during calibration. Aquifer discharge to the Flint River downstream from the Lake Worth dam was computed by the calibrated model to be about 1 billion gallons per day; about 300 million gallons per day greater than was measured for similar low-flow conditions. The excess computed discharge was attributed partially to stream withdrawals for industrial use, non-reported use, and channel evaporation, but mostly to increased gradients and increased flow from the aquifer to the river than existed during calibration.</p><p>Results from the calibrated finite-element model indicate that ground-water flow is dominated by inflow from regional-flow components to the west, north, and east of the study area, and by outflow to the Flint River downstream from the Lake Worth dam. Simulation results indicated that directions of ground-water flow were not changed appreciably by pumping at the November 1985 rates. However, vertical leakage from the undifferentiated overburden caused local deviations in the regional flow pattern.</p><p>A sensitivity analysis that was performed on 18 hydrologic factors affecting the flow system in the Upper Floridan aquifer showed that computed water levels changed the most (were the most sensitive) in response to changes in hydraulic conductivity of the aquifer, vertical leakage coefficient and water level in the undifferentiated overburden, and stage of the Flint River downstream from the Lake Worth dam. Computed water levels were least sensitive to changes in well pumpage, flow across the northern boundary and from Lake Worth, the boundary coefficient for the Flint River downstream from the Lake Worth dam, and flow from Cooleewahee Creek.</p><p>Simulations of six pumping scenarios in the area of potential development southwest of Albany showed that the Upper Floridan aquifer is capable of providing at least 72 million gallons per day from five locations (14.4 million gallons per day each) within this area without causing adverse affects on the flow system. The 72million-gallon-per-day scenario yielded a maximum drawdown of about 9.4 feet, which placed the water level in the Upper Floridan aquifer about 50 feet above the top of the lower water-bearing zone. Hence, the likelihood of aquifer dewatering, well interference, or sinkhole development from pumping as much as 72 million gallons per day from within the area of potential development is small. All pumping scenarios showed that about 81 percent of the ground-water pumpage was derived from regional flow that would have discharged to the Flint River downstream from the Lake Worth dam. The dominant ground-water-flow direction toward the Flint River was not changed and no induced recharge from the Flint River entered the potential-development area. Induced recharge from the undifferentiated overburden contributed to about 1.5 percent of the total volume pumped during the simulations.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr9152","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with City of Albany Water, Gas, and Light Commission","usgsCitation":"Torak, L.J., Davis, G.S., Strain, G.A., and Herndon, J.G., 1991, Geohydrology and evaluation of water-resource potential of the Upper Floridan aquifer in the Albany area, southwestern Georgia: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 91-52, vii, 86 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr9152.","productDescription":"vii, 86 p.","costCenters":[{"id":13634,"text":"South Atlantic Water Science 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S.","contributorId":28995,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Davis","given":"G.","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":175116,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Strain, George A.","contributorId":68287,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Strain","given":"George","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":175118,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Herndon, Jennifer G.","contributorId":17592,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Herndon","given":"Jennifer","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":175115,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":17444,"text":"ofr91285 - 1991 - Oil-shale resources of the Mahogany Zone in eastern Uinta Basin, Uintah County, Utah","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-10-27T20:52:12.752064","indexId":"ofr91285","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"91-285","title":"Oil-shale resources of the Mahogany Zone in eastern Uinta Basin, Uintah County, Utah","docAbstract":"<p>No abstract available.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr91285","usgsCitation":"Dyni, J.R., 1991, Oil-shale resources of the Mahogany Zone in eastern Uinta Basin, Uintah County, Utah: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 91-285, Report: 81 p.; 10 Plates: 35.64 × 16.22 inches or smaller, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr91285.","productDescription":"Report: 81 p.; 10 Plates: 35.64 × 16.22 inches or smaller","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":408832,"rank":13,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_18110.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":46595,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1991/0285/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":46594,"rank":409,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1991/0285/plate-10.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":46593,"rank":408,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1991/0285/plate-09.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":46592,"rank":407,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1991/0285/plate-08.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":46591,"rank":406,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1991/0285/plate-07.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":46590,"rank":405,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1991/0285/plate-06.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":46589,"rank":404,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1991/0285/plate-05.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":46588,"rank":403,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1991/0285/plate-04.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":46587,"rank":402,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1991/0285/plate-03.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":46586,"rank":401,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1991/0285/plate-02.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":46585,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1991/0285/plate-01.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":150065,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1991/0285/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Utah","county":"Uintah County","otherGeospatial":"Uinta basin","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -109,\n              40.25\n            ],\n            [\n              -109.75,\n              40.25\n            ],\n            [\n              -109.75,\n              39.625\n            ],\n            [\n              -109,\n              39.625\n            ],\n            [\n              -109,\n              40.25\n            ]\n          ]\n        ],\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4af3e4b07f02db691c64","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Dyni, John R. jdyni@usgs.gov","contributorId":756,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dyni","given":"John","email":"jdyni@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":176416,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":20728,"text":"ofr9164 - 1991 - Hydrology of the Texas Gulf Coast aquifer systems","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-06-14T12:21:16","indexId":"ofr9164","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"91-64","title":"Hydrology of the Texas Gulf Coast aquifer systems","docAbstract":"<p>A complex, multilayered ground-water flow system exists in the Coastal Plain sediments of Texas. The Tertiary and Quaternary clastic deposits have an areal extent of 114,000 square miles onshore and in the Gulf of Mexico. Two distinct aquifer systems are recognized within the sediments, which range in thickness from a few feet to more than 12,000 feet The older system--the Texas coastal uplands aquifer system-consists of four aquifers and two confining units in the Claiborne and Wilcox Groups. It is underlain by the practically impermeable Midway confining unit or by the top of the geopressured zone. It is overlain by the nearly impermeable Vicksburg-Jackson confining unit, which separates it from the younger coastal lowlands aquifer system. The coastal lowlands aquifer system consists of five permeable zones and two confining units that range in age from Oligocene to Holocene. The hydrogeologic units of both systems are exposed in bands that parallel the coastline. The units dip and thicken toward the Gulf. Quality of water in the aquifer systems is highly variable, with dissolved solids ranging from less than 500 to 150,000 milligrams per liter.</p><p>Substantial withdrawal from the aquifer systems began in the early 1900's and increased nearly continuously into the 1970's. The increase in withdrawal was relatively rapid from about 1940 to 1970. Adverse hydrologic effects, such as saltwater encroachment in coastal areas, land-surface subsidence in the Houston-Galveston area, and long-term dewatering in the Whiter Garden area, were among some of the factors that caused pumping increases to slow or to cease in the 1970's and 1980's.</p><p>Ground-water withdrawals in the study area in 1980 were about 1.7 billion gallons per day. Nearly all of the withdrawal was from four units: Permeable zones A, B, and C of Miocene age and younger, and the lower Claiborae-upper Wilcox aquifer. Ground-water levels have declined hundreds of feet in the intensively pumped areas of Houston-Galveston, Kingsville, Winter Garden, and Lufkin-Nacogdoches. Water-level declines have caused inelastic compaction of clays which, in turn, has resulted in land-surface subsidence of more than one foot in an area of about 2,000 square miles. Maximum subsidence of nearly 10 feet occurs in the Pasadena area east of Houston.</p><p>A three-dimensional, variable-density digital model was developed to simulate predevelopment and transient flow in the aquifer systems. The modeled area is larger than the study area, and includes adjacent parts of Louisiana and Mexico. The transient model calibration period was from 1910 (predevelopment) to 1982. Model-generated head distributions, water-level hydrographs, and land-surface subsidence were matched to measured data in selected, intensively pumped areas.</p><p>For the study area, mean horizontal hydraulic conductivity in the calibrated model ranges from 10 feet per day for the middle Wilcox aquifer to 25 feet per day for permeable zone A. Mean transmissivity ranges from about 4,600 feet squared per day for the middle Claiborne aquifer to about 10,400 feet squared per day for permeable zone D. Mean vertical hydraulic conductivity ranges from 1.1x10<sup>-5</sup> feet per day for the Vicksburg-Jackson confining unit, to 3.8x10<sup>-3</sup> feet per day for permeable zone A. Mean values of calibrated storage coefficient range from 52x10<sup>-4</sup> for the middle Claiborne aquifer to 1.7x10<sup>-3</sup> for the middle Wilcox aquifer and permeable zone C. Calibrated inelastic specific storage values for clay beds in permeable zones A, B, and C in the Houston-Galveston area are 8.5x10<sup>-5</sup>, 8.0x10<sup>-5</sup>, and 8.0x10<sup>-6</sup> feet<sup>-1</sup>, respectively. These values are 85, 80, and 8 times greater than the estimated elastic specific storage value for the clays in permeable zones A, B, and C, respectively.</p><p>Recharge rates were mapped for predevelopment conditions as determined from a steady-state model calibration. A maximum rate of 3 inches per year was simulated in small areas, and the average rate for the study area was 034 inch per year. Total simulated recharge was 85 million cubic feet per day in the outcrop area. Recharge was equal to discharge in outcrop areas (79 million cubic feet per day) plus net lateral flow out of the study area (6 million cubic feet per day).</p><p>Rates of inflow and outflow to the ground-water system have nearly tripled from predevelopment to 1982 (85 to 276 million cubic feet per day) based on model simulation. Withdrawal of 231 million cubic feet per day was supplied principally by an increase in outcrop recharge and, to a lesser extent, from a decrease in natural discharge and release of water from storage in aquifers and compacting clay beds. The average simulated 1982 recharge rate for the study area was 0.52 inch per year, with a maximum simulated rate of 6 inches per year in Jackson and Wharton Counties.</p><p>Because withdrawal has caused problems such as saltwater intrusion, land-surface subsidence, and aquifer dewatering, the Texas Department of Water Resources has projected that ground-water use will decline substantially in most of the study area by the year 2030. Some areas remain favorable for development of additional ground-water supplies. Pumping from older units that are farther inland and in areas where potential recharge is greater will minimize adverse hydrologic effects.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Austin, TX","doi":"10.3133/ofr9164","usgsCitation":"Ryder, P.D., and Ardis, A.F., 1991, Hydrology of the Texas Gulf Coast aquifer systems: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 91-64, ix, 147 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr9164.","productDescription":"ix, 147 p.","costCenters":[{"id":583,"text":"Texas Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":50282,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1991/0064/report.pdf","text":"Report","size":"34.28 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Report"},{"id":154171,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1991/0064/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Texas","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": 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D.","contributorId":60188,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ryder","given":"Paul","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":183140,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Ardis, Ann F.","contributorId":96672,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ardis","given":"Ann","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":183139,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":18411,"text":"ofr90561 - 1991 - Earth-fissure movements associated with fluctuations in ground-water levels near the Picacho Mountains, south-central Arizona, 1980-84","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":18411,"text":"ofr90561 - 1991 - Earth-fissure movements associated with fluctuations in ground-water levels near the Picacho Mountains, south-central Arizona, 1980-84","indexId":"ofr90561","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"title":"Earth-fissure movements associated with fluctuations in ground-water levels near the Picacho Mountains, south-central Arizona, 1980-84"},"predicate":"SUPERSEDED_BY","object":{"id":38876,"text":"pp497H - 1993 - Earth-Fissure Movements Associated with Fluctuations in Ground-Water Levels near the Picacho Mountains, South-Central Arizona, 1980-84","indexId":"pp497H","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"chapter":"H","title":"Earth-Fissure Movements Associated with Fluctuations in Ground-Water Levels near the Picacho Mountains, South-Central Arizona, 1980-84"},"id":1}],"supersededBy":{"id":38876,"text":"pp497H - 1993 - Earth-Fissure Movements Associated with Fluctuations in Ground-Water Levels near the Picacho Mountains, South-Central Arizona, 1980-84","indexId":"pp497H","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"title":"Earth-Fissure Movements Associated with Fluctuations in Ground-Water Levels near the Picacho Mountains, South-Central Arizona, 1980-84"},"lastModifiedDate":"2025-07-28T15:36:55.399648","indexId":"ofr90561","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"90-561","title":"Earth-fissure movements associated with fluctuations in ground-water levels near the Picacho Mountains, south-central Arizona, 1980-84","docAbstract":"<p>The Picacho earth fissure transects subsiding alluvial sediments near the east periphery of the Picacho basin in south-central Arizona. The basin has undergone land subsidence of as much as 3.8 meters since the 1930's owing to compaction of the aquifer system in response to ground-water-level declines that have exceeded 100 meters. The fissure, which extends generally north-south for 15 kilometers, exhibits horizontal tensile failure and as much as 0.6 meter of normal dip-slip movement at the land surface. The west side of the fissure is downthrown. The fissure was observed as early as 1927 and is the longest earth fissure in Arizona.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr90561","usgsCitation":"Carpenter, M.C., 1991, Earth-fissure movements associated with fluctuations in ground-water levels near the Picacho Mountains, south-central Arizona, 1980-84: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 90-561, vi, 64 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr90561.","productDescription":"vi, 64 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":493005,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1990/0561/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":151233,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1990/0561/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Arizona","otherGeospatial":"Picacho 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,{"id":20608,"text":"ofr90500 - 1991 - Aerial photographic interpretation of lineaments and faults in Late Cenozoic deposits in the eastern parts of the Saline Valley 1:100,000 quadrangle, Nevada and California, and the Darwin Hills 1:100,000 quadrangle, California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-12-23T20:08:09.678924","indexId":"ofr90500","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"90-500","title":"Aerial photographic interpretation of lineaments and faults in Late Cenozoic deposits in the eastern parts of the Saline Valley 1:100,000 quadrangle, Nevada and California, and the Darwin Hills 1:100,000 quadrangle, California","docAbstract":"<p>No abstract available.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr90500","usgsCitation":"Reheis, M., 1991, Aerial photographic interpretation of lineaments and faults in Late Cenozoic deposits in the eastern parts of the Saline Valley 1:100,000 quadrangle, Nevada and California, and the Darwin Hills 1:100,000 quadrangle, California: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 90-500, Report: 6 p.; 2 Plates: 24.28 × 26.67 inches and 20.11 × 27.00 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr90500.","productDescription":"Report: 6 p.; 2 Plates: 24.28 × 26.67 inches and 20.11 × 27.00 inches","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":50133,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1990/0500/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":50132,"rank":401,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1990/0500/plate-2.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":50131,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1990/0500/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":153306,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1990/0500/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":389234,"rank":5,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_18976.htm"}],"country":"United States","state":"California, Nevada","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -117,\n              36\n            ],\n            [\n              -117.5830,\n              36\n            ],\n            [\n              -117.5830,\n              37\n            ],\n            [\n              -117,\n              37\n            ],\n            [\n              -117,\n              36\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b02e4b07f02db698d1f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Reheis, Marith C. 0000-0002-8359-323X","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8359-323X","contributorId":101244,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Reheis","given":"Marith C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":182929,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":20430,"text":"ofr91530 - 1991 - Physical, chemical, and biological data for detailed study of irrigation drainage in the Middle Green River basin, Utah 1988-89, with selected data for 1982-87","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-08-31T15:02:45","indexId":"ofr91530","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"91-530","title":"Physical, chemical, and biological data for detailed study of irrigation drainage in the Middle Green River basin, Utah 1988-89, with selected data for 1982-87","docAbstract":"<p>Physical, chemical, and biological data were collected in the middle Green River basin, eastern Utah, between 1988 and 1989, as part of a detailed study of the effects of irrigation drainage on wetland areas. Data-collection efforts were concentrated in the Stewart Lake Waterfowl Management Area near Jensen, and Ouray National Wildlife Refuge near Ouray. Data also were collected from Ashley Creek near Vernal, Pelican Lake near Ouray, and in Pariette Wetlands near Myton. A limited quantity of data collected during earlier studies (1982-87), funded by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, also is included. </p><p>This report contains data needed to assess the effects of selenium and other potentially toxic contaminants on streams and wetlands. Data consist of concentrations of trace elements and common elements in samples of water, sediment, plants, waterfowl, birds, fish, and invertebrates. Other data presented in the report are ground-water levels, surface-water discharges, radiochemical constituents in water, analyses of organochlorine compounds in biota, and morphonetric measurements of biota. </p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Salt Lake City, UT","doi":"10.3133/ofr91530","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service and the U.S. Bureau of Reclamation","usgsCitation":"Peltz, L.A., and Waddell, B., 1991, Physical, chemical, and biological data for detailed study of irrigation drainage in the Middle Green River basin, Utah 1988-89, with selected data for 1982-87: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 91-530, Report: viii, 213 p.; Plate: 18.84 in x 18.36 in, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr91530.","productDescription":"Report: viii, 213 p.; Plate: 18.84 in x 18.36 in","numberOfPages":"217","costCenters":[{"id":610,"text":"Utah Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":152707,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1991/0530/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":49969,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1991/0530/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":49970,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1991/0530/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Utah","otherGeospatial":"Middle Green River basin","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4adbe4b07f02db685a98","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Peltz, Lorri A.","contributorId":29401,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Peltz","given":"Lorri","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":12701,"text":"US Geological Survey","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":182636,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Waddell, Bruce","contributorId":55033,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Waddell","given":"Bruce","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":6661,"text":"US Fish and Wildlife Service","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":182637,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":18785,"text":"ofr91171 - 1991 - Floods in the Nishnabotna River basin, Iowa","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-03-11T14:41:55","indexId":"ofr91171","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"91-171","title":"Floods in the Nishnabotna River basin, Iowa","docAbstract":"<p>Flood-elevation profiles and flood-peak discharges for floods during 1972, 1982, and 1987 in the Nishnabotna River basin are given in this report. The profiles are for the 1972 flood on the West and East Nishnabotna Rivers, the 1982 flood on Indian Creek, and the 1987 flood on the lower West Nishnabotna River. A flood history describes rainfall conditions and reported damages for floods occurring during 1947,1958,1972,1982, and 1987. Discharge for the 1982 flood on Indian Creek is 1.1 times larger than the 100-year recurrence interval discharge.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Iowa City, IA","doi":"10.3133/ofr91171","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Highway Research Advisory Board, Highway Division, Iowa Department of Transportation Research Project HR-140","usgsCitation":"Eash, D.A., and Heinitz, A., 1991, Floods in the Nishnabotna River basin, Iowa: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 91-171, vi, 118 p. (some folded): ill., maps; 28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr91171.","productDescription":"vi, 118 p. (some folded): ill., maps; 28 cm.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":351,"text":"Iowa Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":48155,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1991/0171/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":152488,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1991/0171/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Iowa, Missouri","otherGeospatial":"Nishnabotna River basin","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -95.88317871093749,\n              40.74309523218185\n            ],\n            [\n              -95.80078125,\n              40.6306300839918\n            ],\n            [\n              -95.7733154296875,\n              40.534676780615406\n            ],\n            [\n              -95.69091796875,\n              40.47620304302563\n            ],\n            [\n              -95.625,\n              40.333983227838104\n            ],\n            [\n              -95.614013671875,\n              40.29628651711716\n            ],\n            [\n              -95.3778076171875,\n              40.34654412118006\n            ],\n            [\n              -95.30639648437499,\n              40.49709237269567\n            ],\n            [\n              -95.2239990234375,\n              40.62646106367355\n            ],\n            [\n              -95.03173828125,\n              40.701463603604594\n            ],\n            [\n              -94.8284912109375,\n              40.97575093157534\n            ],\n            [\n              -94.5867919921875,\n              41.22824901518532\n            ],\n            [\n              -94.405517578125,\n              41.50857729743935\n            ],\n            [\n              -94.37805175781249,\n              41.668808555620586\n            ],\n            [\n              -94.21875,\n              41.86137915587359\n            ],\n            [\n              -94.28466796874999,\n              41.88592102814744\n            ],\n            [\n              -94.2901611328125,\n              41.94314874732696\n            ],\n            [\n              -94.4219970703125,\n              41.99624282178583\n            ],\n            [\n              -94.5648193359375,\n              42.10637370579324\n            ],\n            [\n              -94.67468261718749,\n              42.12267315117259\n            ],\n            [\n              -94.74609375,\n              42.216313604344776\n            ],\n            [\n              -94.9273681640625,\n              42.3016903282445\n            ],\n            [\n              -95.0701904296875,\n              42.32606244456202\n            ],\n            [\n              -95.2349853515625,\n              42.224449701009725\n            ],\n            [\n              -95.3228759765625,\n              42.07783959017503\n            ],\n            [\n              -95.30639648437499,\n              41.97174336327968\n            ],\n            [\n              -95.2789306640625,\n              41.84501267270692\n            ],\n            [\n              -95.3118896484375,\n              41.672911819602085\n            ],\n            [\n              -95.4052734375,\n              41.51680395810118\n            ],\n            [\n              -95.5316162109375,\n              41.42625319507272\n            ],\n            [\n              -95.625,\n              41.32732632036622\n            ],\n            [\n              -95.635986328125,\n              41.13729606112276\n            ],\n            [\n              -95.69641113281249,\n              40.97575093157534\n            ],\n            [\n              -95.73486328124999,\n              40.84290487729676\n            ],\n            [\n              -95.77880859375,\n              40.772221877329024\n            ],\n            [\n              -95.88317871093749,\n              40.74309523218185\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49e1e4b07f02db5e4977","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Eash, D. A.","contributorId":60237,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Eash","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":179741,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Heinitz, A.J.","contributorId":62610,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Heinitz","given":"A.J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":179742,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70221644,"text":"70221644 - 1991 - Paleocene-Eocene boundary: Sedimentation in the Potomac River Valley, Virginia and Maryland: field trip guidebook","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":70221645,"text":"70221645 - 1991 - Potomac River Paleocene and Eocene stop descriptions","indexId":"70221645","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"title":"Potomac River Paleocene and Eocene stop descriptions"},"predicate":"IS_PART_OF","object":{"id":70221644,"text":"70221644 - 1991 - Paleocene-Eocene boundary: Sedimentation in the Potomac River Valley, Virginia and Maryland: field trip guidebook","indexId":"70221644","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"title":"Paleocene-Eocene boundary: Sedimentation in the Potomac River Valley, Virginia and Maryland: field trip guidebook"},"id":1},{"subject":{"id":70221646,"text":"70221646 - 1991 - Calcareous nannofossils and foraminifers from Paleocene and Eocene strata in Maryland and Virginia","indexId":"70221646","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"title":"Calcareous nannofossils and foraminifers from Paleocene and Eocene strata in Maryland and Virginia"},"predicate":"SUPERSEDED_BY","object":{"id":70221644,"text":"70221644 - 1991 - Paleocene-Eocene boundary: Sedimentation in the Potomac River Valley, Virginia and Maryland: field trip guidebook","indexId":"70221644","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"title":"Paleocene-Eocene boundary: Sedimentation in the Potomac River Valley, Virginia and Maryland: field trip guidebook"},"id":2},{"subject":{"id":70221647,"text":"70221647 - 1991 - Paleocene and Eocene strata of the central Atlantic Coastal Plain","indexId":"70221647","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"title":"Paleocene and Eocene strata of the central Atlantic Coastal Plain"},"predicate":"IS_PART_OF","object":{"id":70221644,"text":"70221644 - 1991 - Paleocene-Eocene boundary: Sedimentation in the Potomac River Valley, Virginia and Maryland: field trip guidebook","indexId":"70221644","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"title":"Paleocene-Eocene boundary: Sedimentation in the Potomac River Valley, Virginia and Maryland: field trip guidebook"},"id":3}],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-06-26T02:28:19.882131","indexId":"70221644","displayToPublicDate":"1991-12-31T21:16:38","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":15,"text":"Monograph"},"title":"Paleocene-Eocene boundary: Sedimentation in the Potomac River Valley, Virginia and Maryland: field trip guidebook","docAbstract":"<p>No abstract available.</p>","language":"English","usgsCitation":"Gibson, T.G., Bybell, L.M., and I. G. C. P. Project 308, 1991, Paleocene-Eocene boundary: Sedimentation in the Potomac River Valley, Virginia and Maryland: field trip guidebook, 124 p.","productDescription":"124 p.","costCenters":[{"id":243,"text":"Eastern Geology and Paleoclimate Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":386765,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Maryland, Virginia","otherGeospatial":"Potomic River valley","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -76.95373535156249,\n              38.436379603\n            ],\n            [\n              -76.88232421875,\n              38.90813299596705\n            ],\n            [\n              -77.728271484375,\n              39.57605638518604\n            ],\n            [\n              -77.816162109375,\n              39.68605343225986\n            ],\n            [\n              -78.24462890625,\n              39.60145584096999\n            ],\n            [\n              -77.92053222656249,\n              38.96795115401593\n            ],\n            [\n              -77.6348876953125,\n              38.371808917147554\n            ],\n            [\n              -77.0745849609375,\n              38.25974980039479\n            ],\n            [\n              -76.95373535156249,\n              38.436379603\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Gibson, Thomas G.","contributorId":25180,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gibson","given":"Thomas","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":818332,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bybell, Laurel M. 0000-0002-4760-7542 lbybell@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4760-7542","contributorId":1760,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bybell","given":"Laurel","email":"lbybell@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":243,"text":"Eastern Geology and Paleoclimate Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":818333,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"I. G. C. P. Project 308","contributorId":260651,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"I. G. C. P. Project 308","id":818334,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70204884,"text":"70204884 - 1991 - Effects of site, landscape features, and fire regime on vegetation patterns in presettlement southern Wisconsin","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-08-21T12:04:54","indexId":"70204884","displayToPublicDate":"1991-12-31T11:55:11","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2602,"text":"Landscape Ecology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Effects of site, landscape features, and fire regime on vegetation patterns in presettlement southern Wisconsin","docAbstract":"<p><span>The presettlement tree cover (1831–33) of 3 townships in a southern Wisconsin landscape was analyzed using original survey records. Four forest types were identified: closed forest, open forest, savanna, and prairie. Comparisons of vegetation types and landscape pattern were made between the east and west sides of the Pecatonica River, which bisects the landscape and could have acted as a natural fire barrier. West of the river, presettlement tree species richness and diversity were lower and trees were smaller in diameter and less dense than to the east. The major vegetation types to the west were prairie (42% of landscape) and savanna (40%), both fire-susceptible types. Prairie was more common on gentle slopes than on other landforms. To the east, the landscape was 70% forested (closed plus open forest). Here, prairie was more frequent on steep dry sites. These vegetation differences, including the contrasting landscape placement of prairie, are attributed to distinct site characteristics and to disturbance (fire) regimes, with the west likely having more frequent fires. In terms of the four vegetation types, the east landscape was more homogeneous, being dominated by closed forest (50%). West of the Pecatonica River, the landscape was more heterogeneous because of the high proportion of both prairie and savanna; however, in terms of flammability of vegetation, the west was essentially homogeneous (82% prairie plus savanna).</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1007/BF00141435","usgsCitation":"Leitner, L.A., Dunn, C.P., Guntenspergen, G.R., Stearns, F., and Sharpe, D.M., 1991, Effects of site, landscape features, and fire regime on vegetation patterns in presettlement southern Wisconsin: Landscape Ecology, v. 5, no. 4, p. 203-217, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00141435.","productDescription":"15 p.","startPage":"203","endPage":"217","costCenters":[{"id":455,"text":"National Wetlands Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":17705,"text":"Wetland and Aquatic Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":366792,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Wiscsonsin","otherGeospatial":"Cadiz Township, Claro Township, Wayne Township","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -90.00858306884766,\n              42.5060214696839\n            ],\n            [\n              -89.7531509399414,\n              42.5060214696839\n            ],\n            [\n              -89.7531509399414,\n              42.589488572714245\n            ],\n            [\n              -90.00858306884766,\n              42.589488572714245\n            ],\n            [\n              -90.00858306884766,\n              42.5060214696839\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"5","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Leitner, Lawrence A.","contributorId":218280,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Leitner","given":"Lawrence","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":768881,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Dunn, Christopher P.","contributorId":30924,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dunn","given":"Christopher","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":768882,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Guntenspergen, Glenn R. 0000-0002-8593-0244 glenn_guntenspergen@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8593-0244","contributorId":2885,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Guntenspergen","given":"Glenn","email":"glenn_guntenspergen@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":768883,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Stearns, F.","contributorId":10518,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stearns","given":"F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":768884,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Sharpe, David M.","contributorId":113862,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sharpe","given":"David","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":768885,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}}
,{"id":70221671,"text":"70221671 - 1991 - Geologic map of the Adelphia and Farmingdale quadrangles, Monmouth and Ocean Counties, New Jersey","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-06-28T16:00:05.716984","indexId":"70221671","displayToPublicDate":"1991-12-31T10:23:11","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":2,"text":"State or Local Government Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":8942,"text":"New Jersey Geological Survey Map Series","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":2}},"seriesNumber":"91-1","title":"Geologic map of the Adelphia and Farmingdale quadrangles, Monmouth and Ocean Counties, New Jersey","docAbstract":"<p>No abstract available.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"New Jersey Geological Survey","usgsCitation":"Sugarman, P.J., Owens, J., and Bybell, L.M., 1991, Geologic map of the Adelphia and Farmingdale quadrangles, Monmouth and Ocean Counties, New Jersey: New Jersey Geological Survey Map Series 91-1, 1 Map: 56.34 x 36.22 inches.","productDescription":"1 Map: 56.34 x 36.22 inches","costCenters":[{"id":243,"text":"Eastern Geology and Paleoclimate Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":386799,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"New Jersey","county":"Monmouth County, Ocean County","otherGeospatial":"Aldelphia and Farmingdale Quadrangles","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -74.375,\n              40.125\n            ],\n            [\n              -74.125,\n              40.125\n            ],\n            [\n              -74.125,\n              40.25\n            ],\n            [\n              -74.375,\n              40.25\n            ],\n            [\n              -74.375,\n              40.125\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Sugarman, Peter J.","contributorId":9251,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sugarman","given":"Peter","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":818399,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Owens, James P.","contributorId":9691,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Owens","given":"James P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":818400,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Bybell, Laurel M. 0000-0002-4760-7542 lbybell@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4760-7542","contributorId":1760,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bybell","given":"Laurel","email":"lbybell@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":243,"text":"Eastern Geology and Paleoclimate Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":818401,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70231296,"text":"70231296 - 1991 - The second Lehigh Tunnel; geology and the New Austrian Tunnelling Method","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-05-05T15:17:35.49127","indexId":"70231296","displayToPublicDate":"1991-12-31T09:57:41","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3029,"text":"Pennsylvania Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The second Lehigh Tunnel; geology and the New Austrian Tunnelling Method","docAbstract":"<p>No abstract available.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Pennsylvania Geological Survey","usgsCitation":"Epstein, J.B., and Buis, P.F., 1991, The second Lehigh Tunnel; geology and the New Austrian Tunnelling Method: Pennsylvania Geology, v. 22, no. 1, p. 2-9.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"2","endPage":"9","costCenters":[{"id":243,"text":"Eastern Geology and Paleoclimate Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":400209,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":400208,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://www.dcnr.pa.gov/Geology/PublicationsAnddata/Pages/default.aspx"}],"country":"United States","state":"Pennsylvania","otherGeospatial":"second Lehigh Tunnel","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -75.6909942626953,\n              40.78210123234386\n            ],\n            [\n              -75.66061019897461,\n              40.78210123234386\n            ],\n            [\n              -75.66061019897461,\n              40.832774806200796\n            ],\n            [\n              -75.6909942626953,\n              40.832774806200796\n            ],\n            [\n              -75.6909942626953,\n              40.78210123234386\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"22","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Epstein, Jack B. jepstein@usgs.gov","contributorId":1412,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Epstein","given":"Jack","email":"jepstein@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[{"id":40020,"text":"Florence Bascom Geoscience Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":243,"text":"Eastern Geology and Paleoclimate Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":842261,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Buis, Patricia F.","contributorId":291390,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Buis","given":"Patricia","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":842262,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70196847,"text":"70196847 - 1991 - E-4 Central Kentucky to the Carolina Trough","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-05-04T11:17:13","indexId":"70196847","displayToPublicDate":"1991-12-31T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"title":"E-4 Central Kentucky to the Carolina Trough","docAbstract":"<p><span>E-4 is one of eight Geodynamics transects that cross the Atlantic margin of North America between Georgia and Newfoundland. Five of the transects are in the United States and three are in Canada. Transect E-4, which is 110 km wide and more than 1,100 km long, extends from the stable North American craton just west of the Grenville front near Lexington, Kentucky southeastward across Cape Fear, North Carolina, on the Atlantic coast to oceanic crust east of the Blake Spur magnetic anomaly. Like all of the other U.S. Atlantic coast transects, it crosses Cambrian and Jurassic continental margins of North America as well as the Appalachian orogen. The display, based upon published information, portrays the geology, tectonic style and geophysical expression of this segment of the eastern North American continental margin and interprets its Phanerozoic history. The Decade of North American Geology 1983 geologic time scale (Palmer, 1983) is used throughout the display and text.</span></p>","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","doi":"10.1130/DNAG-COT-E-4","usgsCitation":"Rankin, D., Dillon, W.P., Black, D., Boyer, S., Daniels, D.L., Goldsmith, R., Grow, J.A., Horton, J.W., Hutchinson, D.R., Klitgord, K.D., McDowell, R., Milton, D., Owens, J.P., Phillips, J.D., Bayer, K., Butler, J.R., Elliott, D., and Milici, R.C., 1991, E-4 Central Kentucky to the Carolina Trough, https://doi.org/10.1130/DNAG-COT-E-4.","costCenters":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":353960,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5aff2a49e4b0da30c1bfd7c8","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Rankin, Douglas W. dwrankin@usgs.gov","contributorId":1770,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rankin","given":"Douglas W.","email":"dwrankin@usgs.gov","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":734693,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Dillon, William P. bdillon@usgs.gov","contributorId":79820,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dillon","given":"William","email":"bdillon@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":734694,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Black, D.F.B.","contributorId":95939,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Black","given":"D.F.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":734695,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Boyer, S.E.","contributorId":204689,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Boyer","given":"S.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":734696,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Daniels, David L. 0000-0003-0599-8036 dave@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0599-8036","contributorId":1792,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Daniels","given":"David","email":"dave@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":243,"text":"Eastern Geology and Paleoclimate Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":734697,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Goldsmith, R.","contributorId":49809,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Goldsmith","given":"R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":734698,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Grow, J. A.","contributorId":27858,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Grow","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":734699,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Horton, J. Wright Jr. 0000-0001-6756-6365 whorton@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6756-6365","contributorId":173694,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Horton","given":"J.","suffix":"Jr.","email":"whorton@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"Wright","affiliations":[{"id":243,"text":"Eastern Geology and Paleoclimate Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":734700,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Hutchinson, Deborah R. 0000-0002-2544-5466 dhutchinson@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2544-5466","contributorId":521,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hutchinson","given":"Deborah","email":"dhutchinson@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":734701,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9},{"text":"Klitgord, Kim D.","contributorId":82307,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Klitgord","given":"Kim","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":734702,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":10},{"text":"McDowell, R. C.","contributorId":30206,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McDowell","given":"R. C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":734703,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":11},{"text":"Milton, D.J.","contributorId":44121,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Milton","given":"D.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":734704,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":12},{"text":"Owens, J. P.","contributorId":50946,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Owens","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":734705,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":13},{"text":"Phillips, Jeffrey D. 0000-0002-6459-2821 jeff@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6459-2821","contributorId":1572,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Phillips","given":"Jeffrey","email":"jeff@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":211,"text":"Crustal Geophysics and Geochemistry Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":734706,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":14},{"text":"Bayer, K.C.","contributorId":45714,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bayer","given":"K.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":734707,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":15},{"text":"Butler, John R.","contributorId":36540,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Butler","given":"John","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":734708,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":16},{"text":"Elliott, D.W.","contributorId":204691,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Elliott","given":"D.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":734709,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":17},{"text":"Milici, Robert C. rmilici@usgs.gov","contributorId":563,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Milici","given":"Robert","email":"rmilici@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":241,"text":"Eastern Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":734710,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":18}]}}
,{"id":70196628,"text":"70196628 - 1991 - Depositional patterns of the Mississippi Fan surface: Evidence from GLORIA II and high-resolution seismic profiles","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-04-20T14:12:37","indexId":"70196628","displayToPublicDate":"1991-12-31T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"title":"Depositional patterns of the Mississippi Fan surface: Evidence from GLORIA II and high-resolution seismic profiles","docAbstract":"<p><span>GLORIA long-range side-scan sonar imagery and 3.5-kHz seismic-reflection profiles depict a series of nine elongate deposits with generally high-backscatter surfaces covering most of the latest fanlobe sequence of the Mississippi Fan in the eastern Gulf of Mexico. The youngest deposit is a “slump” that covers a 250 by 100 km area of the middle and upper fan. The remaining mapped deposits, termed depositional lobes, are long (as much as 200 km) and relatively thin (less than 35 m thick) bodies. Small channels and lineations on the surface of many of these depositional lobes radiate from a single, larger main channel that is the conduit through which sediment has been supplied to these surficial deposits on the fan. The 3.5-kHz profiles show that adjacent depositional lobes overlap one another rather than interfingering, indicating that only one lobe was an active site of deposition at a time. Shifting of the depositional sites appears to be caused by both aggradation and avulsion. The chronology developed from the overlapping relations indicates the oldest of the mapped depositional lobes are on the lowermost fan, and the youngest are further up the fan. Depositional lobes on the lower fan consist of a series of smaller, elongate features with high-backscatter surfaces (540 km in length) located at the ends of previously unrecognized small channels (&lt; 5 m deep). These small channels extend as much as 120 km from the main channel. Small channelized turbidity currents and/or debris flows, sand flows, or mud flows appear to be the dominant transport process constructing these depositional lobes. Channelized flow is an important mechanism for transporting sediment away from the main channel on this fan and the resulting facies created by these small flows are laterally discontinuous.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1007/978-1-4684-8276-8_19","usgsCitation":"Twichell, D.C., Kenyon, N.H., Parson, L.M., and McGregor, B.A., 1991, Depositional patterns of the Mississippi Fan surface: Evidence from GLORIA II and high-resolution seismic profiles, p. 349-363, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4684-8276-8_19.","productDescription":"15 p.","startPage":"349","endPage":"363","costCenters":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":353630,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Mississippi","otherGeospatial":"Mississippi Fan","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -91.8896484375,\n              28.013801376380712\n            ],\n            [\n              -87.242431640625,\n              28.013801376380712\n            ],\n            [\n              -87.242431640625,\n              31.475524020001806\n            ],\n            [\n              -91.8896484375,\n              31.475524020001806\n            ],\n            [\n              -91.8896484375,\n              28.013801376380712\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5aff2a4ae4b0da30c1bfd7ca","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Twichell, David C.","contributorId":37730,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Twichell","given":"David","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":733814,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Kenyon, Neil H.","contributorId":89535,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Kenyon","given":"Neil","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":733815,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Parson, Lindsay M.","contributorId":194540,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Parson","given":"Lindsay","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":733816,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"McGregor, Bonnie A.","contributorId":61022,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McGregor","given":"Bonnie","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":733817,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70207095,"text":"70207095 - 1991 - The velocity field along the San Andreas Fault in central and southern California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-05-28T14:49:51.772546","indexId":"70207095","displayToPublicDate":"1991-12-06T08:50:19","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2314,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The velocity field along the San Andreas Fault in central and southern California","docAbstract":"<p><span>The velocity field within a 100‐km‐broad zone centered on the San Andreas fault between the Mexican border and San Francisco Bay has been inferred from repeated surveys of trilateration networks in the 1973–1989 interval. The velocity field has the appearance of a shear flow that remains parallel to the local strike of the fault even through such major deflections as the big bend of the San Andreas fault in the Transverse Ranges of southern California. Across‐strike profiles of the fault‐parallel component of velocity exhibit the expected sigmoidal shape, whereas across‐strike profiles of the fault‐normal component of velocity are flat and featureless. No significant convergence upon the fault is observed even along the big bend sector of the fault. Simple dislocation models can explain most of the features of the observed velocity field, but those explanations are not unique. About 35 mm/yr of relative plate motion is accounted for within the span of the trilateration networks. Geologic studies indicate that the secular slip rate on the San Andreas fault is about 35 mm/yr. The agreement between these two estimates implies that most of the strain accumulation is elastic and will be recovered in subsequent earthquakes. The relative motion observed across the San Andreas fault (35 mm/yr) plus that observed across the Eastern California shear zone (8 mm/yr) accounts for most (43 mm/yr) of the observed North America‐Pacific relative plate motion (47 mm/yr).</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/91JB00199","usgsCitation":"Lisowski, M., Savage, J.C., and Prescott, W., 1991, The velocity field along the San Andreas Fault in central and southern California: Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth, v. 96, no. B5, p. 8369-8389, https://doi.org/10.1029/91JB00199.","productDescription":"21 p.","startPage":"8369","endPage":"8389","costCenters":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":370025,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"San Andreas fault","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -121.37695312499999,\n              32.2313896627376\n            ],\n            [\n              -113.115234375,\n              32.2313896627376\n            ],\n            [\n              -113.115234375,\n              35.71083783530009\n            ],\n            [\n              -121.37695312499999,\n              35.71083783530009\n            ],\n            [\n              -121.37695312499999,\n              32.2313896627376\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"96","issue":"B5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2012-09-20","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lisowski, Michael 0000-0003-4818-2504 mlisowski@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4818-2504","contributorId":637,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lisowski","given":"Michael","email":"mlisowski@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":615,"text":"Volcano Hazards Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":776809,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Savage, James C. 0000-0002-5114-7673 jasavage@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5114-7673","contributorId":2412,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Savage","given":"James","email":"jasavage@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":776810,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Prescott, W.H.","contributorId":96337,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Prescott","given":"W.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":776811,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70206856,"text":"70206856 - 1991 - Late Devonian history of Michigan basin","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-05-26T14:05:22.926821","indexId":"70206856","displayToPublicDate":"1991-11-26T12:43:20","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3459,"text":"Special Paper of the Geological Society of America","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Late Devonian history of Michigan basin","docAbstract":"<p><span>The Upper Devonian sequence in the Michigan Basin is a westward extension of coeval cyclical facies of the Catskill deltaic complex in the Appalachian basin. Both basins and the intervening Findlay arch express the tectonic and sedimentational effects of foreland compression and isostatic compensation produced by the Acadian orogeny. The Late Devonian Michigan Basin formed as one of several local deeps within the long Eastern Interior seaway that separated the North American craton, backboned by the Transcontinental arch, on the west from the Old Red continent, Avalon terrane (microplate), and possibly northwest Africa on the east. Basin development began in the late Middle Devonian (late Givetian&nbsp;</span><i>varcus</i><span>&nbsp;Zone) with subsidence of a shallow-water carbonate platform formed by rocks of the Traverse Group. Subsidence was contemporaneous with Taghanic onlap of the North American craton. During subsidence, a thin transitional sequence of increasingly deeper water limestones separated by hardgrounds was deposited in the incipient Michigan Basin during the latest Givetian to earliest Frasnian&nbsp;</span><i>disparilis</i><span>&nbsp;to&nbsp;</span><i>falsiovalis</i><span>&nbsp;Zones. Deposition of this sequence culminated during the early Frasnian&nbsp;</span><i>transitans</i><span>&nbsp;Zone with a calcareous mudstone bed at the top of the Squaw Bay Limestone. Subsidence was followed by a 12-m.y.-long Late Devonian episode of slow, hemipelagic, basinal sedimentation of organic black muds that formed the Antrim Shale, interrupted basinwide only by deposition of its prodeltaic Paxton Member. Westward, the basinal Antrim black muds intertongued with greenish gray, deltaic and prodeltaic muds of an eastward-prograding delta platform formed by the Ellsworth Shale. Basinal black shale deposition ceased in latest Devonian (late Famennian Lower&nbsp;</span><i>praesulcata</i><span>&nbsp;Zone) time, when the Bedford deltaic complex prograded westward, completely filling the Antrim Basin and even covering part of the older Ellsworth deltaic complex on the west. As sea level was lowered eustatically near the end of the Devonian, the regressive Berea Sandstone terminated deltaic deposition. After an Early Mississippian erosional episode, widespread deposition of the unconformably overlying Lower Mississippian Sunbury Shale began during the next transgression, associated with a major eustatic rise in the Lower&nbsp;</span><i>crenulata</i><span>&nbsp;Zone.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"GSA","doi":"10.1130/SPE256-p181","usgsCitation":"Gutschick, R., and Sandberg, C., 1991, Late Devonian history of Michigan basin: Special Paper of the Geological Society of America, v. 256, p. 181-202, https://doi.org/10.1130/SPE256-p181.","productDescription":"22 p.","startPage":"181","endPage":"202","costCenters":[{"id":35995,"text":"Geology, Geophysics, and Geochemistry Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":369552,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United 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 \"}}]}","volume":"256","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1991-01-01","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Gutschick, R.C.","contributorId":23277,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gutschick","given":"R.C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":776078,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Sandberg, Charles sandberg@usgs.gov","contributorId":199124,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sandberg","given":"Charles","email":"sandberg@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":35995,"text":"Geology, Geophysics, and Geochemistry Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":776079,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70206857,"text":"70206857 - 1991 - Upper Devonian biostratigraphy of Michigan Basin","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-05-26T14:11:07.770786","indexId":"70206857","displayToPublicDate":"1991-11-25T12:48:30","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1727,"text":"GSA Special Papers","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Upper Devonian biostratigraphy of Michigan Basin","docAbstract":"<p><span>The Late Devonian Michigan Basin was floored by the Middle and Upper Devonian Squaw Bay Limestone, which was deposited during the downwarping that produced the basin within a former Middle Devonian carbonate platform. The Squaw Bay comprises three beds, each having a different conodont fauna. The two upper beds, deposited during the&nbsp;</span><i>transitans</i><span>&nbsp;Zone, have different conodont biofacies that reflect this deepening. The basin was largely filled by the deep-water, anaerobic to dysaerobic, organic-rich, black Antrim Shale, which has a facies relationship with the prodeltaic, greenish gray Ellsworth Shale that prograded into the basin from the west. The Upper Devonian (Frasnian to Famennian) Antrim Shale is divided into four members, from base to top: the Norwood, Paxton, Lachine, and upper members. These members are more or less precisely dated by conodonts. The Norwood was deposited during the&nbsp;</span><i>transitans</i><span>&nbsp;Zone to&nbsp;</span><i>Ancyrognathus triangularis</i><span>&nbsp;Zone, and the Paxton was deposited from that zone probably through the&nbsp;</span><i>linguiformis</i><span>&nbsp;Zone at the end of the Frasnian. The overlying Lachine was deposited during the early Famennian and has yielded faunas of the Upper&nbsp;</span><i>crepida</i><span>&nbsp;and Lower&nbsp;</span><i>rhomboidea</i><span>&nbsp;Zones. Only the lower part of the upper member is exposed, and near Norwood, Michigan, it yielded conodonts of the Lower&nbsp;</span><i>marginifera</i><span>&nbsp;Zone. The widespread Famennian floating plant&nbsp;</span><i>Protosalvinia (Foerstia)</i><span>&nbsp;has not yet been found in outcrops of the Antrim, and should not be expected to occur except in the upper member or highest part of the Lachine Member. Its range in terms of conodont zones is from the Upper&nbsp;</span><i>trachytera</i><span>&nbsp;Zone through the Lower&nbsp;</span><i>expansa</i><span>&nbsp;Zone and possibly into the Middle&nbsp;</span><i>expansa</i><span>&nbsp;Zone. One known subsurface occurrence might be datable as&nbsp;</span><i>rhomboidea</i><span>&nbsp;or Lower&nbsp;</span><i>marginifera</i><span>&nbsp;Zone, depending on gamma ray correlations to outcrops. Black shale deposition ended when the Late Devonian mud delta of the Bedford Shale prograded across the Michigan Basin from the east and then retreated as the regressive Berea Sandstone was being deposited during the major eustatic sea-level fall that ended the Devonian. The Bedford was deposited during the Upper&nbsp;</span><i>expansa</i><span>&nbsp;to Lower&nbsp;</span><i>praesulcata</i><span>&nbsp;Zones, and the Berea was deposited during the Middle to Upper&nbsp;</span><i>praesulcata</i><span>&nbsp;Zones. Both formations contain the spore&nbsp;</span><i>Retispora lepidophyta,</i><span>&nbsp;which is a global indicator of latest Devonian age.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"GSA","doi":"10.1130/SPE256-p155","usgsCitation":"Gutschick, R., and Sandberg, C., 1991, Upper Devonian biostratigraphy of Michigan Basin: GSA Special Papers, v. 256, https://doi.org/10.1130/SPE256-p155.","productDescription":"25 p.","startPage":"179","costCenters":[{"id":35995,"text":"Geology, Geophysics, and Geochemistry Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":369553,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Michigan","otherGeospatial":"Michigan 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 \"}}]}","volume":"256","edition":"155","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1991-01-01","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Gutschick, R.C.","contributorId":23277,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gutschick","given":"R.C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":776080,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Sandberg, Charles sandberg@usgs.gov","contributorId":199124,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sandberg","given":"Charles","email":"sandberg@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":35995,"text":"Geology, Geophysics, and Geochemistry Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":776081,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70205993,"text":"70205993 - 1991 - The Loma Prieta earthquake, ground motion, and damage in Oakland, Treasure Island, and San Francisco","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-10-24T23:38:57.36407","indexId":"70205993","displayToPublicDate":"1991-10-01T14:38:06","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1135,"text":"Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America","onlineIssn":"1943-3573","printIssn":"0037-1106","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The Loma Prieta earthquake, ground motion, and damage in Oakland, Treasure Island, and San Francisco","docAbstract":"<p>The basis of this study is the acceleration, velocity, and displacement wave-forms of the Loma Prieta earthquake (18 October 1989; M = 7.0) at two rock sites in San Francisco, a rock site on Yerba Buena Island, an artificial-fill site on Treasure Island, and three sites in Oakland underlain by thick sections of poorly consolidated Pleistocene sediments. The waveforms at the three rock sites display a strong coherence, as do the three sedimentary sites in Oakland. The duration of strong motion at the rock sites is very brief, suggestive of an unusually short source duration for an earthquake of this size, while the records in Oakland show strong amplification effects due to site geology. The&nbsp;<i>S</i>-wave group at Treasure Island is phase coherent with the Oakland records, but at somewhat diminished amplitudes, until the steps in acceleration at approximately 15 sec, apparently signaling the onset of liquefaction. All seven records clearly show shear-wave first motion opposite to that expected for the mainshock radiation pattern and peak amplitudes greater than expected for sites at these distances (95 ± 3 km) from an earthquake of this magnitude.</p><p>While the association between these ground motion records and related damage patterns in nearby areas has been easily and eagerly accepted by seismological and engineering observers of them, we have had some difficulty in making such relationships quantitative or even just clear. The three Oakland records, from sites that form a nearly equilateral triangle about the Cypress Street viaduct collapse, are dominated by a long-period resonance (≃ 1 1/2-sec period) far removed from the natural frequency of the structure to transverse motion (2.5 Hz) or from high-frequency amplification bands observed in aftershock studies. A spectral ratio arbiter of this discrepancy confuses it further. The failure of the East Bay crossing of the San Francisco-Oakland Bay Bridge cannot be attributed to relative displacements of the abutments in Oakland and Yerba Buena Island, but the motions of the Bay Bridge causing failure remain unknown. The steps in acceleration at Treasure Island present unusual strong-motion accelerogram processing problems, and modeling suggests that the velocity and displacement waveforms are contaminated by a spurious response of the filtering operations to the acceleration steps. A variety of coincidences suggests that the Treasure island accelerogram is the most likely strong-motion surrogate for the filled areas of the Marina District, for which no mainshock records are available, but the relative contributions of bad ground, poor construction and truly strong ground motion to damage in the Marina District will never by known in any quantitative way. The principal lesson of all of this is that until a concerted effort is mounted to instrument ground and structures that are likely to fail during earthquakes, our understanding of the very complex relationships between strong ground motion and earthquake damage will, in general, remain rudimentary, imprecise, and vague.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Seismological Society of America","doi":"10.1785/BSSA0810052019","usgsCitation":"Hanks, T.C., and Brady, A.G., 1991, The Loma Prieta earthquake, ground motion, and damage in Oakland, Treasure Island, and San Francisco: Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, v. 81, no. 5, p. 2019-2047, https://doi.org/10.1785/BSSA0810052019.","productDescription":"29 p.","startPage":"2019","endPage":"2047","costCenters":[{"id":234,"text":"Earthquake Hazards Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":368325,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","city":"Oakland, San Francisco","otherGeospatial":"Treasure Island","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -122.49103546142578,\n              37.73081027834234\n            ],\n            [\n              -122.2726821899414,\n              37.73081027834234\n            ],\n            [\n              -122.2726821899414,\n              37.86509663749013\n            ],\n            [\n              -122.49103546142578,\n              37.86509663749013\n            ],\n            [\n              -122.49103546142578,\n              37.73081027834234\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"81","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1991-10-01","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hanks, Thomas C. 0000-0003-0928-0056 thanks@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0928-0056","contributorId":3065,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hanks","given":"Thomas","email":"thanks@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":773228,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Brady, A. Gerald","contributorId":85959,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brady","given":"A.","email":"","middleInitial":"Gerald","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":773229,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70126917,"text":"70126917 - 1991 - Global warming and prairie wetlands: potential consequences for waterfowl habitat","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-09-25T09:49:44","indexId":"70126917","displayToPublicDate":"1991-10-01T09:29:53","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":997,"text":"BioScience","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Global warming and prairie wetlands: potential consequences for waterfowl habitat","docAbstract":"<p>The accumulation of greenhouse gasses in the atmosphere is expected to warm the earth's climate at an unprecedented rate (Ramanathan 1988, Schneider 1989).  If the climate models are correct, within 100 years the earth will not only be warmer than it has been during the past million years, but the change will have occurred more rapidly than any on record.  Many profound changes in the earth's environment are expected, including rising sea level, increasing aridity in continental interiors, and melting permafrost.</p>\n<br/>\n<p>Ecosystems are expected to respond variously to a rapidly changing climate.  Tree ranges in eastern North American are expected to shift northward, and seed dispersal may not be adequate to maintain current diversity (Cohn 1989, Johnson and Webb 1989).  In coastal wetlands, rising sea level from melting icecaps and thermal expansion could flood salt-grass marshes and generally reduce the size and productivity of the intertidal zone (Peters and Darling 1985).</p>\n<br/>\n<p>As yet, little attention has been given to the possible effects of climatic warming on inland prairie wetland ecosystems.  These wetlands, located in the glaciated portion of the North American Great Plains (Figure 1), constitute the single most important breeding area for waterfowl on this continent (Hubbard 1988).  This region annually produces 50-80% of the continent's total duck production (Batt et al. 1989).  These marshes also support a variety of other wildlife, including many species of nongame birds, muskrat, and mink (Kantrud et al. 1989a).</p>\n<br/>\n<p>Prairie wetlands are relatively shallow, water-holding depressions that vary in size, water permanence, and water chemistry.  Permanence types include temporary ponds (typically holding water for a few weeks in the springs), seasonal ponds (holding water from spring until early summer), semipermanent ponds (holding water throughout the growing season during most years), and large permanent lakes (Stewart and Kantrud 1971).  Refilling usually occurs in spring from precipitation and runoff from melting snow on frozen or saturated soils (Figure 2).  Annual water levels fluctuate widely due to climate variability in the Great Plains (Borchert 1950, Kantrud et al. 1989b).</p>\n<br/>\n<p>Climate affects the quality of habitat for breeding waterfowl by controlling regional water conditions--water depth, areal extent, and length of wet/dry cycles (Cowardin et al. 1988)--and vegetation patterns such as the cover ration (the ratio of emergent plant cover to open water).  With increased levels of atmospheric carbon dioxide, climate models project warmer and, in some cases, drier conditions for the northern Great Plains (Karl et al. 1991, Manabe and Wetherald 1986, Mitchell 1983, Rind and Lebedeff 1984).  In general, a warmer, drier climate could lower waterfowl production directly by increasing the frequency of dry basins and indirectly by producing less favorable cover rations (i.e., heavy emergent cover with few or no open-water areas).</p>\n<br/>\n<p>The possibility of diminished waterfowl production in a greenhouse climate comes at a time when waterfowl numbers have sharply declined for other reasons (Johnson and Shaffer 1987).  Breeding habitat continues to be lost or altered by agriculture, grazing, burning, mowing, sedimentation, and drainage (Kantrud et al. 1989b).  For example, it has been estimated that 60% of the wetland area in North Dakota has been drained (Tiner 1984).  Pesticides entering wetlands from adjacent agricultural fields have been destructive to aquatic invertebrate populations and have significantly lowered duckling survival (Grue et al. 1988).</p>\n<br/>\n<p>In this article, we discuss current understanding and projections of global warming; review wetland vegetation dynamics to establish the strong relationship among climate, wetland hydrology, vegetation patterns, and waterflow habitat; discuss the potential effects of a greenhouse warming on these relationships; and illustrate the potential effects of climate change on wetland habitat by using a simulation model.</p>\n<br/>\n<p>The extent to which intensive management of the waterfowl resource will be needed in the future strongly depends on whether a changing climate exacerbates the current problem of waterfowl decline.  Should this occur, efforts outlined the recent North American Waterfowl Management Plan between the United States and Canada to reduce the current decline (Patterson and Nelson 1988) may need to be redoubled in coming years.</p>","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"BioScience","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"American Institute of Biological Sciences","publisherLocation":"Washington, D.C.","doi":"10.2307/1311698","usgsCitation":"Poiani, K.A., and Johnson, W., 1991, Global warming and prairie wetlands: potential consequences for waterfowl habitat: BioScience, v. 41, no. 9, p. 611-618, https://doi.org/10.2307/1311698.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"611","endPage":"618","numberOfPages":"8","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":294462,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":294461,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1311698"}],"volume":"41","issue":"9","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"54252eb5e4b0e641df8a6ffa","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Poiani, Karen A.","contributorId":57385,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Poiani","given":"Karen","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":502194,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Johnson, W. Carter","contributorId":97237,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Johnson","given":"W. Carter","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":502195,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70200768,"text":"70200768 - 1991 - Crustal subsidence and extension and Medicine Lake volcano, northern California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-10-31T09:16:20","indexId":"70200768","displayToPublicDate":"1991-09-10T09:15:52","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2314,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Crustal subsidence and extension and Medicine Lake volcano, northern California","docAbstract":"<p><span>The pattern of historical ground deformation, seismicity, and crustal structure near Medicine Lake volcano illustrates a close relation between magmatism and tectonism near the margin of the Cascade volcanic chain and the Basin and Range tectonic province. Between leveling surveys in 1954 and 1989 the summit of Medicine Lake volcano subsided 389±43 mm with respect to a reference bench mark 40 km to the southwest (average rate = 11.1±1.2 mm/yr). A smaller survey across the summit caldera in 1988 suggests that the subsidence rate was 15–28 mm/yr during 1988–1989. Swarms of shallow earthquakes (</span><i>M</i><span>&nbsp;≤ 4.6) occurred in the region during August 1978, January–February 1981, and September 1988. Except for the 1988 swarm, which occurred beneath Medicine Lake caldera, most historical earthquakes were located at least 25 km from the summit. The spatial relation between subsidence and seismicity indicates (1) radially symmetric downwarping of the volcano's summit and flanks centered near the caldera and (2) downfaulting of the entire edifice along regional faults located 25–30 km from the summit. We propose that contemporary subsidence, seismicity, and faulting are caused by (1) loading of the crust by more than 600 km</span><sup>3</sup><span>&nbsp;of erupted products plus a large volume of mafic intrusives; (2) east‐west extension in the western Basin and Range province; and, to a lesser extent, (3) crystallization or withdrawal of magma beneath the volcano. Thermal weakening of the subvolcanic crust by mafic intrusions facilitates subsidence and influences the distribution of earthquakes. Subsidence occurs mainly by aseismic creep within 25 km of the summit, where the crust has been heated and weakened by intrusions, and by normal faulting during episodic earthquake swarms in surrounding, cooler terrain.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/91JB01452","usgsCitation":"Dzurisin, D., Donnelly-Nolan, J.M., Evans, J.R., and Walter, S.R., 1991, Crustal subsidence and extension and Medicine Lake volcano, northern California: Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth, v. 96, no. B10, p. 16319-16333, https://doi.org/10.1029/91JB01452.","productDescription":"15 p.","startPage":"16319","endPage":"16333","costCenters":[{"id":336,"text":"Hawaiian Volcano Observatory","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":359007,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"Medicine Lake Volcano","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -121.74224853515625,\n              41.35413387210046\n            ],\n            [\n              -121.74224853515625,\n              41.71700538790365\n            ],\n            [\n              -121.3385009765625,\n              41.71700538790365\n            ],\n            [\n              -121.3385009765625,\n              41.35413387210046\n            ],\n            [\n              -121.74224853515625,\n              41.35413387210046\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"96","issue":"B10","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2012-09-20","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5c11243ce4b034bf6a81deb0","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Dzurisin, Daniel 0000-0002-0138-5067 dzurisin@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0138-5067","contributorId":538,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dzurisin","given":"Daniel","email":"dzurisin@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":750435,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Donnelly-Nolan, Julie M. 0000-0001-8714-9606 jdnolan@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8714-9606","contributorId":3271,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Donnelly-Nolan","given":"Julie","email":"jdnolan@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":750436,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Evans, John R. jevans1@usgs.gov","contributorId":621,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Evans","given":"John","email":"jevans1@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":750437,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Walter, Stephen R.","contributorId":34954,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Walter","given":"Stephen","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":750438,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70138492,"text":"70138492 - 1991 - Rare earth elements in Japan Sea sediments and diagenetic behavior of Ce/Ce∗: results from ODP Leg 127","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-12-10T14:35:52","indexId":"70138492","displayToPublicDate":"1991-09-01T13:15:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1759,"text":"Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Rare earth elements in Japan Sea sediments and diagenetic behavior of Ce/Ce∗: results from ODP Leg 127","docAbstract":"<p>The relative effects of paleoceanographic and paleogeographic variations, sediment lithology, and diagenetic processes on the recorded rare earth element (REE) chemistry of Japan Sea sediments are evaluated by investigating REE total abundances and relative fractionations in 59 samples from Ocean Drilling Program Leg 127.</p>\n<p>REE total abundances (&Sigma;REE) in the Japan Sea are strongly dependent upon the paleoceanographic position of a given site with respect to terrigenous and biogenic sources. REE concentrations at Site 794 (Yamato Basin) overall correspond well to aluminosilicate chemical indices and are strongly diluted by SiO<sub>2</sub>within the late Miocene-Pliocene diatomaceous sequence. <i><strong>Eu/Eu*<strong></strong></strong></i> values at Site 794 reach a maximum through the diatomaceous interval as well, most likely suggesting an association of <i><strong>Eu/Eu*</strong></i> with the siliceous component, or reflecting slight incorporation of a detrital feldspar phase. &Sigma;REE at Site 795 (Japan Basin) also is affiliated strongly with aluminosilicate phases, yet is diluted only slightly by siliceous input. At Site 797 (Yamato Basin), REE is not as clearly associated with the aluminosilicate fraction, is correlated moderately to siliceous input, and may be sporadically influenced by detrital heavy minerals originating from the nearby rifted continental fragment composing the Yamato Rise. The biogenic influence is largest at Site 794, moderately developed at Site 797, and of only minor importance at Site 795, reflecting basinal contrasts in productivity such that the Yamato Basin records greater biogenic input than the Japan Basin, while the most productive waters overlie the easternmost sequence of Site 794.</p>\n<p><i><strong>Ce/Ce*</strong></i> profiles at all three sites increase monotonically with depth, and record progressive diagenetic LREE fractionation. The observed <i><strong>Ce/Ce*</strong></i> record does not respond to changes in oxygenation state of the overlying water, and <i><strong>Ce/Ce*</strong></i> correlated slightly better with depth than with age. The downhole increase in <i><strong>Ce/Ce*</strong></i> at Site 794 and Site 797 is a passive response to diagenetic transfer of LREE (except Ce) from sediment to interstitial water. At Site 795, the overall lack of correlation between <i><strong>Ce/Ce*</strong></i> and <strong><i>L<sub>(l</sub><sub>n</sub>/Yb<sub>n</sub></i></strong>suggests that other processes are occurring which mask the diagenetic behavior of all LREEs. First-order calculations of the Ce budget in Japan Sea waters and sediment indicate that ~20% of the excess Ce adsorbed by settling particles is recycled within the water column, and that an additional ~38% is recycled at or near the seafloor (data from Masuzawa and Koyama, 1989). Thus, because the remaining <i>excess</i> Ce is only ~10% of the <i>total</i> Ce, there is not a large source of Ce to the deeply buried sediment, further suggesting that the downhole increase in <i><strong>Ce/Ce*</strong></i> is a passive response to diagenetic behavior of the other LREEs. The REE chemistry of Japan Sea sediment therefore predicts successive downhole addition of LREEs to deeply-buried interstitial waters.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Pergamon Press","publisherLocation":"New York, NY","doi":"10.1016/0016-7037(91)90365-C","usgsCitation":"Murray, R., Buchholtz ten Brink, M.R., Brumsack, H., Gerlach, D.C., and Russ, G.P., 1991, Rare earth elements in Japan Sea sediments and diagenetic behavior of Ce/Ce∗: results from ODP Leg 127: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 55, no. 9, p. 2453-2466, https://doi.org/10.1016/0016-7037(91)90365-C.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"2453","endPage":"2466","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":297345,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"otherGeospatial":"Japan Sea","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              132.5390625,\n              33.7243396617476\n            ],\n            [\n              141.6796875,\n              38.8225909761771\n            ],\n            [\n              140.625,\n              50.064191736659104\n            ],\n            [\n              131.8359375,\n              44.33956524809713\n            ],\n            [\n              128.671875,\n              40.97989806962013\n            ],\n            [\n              127.61718749999999,\n              35.746512259918504\n            ],\n            [\n              132.5390625,\n              33.7243396617476\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"55","issue":"9","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"54dd2c3fe4b08de9379b36d8","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Murray, R.","contributorId":80440,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Murray","given":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":538736,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Buchholtz ten Brink, Marilyn R.","contributorId":88021,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Buchholtz ten Brink","given":"Marilyn","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":538737,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Brumsack, Hans-Juergen","contributorId":61141,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brumsack","given":"Hans-Juergen","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":538738,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Gerlach, David C.","contributorId":138786,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Gerlach","given":"David","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":538739,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Russ, G. Price","contributorId":138787,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Russ","given":"G.","email":"","middleInitial":"Price","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":538740,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}}
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