Seasonal properties of vegetation covering northern boreal and arctic landscapes are considered important as input to numerous climate change studies. In this study, multitemporal phenological characteristics of Alaskan vegetation were studied for the State as a whole, and 19 of 20 ecoregions were studied using seasonally truncated, composited advanced very high resolution radiometer derived normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) data. Phenological characteristics included four temporal and six greenness metrics derived for each year from 1991 to 1997. Temporal metrics included date of onset of greenness, last day of greenness, date of maximum greenness, and total days of greenness. Greenness metrics consisted of NDVI values recorded during the onset and last day of greenness, maximum greenness, mean greenness for the growing season, and estimated rates of greenup and greendown in the spring and autumn, respectively. Results indicated that over many areas of Alaska there was a trend toward earlier onset of greenness each spring from 1992 to 1997, but the last day of greenness in the autumn was roughly the same. Earlier greenup dates in the spring resulted in a lengthened growing season greenup of up to 20 days in some areas of Alaska from 1992 to 1997. Climate data, however, did not always corroborate these findings. In general, greenness values dropped from 1991 to 1992 and then increased from 1992 to 1997. Values obtained after 1991 may have been affected by atmospheric perturbations owing to the 1991 Mt. Pinatubo eruption and lasting until at least 1997.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Anchorage, AK","doi":"10.3133/ofr0111","usgsCitation":"Markon, C., 2001, Seven-year phenological record of the Alaskan ecoregions derived from advanced very high resolution radiometer normalized difference vegetation index data: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2001-11, 57 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr0111.","productDescription":"57 p.","numberOfPages":"58","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":175305,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":4180,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2001/0011/2001-OFR2001-11.pdf","text":"Report","size":"263 KB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"OFR 2001-11"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49dce4b07f02db5e1518","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Markon, Carl J.","contributorId":80305,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Markon","given":"Carl J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":241314,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":50328,"text":"fs05701 - 2001 - USGS GeoData Digital Orthophoto Quadrangles","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":5484,"text":"fs03999 - 1999 - Pennsylvania","indexId":"fs03999","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"title":"Pennsylvania"},"predicate":"SUPERSEDED_BY","object":{"id":50328,"text":"fs05701 - 2001 - USGS GeoData Digital Orthophoto Quadrangles","indexId":"fs05701","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"title":"USGS GeoData Digital Orthophoto Quadrangles"},"id":1},{"subject":{"id":6593,"text":"fs03900 - 2000 - Digital orthophoto quadrangles","indexId":"fs03900","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"title":"Digital orthophoto quadrangles"},"predicate":"SUPERSEDED_BY","object":{"id":50328,"text":"fs05701 - 2001 - USGS GeoData Digital Orthophoto Quadrangles","indexId":"fs05701","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"title":"USGS GeoData Digital Orthophoto Quadrangles"},"id":2}],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-27T14:10:03","indexId":"fs05701","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":313,"text":"Fact Sheet","code":"FS","onlineIssn":"2327-6932","printIssn":"2327-6916","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"057-01","title":"USGS GeoData Digital Orthophoto Quadrangles","docAbstract":"A digital orthophoto quadrangle (DOQ) is a computer-generated image of an aerial photograph in which image displacement caused by terrain relief and camera tilts has been removed. It combines the image characteristics of a photograph with the geometric qualities of a map.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"Geological Survey (U.S.)","doi":"10.3133/fs05701","usgsCitation":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey, 2001, USGS GeoData Digital Orthophoto Quadrangles (Supersedes Fact Sheet 039-00): U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet 057-01, 2 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/fs05701.","productDescription":"2 p.","costCenters":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":4140,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2001/0057/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":169647,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2001/0057/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":86311,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2001/0057/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"edition":"Supersedes Fact Sheet 039-00","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a29e4b07f02db6118ac","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","contributorId":128075,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","id":532054,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":45050,"text":"wri20014083 - 2001 - Surface-water, water-quality, and ground-water assessment of the Municipio of Comerio, Puerto Rico, 1997-99","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-08T17:16:16","indexId":"wri20014083","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2001-4083","title":"Surface-water, water-quality, and ground-water assessment of the Municipio of Comerio, Puerto Rico, 1997-99","docAbstract":"To meet the increasing need for a safe and adequate supply of water in the municipio of Comerio, an integrated surface-water, water-quality, and ground-water assessment of the area was conducted. The major results of this study and other important hydrologic and water-quality features were compiled in a Geographic Information System, and are presented in two 1:30,000-scale map plates to facilitate interpretation and use of the diverse water-resource data. \r\n\r\nBecause the supply of safe drinking water was a critical issue during recent dry periods, the surface-water assessment portion of this study focused on analysis of low-flow characteristics in local streams and rivers. Low-flow characteristics were evaluated at one continuous-record gaging station based on graphical curve-fitting techniques and log-Pearson Type III frequency curves. Estimates of low-flow characteristics for 13 partial-record stations were generated using graphical-correlation techniques. Flow-duration characteristics for the continuous- and partial-record stations were estimated using the relation curves developed for the low-flow study. Stream low-flow statistics document the general hydrology under current land- and water-use conditions. \r\n\r\nA sanitary quality survey of streams utilized 24 sampling stations to evaluate about 84 miles of stream channels with drainage to or within the municipio of Comerio. River and stream samples for fecal coliform and fecal streptococcus analyses were collected on two occasions at base-flow conditions to evaluate the sanitary quality of streams. Bacteriological analyses indicate that about 27 miles of stream reaches within the municipio of Comerio may have fecal coliform bacteria concentrations above the water-quality goal established by the Puerto Rico Environmental Quality Board (Junta de Calidad Ambiental de Puerto Rico) for inland surface waters. Sources of fecal contamination may include illegal discharge of sewage to storm-water drains, malfunction of sanitary sewer ejectors, clogged and leaking sewage pipes, septic tank leakage, unfenced livestock, runoff from livestock pens, and seepage from pits containing animal wastes. Long-term fecal coliform data at two sampling stations on the Rio de la Plata indicate that since 1984, the geometric mean of five consecutive samples commonly has been at or below 2,000 colonies per 100 milliliters (established as the sanitary quality goal in Puerto Rico for Class SD type waters). At the sampling station upstream of Comerio, the geometric mean concentration has been near 500 colonies per 100 milliliters; downstream of the town of Comerio, the geometric mean concentration has been near 2,000 colonies per 100 milliliters concentration. The data at these stations also indicate that fecal coliform concentrations increase commonly above 2,000 colonies per 100 milliliters during storm-runoff events, ranging from 1,000 to 100,000 colonies per 100 milliliters at both stations. \r\n\r\nGeologic, topographic, soil, hydrogeologic, and streamflow data were used to divide the municipio of Comerio into five hydrogeologic terranes. The integrated database was then used to evaluate the ground-water development potential of each hydrogeologic terrane. Analysis suggests that areas with slopes greater than 15 degrees have relatively low ground-water development potential. Fractures may be important locally in enhancing the water-bearing properties in the hydrogeologic terranes containing igneous rocks. \r\n\r\nThe integrated hydrogeologic approach used in this study can serve as an important tool for regulatory agencies of Puerto Rico and the municipio of Comerio to evaluate the ground-water resource development potential, examine ground- and surface-water interaction, and determine the effect of land-use practices on ground-water quantity and quality. \r\n\r\nStream low-flow statistics document the general hydrology under current land and water uses. Low-flow characteristics may substantially change as a re","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/wri20014083","collaboration":"In cooperation with the\r\nMUNICIPIO OF COMERIO, PUERTO RICO, OFFICE OF THE MAYOR","usgsCitation":"Rodríguez-Martínez, J., Gómez-Gómez, F., Santiago-Rivera, L., and Oliveras-Feliciano, M., 2001, Surface-water, water-quality, and ground-water assessment of the Municipio of Comerio, Puerto Rico, 1997-99: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 2001-4083, v, 41 p. : map ; 28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri20014083.","productDescription":"v, 41 p. : map ; 28 cm.","temporalStart":"1997-01-01","temporalEnd":"1999-12-31","costCenters":[{"id":156,"text":"Caribbean Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":170972,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":9254,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/wri01-4083/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ 67.25,17.75 ], [ 67.25,18.50 ], [ 66.75,18.50 ], [ 66.75,17.75 ], [ 67.25,17.75 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ae5e4b07f02db68a628","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Rodríguez-Martínez, Jesús","contributorId":48149,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rodríguez-Martínez","given":"Jesús","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":230992,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Gómez-Gómez, Fernando","contributorId":31366,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gómez-Gómez","given":"Fernando","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":230991,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Santiago-Rivera, Luis","contributorId":83888,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Santiago-Rivera","given":"Luis","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":230994,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Oliveras-Feliciano, M. L.","contributorId":54959,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Oliveras-Feliciano","given":"M. L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":230993,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":45012,"text":"wri014112 - 2001 - Geochemistry and origins of mineralized waters in the Floridan aquifer system, northeastern Florida","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:10:55","indexId":"wri014112","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2001-4112","title":"Geochemistry and origins of mineralized waters in the Floridan aquifer system, northeastern Florida","docAbstract":"Increases in chloride concentration have been observed in water from numerous wells tapping the Floridan aquifer system in northeastern Florida. Although most increases have been in the eastern part of Duval County, Florida, no spatial pattern in elevated chloride concentrations is discernible. Possible sources of the mineralized water include modern seawater intrusion; unflushed Miocene-to-Pleistocene-age seawater or connate water in aquifer sediments; or mineralized water from deeper zones of the aquifer system or from formations beneath the Floridan aquifer system. The purpose of this study was to document the chemical and isotopic characteristics of water samples from various aquifer zones, and from geochemical and hydrogeologic data, to infer the source of the increased mineralization. \r\n\r\nWater samples were collected from 53 wells in northeastern Florida during 1997-1999. Wells tapped various zones of the aquifer including: the Fernandina permeable zone (FPZ), the upper zone of the Lower Floridan aquifer (UZLF), the Upper Floridan aquifer (UFA), and both the UFA and the UZLF. Water samples were analyzed for major ions and trace constituents and for isotopes of carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, sulfur, strontium, chlorine, and boron. Samples of rock from the aquifer were analyzed for isotopes of oxygen, carbon, and strontium. \r\n\r\nIn general, water from various aquifer zones cannot be differentiated based on chemistry, except for water from FPZ wells. Major-ion concentrations vary as much within the upper zone of the Lower Floridan aquifer and the Upper Floridan aquifer as between these two zones. Simple models of mixing between fresh ground water and either modern seawater or water from the FPZ as a mineralized end member show that many water samples from the UZLF aquifer and the UFA are enriched in bicarbonate, calcium, magnesium, sulfate, fluoride, and silica and are depleted in sodium and potassium (as compared to concentrations predicted by simple mixing). Chemical mass-balance models of mixing and reactions between a hypothetical initial seawater and aquifer minerals cannot account for the observed water chemistry in a few wells, implying a source other than seawater, either ancient or modern, or the occurrence of other more complex rock-water reactions. \r\n\r\nHydrogeologic and geochemical data from water and aquifer samples indicate that the most likely source of mineralized water in some wells yielding water with increasing chloride concentrations is water from the FPZ. In other wells, the flushing of Miocene-to-Pleistocene-age seawater can account for the observed chloride concentrations. The fact that most of the water samples collected are a mixture of less than one percent of mineralized water with more than 99 percent fresh or recharge water makes identifying the source of the mineralized water difficult. Differences in carbon-14 and sulfur-34 values probably reflect areal differences in aquifer mineralogy and distribution of organic carbon related to paleokarst features. Geochemical mass-balance models of seawater-rock interaction are unable to account for the chemical and isotopic composition of mineralized water from the FPZ, which implies another source of mineralized water, such as a brine, or the occurrence of more complex water-rock reactions.","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/wri014112","usgsCitation":"Phelps, G.G., 2001, Geochemistry and origins of mineralized waters in the Floridan aquifer system, northeastern Florida: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 2001-4112, vi, 64 p. : ill., maps ; 28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri014112.","productDescription":"vi, 64 p. : ill., maps ; 28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":168391,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":3879,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.water.usgs.gov/wri014112/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b1fe4b07f02db6ab72c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Phelps, G. G.","contributorId":82346,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Phelps","given":"G.","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":230915,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":39871,"text":"fs02201 - 2001 - The National Flood-Frequency Program -- Methods for Estimating Flood Magnitude and Frequency for Natural Basins in Texas, 2001","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:10:14","indexId":"fs02201","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":313,"text":"Fact Sheet","code":"FS","onlineIssn":"2327-6932","printIssn":"2327-6916","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"022-01","title":"The National Flood-Frequency Program -- Methods for Estimating Flood Magnitude and Frequency for Natural Basins in Texas, 2001","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/fs02201","usgsCitation":"Sumioka, S.S., and Ries, K., 2001, The National Flood-Frequency Program -- Methods for Estimating Flood Magnitude and Frequency for Natural Basins in Texas, 2001: U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet 022-01, NA, https://doi.org/10.3133/fs02201.","productDescription":"NA","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":122107,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/fs_022_01.bmp"},{"id":3582,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/FS/fs-022-01/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ac7e4b07f02db67b0de","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Sumioka, Stephen S.","contributorId":32222,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sumioka","given":"Stephen","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":222474,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Ries, Kernell G. III kries@usgs.gov","contributorId":1913,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ries","given":"Kernell G.","suffix":"III","email":"kries@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":502,"text":"Office of Surface Water","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":222473,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":31369,"text":"ofr200139 - 2001 - Map Showing Susceptibility to Earthquake-Induced Landsliding, San Juan Metropolitan Area, Puerto Rico","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-10T00:10:09","indexId":"ofr200139","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2001-39","title":"Map Showing Susceptibility to Earthquake-Induced Landsliding, San Juan Metropolitan Area, Puerto Rico","docAbstract":"Analysis of slope angle and rock type using a geographic information system indicates that about 68 percent of the San Juan metropolitan area has low to no susceptibility to earthquake-induced landslides. This is at least partly due to the fact that 45 percent of the San Juan metropolitan area is constructed on slopes of 3 degrees or less, which are too gentle for landslides to occur. The areas with the highest susceptibility to earthquake-induced landslides account for 6 percent of the surface area. Almost one-quarter (24 percent) of the San Juan metropolitan area is moderately susceptible to earthquake-induced landslides. These areas are mainly in the southern portions of the San Juan metropolitan area, where housing development pressures are currently high because of land availability and the esthetics of greenery and hillside views. The combination of new development and moderate earthquake-induced landslide susceptibility indicate that the southern portions of the San Juan metropolitan area are be at greatest risk.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"Geological Survey (U.S.)","doi":"10.3133/ofr200139","collaboration":"In cooperation with the Puerto Rico Planning Board","usgsCitation":"Santiago, M., and Larsen, M.C., 2001, Map Showing Susceptibility to Earthquake-Induced Landsliding, San Juan Metropolitan Area, Puerto Rico: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2001-39, 2 Plates, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr200139.","productDescription":"2 Plates","onlineOnly":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":160852,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":3031,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pr.water.usgs.gov/public/online_pubs/ofr_01-39/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"scale":"20000","projection":"Lambert conformal conic","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -66.26666666666667,18.250555555555554 ], [ -66.26666666666667,18.483611111111113 ], [ -65.9,18.483611111111113 ], [ -65.9,18.250555555555554 ], [ -66.26666666666667,18.250555555555554 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a80e4b07f02db64935f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Santiago, Marilyn 0000-0002-2803-6799 msant@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2803-6799","contributorId":5958,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Santiago","given":"Marilyn","email":"msant@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":156,"text":"Caribbean Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":205805,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Larsen, Matthew C. mclarsen@usgs.gov","contributorId":1568,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Larsen","given":"Matthew","email":"mclarsen@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":205804,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":45031,"text":"wri014017 - 2001 - River and Reservoir Operations Model, Truckee River basin, California and Nevada, 1998","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-07-24T08:18:56","indexId":"wri014017","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2001-4017","title":"River and Reservoir Operations Model, Truckee River basin, California and Nevada, 1998","docAbstract":"The demand for all uses of water in the Truckee River Basin, California and Nevada, commonly is greater than can be supplied. Storage reservoirs in the system have a maximum effective total capacity equivalent to less than two years of average river flows, so longer-term droughts can result in substantial water-supply shortages for irrigation and municipal users and may stress fish and wildlife ecosystems. Title II of Public Law (P.L.) 101-618, the Truckee?Carson?Pyramid Lake Water Rights Settlement Act of 1990, provides a foundation for negotiating and developing operating criteria, known as the Truckee River Operating Agreement (TROA), to balance interstate and interbasin allocation of water rights among the many interests competing for water from the Truckee River. In addition to TROA, the Truckee River Water Quality Settlement Agreement (WQSA), signed in 1996, provides for acquisition of water rights to resolve water-quality problems during low flows along the Truckee River in Nevada. Efficient execution of many of the planning, management, or environmental assessment requirements of TROA and WQSA will require detailed water-resources data coupled with sound analytical tools. Analytical modeling tools constructed and evaluated with such data could help assess effects of alternative operational scenarios related to reservoir and river operations, water-rights transfers, and changes in irrigation practices. \r\n\r\nThe Truckee?Carson Program of the U.S. Geological Survey, to support U.S. Department of the Interior implementation of P.L. 101-618, is developing a modeling system to support efficient water-resources planning, management, and allocation. The daily operations model documented herein is a part of the modeling system that includes a database management program, a graphical user interface program, and a program with modules that simulate river/reservoir operations and a variety of hydrologic processes. The operations module is capable of simulating lake/ reservoir and river operations including diversion of Truckee River water to the Truckee Canal for transport to the Carson River Basin. In addition to the operations and streamflow-routing modules, the modeling system is structured to allow integration of other modules, such as water-quality and precipitation-runoff modules.\r\n\r\nThe USGS Truckee River Basin operations model was designed to provide simulations that allow comparison of the effects of alternative management practices or allocations on streamflow or reservoir storages in the Truckee River Basin over long periods of time. Because the model was not intended to reproduce historical streamflow or reservoir storage values, a traditional calibration that includes statistical comparisons of observed and simulated values would be problematic with this model and database.\r\n\r\nThis report describes a chronology and background of decrees, agreements, and laws that affect Truckee River operational practices; the construction of the Truckee River daily operations model; the simulation of Truckee River Basin operations, both current and proposed under the draft TROA and WQSA; and suggested model improvements and limitations. The daily operations model uses Hydrological Simulation Program?FORTRAN (HSPF) to simulate flow-routing and reservoir and river operations. The operations model simulates reservoir and river operations that govern streamflow in the Truckee River from Lake Tahoe to Pyramid Lake, including diversions through the Truckee Canal to Lahontan Reservoir in the Carson River Basin. A general overview is provided of daily operations and their simulation. Supplemental information that documents the extremely complex operating rules simulated by the model is available.","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/wri014017","usgsCitation":"Berris, S.N., Hess, G.W., and Bohman, L.R., 2001, River and Reservoir Operations Model, Truckee River basin, California and Nevada, 1998: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 2001-4017, -, https://doi.org/10.3133/wri014017.","productDescription":"-","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":135747,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":3895,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/wri014017/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":344226,"rank":4,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/wri014017/book/plate01.pdf","text":"Plate 1","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":344225,"rank":3,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/wri014017/book/wri014017.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a11e4b07f02db60002a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Berris, Steven N. snberris@usgs.gov","contributorId":1736,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Berris","given":"Steven","email":"snberris@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"N.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":230957,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hess, Glen W.","contributorId":19136,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hess","given":"Glen","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":230959,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Bohman, Larry R. lrbohman@usgs.gov","contributorId":4769,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bohman","given":"Larry","email":"lrbohman@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":230958,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":45028,"text":"wri014198 - 2001 - Use of a precipitation-runoff model to simulate natural streamflow conditions in the Methow River basin, Washington","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:05:00","indexId":"wri014198","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2001-4198","title":"Use of a precipitation-runoff model to simulate natural streamflow conditions in the Methow River basin, Washington","docAbstract":"Management of the water resources of the Methow River Basin is changing in response to the listing of three species of fish under the Endangered Species Act and the Washington State-legislated watershed-planning process. Management options must be considered that minimize adverse effects on people but meet instream flow needs for fish. This report describes the construction and calibration of the Methow River Basin watershed model and evaluates the accuracy of the model as a predictive tool for assessing the natural instream flow conditions. The term ?natural? instream flow is stressed because surface water within the Basin is used for agricultural irrigation through an extensive system of diversions.\r\n\r\nThe USGS Modular Modeling System was used for the watershed modeling component of the Methow River Basin study. The Geographic Information System Weasel characterized the physical properties of the basin, and the Precipitation-Runoff Modeling System simulated the natural streamflow. Natural streamflow conditions in the Basin were difficult to calibrate because six of the seven streamflow gaging stations are located below irrigation diversions and few streamflow measurements exist for the study area before the diversions were present. Therefore, limited records of natural streamflow conditions were available and estimations concerning some physical processes could not be quantified. \r\n\r\nStreamflow was simulated for water years 1992-99 to calibrate the model to measured streamflows. Simulated and measured streamflow generally showed close agreement, especially during spring runoff from snowmelt. Low-flow periods, most restrictive to fish habitation, were simulated reasonably well, yet possessed the most uncertainty. Simulations of the total annual runoff as a percentage of measured annual runoff for the 8-year calibration period at seven gaging stations ranged from -33.7 to +30.5 percent with 70 percent of the simulated values within 16 percent. Simulation of water years 1959-99 demonstrated great variability in monthly streamflow statistics. The simulated mean monthly flows for the seven streamflow-gaging stations were an average of 11.5 percent higher for the calibration period (1992-99) than for the entire simulation period (1959-99).","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/wri014198","usgsCitation":"Ely, D.M., and Risley, J.C., 2001, Use of a precipitation-runoff model to simulate natural streamflow conditions in the Methow River basin, Washington: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 2001-4198, v, 36 p. : ill. (some col.), maps (some col.) ; 28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri014198.","productDescription":"v, 36 p. : ill. (some col.), maps (some col.) ; 28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":3893,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.water.usgs.gov/wri014198","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":135850,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a18e4b07f02db6050dd","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ely, David Matthew","contributorId":19530,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ely","given":"David","email":"","middleInitial":"Matthew","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":230950,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Risley, John C. 0000-0002-8206-5443 jrisley@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8206-5443","contributorId":2698,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Risley","given":"John","email":"jrisley@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":518,"text":"Oregon Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":230949,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":44877,"text":"wri20014267 - 2001 - Surface-water, water-quality, and ground-water assessment of the Municipio of Carolina, Puerto Rico, 1997-99","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-08T17:16:14","indexId":"wri20014267","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2001-4267","title":"Surface-water, water-quality, and ground-water assessment of the Municipio of Carolina, Puerto Rico, 1997-99","docAbstract":"To meet the increasing need for a safe and adequate supply of water in the municipio of Carolina, an integrated surface-water, water-quality, and ground-water assessment of the area was conducted. The major results of this study and other important hydrologic and water-quality features were compiled in a Geographic Information System and are presented in two 1:30,000-scale map plates to facilitate interpretation and use of the diverse water-resources data. \r\n\r\nBecause the supply of safe drinking water was a critical issue during recent dry periods, the surface-water assessment portion of this study focused on analysis of low-flow characteristics in local streams and rivers. Low-flow characteristics were evaluated for one continuous-record gaging station, based on graphical curve-fitting techniques and log-Pearson Type III frequency analysis. Estimates of low-flow characteristics for seven partial-record stations were generated using graphical-correlation techniques. Flow-duration characteristics were computed for the one continuous-record gaging station and were estimated for the partial-record stations using the relation curves developed from the low-flow study. Stream low-flow statistics document the general hydrology under current land and water use. Low-flow statistics may substantially change as a result of streamflow diversions for public supply, and an increase in ground-water development, waste-water discharges, and flood-control measures; the current analysis provides baseline information to evaluate these impacts and develop water budgets. \r\n\r\nA sanitary quality survey of streams utilized 29 sampling stations to evaluate the sanitary quality of about 87 miles of stream channels. River and stream samples were collected on two occasions during base-flow conditions and were analyzed for fecal coliform and fecal streptococcus. Bacteriological analyses indicate that a significant portion of the stream reaches within the municipio of Carolina may have fecal coliform concentrations above the water-quality goal established by the Puerto Rico Environmental Quality Board (Junta de Calidad Ambiental de Puerto Rico) for inland surface waters. Sources of fecal contamination may include: illegal discharge of sewage to storm-water drains, malfunctioning sanitary sewer ejectors, clogged and leaking sewage pipes, septic tank leakage, unfenced livestock, and runoff from livestock pens. Long-term fecal coliform data at two sampling stations, Quebrada Blasina in Carolina and the Rio Grande de Loiza, downstream from the town of Trujillo Alto, indicate that the sanitary quality of Quebrada Blasina is and has generally been poor for more than a decade. The sanitary quality of the Rio Grande de Loiza has generally been in compliance with the water-quality goal standard fecal coliform concentrations established in July 1990 by the Puerto Rico Environmental Quality Board. \r\n\r\nGeologic, topographic, soil, hydrogeologic, and streamflow data were used to divide the municipio of Carolina into five hydrogeologic terranes. This integrated database was then used to evaluate the ground-water potential of each hydrogeologic terrane. Analysis suggests that areas with slopes greater than 15 degrees have relatively low ground-water development potential. Fractures may be locally important in enhancing the water-bearing properties in the hydrogeologic terranes containing igneous rocks. Potentiometric-surface elevations recorded in piezometers installed in the coastal area during this study were used to define ground-water flow directions in the hydrogeologic terranes composed of coastal plain clastic and limestone units. The resultant potentiometric map indicates that the coastal plain aquifer and streams in the lowland parts of the municipio of Carolina are hydraulically connected. The potentiometric map also indicates that ground-water discharge to the Rio Grande de Loiza, downstream from highway PR-3, has been enhanced by dredging of the streambed for ","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/wri20014267","collaboration":"In cooperation with the\r\nMUNICIPIO AUTONOMO DE CAROLINA, PUERTO RICO\r\nOFFICE OF THE MAYOR","usgsCitation":"Rodríguez-Martínez, J., Gómez-Gómez, F., Santiago-Rivera, L., and Oliveras-Feliciano, M., 2001, Surface-water, water-quality, and ground-water assessment of the Municipio of Carolina, Puerto Rico, 1997-99: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 2001-4267, v, 45 p. : col. ill., maps (some col.) ; 28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri20014267.","productDescription":"v, 45 p. : col. ill., maps (some col.) ; 28 cm.","temporalStart":"1997-01-01","temporalEnd":"1999-12-31","costCenters":[{"id":156,"text":"Caribbean Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":134788,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":9211,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/wri01-4267/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ 66.00,18.29 ], [ 66.00,18.46 ], [ 65.88,18.46 ], [ 65.88,18.29 ], [ 66.00,18.29 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ae5e4b07f02db68a61a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Rodríguez-Martínez, Jesús","contributorId":48149,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rodríguez-Martínez","given":"Jesús","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":230599,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Gómez-Gómez, Fernando","contributorId":31366,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gómez-Gómez","given":"Fernando","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":230598,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Santiago-Rivera, Luis","contributorId":83888,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Santiago-Rivera","given":"Luis","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":230601,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Oliveras-Feliciano, M. L.","contributorId":54959,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Oliveras-Feliciano","given":"M. L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":230600,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":45033,"text":"wri014199 - 2001 - Occurrence of phosphorus, nitrate, and suspended solids in streams of the Cheney Reservoir Watershed, south-central Kansas, 1997–2000","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-05-21T14:48:32","indexId":"wri014199","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2001-4199","displayTitle":"Occurrence of Phosphorus, Nitrate, and Suspended Solids in Streams of the Cheney Reservoir Watershed, South-Central Kansas, 1997–2000","title":"Occurrence of phosphorus, nitrate, and suspended solids in streams of the Cheney Reservoir Watershed, south-central Kansas, 1997–2000","docAbstract":"Improving water quality of Cheney Reservoir in south-central Kansas is an important objective of State and local water managers. The reservoir serves as a water supply for about 350,00 people in the Wichita area and an important recreational resource for the area. In 1992, a task force was formed to study and prepare a plan to identify and mitigate potential sources of stream contamination in the Cheney Reservoir watershed. This task force was established to develop stream-water-quality goals to aid in the development and implementation of best-management practices in the watershed. In 1996, the U.S. Geological Survey entered into a cooperative study with the city of Wichita to assess the water quality in the Cheney Reservoir watershed. Water-quality constituents of particular concern in the Cheney Reservoir watershed are phosphorus, nitrate, and total suspended solids. Water-quality samples were collected at five streamflow-gaging sites upstream from the reservoir and at the outflow of the reservoir. The purpose of this report is to present the results of a 4-year (1997-2000) data-collection effort to quantify the occurrence of phosphorus, nitrate, and suspended solids during base-flow, runoff, and long-term streamflow conditions (all available data for 1997-2000) and to compare these results to stream-water-quality goals established by the Cheney Reservoir Task Force.
Mean concentrations of each of the constituents examined during this study exceeded the Cheney Reservoir Task Force stream-water-quality goal for at least one of the streamflow conditions evaluated. Most notably, mean base-flow and mean long-term concentrations of total phosphorus and mean base-flow concentrations of dissolved nitrate exceeded the goals of 0.05, 0.10, and 0.25 milligram per liter, respectively, at all five sampling sites upstream from the reservoir. Additionally, the long-term stream-water-quality goal for dissolved nitrate was exceeded by the mean concentration at one upstream sampling site, and the base-flow total suspended solids goal (20 milligrams per liter) and long-term total suspended solids goal (100 milligrams per liter) were each exceeded by mean concentrations at three upstream sampling sites. Generally, it seems unlikely that water-quality goals for streams in the Cheney Reservoir watershed will be attainable for mean base-flow and mean long-term total phosphorus and total suspended solids concentrations and for mean base-flow dissolved nitrate concentrations as long as current (2001) watershed conditions and practices persist. However, future changes in these conditions and practices that mitigate the transport of these consitutents may modify this conclusion.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/wri014199","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the City of Wichita, Kansas","usgsCitation":"Milligan, C.R., and Pope, L.M., 2001, Occurrence of phosphorus, nitrate, and suspended solids in streams of the Cheney Reservoir Watershed, south-central Kansas, 1997–2000: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 2001-4199, Report: iv, 18 p.; Additional Report Piece, https://doi.org/10.3133/wri014199.","productDescription":"Report: iv, 18 p.; Additional Report Piece","costCenters":[{"id":353,"text":"Kansas Water Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":135772,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":360170,"rank":4,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/2001/4199/wrir20014199.pdf","text":"Report","size":"101 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U.S. Geological Survey
1217 Biltmore Drive
Lawrence, KS 66049
Daily values of evapotranspiration from a watershed in Volusia County, Florida, were estimated for a 2-year period (January 1998 through December 1999) by using an energy-budget variant of the eddy correlation method and a Priestley-Taylor model. The watershed consisted primarily of pine flatwood uplands interspersed within cypress wetlands. A drought-induced fire in spring 1998 burned about 40 percent of the watershed, most of which was subsequently logged. The model reproduced the 449 measured values of evapotranspiration reasonably well (r2=0.90) over a wide range of seasonal and surface-cover conditions. Annual evapotranspiration from the watershed was estimated to be 916 millimeters (36 inches) for 1998 and 1,070 millimeters (42 inches) for 1999. Evapotranspiration declined from near potential rates in the wet conditions of January 1998 to less than 50 percent of potential evapotranspiration after the fire and at the peak of the drought in June 1998. After the drought ended in early July 1998 and water levels returned to near land-surface, evapotranspiration increased sharply; however, the evapotranspiration rate was only about 60 percent of the potential rate in the burned areas, compared to about 90 percent of the potential rate in the unburned areas. This discrepancy can be explained as a result of fire damage to vegetation. Beginning in spring 1999, evapotranspiration from burned areas increased sharply relative to unburned areas, sometimes exceeding unburned evapotranspiration by almost 100 percent. Possible explanations for the dramatic increase in evapotranspiration from burned areas could include phenological changes associated with maturation or seasonality of plants that emerged after the fire or successional changes in composition of plant community within burned areas.
Variations in daily evapotranspiration are primarily the result of variations in surface cover, net radiation, photosynthetically active radiation, air temperature, and water-table depth. A water budget for the watershed supports the validity of the daily measurements and estimates of evapotranspiration. A water budget constructed using independent estimates of average rates of rainfall, runoff, and deep leakage, as well as evapotranspiration, was consistent within 3.8 percent. An alternative water budget constructed using evapotrans-piration estimated by the standard eddy correlation method was consistent only within 9.1 percent. This result indicates that the standard eddy correlation method is not as accurate as the energy-budget variant.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri014245","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with St. Johns River Water Management District County of Volusia","usgsCitation":"Sumner, D.M., 2001, Evapotranspiration from a cypress and pine forest subjected to natural fires, Volusia County, Florida, 1998-99: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 2001-4245, viii, 56 p. , https://doi.org/10.3133/wri014245.","productDescription":"viii, 56 p. 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M.","contributorId":100827,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sumner","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":230874,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":45035,"text":"wri014027 - 2001 - Relations among rainstorm runoff, streamflow, pH, and metal concentrations, Summitville Mine area, upper Alamosa River basin, southwest Colorado, 1995-97","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:04:58","indexId":"wri014027","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2001-4027","title":"Relations among rainstorm runoff, streamflow, pH, and metal concentrations, Summitville Mine area, upper Alamosa River basin, southwest Colorado, 1995-97","docAbstract":"The upper Alamosa River Basin contains areas that are geochemically altered and have associated secondary sulfide mineralization. Occurring with this sulfide mineralization are copper, gold, and silver deposits that have been mined since the 1870's. Weathering of areas with sulfide mineralization produces runoff with anomalously low pH and high metal concentrations; mining activities exacerbate the condition. Summer rainstorms in the upper Alamosa River Basin produce a characteristic relation between streamflow and pH; streamflow suddenly increases and pH suddenly decreases (commonly by more than 1 pH unit). This report evaluates changes in pH in the upper Alamosa River Basin during July, August, and September 1995, 1996, and 1997 to examine possible adverse environmental effects due to rainstorm runoff. Ninety-three percent of the rainstorms occurring during 1995?97 produced runoff throughout the entire basin. Out of 54 storms, only 3 storms were isolated to the river reach upstream from the streamflow-gaging station Alamosa River above Wightman Fork, and only 1 storm was isolated to the river reach between the streamflow-gaging stations Alamosa River below Jasper and Alamosa River above Terrace Reservoir. Although most rainstorm runoff events occurred throughout the entire basin, pH changes were highest in parts of the basin that receive runoff from hydrothermally altered areas. The three principal altered areas within the basin are the Jasper, Stunner, and Summitville areas. Only limited mining occurred in the Stunner altered area, and yet significant decreases in pH values occur due to runoff from this area. Even after environmental restoration activities are completed at the Summitville Mine, the main stem of the Alamosa River may continue to be adversely affected by runoff from the Stunner and Jasper altered areas. A comparison of measured pH with Federal and State of Colorado water-quality standards and Toxicological Reference Values indicates pH was too low to support aquatic life in many parts of the basin for extended periods of time. Added stresses from sudden decreases in pH due to rainstorm runoff compound the adverse effects. Discharge of effluent from the Summitville Mine impoundment can significantly decrease pH in the Alamosa River downstream to Terrace Reservoir. A release of only 3 cubic feet per second from the impoundment decreased pH by at least 1 standard unit at all downstream sites. Low-flow years may pose a substantial risk to aquatic organisms within and downstream from Terrace Reservoir. During 1996, the basin had a low-flow year, and water storage and pool size of Terrace Reservoir were significantly reduced. The pH of water discharging from Terrace Reservoir was anomalously low during late August and September 1996, possibly due to geochemical interactions between sediment and the water column within the reservoir. In general, an inverse log-log relation exists between pH and the logarithm of dissolved metal concentrations, but the relations generally are not significant enough to confidently predict metal concentrations based upon measured pH values.","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/wri014027","usgsCitation":"Rupert, M.G., 2001, Relations among rainstorm runoff, streamflow, pH, and metal concentrations, Summitville Mine area, upper Alamosa River basin, southwest Colorado, 1995-97: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 2001-4027, v, 33 p. : ill. (some col.), col. map ; 28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri014027.","productDescription":"v, 33 p. : ill. (some col.), col. map ; 28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":3898,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.water.usgs.gov/wri014027","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":135804,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ac8e4b07f02db67c1d8","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Rupert, Michael G. mgrupert@usgs.gov","contributorId":1194,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rupert","given":"Michael","email":"mgrupert@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[{"id":191,"text":"Colorado Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":230969,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":45036,"text":"wri014028 - 2001 - Vertical gradients in water chemistry in the central High Plains aquifer, southwestern Kansas and Oklahoma panhandle, 1999","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:04:58","indexId":"wri014028","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2001-4028","title":"Vertical gradients in water chemistry in the central High Plains aquifer, southwestern Kansas and Oklahoma panhandle, 1999","docAbstract":"The central High Plains aquifer is the primary source of water for domestic, industrial, and irrigation uses in parts of Colorado, Kansas, New Mexico, Oklahoma, and Texas. Water-level declines of more than 100 feet in some areas of the aquifer have increased the demand for water deeper in the aquifer. The maximum saturated thickness of the aquifer ranged from 500 to 600 feet in 1999. As the demand for deeper water increases, it becomes increasingly important for resource managers to understand how the quality of water in the aquifer changes with depth. In 1998?99, 18 monitoring wells at nine sites in southwestern Kansas and the Oklahoma Panhandle were completed at various depths in the central High Plains aquifer, and one monitoring well was completed in sediments of Permian age underlying the aquifer. Water samples were collected once from each well in 1999 to measure vertical gradients in water chemistry in the aquifer. Tritium concentrations measured in ground water indicate that water samples collected in the upper 30 feet of the aquifer were generally recharged within the last 50 years, whereas all of the water samples collected at depths more than 30 feet below the water table were recharged more than 50 years ago. Dissolved oxygen was present throughout the aquifer, with concentrations ranging from 1.7 to 8.4 mg/L. Water in the central High Plains aquifer was predominantly a calcium-bicarbonate type that exhibited little variability in concentrations of dissolved solids with depth (290 to 642 mg/L). Exceptions occurred in some areas where there had been upward movement of mineralized water from underlying sediments of Permian age and areas where there had been downward movement of mineralized Arkansas River water to the aquifer. Calcium-sulfate and sodium-chloride waters dominated and concentrations of dissolved solids were elevated (862 to 4,030 mg/L) near the base of the aquifer in the areas of upward leakage. Dissolution of gypsum or anhydrite and halite in sediments of Permian age by ground water was the likely source of calcium, sulfate, sodium, and chloride in those waters. Calcium-sodium-sulfate waters dominated, and concentrations of dissolved solids were as large as 4,916 mg/L near the water table in the area of downward leakage. Dissolution of minerals in sedimentary deposits of marine origin in upstream areas of the Arkansas River drainage were the likely sources of calcium, sodium, and sulfate in those waters. Nitrate was detected throughout the aquifer and the background concentration was estimated to be 2.45 mg/L as N. The largest nitrate concentrations (8.28, 22, and 54.4 mg/L as N) occurred in recently recharged water collected adjacent to irrigated fields. Three pesticides (atrazine, metolachlor, simazine) and five pesticide degradation products (alachlor ethanesulfonic acid, alachlor oxanilic acid, deethylatrazine, metolachlor ethanesulfonic acid, metolachlor oxanilic acid) were detected in recently recharged water from six water-table wells. Five of the six wells were adjacent to irrigated fields. These data indicate that concentrations of nitrate and pesticides increased over time in some areas of the aquifer as a result of agricultural activities. Results from this study indicate that vertical gradients in water chemistry existed in the central High Plains aquifer. The chemical gradients resulted from chemical inputs to the aquifer from underlying sediments of Permian age, from the Arkansas River, and from agricultural activities. In areas where those chemical inputs occurred, water quality in the aquifer was impaired and may not have been suitable for some intended uses. ","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/wri014028","usgsCitation":"McMahon, P.B., 2001, Vertical gradients in water chemistry in the central High Plains aquifer, southwestern Kansas and Oklahoma panhandle, 1999: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 2001-4028, vi, 47 p. : ill. (some col.), col. maps ; 28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri014028.","productDescription":"vi, 47 p. : ill. (some col.), col. maps ; 28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":3899,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.water.usgs.gov/wri014028/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":135805,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49ace4b07f02db5c636b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"McMahon, Peter B. 0000-0001-7452-2379 pmcmahon@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7452-2379","contributorId":724,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McMahon","given":"Peter","email":"pmcmahon@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[{"id":191,"text":"Colorado Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":230970,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":44985,"text":"wri014210 - 2001 - Hydraulic-property estimates for use with a transient ground-water flow model of the Death Valley regional ground-water flow system, Nevada and California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:10:12","indexId":"wri014210","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2001-4210","title":"Hydraulic-property estimates for use with a transient ground-water flow model of the Death Valley regional ground-water flow system, Nevada and California","docAbstract":"The Death Valley regional ground-water flow system encompasses an area of about 43,500 square kilometers in southeastern California and southern Nevada, between latitudes 35? and 38?15' north and longitudes 115? and 117?45' west. The study area is underlain by Quaternary to Tertiary basin-fill sediments and mafic-lava flows; Tertiary volcanic, volcaniclastic, and sedimentary rocks; Tertiary to Jurassic granitic rocks; Triassic to Middle Proterozoic carbonate and clastic sedimentary rocks; and Early Proterozoic igneous and metamorphic rocks. The rock assemblage in the Death Valley region is extensively faulted as a result of several episodes of tectonic activity.\r\n\r\nThis study is comprised of published and unpublished estimates of transmissivity, hydraulic conductivity, storage coefficient, and anisotropy ratios for hydrogeologic units within the Death Valley region study area. Hydrogeologic units previously proposed for the Death Valley regional transient ground-water flow model were recognized for the purpose of studying the distribution of hydraulic properties. Analyses of regression and covariance were used to assess if a relation existed between hydraulic conductivity and depth for most hydrogeologic units. Those analyses showed a weak, quantitatively indeterminate, relation between hydraulic conductivity and depth.","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/wri014210","usgsCitation":"Belcher, W., Elliott, P.E., and Geldon, A.L., 2001, Hydraulic-property estimates for use with a transient ground-water flow model of the Death Valley regional ground-water flow system, Nevada and California (Revised August 01, 2002): U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 2001-4210, -, https://doi.org/10.3133/wri014210.","productDescription":"-","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":161818,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":3860,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.water.usgs.gov/wri014210","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"edition":"Revised August 01, 2002","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a51e4b07f02db6297c2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Belcher, Wayne R.","contributorId":79446,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Belcher","given":"Wayne R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":230841,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Elliott, Peggy E. 0000-0002-7264-664X pelliott@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7264-664X","contributorId":3805,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Elliott","given":"Peggy","email":"pelliott@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":230839,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Geldon, Arthur L.","contributorId":16395,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Geldon","given":"Arthur","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":230840,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":45039,"text":"wri20014049 - 2001 - Ages and Origins of Calcite and Opal in the Exploratory Studies Facility Tunnel, Yucca Mountain, Nevada","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-10T00:10:06","indexId":"wri20014049","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2001-4049","title":"Ages and Origins of Calcite and Opal in the Exploratory Studies Facility Tunnel, Yucca Mountain, Nevada","docAbstract":"Deposits of calcite and opal are present as coatings on open fractures and lithophysal cavities in unsaturated-zone tuffs at Yucca Mountain, Nevada, site of a potential high-level radioactive waste repository. Outermost layers of calcite and opal have radiocarbon ages of 16,000 to 44,000 years before present and thorium-230/uranium ages of 28,000 to more than 500,000 years before present. These ages are young relative to the 13-million-year age of the host rocks. Multiple subsamples from the same outer layer typically show a range of ages with youngest ages from the thinnest subsamples. Initial uranium-234/uranium-238 activity ratios between 1 and 9.5 show a distinct negative correlation with thorium-230/uranium age and are greater than 4 for all but one sample younger than 100,000 years before present. These data, along with micrometer-scale layering and distinctive crystal morphologies, are interpreted to indicate that deposits formed very slowly from water films migrating through open cavities. Exchanges of carbon dioxide and water vapor probably took place between downward-migrating liquids and upward-migrating gases at low rates, resulting in oversaturation of mineral constituents at crystal extremities and more or less continuous deposition of very thin layers. Therefore, subsamples represent mixtures of older and younger layers on a scale finer than sampling techniques can resolve. Slow, long-term rates of deposition (less than about 5 millimeters of mineral per million years) are inferred from subsamples of outermost calcite and opal. These growth rates are similar to those calculated assuming that total coating thicknesses of 10 to 40 millimeters accumulated over 12 million years.\r\n\r\nCalcite has a wide range of delta carbon-13 values from about -8.2 to 8.5 per mil and delta oxygen-18 values from about 10 to 21 per mil. Systematic microsampling across individual mineral coatings indicates basal (older) calcite tends to have the largest delta carbon-13 values and smallest delta oxygen-18 values compared to calcite from intermediate and outer positions. Basal calcite has relatively small strontium-87/strontium-86 ratios, between 0.7105 and 0.7120, that are similar to the initial isotopic compositions of the strontium-rich tuff units, whereas outer calcite has more radiogenic strontium-87/strontium-86 ratios between 0.7115 and 0.7127. Isotopic compositions of strontium, oxygen, and carbon in the outer (youngest) unsaturated-zone calcite are coincident with those measured in Yucca Mountain calcrete, which formed by pedogenic processes.\r\n\r\nThe physical and isotopic data from calcite and opal indicate that they formed from solutions of meteoric origin percolating through a limited network of connected fracture pathways in the unsaturated zone rather than by inundation from ascending ground water originating in the saturated zone. Mineral assemblages, textures, and distributions within the unsaturated zone are distinctly different from those deposited below the water table at Yucca Mountain. The calcite and opal typically are present only on footwall surfaces of a small fraction of fractures and only on floors of a small fraction of lithophysal cavities. The similarities in the carbon, oxygen, and strontium isotopic compositions between fracture calcite and soil-zone calcite, as well as the gradation of textures from detritus-rich micrite in the soil to detritus-free spar 10 to 30 meters below the surface, also support a genetic link between the two depositional environments. Older deposits contain oxygen isotope compositions that indicate elevated temperatures of mineral formation during the early stages of deposition; however, in the youngest deposits these values are consistent with deposition under geothermal gradients similar to modern conditions. Correlations between mineral ages and varying Pleistocene climate conditions are not apparent from the current data. Cumulative evidence from calcite and opal deposits indicate","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri20014049","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Nevada Operations Office, U.S. Department of Energy, under Interagency Agreement DE?AI08?97NV12033","usgsCitation":"Paces, J.B., Neymark, L.A., Marshall, B.D., Whelan, J.F., and Peterman, Z., 2001, Ages and Origins of Calcite and Opal in the Exploratory Studies Facility Tunnel, Yucca Mountain, Nevada: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 2001-4049, vi, 95 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri20014049.","productDescription":"vi, 95 p.","costCenters":[{"id":687,"text":"Yucca Mountain Project Branch","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":120642,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/wri_2001_4049.jpg"},{"id":13245,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/2001/wri01-4049/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -116.58333333333333,36.666666666666664 ], [ -116.58333333333333,36.916666666666664 ], [ -116.33333333333333,36.916666666666664 ], [ -116.33333333333333,36.666666666666664 ], [ -116.58333333333333,36.666666666666664 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ae3e4b07f02db689277","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Paces, James B. 0000-0002-9809-8493 jbpaces@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9809-8493","contributorId":2514,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Paces","given":"James","email":"jbpaces@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[{"id":318,"text":"Geosciences and Environmental Change Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":230976,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Neymark, Leonid A. lneymark@usgs.gov","contributorId":532,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Neymark","given":"Leonid","email":"lneymark@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":218,"text":"Denver Federal Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":230974,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Marshall, Brian D. 0000-0002-8093-0093 bdmarsha@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8093-0093","contributorId":520,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Marshall","given":"Brian","email":"bdmarsha@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":35995,"text":"Geology, Geophysics, and Geochemistry Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":230973,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Whelan, Joseph F.","contributorId":29792,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Whelan","given":"Joseph","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":230977,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Peterman, Zell E. 0000-0002-5694-8082 peterman@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5694-8082","contributorId":620,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Peterman","given":"Zell E.","email":"peterman@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":218,"text":"Denver Federal Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":230975,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":45041,"text":"wri014060 - 2001 - User's guide for polyethylene-based passive diffusion bag samplers to obtain volatile organic compound concentrations in wells. Part I, Deployment, recovery, data interpretation, and quality control and assurance","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:10:43","indexId":"wri014060","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2001-4060","title":"User's guide for polyethylene-based passive diffusion bag samplers to obtain volatile organic compound concentrations in wells. Part I, Deployment, recovery, data interpretation, and quality control and assurance","docAbstract":"Diffusion samplers installed in observation wells were found to be capable of yielding representative water samples for chlorinated volatile organic compounds. The samplers consisted of polyethylene bags containing deionized water and relied on diffusion of chlorinated volatile organic compounds through the polyethylene membrane. The known ability of polyethylene to transmit other volatile compounds, such as benzene and toluene, indicates that the samplers can be used for a variety of volatile organic compounds. In wells at the study area, the volatile organic compound concentrations in water samples obtained using the samplers without prior purging were similar to concentrations in water samples obtained from the respective wells using traditional purging and sampling approaches. The low cost associated with this approach makes it a viable option for monitoring large observation-well networks for volatile organic compounds.","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/wri014060","usgsCitation":"Vroblesky, D.A., 2001, User's guide for polyethylene-based passive diffusion bag samplers to obtain volatile organic compound concentrations in wells. Part I, Deployment, recovery, data interpretation, and quality control and assurance: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 2001-4060, iv, 18 p. : ill. (some col.) ; 28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri014060.","productDescription":"iv, 18 p. : ill. (some col.) ; 28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":3902,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.water.usgs.gov/wri014060","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":171260,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a16e4b07f02db603eaa","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Vroblesky, Don A. vroblesk@usgs.gov","contributorId":413,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Vroblesky","given":"Don","email":"vroblesk@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":230979,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":45042,"text":"wri014061 - 2001 - User's guide for polyethylene-based passive diffusion bag samplers to obtain volatile organic compound concentrations in wells. Part 2, Field tests","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:10:48","indexId":"wri014061","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2001-4061","title":"User's guide for polyethylene-based passive diffusion bag samplers to obtain volatile organic compound concentrations in wells. Part 2, Field tests","docAbstract":"Diffusion samplers installed in observation wells were found to be capable of yielding representative water samples for chlorinated volatile organic compounds. The samplers consisted of polyethylene bags containing deionized water and relied on diffusion of chlorinated volatile organic compounds through the polyethylene membrane. The known ability of polyethylene to transmit other volatile compounds, such as benzene and toluene, indicates that the samplers can be used for a variety of volatile organic compounds. In wells at the study area, the volatile organic compound concentrations in water samples obtained using the samplers without prior purging were similar to concentrations in water samples obtained from the respective wells using traditional purging and sampling approaches. The low cost associated with this approach makes it a viable option for monitoring large observation-well networks for volatile organic compounds.","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/wri014061","usgsCitation":"Vroblesky, D.A., 2001, User's guide for polyethylene-based passive diffusion bag samplers to obtain volatile organic compound concentrations in wells. Part 2, Field tests: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 2001-4061, 1 v. (various pagings) : ill. (some col.), maps ; 28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri014061.","productDescription":"1 v. (various pagings) : ill. (some col.), maps ; 28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":3903,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.water.usgs.gov/wri014061","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":171956,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a16e4b07f02db603ea4","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Vroblesky, Don A. vroblesk@usgs.gov","contributorId":413,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Vroblesky","given":"Don","email":"vroblesk@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":230980,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":50416,"text":"ofr01252 - 2001 - Yosemite Quadrangle, Central Sierra Nevada, California -- Analytic Data","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:11:17","indexId":"ofr01252","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2001-252","title":"Yosemite Quadrangle, Central Sierra Nevada, California -- Analytic Data","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/ofr01252","isbn":"0607984449","usgsCitation":"Peck, D.L., 2001, Yosemite Quadrangle, Central Sierra Nevada, California -- Analytic Data: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2001-252, 1 CD-ROM : maps ; 4 3/4 in., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr01252.","productDescription":"1 CD-ROM : maps ; 4 3/4 in.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":176651,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49d6e4b07f02db5de38c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Peck, Dallas L.","contributorId":60187,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Peck","given":"Dallas","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":241414,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":45063,"text":"wri20004241 - 2001 - Relation of shallow water quality in the Central Oklahoma Aquifer to geology, soils, and land use","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-02-26T16:31:05","indexId":"wri20004241","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2000-4241","displayTitle":"Relation of Shallow Water Quality in the Central Oklahoma Aquifer to Geology, Soils, and Land Use","title":"Relation of shallow water quality in the Central Oklahoma Aquifer to geology, soils, and land use","docAbstract":"The purpose of this report is to identify, describe, and explain relations between natural and land-use factors and ground-water quality in the Central Oklahoma aquifer NAWQA study unit. Natural factors compared to water quality included the geologic unit in which the sampled wells were completed and the properties of soils in the areas surrounding the wells. Land-use factors included types of land use and population densities surrounding sampled wells. Ground-water quality was characterized by concentrations of inorganic constituents, and by frequencies of detection of volatile organic compounds and pesticides. Water-quality data were from samples collected from wells 91 meters (300 feet) or less in depth as part of Permian and Quaternary geologic unit survey networks and from an urban survey network.\r\n\r\nConcentrations of many inorganic constituents were significantly related to geology. In addition, concentrations of many inorganic constituents were greater in water from wells from the Oklahoma City urban sampling network than in water from wells from low-density survey networks designed to evaluate ambient water quality in the Central Oklahoma aquifer study unit. However, sampling bias may have been induced by differences in hydrogeologic factors between sampling networks, limiting the ability to determine land-use effects on concentrations of inorganic constituents.\r\n\r\nFrequencies of detection of pesticide and volatile organic compounds (VOC's) in ground-water samples were related to land use and population density, with these compounds being more frequently detected in densely-populated areas. Geology and soil properties were not significantly correlated to pesticide or VOC occurrence in ground water. Lesser frequencies of detection of pesticides in water from wells in rural areas may be due to low to moderate use of those compounds on agricultural lands in the study unit, with livestock production being the primary agricultural activity. There are many possible sources of pesticides and VOC's in the urban areas of Central Oklahoma. Because only existing water-supply wells were sampled, it is not clear from the data collected whether pesticides and VOC's: (1) occur in low concentrations throughout upper portions of the aquifer in urban areas, or (2) are present in ground water only in the immediate vicinity of the wells due to back-flow of those chemicals into the wells or to inflow around cement seals and through gravel packs surrounding well casings of surface runoff containing those compounds.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri20004241","collaboration":"Contribution from the National Water Quality Assessment Program","usgsCitation":"Rea, A.H., Christenson, S.C., and Andrews, W.J., 2001, Relation of shallow water quality in the Central Oklahoma Aquifer to geology, soils, and land use: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 2000-4241, vi, 31 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri20004241.","productDescription":"vi, 31 p.","costCenters":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":11684,"rank":100,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/2000/wri004241/pdf/wrir00-4241.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":167922,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Oklahoma","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -97.75,34.75 ], [ -97.75,36 ], [ -96.75,36 ], [ -96.75,34.75 ], [ -97.75,34.75 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a25e4b07f02db60ec67","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Rea, Alan H. ahrea@usgs.gov","contributorId":1813,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rea","given":"Alan","email":"ahrea@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[{"id":423,"text":"National Geospatial Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":231030,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Christenson, Scott C. schris@usgs.gov","contributorId":980,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Christenson","given":"Scott","email":"schris@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":516,"text":"Oklahoma Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":231029,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Andrews, William J. 0000-0003-4780-8835 wandrews@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4780-8835","contributorId":328,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Andrews","given":"William","email":"wandrews@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":516,"text":"Oklahoma Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":231028,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":44987,"text":"wri014225 - 2001 - Assessment of water-quality conditions in the J.B. Converse Lake watershed, Mobile County, Alabama, 1990-98","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:10:12","indexId":"wri014225","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2001-4225","title":"Assessment of water-quality conditions in the J.B. Converse Lake watershed, Mobile County, Alabama, 1990-98","docAbstract":"J.B. Converse (Converse) Lake is a 3,600-acre, tributary-storage reservoir in Mobile County, southwestern Alabama. The lake serves as the primary drinking-water supply for the city of Mobile. The Converse Lake watershed lies within the Coastal Plain Physiographic Province. Semiconsolidated to unconsolidated sediments of sand, silt, gravel, and clay underlie the watershed, and are covered by acidic soils. Land use in the watershed is mainly forest (64 percent) and agriculture (31 percent). Residential and commercial development account for only 1 percent of the total land use in the watershed.\r\n\r\nConverse Lake receives inflow from seven major tributaries. The greatest inflows are from Big Creek, Crooked Creek, and Hamilton Creek that had mean annual streamflows of 72.2, 19.4, and 25.0 cubic feet per second, respectively, for the period 1990 to 1998, which represents about 72 percent of the total annual streamflow to the lake. The total mean annual inflow to the lake is estimated to be about 163 cubic feet per second.\r\n\r\nIn general, water quality in Converse Lake and its tributaries meets the criteria established by the Alabama Department of Environmental Management (ADEM) for drinking-water supplies, whole-body contact, and aquatic life. The exceptions include acidic pH levels, iron and manganese levels above secondary or aesthetic criteria, and fecal bacterial levels in some tributaries above whole-body contact (swimmable) criteria. The pH levels throughout the watershed were commonly below the criteria level of 6.0, but this appears to have been a naturally occurring phenomenon caused by poorly buffered soil types, resistant sediments, and forested land use. Median iron and manganese levels were above aesthetic criteria levels of 300 and 50 micrograms per liter, respectively, in some tributaries. All tributary sites in the Converse Lake watershed had median and minimum dissolved-oxygen concentrations above the ADEM criteria level of 5 milligrams per liter except for Boggy Branch, which had a minimum dissolved-oxygen concentration of 3.7 milligrams per liter.\r\n\r\nThe degree to which nutrient contributions from tributaries were causing nutrient enrichment and eutrophication in Converse Lake was assessed. Trend analysis detected little or no change in nutrient concentrations at the tributary and lake sites in the Converse Lake watershed from the 1991 to 1998 water years. Nutrient concentrations at most tributary sites exhibited a significant, positive relation with streamflow that indicated the dominant source of nutrient input to the watershed is from nonpoint contributions. From 1990 to 1998, computed mean annual loads of 75,400 kilograms of total nitrogen, 36,950 kilograms of total Kjeldahl nitrogen, 28,870 kilograms of total inorganic nitrogen, and 3,480 kilograms of total phosphorus were contributed to the lake by Big Creek, Hamilton Creek, and Crooked Creek combined. These mean annual loads of nutrients corresponded to borderline eutrophic/mesotrophic conditions in the lake. Of the combined loads, 62 percent of the total nitrogen, 70 percent of the total Kjeldahl nitrogen, 54 percent of the total inorganic nitrogen, and 47 percent of the total phosphorus originated from the forested subbasin of Big Creek. The more residential and agricultural subbasins of Crooked Creek and Hamilton Creek, however, yielded over twice the total phosphorus load per hectare of land use. Crooked and Hamilton Creek subbasins also had higher yields of the more bioavailable total inorganic nitrogen. A simplistic empirical model could not explain the relation between year-to-year nutrient contributions to Converse Lake from the tributaries and the lake's ability to assimilate those contributions.\r\n\r\nThe potential presence of pathogens in the lake and its tributaries was assessed based on fecal bacterial concentrations. Fecal bacterial concentrations at some tributary sites were above existing criteria for swimmable uses. Contributions of fecal bacte","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/wri014225","usgsCitation":"Journey, C.A., and Gill, A.C., 2001, Assessment of water-quality conditions in the J.B. Converse Lake watershed, Mobile County, Alabama, 1990-98: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 2001-4225, vii, 131 p. : col. ill., col. maps ; 28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri014225.","productDescription":"vii, 131 p. : col. ill., col. maps ; 28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":99358,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/2001/4225/report.pdf","size":"21162","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":3862,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.water.usgs.gov/wri014225","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":162708,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/2001/4225/report-thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4aafe4b07f02db66cf31","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Journey, Celeste A. 0000-0002-2284-5851 cjourney@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2284-5851","contributorId":2617,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Journey","given":"Celeste","email":"cjourney@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":13634,"text":"South Atlantic Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":559,"text":"South Carolina Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":230856,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Gill, Amy C. 0000-0002-5738-9390 acgill@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5738-9390","contributorId":220,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gill","given":"Amy","email":"acgill@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":230855,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":45065,"text":"wri004254 - 2001 - Historical water-quality data for the High Plains Regional Ground-Water Study Area in Colorado, Kansas, Nebraska, New Mexico, Oklahoma, South Dakota, Texas, and Wyoming, 1930-98","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-02-28T16:46:13.797645","indexId":"wri004254","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2000-4254","title":"Historical water-quality data for the High Plains Regional Ground-Water Study Area in Colorado, Kansas, Nebraska, New Mexico, Oklahoma, South Dakota, Texas, and Wyoming, 1930-98","docAbstract":"The High Plains aquifer underlies 174,000 square miles in parts of eight States and includes eight primary hydrogeologic units, including the well-known Ogallala Formation. The High Plains aquifer is an important resource, providing water for 27 percent of the Nation?s irrigated agricultural lands in an otherwise dry landscape. Since the 1980?s there has been concern over the sustainability of the aquifer due to water-level declines caused by substantial pumping. Water quality of the aquifer is a more recent concern. As part of the U.S. Geological Survey?s National Water-Quality Assessment Program, historical water-quality data have been gathered for the High Plains Regional Ground-Water Study Area into a retrospective data base, which can be used to evaluate the occurrence and distribution of water-quality constituents of concern.Data from the retrospective data base verify that nitrate, pesticides, and dissolved solids (salinity) are important water-quality concerns in the High Plains study area. Sixteen percent of all measured nitrate concentrations were larger than the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency drinking-water standard of 10 milligrams per liter. In about 70 percent of the counties within the High Plains study area, nitrate concentrations for 1980-98 were significantly larger than for 1930-69. While nitrate concentrations are largest where depth to water is shallow, concentrations also have increased in the Ogallala Formation where depth to water is large. Pesticide data primarily are available only in the northern half of the study area. About 50 pesticides were detected in the High Plains study area, but only four pesticides (atrazine, alachlor, cyanazine, and simazine) had concentrations exceeding a drinking-water standard. The occasional detection of pesticides in deeper parts of the Ogallala Formation indicates that contamination pathways exist. Dissolved solids, which are a direct measure of salinity, had 29 percent of measured concentrations in excess of the secondary drinking-water standard of 500 milligrams per liter. Comparison of dissolved-solids concentrations prior to 1980 to concentrations after 1980 indicates dissolved-solids concentrations have increased in the alluvial valleys of the Platte, the Republican, and the Arkansas Rivers, as well as in the Ogallala Formation?South hydrogeologic unit.Water-quality results indicate that human activities are affecting the water of the High Plains aquifer. Because there is a potential for water quality to become impaired relative to the historical uses of the aquifer, water quality needs to be considered when evaluating the sustainability of the High Plains aquifer. Data collected as part of the High Plains Regional Ground-Water Study will help to fill in gaps in water-quality information and provide additional information for understanding the factors that govern ambient water quality.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri004254","usgsCitation":"Litke, D.W., 2001, Historical water-quality data for the High Plains Regional Ground-Water Study Area in Colorado, Kansas, Nebraska, New Mexico, Oklahoma, South Dakota, Texas, and Wyoming, 1930-98: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 2000-4254, Report: vi, 65 p. ; 1 CD-ROM, https://doi.org/10.3133/wri004254.","productDescription":"Report: vi, 65 p. ; 1 CD-ROM","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":168016,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":482654,"rank":3,"type":{"id":7,"text":"Companion Files"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/2000/4254/wri004254.zip","text":"Disc (Appendix C)"},{"id":3918,"rank":2,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.water.usgs.gov/wri00-4254","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Colorado, Kansas, Nebraska, New Mexico, Oklahoma, South Dakota, Texas, and Wyoming","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a54e4b07f02db62c0b9","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Litke, David W.","contributorId":19145,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Litke","given":"David","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":231032,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":54464,"text":"wdrCT001 - 2001 - Water Resources Data, Connecticut, Water Year 2000","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:11:38","indexId":"wdrCT001","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":340,"text":"Water Data Report","code":"WDR","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"CT-00-1","title":"Water Resources Data, Connecticut, Water Year 2000","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/wdrCT001","usgsCitation":"Ranzau, C., Davies, B., Frick, T., and Organek, J., 2001, Water Resources Data, Connecticut, Water Year 2000: U.S. Geological Survey Water Data Report CT-00-1, 333 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wdrCT001.","productDescription":"333 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":5555,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://ct.water.usgs.gov/annual.data/WY2000/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":178282,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a0be4b07f02db5fbcd1","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ranzau, C.E. Jr.","contributorId":41831,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ranzau","given":"C.E.","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":250462,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Davies, B.S. III","contributorId":72413,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Davies","given":"B.S.","suffix":"III","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":250464,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Frick, T.W.","contributorId":90329,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Frick","given":"T.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":250465,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Organek, J.A.","contributorId":49852,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Organek","given":"J.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":250463,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":54275,"text":"wdrSC001 - 2001 - Water resources data, South Carolina, water year 2000","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-05-13T16:42:18.151153","indexId":"wdrSC001","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":340,"text":"Water Data Report","code":"WDR","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"SC-00-1","title":"Water resources data, South Carolina, water year 2000","docAbstract":"Water resources data for the 2000 water year for South Carolina consist of records of stage, discharge, and water quality of streams; stage and contents of lakes and reservoirs; and ground-water levels. This report contains discharge records for 120 gaging stations; stage-only records for 39 gaging stations; stage and contents for 15 lakes and reservoirs; water quality for 38 gaging stations; and water levels for 46 observation wells. Also included are data for 52 crest-stage partial-record stations and discharge measurements at 7 miscellaneous sites. Additional water data were collected at various sites, not part of the systematic data collection program, and are published as miscellaneous investigations of water quality. These data represent that part of the National Water Data System collected by the U.S. Geological Survey and cooperating State and Federal agencies in South Carolina.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wdrSC001","usgsCitation":"Cooney, T., Drewes, P., Ellisor, S., and Melendez, F., 2001, Water resources data, South Carolina, water year 2000: U.S. Geological Survey Water Data Report SC-00-1, xvi, 645 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wdrSC001.","productDescription":"xvi, 645 p.","costCenters":[{"id":13634,"text":"South Atlantic Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":374774,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wdr/2000/sc-00-1/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":174196,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wdr/2000/sc-00-1/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"South 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