Cost-effective methods are needed to identify the presence and distribution of tritium near radioactive waste disposal and other contaminated sites. The objectives of this study were to (i) develop a simplified sample preparation method for determining tritium contamination in plants and (ii) determine if plant data could be used as an indicator of soil contamination. The method entailed collection and solar distillation of plant water from foliage, followed by filtration and adsorption of scintillation-interfering constituents on a graphite-based solid phase extraction (SPE) column. The method was evaluated using samples of creosote bush [Larrea tridentata (Sessé & Moc. ex DC.) Coville], an evergreen shrub, near a radioactive disposal area in the Mojave Desert. Laboratory tests showed that a 2-g SPE column was necessary and sufficient for accurate determination of known tritium concentrations in plant water. Comparisons of tritium concentrations in plant water determined with the solar distillation–SPE method and the standard (and more laborious) toluene-extraction method showed no significant difference between methods. Tritium concentrations in plant water and in water vapor of root-zone soil also showed no significant difference between methods. Thus, the solar distillation–SPE method provides a simple and cost-effective way to identify plant and soil contamination. The method is of sufficient accuracy to facilitate collection of plume-scale data and optimize placement of more sophisticated (and costly) monitoring equipment at contaminated sites. Although work to date has focused on one desert plant, the approach may be transferable to other species and environments after site-specific experiments.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Society of Agronomy","doi":"10.2134/jeq2003.9880","usgsCitation":"Andraski, B.J., Sandstrom, M.W., Michel, R.L., Radyk, J., Stonestrom, D.A., Johnson, M.J., and Mayers, C., 2003, Simplified method for detecting tritium contamination in plants and soil: Journal of Environmental Quality, v. 32, no. 3, p. 988-995, https://doi.org/10.2134/jeq2003.9880.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"988","endPage":"995","costCenters":[{"id":452,"text":"National Water Quality Laboratory","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":465,"text":"Nevada Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":234899,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"32","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b8f73e4b08c986b318f2f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Andraski, Brian J. 0000-0002-2086-0417 andraski@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2086-0417","contributorId":168800,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Andraski","given":"Brian","email":"andraski@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":465,"text":"Nevada Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":38175,"text":"Toxics Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":406320,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Sandstrom, Mark W. 0000-0003-0006-5675 sandstro@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0006-5675","contributorId":706,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sandstrom","given":"Mark","email":"sandstro@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":5046,"text":"Branch of Analytical Serv (NWQL)","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":452,"text":"National Water Quality Laboratory","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":37464,"text":"WMA - Laboratory & Analytical Services Division","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":503,"text":"Office of Water Quality","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":406317,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Michel, R. L.","contributorId":86375,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Michel","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":406321,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Radyk, J.C.","contributorId":31176,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Radyk","given":"J.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":406318,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Stonestrom, David A. 0000-0001-7883-3385 dastones@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7883-3385","contributorId":2280,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stonestrom","given":"David","email":"dastones@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":406322,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Johnson, M. J.","contributorId":52988,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Johnson","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":406319,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Mayers, C.J.","contributorId":17410,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mayers","given":"C.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":406316,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}} ,{"id":70025736,"text":"70025736 - 2003 - The saturated zone at Yucca Mountain: An overview of the characterization and assessment of the saturated zone as a barrier to potential radionuclide migration","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-09-18T08:37:39","indexId":"70025736","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2233,"text":"Journal of Contaminant Hydrology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The saturated zone at Yucca Mountain: An overview of the characterization and assessment of the saturated zone as a barrier to potential radionuclide migration","docAbstract":"The US Department of Energy is pursuing Yucca Mountain, Nevada, for the development of a geologic repository for the disposal of spent nuclear fuel and high-level radioactive waste, if the repository is able to meet applicable radiation protection standards established by the US Nuclear Regulatory Commission and the US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). Effective performance of such a repository would rely on a number of natural and engineered barriers to isolate radioactive waste from the accessible environment. Groundwater beneath Yucca Mountain is the primary medium through which most radionuclides might move away from the potential repository. The saturated zone (SZ) system is expected to act as a natural barrier to this possible movement of radionuclides both by delaying their transport and by reducing their concentration before they reach the accessible environment. Information obtained from Yucca Mountain Site Characterization Project activities is used to estimate groundwater flow rates through the site-scale SZ flow and transport model area and to constrain general conceptual models of groundwater flow in the site-scale area. The site-scale conceptual model is a synthesis of what is known about flow and transport processes at the scale required for total system performance assessment of the site. This knowledge builds on and is consistent with knowledge that has accumulated at the regional scale but is more detailed because more data are available at the site-scale level. The mathematical basis of the site-scale model and the associated numerical approaches are designed to assist in quantifying the uncertainty in the permeability of rocks in the geologic framework model and to represent accurately the flow and transport processes included in the site-scale conceptual model. Confidence in the results of the mathematical model was obtained by comparing calculated to observed hydraulic heads, estimated to measured permeabilities, and lateral flow rates calculated by the site-scale model to those calculated by the regional-scale flow model. In addition, it was confirmed that the flow paths leaving the region of the potential repository are consistent with those inferred from gradients of measured head and those independently inferred from water-chemistry data. The general approach of the site-scale SZ flow and transport model analysis is to calculate unit breakthrough curves for radionuclides at the interface between the SZ and the biosphere using the three-dimensional site-scale SZ flow and transport model. Uncertainties are explicitly incorporated into the site-scale SZ flow and transport abstractions through key parameters and conceptual models. ?? 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Contaminant Hydrology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/S0169-7722(02)00154-7","issn":"01697722","usgsCitation":"Eddebbarh, A., Zyvoloski, G., Robinson, B., Kwicklis, E., Reimus, P., Arnold, B., Corbet, T., Kuzio, S., and Faunt, C., 2003, The saturated zone at Yucca Mountain: An overview of the characterization and assessment of the saturated zone as a barrier to potential radionuclide migration: Journal of Contaminant Hydrology, v. 62-63, p. 477-493, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0169-7722(02)00154-7.","startPage":"477","endPage":"493","numberOfPages":"17","costCenters":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":234532,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":208649,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0169-7722(02)00154-7"}],"volume":"62-63","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bafb4e4b08c986b3249b1","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Eddebbarh, A.-A.","contributorId":101425,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Eddebbarh","given":"A.-A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":406378,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Zyvoloski, G.A.","contributorId":20123,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zyvoloski","given":"G.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":406370,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Robinson, B.A.","contributorId":63035,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Robinson","given":"B.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":406372,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Kwicklis, E. M.","contributorId":86377,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kwicklis","given":"E. M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":406375,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Reimus, P.W.","contributorId":91266,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Reimus","given":"P.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":406377,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Arnold, B.W.","contributorId":77335,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Arnold","given":"B.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":406373,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Corbet, T.","contributorId":48361,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Corbet","given":"T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":406371,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Kuzio, S.P.","contributorId":86539,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kuzio","given":"S.P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":406376,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Faunt, C. 0000-0001-5659-7529","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5659-7529","contributorId":77714,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Faunt","given":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":406374,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9}]}} ,{"id":70025747,"text":"70025747 - 2003 - Stable isotope fractionation of selenium by natural microbial consortia","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-11-16T07:56:53","indexId":"70025747","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1213,"text":"Chemical Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Stable isotope fractionation of selenium by natural microbial consortia","docAbstract":"The mobility and bioavailability of Se depend on its redox state, and reduction of Se oxyanions to less mobile, reduced species controls transport of this potentially toxic element in the environment. Stable isotope fractionation of Se is currently being developed as an indicator of Se immobilization through reduction. In this study, Se isotope fractionation resulting from reduction of Se(VI) and Se(IV) oxyanions by natural microbial consortia was measured in sediment slurry experiments under nearly natural conditions, with no substrate added. Experiments were conducted with a wide range of initial Se concentrations and with sediment and water from three locations with contrasting environmental settings. The products of Se(VI) and Se(IV) reduction were enriched in the lighter isotopes relative to the reactants. Shifts of -2.60/00 to -3.10/00 and -5.50/00 to -5.70/00, respectively, were observed in the 80Se/76Se ratio. These isotopic fractionations did not depend significantly on initial Se concentrations, which were varied from 22 μg/l to 8 mg/l, or on geochemical differences among the sediments. These results provide estimates of Se isotope fractionation in organic-rich wetland environments but may not be appropriate for substrate-poor aquifers and marine sediments.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/S0009-2541(02)00391-1","issn":"00092541","usgsCitation":"Ellis, A., Johnson, T., Herbel, M., and Bullen, T., 2003, Stable isotope fractionation of selenium by natural microbial consortia: Chemical Geology, v. 195, no. 1-4, p. 119-129, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0009-2541(02)00391-1.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"119","endPage":"129","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":234674,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":208720,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0009-2541(02)00391-1"}],"volume":"195","issue":"1-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b9677e4b08c986b31b512","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ellis, A.S.","contributorId":10586,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ellis","given":"A.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":406421,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Johnson, T.M.","contributorId":22332,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Johnson","given":"T.M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":406422,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Herbel, M.J.","contributorId":57232,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Herbel","given":"M.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":406423,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Bullen, T.D.","contributorId":79911,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bullen","given":"T.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":406424,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70025762,"text":"70025762 - 2003 - The site-scale saturated zone flow model for Yucca Mountain: Calibration of different conceptual models and their impact on flow paths","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-09-27T11:28:45","indexId":"70025762","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2233,"text":"Journal of Contaminant Hydrology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The site-scale saturated zone flow model for Yucca Mountain: Calibration of different conceptual models and their impact on flow paths","docAbstract":"This paper presents several different conceptual models of the Large Hydraulic Gradient (LHG) region north of Yucca Mountain and describes the impact of those models on groundwater flow near the potential high-level repository site. The results are based on a numerical model of site-scale saturated zone beneath Yucca Mountain. This model is used for performance assessment predictions of radionuclide transport and to guide future data collection and modeling activities. The numerical model is calibrated by matching available water level measurements using parameter estimation techniques, along with more informal comparisons of the model to hydrologic and geochemical information. The model software (hydrologic simulation code FEHM and parameter estimation software PEST) and model setup allows for efficient calibration of multiple conceptual models. Until now, the Large Hydraulic Gradient has been simulated using a low-permeability, east–west oriented feature, even though direct evidence for this feature is lacking. In addition to this model, we investigate and calibrate three additional conceptual models of the Large Hydraulic Gradient, all of which are based on a presumed zone of hydrothermal chemical alteration north of Yucca Mountain. After examining the heads and permeabilities obtained from the calibrated models, we present particle pathways from the potential repository that record differences in the predicted groundwater flow regime. The results show that Large Hydraulic Gradient can be represented with the alternate conceptual models that include the hydrothermally altered zone. The predicted pathways are mildly sensitive to the choice of the conceptual model and more sensitive to the quality of calibration in the vicinity on the repository. These differences are most likely due to different degrees of fit of model to data, and do not represent important differences in hydrologic conditions for the different conceptual models.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/S0169-7722(02)00190-0","issn":"01697722","usgsCitation":"Zyvoloski, G., Kwicklis, E., Eddebbarh, A., Arnold, B., Faunt, C., and Robinson, B., 2003, The site-scale saturated zone flow model for Yucca Mountain: Calibration of different conceptual models and their impact on flow paths: Journal of Contaminant Hydrology, v. 62-63, p. 731-750, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0169-7722(02)00190-0.","productDescription":"20 p.","startPage":"731","endPage":"750","costCenters":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":234901,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":208848,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0169-7722(02)00190-0"}],"volume":"62-63","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bb036e4b08c986b324cda","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Zyvoloski, G.","contributorId":51068,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zyvoloski","given":"G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":406482,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Kwicklis, E.","contributorId":69759,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kwicklis","given":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":406484,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Eddebbarh, A.-A.","contributorId":101425,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Eddebbarh","given":"A.-A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":406486,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Arnold, B.","contributorId":32713,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Arnold","given":"B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":406481,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Faunt, C. 0000-0001-5659-7529","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5659-7529","contributorId":77714,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Faunt","given":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":406485,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Robinson, B.A.","contributorId":63035,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Robinson","given":"B.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":406483,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70025768,"text":"70025768 - 2003 - Kinetic dissolution of carbonates and Mn oxides in acidic water: Measurement of in situ field rates and reactive transport modeling","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-11-16T10:59:56","indexId":"70025768","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":835,"text":"Applied Geochemistry","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Kinetic dissolution of carbonates and Mn oxides in acidic water: Measurement of in situ field rates and reactive transport modeling","docAbstract":"The kinetics of carbonate and Mn oxide dissolution under acidic conditions were examined through the in situ exposure of pure phase samples to acidic ground water in Pinal Creek Basin, Arizona. The average long-term calculated in situ dissolution rates for calcite and dolomite were 1.65??10-7 and 3.64??10-10 mmol/(cm2 s), respectively, which were about 3 orders of magnitude slower than rates derived in laboratory experiments by other investigators. Application of both in situ and lab-derived calcite and dolomite dissolution rates to equilibrium reactive transport simulations of a column experiment did not improve the fit to measured outflow chemistry: at the spatial and temporal scales of the column experiment, the use of an equilibrium model adequately simulated carbonate dissolution in the column. Pyrolusite (MnO2) exposed to acidic ground water for 595 days increased slightly in weight despite thermodynamic conditions that favored dissolution. This result might be related to a recent finding by another investigator that the reductive dissolution of pyrolusite is accompanied by the precipitation of a mixed Mn-Fe oxide species. In PHREEQC reactive transport simulations, the incorporation of Mn kinetics improved the fit between observed and simulated behavior at the column and field scales, although the column-fitted rate for Mn-oxide dissolution was about 4 orders of magnitude greater than the field-fitted rate. Remaining differences between observed and simulated contaminant transport trends at the Pinal Creek site were likely related to factors other than the Mn oxide dissolution rate, such as the concentration of Fe oxide surface sites available for adsorption, the effects of competition among dissolved species for available surface sites, or reactions not included in the model.","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/S0883-2927(03)00010-6","issn":"08832927","usgsCitation":"Brown, J.G., and Glynn, P.D., 2003, Kinetic dissolution of carbonates and Mn oxides in acidic water: Measurement of in situ field rates and reactive transport modeling: Applied Geochemistry, v. 18, no. 8, p. 1225-1239, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0883-2927(03)00010-6.","productDescription":"15 p.","startPage":"1225","endPage":"1239","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":235006,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":208913,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0883-2927(03)00010-6"}],"volume":"18","issue":"8","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a40a6e4b0c8380cd64f1f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Brown, J. G.","contributorId":28263,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brown","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":406510,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Glynn, P. D.","contributorId":7008,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Glynn","given":"P.","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":406509,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70025773,"text":"70025773 - 2003 - Baseflow and stormflow metal fluxes from two small agricultural catchments in the Coastal Plain of the Chesapeake Bay Basin, United States","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:23","indexId":"70025773","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":835,"text":"Applied Geochemistry","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Baseflow and stormflow metal fluxes from two small agricultural catchments in the Coastal Plain of the Chesapeake Bay Basin, United States","docAbstract":"Annual yields (fluxes per unit area) of Al, Mn, Fe, Ni, Cd, Pb, Zn, Cu, Cr, Co, As and Se were estimated for two small non-tidal stream catchments on the Eastern Shore of the Chesapeake Bay, United States - a poorly drained dissected-upland watershed in the Nanticoke River Basin, and a well-drained feeder tributary in the lower reaches of the Chester River Basin. Both watersheds are dominated by agriculture. A hydrograph-separation technique was used to determine the baseflow and stormflow components of metal yields, thus providing important insights into the effects of hydrology and climate on the transport of metals. Concentrations of suspended-sediment were used as a less-costly proxy of metal concentrations which are generally associated with particles. Results were compared to other studies in Chesapeake Bay and to general trends in metal concentrations across the United States. The study documented a larger than background yield of Zn and Co from the upper Nanticoke River Basin and possibly enriched concentrations of As, Cd and Se from both the upper Nanticoke River and the Chesterville Branch (a tributary of the lower Chester River). The annual yield of total Zn from the Nanticoke River Basin in 1998 was 18,000 g/km2/a, and was two to three times higher than yields reported from comparable river basins in the region. Concentrations of Cd also were high in both basins when compared to crustal concentrations and to other national data, but were within reasonable agreement with other Chesapeake Bay studies. Thus, Cd may be enriched locally either in natural materials or from agriculture.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Applied Geochemistry","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/S0883-2927(02)00103-8","issn":"08832927","usgsCitation":"Miller, C., Foster, G., and Majedi, B., 2003, Baseflow and stormflow metal fluxes from two small agricultural catchments in the Coastal Plain of the Chesapeake Bay Basin, United States: Applied Geochemistry, v. 18, no. 4, p. 483-501, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0883-2927(02)00103-8.","startPage":"483","endPage":"501","numberOfPages":"19","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":208628,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0883-2927(02)00103-8"},{"id":234498,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"18","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059efd4e4b0c8380cd4a48c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Miller, C.V.","contributorId":41026,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Miller","given":"C.V.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":406524,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Foster, G.D.","contributorId":98464,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Foster","given":"G.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":406525,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Majedi, B.F.","contributorId":108289,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Majedi","given":"B.F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":406526,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70025805,"text":"70025805 - 2003 - Modeling Np and Pu transport with a surface complexation model and spatially variant sorption capacities: Implications for reactive transport modeling and performance assessments of nuclear waste disposal sites","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-11-19T09:14:44","indexId":"70025805","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1315,"text":"Computers & Geosciences","printIssn":"0098-3004","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Modeling Np and Pu transport with a surface complexation model and spatially variant sorption capacities: Implications for reactive transport modeling and performance assessments of nuclear waste disposal sites","docAbstract":"One-dimensional (1D) geochemical transport modeling is used to demonstrate the effects of speciation and sorption reactions on the ground-water transport of Np and Pu, two redox-sensitive elements. Earlier 1D simulations (Reardon, 1981) considered the kinetically limited dissolution of calcite and its effect on ion-exchange reactions (involving 90Sr, Ca, Na, Mg and K), and documented the spatial variation of a 90Sr partition coefficient under both transient and steady-state chemical conditions. In contrast, the simulations presented here assume local equilibrium for all reactions, and consider sorption on constant potential, rather than constant charge, surfaces. Reardon's (1981) seminal findings on the spatial and temporal variability of partitioning (of 90Sr) are reexamined and found partially caused by his assumption of a kinetically limited reaction.
In the present work, sorption is assumed the predominant retardation process controlling Pu and Np transport, and is simulated using a diffuse-double-layer-surface-complexation (DDLSC) model. Transport simulations consider the infiltration of Np- and Pu-contaminated waters into an initially uncontaminated environment, followed by the cleanup of the resultant contamination with uncontaminated water. Simulations are conducted using different spatial distributions of sorption capacities (with the same total potential sorption capacity, but with different variances and spatial correlation structures). Results obtained differ markedly from those that would be obtained in transport simulations using constant Kd, Langmuir or Freundlich sorption models. When possible, simulation results (breakthrough curves) are fitted to a constant Kdadvection–dispersion transport model and compared. Functional differences often are great enough that they prevent a meaningful fit of the simulation results with a constant Kd (or even a Langmuir or Freundlich) model, even in the case of Np, a weakly sorbed radionuclide under the simulation conditions. Functional behaviors that cannot be fit include concentration trend reversals and radionuclide desorption spikes. Other simulation results are fit successfully but the fitted parameters (Kd and dispersivity) vary significantly depending on simulation conditions (e.g. “infiltration” vs. “cleanup” conditions). Notably, an increase in the variance of the specified sorption capacities results in a marked increase in the dispersion of the radionuclides.
The results presented have implications for the simulation of radionuclide migration in performance assessments of nuclear waste-disposal sites, for the future monitoring of those sites, and more generally for modeling contaminant transport in ground-water environments.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/S0098-3004(03)00009-8","issn":"00983004","usgsCitation":"Glynn, P.D., 2003, Modeling Np and Pu transport with a surface complexation model and spatially variant sorption capacities: Implications for reactive transport modeling and performance assessments of nuclear waste disposal sites: Computers & Geosciences, v. 29, no. 3, p. 331-349, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0098-3004(03)00009-8.","productDescription":"19 p.","startPage":"331","endPage":"349","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":235008,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":208915,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0098-3004(03)00009-8"}],"volume":"29","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a5bcae4b0c8380cd6f7e0","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Glynn, P. D.","contributorId":7008,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Glynn","given":"P.","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":406640,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70025838,"text":"70025838 - 2003 - Dissolved nickel and benthic flux in South San Francisco Bay: A potential for natural sources to dominate","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-11-16T08:03:57","indexId":"70025838","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1103,"text":"Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Dissolved nickel and benthic flux in South San Francisco Bay: A potential for natural sources to dominate","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1007/s00128-003-0129-7","issn":"00074861","usgsCitation":"Topping, B., and Kuwabara, J., 2003, Dissolved nickel and benthic flux in South San Francisco Bay: A potential for natural sources to dominate: Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, v. 71, no. 1, p. 46-51, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00128-003-0129-7.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"46","endPage":"51","costCenters":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":208833,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00128-003-0129-7"},{"id":234868,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"South San Francisco Bay","volume":"71","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0237e4b0c8380cd4ff50","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Topping, B.R.","contributorId":97541,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Topping","given":"B.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":406768,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Kuwabara, J.S.","contributorId":57905,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kuwabara","given":"J.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":406767,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70025847,"text":"70025847 - 2003 - The sedimentary record of climatic and anthropogenic influence on the Patuxent estuary and Chesapeake Bay ecosystems","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:32","indexId":"70025847","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1583,"text":"Estuaries","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The sedimentary record of climatic and anthropogenic influence on the Patuxent estuary and Chesapeake Bay ecosystems","docAbstract":"Ecological and paleoecological studies from the Patuxent River mouth reveal dynamic variations in benthic ostracode assemblages over the past 600 years due to climatic and anthropogenic factors. Prior to the late 20th century, centennial-scale changes in species dominance were influenced by climatic and hydrological factors that primarily affected salinity and at times led to oxygen depletion. Decadal-scale droughts also occurred resulting in higher salinities and migration of ostracode species from the deep channel (Loxoconcha sp., Cytheromorpha newportensis) into shallower water along the flanks of the bay. During the 19th century the abundance of Leptocythere nikraveshae and Perissocytheridea brachyforma suggest increased turbidity and decreased salinity. Unprecedented changes in benthic ostracodes at the Patuxent mouth and in the deep channel of the bay occurred after the 1960s when Cytheromorpha curta became the dominant species, reflecting seasonal anoxia. The change in benthic assemblages coincided with the appearance of deformities in foraminifers. A combination of increased nitrate loading due to greater fertilizer use and increased freshwater flow explains this shift. A review of the geochemical and paleoecological evidence for dissolved oxygen indicates that seasonal oxygen depletion in the main channel of Chesapeake Bay varies over centennial and decadal timescales. Prior to 1700 AD, a relatively wet climate and high freshwater runoff led to oxygen depletion but rarely anoxia. Between 1700 and 1900, progressive eutrophication occurred related to land dearance and increased sedimentation, but this was superimposed on the oscillatory pattern of oxygen depletion most likely driven by climatological and hydrological factors. It also seems probable that the four- to five-fold increase in sedimentation due to agricultural and timber activity could have contributed to an increased natural nutrient load, likely fueling the early periods (1700-1900) of hypoxla prior to widespread fertilizer use. Twentieth-century anoxia worsened in the late 1930s-1940s and again around 1970, reaching unprecedented levels in the past few decades. Decadal and interannual variability in oxygen depletion even in the 20th century is still strongly influenced by climatic processes influencing precipitation and freshwater runoff.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Estuaries","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","issn":"01608347","usgsCitation":"Cronin, T.M., and Vann, C., 2003, The sedimentary record of climatic and anthropogenic influence on the Patuxent estuary and Chesapeake Bay ecosystems: Estuaries, v. 26, no. 2 A, p. 196-209.","startPage":"196","endPage":"209","numberOfPages":"14","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":235011,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"26","issue":"2 A","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bb005e4b08c986b324b8c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Cronin, T. M. 0000-0002-2643-0979","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2643-0979","contributorId":42613,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cronin","given":"T.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":40020,"text":"Florence Bascom Geoscience Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":406807,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Vann, C.D.","contributorId":51951,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Vann","given":"C.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":406808,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70025850,"text":"70025850 - 2003 - Geomorphic and hydrologic assessment of erosion hazards at the Norman municipal landfill, Canadian River floodplain, central Oklahoma","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-11-16T10:21:33","indexId":"70025850","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1574,"text":"Environmental & Engineering Geoscience","printIssn":"1078-7275","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Geomorphic and hydrologic assessment of erosion hazards at the Norman municipal landfill, Canadian River floodplain, central Oklahoma","docAbstract":"The Norman, Oklahoma, municipal landfill closed in 1985 after 63 years of operation, because it was identified as a point source of hazardous leachate composed of organic and inorganic compounds. The landfill is located on the floodplain of the Canadian River, a sand-bed river characterized by erodible channel boundaries and by large variation in mean monthly discharges. In 1986, floodwaters eroded riprap protection at the southern end of the landfill and penetrated the landfill's clay cap, thereby exposing the landfill contents. The impact of this moderate-magnitude flood event (Q12) was the catalyst to investigate erosion hazards at the Norman landfill. This geomorphic investigation analyzed floodplain geomorphology and historical channel changes, flood-frequency distributions, an erosion threshold, the geomorphic effectiveness of discharge events, and other factors that influence erosion hazards at the landfill site. The erosion hazard at the Norman landfill is a function of the location of the landfill with respect to the channel thalweg, erosional resistance of the channel margins, magnitude and duration of discrete discharge events, channel form and hydraulic geometry, and cumulative effects related to a series of discharge events. Based on current climatic conditions and historical channel changes, a minimum erosion threshold is set at bankfull discharge (Q = 572 m3/s). The annual probability of exceeding this threshold is 0.53. In addition, this analysis indicates that peak stream power is less informative than total energy expenditures when estimating the erosion potential or geomorphic effectiveness of discrete discharge events. On the Canadian River, long-duration, moderate-magnitude floods can have larger total energy expenditures than shorter-duration, high-magnitude floods and therefore represent the most serious erosion hazard to floodplain structures.
","language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","doi":"10.2113/9.3.241","issn":"10787275","usgsCitation":"Curtis, J.A., and Whitney, J.W., 2003, Geomorphic and hydrologic assessment of erosion hazards at the Norman municipal landfill, Canadian River floodplain, central Oklahoma: Environmental & Engineering Geoscience, v. 9, no. 3, p. 241-252, https://doi.org/10.2113/9.3.241.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"241","endPage":"252","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":234503,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":208632,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.2113/9.3.241"}],"volume":"9","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a277de4b0c8380cd5992f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Curtis, Jennifer A. 0000-0001-7766-994X jacurtis@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7766-994X","contributorId":927,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Curtis","given":"Jennifer","email":"jacurtis@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":406816,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Whitney, John W. 0000-0003-3824-3692 jwhitney@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3824-3692","contributorId":804,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Whitney","given":"John","email":"jwhitney@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":318,"text":"Geosciences and Environmental Change Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":406815,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70025859,"text":"70025859 - 2003 - Escherichia coli and enterococci at beaches in the Grand Traverse Bay, Lake Michigan: Sources, characteristics, and environmental pathways","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-11-19T10:01:27","indexId":"70025859","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1565,"text":"Environmental Science & Technology","onlineIssn":"1520-5851","printIssn":"0013-936X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Escherichia coli and enterococci at beaches in the Grand Traverse Bay, Lake Michigan: Sources, characteristics, and environmental pathways","docAbstract":"This study quantified Escherichia coli(EC) and enterococci (ENT) in beach waters and dominant source materials, correlated these with ambient conditions, and determined selected EC genotypes and ENT phenotypes. Bathing-water ENT criteria were exceeded more frequently than EC criteria, providing conflicting interpretations of water quality. Dominant sources of EC and ENT were bird feces (108/d/bird), storm drains (107/d), and river water (1011/d); beach sands, shallow groundwater and detritus were additional sources. Beach-water EC genotypes and ENT phenotypes formed clusters with those from all source types, reflecting diffuse inputs. Some ENT isolates had phenotypes similar to those of human pathogens and/or exhibited high-level resistance to human-use antibiotics. EC and ENT concentrations were influenced by collection time and wind direction. There was a 48-72-h lag between rainfall and elevated EC concentrations at three southern shoreline beaches, but no such lag at western and eastern shoreline beaches, reflecting the influence of beach orientation with respect to cyclic (3-5 d) summer weather patterns. In addition to local contamination sources and processes, conceptual or predictive models of Great Lakes beach water quality should consider regional weather patterns, lake hydrodynamics, and the influence of monitoring method variables (time of day, frequency).","language":"English","publisher":"ACS","doi":"10.1021/es021062n","issn":"0013936X","usgsCitation":"Haack, S., Fogarty, L., and Wright, C., 2003, Escherichia coli and enterococci at beaches in the Grand Traverse Bay, Lake Michigan: Sources, characteristics, and environmental pathways: Environmental Science & Technology, v. 37, no. 15, p. 3275-3282, https://doi.org/10.1021/es021062n.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"3275","endPage":"3282","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":234644,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":208707,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es021062n"}],"country":"United States","otherGeospatial":"Grand Traverse Bay","volume":"37","issue":"15","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2003-07-08","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0a5de4b0c8380cd52311","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Haack, S.K.","contributorId":26457,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Haack","given":"S.K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":406844,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Fogarty, L.R.","contributorId":27236,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fogarty","given":"L.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":406845,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Wright, C.","contributorId":69589,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wright","given":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":406846,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70025864,"text":"70025864 - 2003 - Effects of water level, shade and time on germination and growth of freshwater marsh plants along a simulated successional gradient","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:23","indexId":"70025864","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2242,"text":"Journal of Ecology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Effects of water level, shade and time on germination and growth of freshwater marsh plants along a simulated successional gradient","docAbstract":"1. We examined the effect of soil organic content (1.4, 3.6, 7.2% soil C), water level (+2, -1, -4 cm from soil surface) and duration (13 or 33 days) on 10 species that varied in abundance during succession in freshwater marshes. We also determined the effect of shade (0, 40, 80% shade) and soil organic content (1.4 and 7.2% soil C) on germination of six species over 62 days with water 0.5 cm below the soil surface. 2. Water level consistently affected species germination on both dates. Above-ground biomass was generally higher with increasing organic content of soil, but shade had little effect on germination or height. 3 The hydrologic zone in which species were found in the field was a good indicator of the response of germination to hydrology. Both early successional species and species wide-spread across the successional gradient show similar germination on all organic contents, while later successional species appear to germinate best at higher organic contents. 4. Successional changes in soils are capable of affecting plant community development, independent of disturbance.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Ecology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1046/j.1365-2745.2003.00764.x","issn":"00220477","usgsCitation":"Kellogg, C., Bridgham, S., and Leicht, S.A., 2003, Effects of water level, shade and time on germination and growth of freshwater marsh plants along a simulated successional gradient: Journal of Ecology, v. 91, no. 2, p. 274-282, https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2745.2003.00764.x.","startPage":"274","endPage":"282","numberOfPages":"9","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":208749,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2745.2003.00764.x"},{"id":234717,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"91","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0837e4b0c8380cd51a15","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kellogg, C.H.","contributorId":82903,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kellogg","given":"C.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":406864,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bridgham, S.D.","contributorId":40775,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bridgham","given":"S.D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":406863,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Leicht, S. A.","contributorId":20951,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Leicht","given":"S.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":406862,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70025867,"text":"70025867 - 2003 - Herbicides and transformation products in surface waters of the Midwestern United States","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-11-19T10:39:55","indexId":"70025867","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2529,"text":"Journal of the American Water Resources Association","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Herbicides and transformation products in surface waters of the Midwestern United States","docAbstract":"Most herbicides applied to crops are adsorbed by plants or transformed (degraded) in the soil, but small fractions are lost from fields and either move to streams in overland runoff, near surface flow, or subsurface drains, or they infiltrate slowly to ground water. Herbicide transformation products (TPs) can be more or less mobile and more or less toxic in the environment than their source herbicides. To obtain information on the concentrations of selected herbicides and TPs in surface waters of the Midwestern United States, 151 water samples were collected from 71 streams and five reservoir outflows in 1998. These samples were analyzed for 13 herbicides and 10 herbicide TPs. Herbicide TPs were found to occur as frequently or more frequently than source herbicides and at concentrations that were often larger than their source herbicides. Most samples contained a mixture of more than 10 different herbicides or TPs. The ratios of TPs to herbicide concentrations can be used to determine the source of herbicides in streams. Results of a two-component mixing model suggest that on average 90 percent or more of the herbicide mass in Midwestern streams during early summer runoff events originates from the runoff and 10 percent or less comes from increased ground water discharge.","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1111/j.1752-1688.2003.tb04402.x","issn":"1093474X","usgsCitation":"Battaglin, W., Thurman, E., Kalkhoff, S., and Porter, S.D., 2003, Herbicides and transformation products in surface waters of the Midwestern United States: Journal of the American Water Resources Association, v. 39, no. 4, p. 743-756, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-1688.2003.tb04402.x.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"743","endPage":"756","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":234755,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"39","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2007-06-08","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a306de4b0c8380cd5d631","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Battaglin, W.A.","contributorId":16376,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Battaglin","given":"W.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":406877,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Thurman, E.M.","contributorId":102864,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thurman","given":"E.M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":406879,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Kalkhoff, S. J.","contributorId":28967,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kalkhoff","given":"S. J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":406878,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Porter, S. D.","contributorId":8882,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Porter","given":"S.","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":406876,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70025875,"text":"70025875 - 2003 - Aggradation of gravels in tidally influenced fluvial systems: Upper Albian (Lower Cretaceous) on the cratonic margin of the North American Western Interior foreland basin","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:33","indexId":"70025875","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1344,"text":"Cretaceous Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Aggradation of gravels in tidally influenced fluvial systems: Upper Albian (Lower Cretaceous) on the cratonic margin of the North American Western Interior foreland basin","docAbstract":"Alluvial conglomerates were widely distributed around the margin of the Early Cretaceous North American Cretaceous Western Interior Seaway (KWIS). Conglomerates, sandstones, and lesser amounts of mudstones of the upper Albian Nishnabotna Member of the Dakota Formation were deposited as fill-in valleys that were incised up to 80 m into upper Paleozoic strata. These paleovalleys extended southwestward across present-day northwestern Iowa into eastern Nebraska. Conglomerate samples from four localities in western Iowa and eastern Nebraska consist mostly of polycrystalline quartz with lesser amounts of microcrystalline (mostly chert), and monocrystalline quartz. Previous studies discovered that some chert pebbles contain Ordovician-Pennsylvanian invertebrate fossils. The chert clasts analyzed in this study were consistent with these findings. In addition, we found that non-chert clasts consist of metaquartzite, strained monocrystalline quartz and 'vein' quartz from probable Proterozic sources, indicating that parts of the fluvial system's sediment load must have travelled distances of 400-1200 km. The relative tectonic stability of this subcontinent dictated that stream gradients were relatively low with estimates ranging from 0.3 to 0.6 m/km. Considering the complex sedimentologic relationships that must have been involved, the ability of low-gradient easterly-sourced rivers to entrain gravel clasts was primarily a function of paleodischarge rather than a function of steep gradients. Oxygen isotopic evidence from Albian sphaerosiderite-bearing paleosols in the Dakota Formation and correlative units from Kansas to Alaska suggest that mid-latitude continental rainfall in the Albian was perhaps twice that of the modern climate system. Hydrologic fluxes may have been related to wet-dry climatic cycles on decade or longer scales that could account for the required water supply flux. Regardless of temporal scale, gravels were transported during 'high-energy' pulses, under humid climatic conditions in large catchment areas. An overall rising sea level during the late Albian created accommodation space for the gravelly lithofacies equivalent to the Kiowa-Skull Creek rocks. As Western Interior sea level rose, regional stream gradients were reduced, resulting in regional fluvial aggradation. The conglomeratic lower parts of the Nishnabotna Member of the Dakota Formation formed the transgressive systems tract within an upper Albian sequence that is defined by two unconformities that can be traced from marine Kiowa strata in western Kansas northeastward into western Iowa (Brenner et al., 2000). Mud-draped cross-bedded sandstone bodies, laminated mudstone intervals, and vertical burrows in the lower strata of the Nishnabotna Member indicate that estuarine conditions existed at the mouths of the river system, and tidal effects were transmitted at least 200 km inland from the interpreted late Albian coast. These observations suggest that estuarine conditions stepped up the incised valleys as fluvial sediments aggraded in response to regional transgression that continued through the Late Albian. ?? 2003 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Cretaceous Research","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/S0195-6671(03)00054-5","issn":"01956671","usgsCitation":"Brenner, R.L., Ludvigson, G.A., Witzke, B., Phillips, P., White, T.S., Ufnar, D.F., Gonzalez, L.A., Joeckel, R.M., Goettemoeller, A., and Shirk, B., 2003, Aggradation of gravels in tidally influenced fluvial systems: Upper Albian (Lower Cretaceous) on the cratonic margin of the North American Western Interior foreland basin: Cretaceous Research, v. 24, no. 4, p. 439-448, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0195-6671(03)00054-5.","startPage":"439","endPage":"448","numberOfPages":"10","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":208854,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0195-6671(03)00054-5"},{"id":234907,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"24","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e908e4b0c8380cd4805a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Brenner, Richard L.","contributorId":94457,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Brenner","given":"Richard","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":13387,"text":"Alaska Department of Fish and Game - Commercial Fisheries, P.O. Box 669, Cordova, AK 99574","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":406919,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Ludvigson, Greg A.","contributorId":80803,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ludvigson","given":"Greg","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":406916,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Witzke, B.L.","contributorId":76545,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Witzke","given":"B.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":406915,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Phillips, P.L.","contributorId":82900,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Phillips","given":"P.L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":406917,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"White, T. S.","contributorId":91219,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"White","given":"T.","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":406918,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Ufnar, David F.","contributorId":64371,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ufnar","given":"David","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":406914,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Gonzalez, Luis A.","contributorId":20922,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gonzalez","given":"Luis","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":406912,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Joeckel, R. M.","contributorId":37103,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Joeckel","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":406913,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Goettemoeller, A.","contributorId":17495,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Goettemoeller","given":"A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":406911,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9},{"text":"Shirk, B.R.","contributorId":98187,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Shirk","given":"B.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":406920,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":10}]}} ,{"id":70025881,"text":"70025881 - 2003 - Excess nitrogen in selected thermal and mineral springs of the Cascade Range in northern California, Oregon, and Washington: Sedimentary or volcanic in origin?","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-11-19T09:30:27","indexId":"70025881","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2499,"text":"Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Excess nitrogen in selected thermal and mineral springs of the Cascade Range in northern California, Oregon, and Washington: Sedimentary or volcanic in origin?","docAbstract":"Anomalous N2/Ar values occur in many thermal springs and mineral springs, some volcanic fumaroles, and at least one acid-sulfate spring of the Cascade Range. Our data show that N2/Ar values are as high as 300 in gas from some of the hot springs, as high as 1650 in gas from some of the mineral springs, and as high as 2400 in gas from the acid-sulfate spring on Mt. Shasta. In contrast, gas discharging from hot springs that contain nitrogen and argon solely of atmospheric origin typically exhibits N2/Ar values of 40–80, depending on the spring temperature. If the excess nitrogen in the thermal and mineral springs is of sedimentary origin then the geothermal potential of the area must be small, but if the nitrogen is of volcanic origin then the geothermal potential must be very large. End-member excess nitrogen (δ15N) is +5.3‰ for the thermal waters of the Oregon Cascades but is only about +1‰ for fumaroles on Mt. Hood and the acid-sulfate spring on Mt. Shasta. Dissolved nitrogen concentrations are highest for thermal springs associated with aquifers between 120 and 140°C. Chloride is the major anion in most of the nitrogen-rich springs of the Cascade Range, and N2/Ar values generally increase as chloride concentrations increase. Chloride and excess nitrogen in the thermal waters of the Oregon Cascades probably originate in an early Tertiary marine formation that has been buried by the late Tertiary and Quaternary lava flows of the High Cascades. The widespread distribution of excess nitrogen that has been generated in low to moderate-temperature sedimentary environments is further proof of the restricted geothermal potential of the Cascade Range.
The mercury-gold deposits of the Ivanhoe mining district in northern Nevada formed when middle Miocene rhyolitic volcanism and high-angle faulting disrupted a shallow lacustrine environment. Sinter and replacement mercury deposits formed at and near the paleosurface, and disseminated gold deposits and high-grade gold-silver veins formed beneath the hot spring deposits. The lacustrine environment provided abundant meteoric water; the rhyolites heated the water; and the faults, flow units, and lakebeds provided fluid pathways for the hydrothermal fluids. A shallow lake began to develop in the Ivanhoe area about 16.5 Ma. The lake progressively expanded and covered the entire area with fine-grained lacustrine sediments. Lacustrine sedimentation continued to at least 14.4 Ma, and periodic fluctuations in the size and extent of the lake may have been responses to both climate and nearby volcanism. The eruption of rhyolite and andesite flows and domes periodically disrupted the lacustrine environment and produced interfingered flows and lake sediments. The major pulse of rhyolitic volcanism took place between 15.16 ± 0.05 and 14.92 ± 0.05 Ma. High-angle faulting began in the basement about 15.2 Ma, penetrated to and disrupted the paleosurface after 15.10 ± 0.06 Ma, and largely ceased by 14.92 ± 0.05 Ma. Ground motion related to both faulting and volcanism created debris flows and soft-sediment deformation in the lakebeds. Mercury-gold mineralization was coeval with rhyolite volcanism and high-angle faulting, and it took place about 15.2 to 14.9 Ma. At and near the paleosurface, hydrothermal fluids migrated through tuffaceous sediments above relatively impermeable volcanic and Paleozoic units, creating chalcedonic, cinnabar-bearing replacement bodies and sinters. Disseminated gold was deposited in sedimentary and volcanic rocks beneath the mercury deposits, although the hydrologic path between the two ore types is unclear. Higher-grade gold-silver deposits formed in massive rhyolites and Paleozoic quartzites at deeper levels, and these mineralized zones possibly represent the feeder zones for the higher-level deposits. Fluctuations in the ground-water table locally produced hydrothermal oxidation of the near-surface mercury and disseminated gold deposits. The locus of mineralization shifted with time, moving south and east from its inception point in the west-central part of the district. Thus, although mineralization in the district took place during a span of 300,000 years, the duration of mineralization at any one place probably was much shorter. The low-sulfidation deposits of the Ivanhoe district formed at the same time and under similar conditions as those in the nearby Midas district, 15 km to the northwest, which includes the large, high-grade Ken Snyder gold-silver epithermal vein deposit. The exposures in the Ivanhoe district are interpreted to represent the near-surface example of the paleosurface that originally was present above the Midas mineralizing system. The resulting combined Ivanhoe-Midas model provides an exploration guide for epithermal deposits in similar geologic environments in northern Nevada.
","language":"English","publisher":"Society of Economic Geologists","doi":"10.2113/gsecongeo.98.2.409","issn":"03610128","usgsCitation":"Wallace, A.R., 2003, Geology of the Ivanhoe Hg-Au district, northern Nevada: Influence of Miocene volcanism, lakes, and active faulting on epithermal mineralization: Economic Geology, v. 98, no. 2, p. 409-424, https://doi.org/10.2113/gsecongeo.98.2.409.","productDescription":"16 p.","startPage":"409","endPage":"424","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":387485,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"98","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a25cae4b0c8380cd58b8d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wallace, A. R.","contributorId":59445,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wallace","given":"A.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":406989,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70025910,"text":"70025910 - 2003 - Use of hydraulic head to estimate volumetric gas content and ebullition flux in northern peatlands","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-11-16T08:40:41","indexId":"70025910","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3722,"text":"Water Resources Research","onlineIssn":"1944-7973","printIssn":"0043-1397","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Use of hydraulic head to estimate volumetric gas content and ebullition flux in northern peatlands","docAbstract":"Hydraulic head was overpressured at middepth in a 4.2‐m thick raised bog in the Glacial Lake Agassiz peatlands of northern Minnesota, and fluctuated in response to atmospheric pressure. Barometric efficiency (BE), determined by calculating ratios of change in hydraulic head to change in atmospheric pressure, ranged from 0.05 to 0.15 during July through November of both 1997 and 1998. The overpressuring and a BE response were caused by free‐phase gas contained primarily in the center of the peat column between two or more semielastic, semiconfining layers of more competent peat. Two methods were used to determine the volume of gas bubbles contained in the peat, one using the degree of overpressuring in the middepth of the peat, and the other relating BE to specific yield of the shallow peat. The volume of gas calculated from the overpressuring method averaged 9%, assuming that the gas was distributed over a 2‐m thick overpressured interval. The volume of gas using the BE method averaged 13%. Temporal changes in overpressuring and in BE indicate that the volume of gaseous‐phase gas also changed with time, most likely because of rapid degassing (ebullition) that allowed sudden loss of gas to the atmosphere. Estimates of gas released during the largest ebullition events ranged from 0.3 to 0.7 mol m−2 d−1. These ebullition events may contribute a significant source of methane and carbon dioxide to the atmosphere that has so far largely gone unmeasured by gas‐flux chambers or tower‐mounted sensors.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/2002WR001377","usgsCitation":"Rosenberry, D.O., Glaser, P.H., Siegel, D.I., and Weeks, E.P., 2003, Use of hydraulic head to estimate volumetric gas content and ebullition flux in northern peatlands: Water Resources Research, v. 39, no. 3, p. 13-1-13-10, https://doi.org/10.1029/2002WR001377.","productDescription":"Article 1066; 10 p.","startPage":"13-1","endPage":"13-10","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":478572,"rank":1,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2002wr001377","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":234908,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"39","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2003-03-20","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bbf25e4b08c986b3299a3","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Rosenberry, Donald O. 0000-0003-0681-5641 rosenber@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0681-5641","contributorId":1312,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rosenberry","given":"Donald","email":"rosenber@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"O.","affiliations":[{"id":5044,"text":"National Research Program - Central Branch","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":407042,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Glaser, Paul H.","contributorId":178129,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Glaser","given":"Paul","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":407041,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Siegel, Donald I.","contributorId":178130,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Siegel","given":"Donald","email":"","middleInitial":"I.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":407044,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Weeks, Edwin P. epweeks@usgs.gov","contributorId":2576,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Weeks","given":"Edwin","email":"epweeks@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":407043,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70025921,"text":"70025921 - 2003 - A finite-volume ELLAM for three-dimensional solute-transport modeling","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-11-19T10:35:17","indexId":"70025921","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1861,"text":"Ground Water","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A finite-volume ELLAM for three-dimensional solute-transport modeling","docAbstract":"A three-dimensional finite-volume ELLAM method has been developed, tested, and successfully implemented as part of the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) MODFLOW-2000 ground water modeling package. It is included as a solver option for the Ground Water Transport process. The FVELLAM uses space-time finite volumes oriented along the streamlines of the flow field to solve an integral form of the solute-transport equation, thus combining local and global mass conservation with the advantages of Eulerian-Lagrangian characteristic methods. The USGS FVELLAM code simulates solute transport in flowing ground water for a single dissolved solute constituent and represents the processes of advective transport, hydrodynamic dispersion, mixing from fluid sources, retardation, and decay. Implicit time discretization of the dispersive and source/sink terms is combined with a Lagrangian treatment of advection, in which forward tracking moves mass to the new time level, distributing mass among destination cells using approximate indicator functions. This allows the use of large transport time increments (large Courant numbers) with accurate results, even for advection-dominated systems (large Peclet numbers). Four test cases, including comparisons with analytical solutions and benchmarking against other numerical codes, are presented that indicate that the FVELLAM can usually yield excellent results, even if relatively few transport time steps are used, although the quality of the results is problem-dependent.","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1111/j.1745-6584.2003.tb02589.x","issn":"0017467X","usgsCitation":"Russell, T., Heberton, C., Konikow, L.F., and Hornberger, G., 2003, A finite-volume ELLAM for three-dimensional solute-transport modeling: Ground Water, v. 41, no. 2, p. 258-272, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6584.2003.tb02589.x.","productDescription":"15 p.","startPage":"258","endPage":"272","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":234509,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":208635,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6584.2003.tb02589.x"}],"volume":"41","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2005-12-13","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e3dae4b0c8380cd46266","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Russell, T.F.","contributorId":86811,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Russell","given":"T.F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":407096,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Heberton, C.I.","contributorId":77966,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Heberton","given":"C.I.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":407095,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Konikow, Leonard F. 0000-0002-0940-3856 lkonikow@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0940-3856","contributorId":158,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Konikow","given":"Leonard","email":"lkonikow@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[{"id":436,"text":"National Research Program - Eastern Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":407093,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Hornberger, G.Z.","contributorId":71582,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hornberger","given":"G.Z.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":407094,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70025934,"text":"70025934 - 2003 - Mobilization of radionuclides from uranium mill tailings and related waste materials in anaerobic environments","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-11-16T09:27:34","indexId":"70025934","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2439,"text":"Journal of Radioanalytical and Nuclear Chemistry","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Mobilization of radionuclides from uranium mill tailings and related waste materials in anaerobic environments","docAbstract":"Specific extraction studies in our laboratory have shown that iron and manganese oxide- and alkaline earth sulfate minerals are important hosts of radium in uranium mill tailings. Iron- and sulfate-reducing bacteria may enhance the release of radium (and its analog barium) from uranium mill tailings, oil field pipe scale [a major technologically enhanced naturally occurring radioactive material (TENORM) waste], and jarosite (a common mineral in sulfuric acid processed-tailings). These research findings are reviewed and discussed in the context of nuclear waste forms (such as barium sulfate matrices), radioactive waste management practices, and geochemical environments in the Earth's surficial and shallow subsurface regions.","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1023/A:1022501003604","issn":"02365731","usgsCitation":"Landa, E.R., 2003, Mobilization of radionuclides from uranium mill tailings and related waste materials in anaerobic environments: Journal of Radioanalytical and Nuclear Chemistry, v. 255, no. 3, p. 559-563, https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1022501003604.","productDescription":"5 p.","startPage":"559","endPage":"563","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":234722,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":208753,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1022501003604"}],"volume":"255","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a5b99e4b0c8380cd6f691","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Landa, E. R.","contributorId":100002,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Landa","given":"E.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":407151,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70025938,"text":"70025938 - 2003 - Covariance of bacterioplankton composition and environmental variables in a temperate delta system","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-07-15T23:33:21.564025","indexId":"70025938","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":870,"text":"Aquatic Microbial Ecology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Covariance of bacterioplankton composition and environmental variables in a temperate delta system","docAbstract":"We examined seasonal and spatial variation in bacterioplankton composition in the Sacramento-San Joaquin River Delta (CA) using terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism (T-RFLP) analysis. Cloned 16S rRNA genes from this system were used for putative identification of taxa dominating the T-RFLP profiles. Both cloning and T-RFLP analysis indicated that Actinobacteria, Verrucomicrobia, Cytophaga-Flavobacterium and Proteobacteria were the most abundant bacterioplankton groups in the Delta. Despite the broad variety of sampled habitats (deep water channels, lakes, marshes, agricultural drains, freshwater and brackish areas), and the spatial and temporal differences in hydrology, temperature and water chemistry among the sampling campaigns, T-RFLP electropherograms from all samples were similar, indicating that the same bacterioplankton phylotypes dominated in the various habitats of the Delta throughout the year. However, principal component analysis (PCA) and partial least-squares regression (PLS) of T-RFLP profiles revealed consistent grouping of samples on a seasonal, but not a spatial, basis. b-Proteobacteria related to Ralstonia, Actinobacteria related to Microthrix, and b-Proteobacteria identical to the environmental Clone LD12 had the highest relative abundance in summer/fall T-RFLP profiles and were associated with low river flow, high pH, and a number of optical and chemical characteristics of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) indicative of an increased proportion of phytoplankton-produced organic material as opposed to allochthonous, terrestrially derived organic material. On the other hand, Geobacter-related b-Proteobacteria showed a relative increase in abundance in T-RFLP analysis during winter/spring, and probably were washed out from watershed soils or sediment. Various phylotypes associated with the same phylogenetic division, based on tentative identification of T-RFLP fragments, exhibited diverse seasonal patterns, suggesting that ecological roles of Delta bacterioplankton were partitioned at the genus or species level.
","language":"English","publisher":"Inter-Research Science Publisher","doi":"10.3354/ame031085","issn":"09483055","usgsCitation":"Stepanauskas, R., Moran, M., Bergamaschi, B., and Hollibaugh, J., 2003, Covariance of bacterioplankton composition and environmental variables in a temperate delta system: Aquatic Microbial Ecology, v. 31, no. 1, p. 85-98, https://doi.org/10.3354/ame031085.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"85","endPage":"98","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":478479,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.3354/ame031085","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":387208,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"31","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059fc90e4b0c8380cd4e30d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Stepanauskas, R.","contributorId":61937,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stepanauskas","given":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":407164,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Moran, M.A.","contributorId":62385,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Moran","given":"M.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":407165,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Bergamaschi, B.A. 0000-0002-9610-5581","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9610-5581","contributorId":22401,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bergamaschi","given":"B.A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":407162,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Hollibaugh, J.T.","contributorId":22886,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hollibaugh","given":"J.T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":407163,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70025948,"text":"70025948 - 2003 - Geochemical response to variable streamflow conditions in contaminated and uncontaminated streams","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-05-14T19:38:55.654163","indexId":"70025948","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3722,"text":"Water Resources Research","onlineIssn":"1944-7973","printIssn":"0043-1397","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Geochemical response to variable streamflow conditions in contaminated and uncontaminated streams","docAbstract":"Seasonal variations in stream inorganic geochemistry are not well documented or understood. We sampled two mining-impacted and two relatively pristine streams in western Montana over a 12-month period, collecting samples every 4 weeks, with supplemental sampling (at least weekly) during spring runoff. We analyzed all samples for dissolved (operationally defined as <0.2 ??m) and total recoverable concentrations. Generally, the trace elements (Al, As, Cu, Fe, Mn, and Zn) did not correlate linearly with streamflow, while the major elements (e.g., Ca, K, and Mg) did. Suspended sediment, total recoverable metals, and H+ followed clockwise hysteresis rotations, driven by short-term flushing events during the very early stages of spring runoff. Mining-impacted sites had higher concentrations of many trace elements than did relatively pristine sites. One of the mining impacted sites exhibited strong geochemical responses to spring rain events in the basin. The results underscore the need to sample streams frequently during changing hydrologic and climatic conditions in order to accurately monitor surface water quality and to determine solute and particulate loads (both contaminant and noncontaminant).","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/2001WR001247","usgsCitation":"Nagorski, S.A., Moore, J.N., McKinnon, T.E., and Smith, D., 2003, Geochemical response to variable streamflow conditions in contaminated and uncontaminated streams: Water Resources Research, v. 39, no. 2, p. 1-1-1-14, https://doi.org/10.1029/2001WR001247.","productDescription":"Article 1044; 14 p.","startPage":"1-1","endPage":"1-14","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":234912,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":478418,"rank":2,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2001wr001247","text":"Publisher Index Page"}],"volume":"39","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2003-02-28","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a169ce4b0c8380cd551eb","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Nagorski, Sonia A.","contributorId":32940,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nagorski","given":"Sonia","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":407213,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Moore, Johnnie N.","contributorId":13668,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Moore","given":"Johnnie","email":"","middleInitial":"N.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":407211,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"McKinnon, Temple E.","contributorId":40238,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"McKinnon","given":"Temple","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":407212,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Smith, David B. 0000-0001-8396-9105 dsmith@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8396-9105","contributorId":1274,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smith","given":"David B.","email":"dsmith@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":218,"text":"Denver Federal Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":407210,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70025953,"text":"70025953 - 2003 - Selenium isotope fractionation during reduction by Fe(II)-Fe(III) hydroxide-sulfate (green rust)","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-01-05T14:36:54","indexId":"70025953","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1759,"text":"Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Selenium isotope fractionation during reduction by Fe(II)-Fe(III) hydroxide-sulfate (green rust)","docAbstract":"We have determined the extent of Se isotope fractionation induced by reduction of selenate by sulfate interlayered green rust (GRSO4), a Fe(II)-Fe(III) hydroxide-sulfate. This compound is known to reduce selenate to Se(0), and it is the only naturally relevant abiotic selenate reduction pathway documented to date. Se reduction reactions, when they occur in nature, greatly reduce Se mobility and bioavailability. Se stable isotope analysis shows promise as an indicator of Se reduction, and Se isotope fractionation by various Se reactions must be known in order to refine this tool. We measured the increase in the 80Se/76Se ratio of dissolved selenate as lighter isotopes were preferentially consumed during reduction by GRSO4. Six different experiments that used GRSO4 made by two methods, with varying solution compositions and pH, yielded identical isotopic fractionations. Regression of all the data yielded an instantaneous isotope fractionation of 7.36 ± 0.24‰. Selenate reduction by GRSO4 induces much greater isotopic fractionation than does bacterial selenate reduction. If selenate reduction by GRSO4 occurs in nature, it may be identifiable on the basis of its relatively large isotopic fractionation.
Field and laboratory techniques were used to identify the biogeochemical factors affecting sulfate reduction in a shallow, unconsolidated alluvial aquifer contaminated with landfill leachate. Depth profiles of 35S-sulfate reduction rates in aquifer sediments were positively correlated with the concentration of dissolved sulfate. Manipulation of the sulfate concentration in samples revealed a Michaelis−Menten-like relationship with an apparent Km and Vmax of approximately 80 and 0.83 μM SO4-2·day-1, respectively. The concentration of sulfate in the core of the leachate plume was well below 20 μM and coincided with very low reduction rates. Thus, the concentration and availability of this anion could limit in situ sulfate-reducing activity. Three sulfate sources were identified, including iron sulfide oxidation, barite dissolution, and advective flux of sulfate. The relative importance of these sources varied with depth in the alluvium. The relatively high concentration of dissolved sulfate at the water table is attributed to the microbial oxidation of iron sulfides in response to fluctuations of the water table. At intermediate depths, barite dissolves in undersaturated pore water containing relatively high concentrations of dissolved barium (∼100 μM) and low concentrations of sulfate. Dissolution is consistent with the surface texture of detrital barite grains in contact with leachate. Laboratory incubations of unamended and barite-amended aquifer slurries supported the field observation of increasing concentrations of barium in solution when sulfate reached low levels. At a deeper highly permeable interval just above the confining bottom layer of the aquifer, sulfate reduction rates were markedly higher than rates at intermediate depths. Sulfate is supplied to this deeper zone by advection of uncontaminated groundwater beneath the landfill. The measured rates of sulfate reduction in the aquifer also correlated with the abundance of accumulated iron sulfide in this zone. This suggests that the current and past distributions of sulfate-reducing activity are similar and that the supply of sulfate has been sustained at these sites.