The U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) solute transport and biodegradation code BIOMOC was used in conjunction with the USGS universal inverse modeling code UCODE to quantify field-scale hydrocarbon dissolution and biodegradation at the USGS Toxic Substances Hydrology Program crude-oil spill research site located near Bemidji, MN. This inverse modeling effort used the extensive historical data compiled at the Bemidji site from 1986 to 1997 and incorporated a multicomponent transport and biodegradation model. Inverse modeling was successful when coupled transport and degradation processes were incorporated into the model and a single dissolution rate coefficient was used for all BTEX components. Assuming a stationary oil body, we simulated benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, m,p-xylene, and o-xylene (BTEX) concentrations in the oil and ground water, respectively, as well as dissolved oxygen. Dissolution from the oil phase and aerobic and anaerobic degradation processes were represented. The parameters estimated were the recharge rate, hydraulic conductivity, dissolution rate coefficient, individual first-order BTEX anaerobic degradation rates, and transverse dispersivity. Results were similar for simulations obtained using several alternative conceptual models of the hydrologic system and biodegradation processes. The dissolved BTEX concentration data were not sufficient to discriminate between these conceptual models. The calibrated simulations reproduced the general large-scale evolution of the plume, but did not reproduce the observed small-scale spatial and temporal variability in concentrations. The estimated anaerobic biodegradation rates for toluene and o-xylene were greater than the dissolution rate coefficient. However, the estimated anaerobic biodegradation rates for benzene, ethylbenzene, and m,p-xylene were less than the dissolution rate coefficient. The calibrated model was used to determine the BTEX mass balance in the oil body and groundwater plume. Dissolution from the oil body was greatest for compounds with large effective solubilities (benzene) and with large degradation rates (toluene and o-xylene). Anaerobic degradation removed 77% of the BTEX that dissolved into the water phase and aerobic degradation removed 17%. Although goodness-of-fit measures for the alternative conceptual models were not significantly different, predictions made with the models were quite variable.
Fractures that begin and end in the unsaturated zone, or isolated fractures, have been ignored in previous studies because they were generally assumed to behave as capillary barriers and remain nonconductive. We conducted a series of experiments using Berea sandstone samples to examine the physical mechanisms controlling flow in a rock containing a single isolated fracture. The input fluxes and fracture orientation were varied in these experiments. Visualization experiments using dyed water in a thin vertical slab of rock were conducted to identify flow mechanisms occurring due to the presence of the isolated fracture. Two mechanisms occurred: (1) localized flow through the rock matrix in the vicinity of the isolated fracture and (2) pooling of water at the bottom of the fracture, indicating the occurrence of film flow along the isolated fracture wall. These mechanisms were observed at fracture angles of 20 and 60 degrees from the horizontal, but not at 90 degrees. Pooling along the bottom of the fracture was observed over a wider range of input fluxes for low‐angled isolated fractures compared to high‐angled ones. Measurements of matrix water pressures in the samples with the 20 and 60 degree fractures also demonstrated that preferential flow occurred through the matrix in the fracture vicinity, where higher pressures occurred in the regions where faster flow was observed in the visualization experiments. The pooling length at the terminus of a 20 degree isolated fracture was measured as a function of input flux. Calculations of the film flow rate along the fracture were made using these measurements and indicated that up to 22% of the flow occurred as film flow. These experiments, apparently the first to consider isolated fractures, demonstrate that such features can accelerate flow through the unsaturated zone and should be considered when developing conceptual models.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/2002WR001691","usgsCitation":"Su, G.W., Nimmo, J.R., and Dragila, M.I., 2003, Effect of isolated fractures on accelerated flow in unsaturated porous rock: Water Resources Research, v. 39, no. 12, p. 1-1-1-5, https://doi.org/10.1029/2002WR001691.","productDescription":"Article 1326; 5 p.","startPage":"1-1","endPage":"1-5","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":478538,"rank":1,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2002wr001691","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":235693,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"39","issue":"12","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2003-12-02","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a05f0e4b0c8380cd51033","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Su, Grace W.","contributorId":145734,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Su","given":"Grace","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":404652,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Nimmo, John R. 0000-0001-8191-1727 jrnimmo@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8191-1727","contributorId":757,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nimmo","given":"John","email":"jrnimmo@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":37277,"text":"WMA - Earth System Processes Division","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":404653,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Dragila, Maria I.","contributorId":8657,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Dragila","given":"Maria","email":"","middleInitial":"I.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":404651,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70025282,"text":"70025282 - 2003 - Direct assessment of groundwater vulnerability from single observations of multiple contaminants","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-11-16T09:44:44","indexId":"70025282","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3722,"text":"Water Resources Research","onlineIssn":"1944-7973","printIssn":"0043-1397","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Direct assessment of groundwater vulnerability from single observations of multiple contaminants","docAbstract":"Groundwater vulnerability is a central concept in pollution risk assessment, yet its estimation has been largely a matter of expert judgment. This work applies a method for the direct calculation of vulnerability from monitoring well observations of pesticide concentrations. The method has two major advantages: it is independent of the compounds being examined, and it has a direct probabilistic interpretation making it ideal for risk assessment. The methodology was applied to data from a groundwater monitoring program in the midwestern United States. The distribution of the vulnerabilities was skewed toward zero. Spatial distribution of the vulnerabilities shows them to be controlled by both regional and local factors. Methods are presented for estimating the necessary sample sizes for vulnerability studies. The further application of the approach developed in this study to understanding groundwater pollution is discussed.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/2002WR001212","usgsCitation":"Worrall, F., and Kolpin, D.W., 2003, Direct assessment of groundwater vulnerability from single observations of multiple contaminants: Water Resources Research, v. 39, no. 12, p. 2-1-2-8, https://doi.org/10.1029/2002WR001212.","productDescription":"Article 1345; 8 p.","startPage":"2-1","endPage":"2-8","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":351,"text":"Iowa Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":478529,"rank":1,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://durham-repository.worktribe.com/output/1627223","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":236106,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","otherGeospatial":"Midwest 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]\n}","volume":"39","issue":"12","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2003-12-05","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a01abe4b0c8380cd4fcd7","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Worrall, Fred","contributorId":189396,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Worrall","given":"Fred","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":404602,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Kolpin, Dana W. 0000-0002-3529-6505 dwkolpin@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3529-6505","contributorId":1239,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kolpin","given":"Dana","email":"dwkolpin@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":351,"text":"Iowa Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":404603,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70025251,"text":"70025251 - 2003 - Response of benthic invertebrate assemblages to metal exposure and bioaccumulation associated with hard-rock mining in northwestern streams, USA","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-11-19T10:38:07","indexId":"70025251","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2564,"text":"Journal of the North American Benthological Society","onlineIssn":"1937-237X","printIssn":"0887-3593","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Response of benthic invertebrate assemblages to metal exposure and bioaccumulation associated with hard-rock mining in northwestern streams, USA","docAbstract":"Benthic macroinvertebrate assemblages, environmental variables, and associated mine density were evaluated during the summer of 2000 at 18 reference and test sites in the Coeur d'Alene and St. Regis River basins, northwestern USA as part of the US Geological Survey's National Water-Quality Assessment Program. Concentrations of Cd, Pb, and Zn in water and (or) streambed sediment at test sites in basins where production mine density was ???0.2 mines/km2 (in a 500-m stream buffer) were significantly higher than concentrations at reference sites. Zn and Pb were identified as the primary contaminants in water and streambed sediment, respectively. These metal concentrations often exceeded acute Ambient Water Quality Criteria for aquatic life and the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Probable Effect Level for streambed sediment. Regression analysis identified significant correlations between production mine density in each basin and Zn concentrations in water and Pb in streambed sediment (r2 = 0.69 and 0.65, p < 0.01). Metal concentrations in caddisfly tissue, used to verify site-specific exposures of benthos, also were highest at sites downstream from intensive mining. Benthic invertebrate taxa richness and densities were lower at sites downstream than upstream of areas of intensive hard-rock mining and associated metal enrichment. Benthic invertebrate metrics that were most effective in discriminating changes in assemblage structure between reference and mining sites were total number of taxa, number of Ephemeroptera, Plecoptera, and Trichoptera (EPT) taxa, and densities of total individuals, EPT individuals, and metal-sensitive Ephemeroptera individuals.","language":"English","publisher":"University of Chicago Press","doi":"10.2307/1468356","issn":"08873593","usgsCitation":"Maret, T., Cain, D., MacCoy, D., and Short, T., 2003, Response of benthic invertebrate assemblages to metal exposure and bioaccumulation associated with hard-rock mining in northwestern streams, USA: Journal of the North American Benthological Society, v. 22, no. 4, p. 598-620, https://doi.org/10.2307/1468356.","productDescription":"23 p.","startPage":"598","endPage":"620","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":236217,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"22","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505aaa34e4b0c8380cd861de","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Maret, T.R.","contributorId":9015,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Maret","given":"T.R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":404444,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Cain, D.J.","contributorId":68329,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cain","given":"D.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":404447,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"MacCoy, D.E.","contributorId":47814,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"MacCoy","given":"D.E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":404445,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Short, T.M.","contributorId":50626,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Short","given":"T.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":404446,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70025248,"text":"70025248 - 2003 - The effect of entrapped nonaqueous phase liquids on tracer transport in heterogeneous porous media: Laboratory experiments at the intermediate scale","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:57","indexId":"70025248","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2233,"text":"Journal of Contaminant Hydrology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The effect of entrapped nonaqueous phase liquids on tracer transport in heterogeneous porous media: Laboratory experiments at the intermediate scale","docAbstract":"This work considers the applicability of conservative tracers for detecting high-saturation nonaqueous-phase liquid (NAPL) entrapment in heterogeneous systems. For this purpose, a series of experiments and simulations was performed using a two-dimensional heterogeneous system (10??1.2 m), which represents an intermediate scale between laboratory and field scales. Tracer tests performed prior to injecting the NAPL provide the baseline response of the heterogeneous porous medium. Two NAPL spill experiments were performed and the entrapped-NAPL saturation distribution measured in detail using a gamma-ray attenuation system. Tracer tests following each of the NAPL spills produced breakthrough curves (BTCs) reflecting the impact of entrapped NAPL on conservative transport. To evaluate significance, the impact of NAPL entrapment on the conservative-tracer breakthrough curves was compared to simulated breakthrough curve variability for different realizations of the heterogeneous distribution. Analysis of the results reveals that the NAPL entrapment has a significant impact on the temporal moments of conservative-tracer breakthrough curves. ?? 2003 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Contaminant Hydrology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/S0169-7722(03)00066-4","issn":"01697722","usgsCitation":"Barth, G.R., Illangasekare, T., and Rajaram, H., 2003, The effect of entrapped nonaqueous phase liquids on tracer transport in heterogeneous porous media: Laboratory experiments at the intermediate scale: Journal of Contaminant Hydrology, v. 67, no. 1-4, p. 247-268, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0169-7722(03)00066-4.","startPage":"247","endPage":"268","numberOfPages":"22","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":236145,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":209554,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0169-7722(03)00066-4"}],"volume":"67","issue":"1-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bab25e4b08c986b322c60","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Barth, Gilbert R.","contributorId":15374,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Barth","given":"Gilbert","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":404419,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Illangasekare, T.H.","contributorId":45847,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Illangasekare","given":"T.H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":404421,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Rajaram, H.","contributorId":39547,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rajaram","given":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":404420,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70025243,"text":"70025243 - 2003 - Predicting changes in hydrologic retention in an evolving semi-arid alluvial stream","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-11-19T07:24:33","indexId":"70025243","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":664,"text":"Advances in Water Resources","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Predicting changes in hydrologic retention in an evolving semi-arid alluvial stream","docAbstract":"Hydrologic retention of solutes in hyporheic zones or other slowly moving waters of natural channels is thought to be a significant control on biogeochemical cycling and ecology of streams. To learn more about factors affecting hydrologic retention, we repeated stream-tracer injections for 5 years in a semi-arid alluvial stream (Pinal Creek, Ariz.) during a period when streamflow was decreasing, channel width increasing, and coverage of aquatic macrophytes expanding. Average stream velocity at Pinal Creek decreased from 0.8 to 0.2 m/s, average stream depth decreased from 0.09 to 0.04 m, and average channel width expanded from 3 to 13 m. Modeling of tracer experiments indicated that the hydrologic retention factor (Rh), a measure of the average time that solute spends in storage per unit length of downstream transport, increased from 0.02 to 8 s/m. At the same time the ratio of cross-sectional area of storage zones to main channel cross-sectional area (As/A) increased from 0.2 to 0.8 m2/m2, and average water residence time in storage zones (ts) increased from 5 to 24 min. Compared with published data from four other streams in the US, Pinal Creek experienced the greatest change in hydrologic retention for a given change in streamflow. The other streams differed from Pinal Creek in that they experienced a change in streamflow between tracer experiments without substantial geomorphic or vegetative adjustments. As a result, a regression of hydrologic retention on streamflow developed for the other streams underpredicted the measured increases in hydrologic retention at Pinal Creek. The increase in hydrologic retention at Pinal Creek was more accurately predicted when measurements of the Darcy–Weisbach friction factor were used (either alone or in addition to streamflow) as a predictor variable. We conclude that relatively simple measurements of channel friction are useful for predicting the response of hydrologic retention in streams to major adjustments in channel morphology as well as changes in streamflow.
As part of the World Climate Research Program's (WCRPs) Global Energy and Water-Cycle Experiment (GEWEX) Continental-scale International Project (GCIP), a preliminary water and energy budget synthesis (WEBS) was developed for the period 1996-1999 fromthe \"best available\" observations and models. Besides this summary paper, a companion CD-ROM with more extensive discussion, figures, tables, and raw data is available to the interested researcher from the GEWEX project office, the GAPP project office, or the first author. An updated online version of the CD-ROM is also available at http://ecpc.ucsd.edu/gcip/webs.htm/. Observations cannot adequately characterize or \"close\" budgets since too many fundamental processes are missing. Models that properly represent the many complicated atmospheric and near-surface interactions are also required. This preliminary synthesis therefore included a representative global general circulation model, regional climate model, and a macroscale hydrologic model as well as a global reanalysis and a regional analysis. By the qualitative agreement among the models and available observations, it did appear that we now qualitatively understand water and energy budgets of the Mississippi River Basin. However, there is still much quantitative uncertainty. In that regard, there did appear to be a clear advantage to using a regional analysis over a global analysis or a regional simulation over a global simulation to describe the Mississippi River Basin water and energy budgets. There also appeared to be some advantage to using a macroscale hydrologic model for at least the surface water budgets. Copyright 2003 by the American Geophysical Union.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1029/2002JD002583","issn":"01480227","usgsCitation":"Roads, J., Lawford, R., Bainto, E., Berbery, E., Chen, S., Fekete, B., Gallo, K., Grundstein, A., Higgins, W., Kanamitsu, M., Krajewski, W., Lakshmi, V., Leathers, D., Lettenmaier, D., Luo, L., Maurer, E., Meyers, T., Miller, D., Mitchell, K., Mote, T., Pinker, R., Reichler, T., Robinson, D., Robock, A., Smith, J., Srinivasan, G., Verdin, K., Vinnikov, K., Vonder, H.T., Vorosmarty, C., Williams, S., and Yarosh, E., 2003, GCIP water and energy budget synthesis (WEBS): Journal of Geophysical Research D: Atmospheres, v. 108, no. 16, https://doi.org/10.1029/2002JD002583.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) 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0000-0002-6114-4660","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6114-4660","contributorId":33505,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Verdin","given":"K.L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":404371,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":27},{"text":"Vinnikov, K.","contributorId":29620,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Vinnikov","given":"K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":404369,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":28},{"text":"Vonder, Haar T.","contributorId":31560,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Vonder","given":"Haar","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":404370,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":29},{"text":"Vorosmarty, C.","contributorId":79276,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Vorosmarty","given":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":404383,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":30},{"text":"Williams, 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strain MLS10","docAbstract":"The respiratory arsenate reductase from the Gram-positive, haloalkaliphile, Bacillus selenitireducens strain MLS10 was purified and characterized. It is a membrane bound heterodimer (150 kDa) composed of two subunits ArrA (110 kDa) and ArrB (34 kDa), with an apparent Km for arsenate of 34 µM and Vmax of 2.5 µmol min−1 mg−1. Optimal activity occurred at pH 9.5 and 150 g l−1 of NaCl. Metal analysis (inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry) of the holoenzyme and sequence analysis of the catalytic subunit (ArrA; the gene fr which was cloned and sequenced) indicate it is a member of the DMSO reductase family of molybdoproteins.
","language":"English","publisher":"Oxford Academic","doi":"10.1016/S0378-1097(03)00609-8","issn":"03781097","usgsCitation":"Afkar, E., Lisak, J., Saltikov, C., Basu, P., Oremland, R.S., and Stolz, J., 2003, The respiratory arsenate reductase from Bacillus selenitireducens strain MLS10: FEMS Microbiology Letters, v. 226, no. 1, p. 107-112, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0378-1097(03)00609-8.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"107","endPage":"112","numberOfPages":"6","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":478513,"rank":1,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/s0378-1097(03)00609-8","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":235923,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"226","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505baf35e4b08c986b324627","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Afkar, E.","contributorId":105894,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Afkar","given":"E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":404354,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Lisak, J.","contributorId":36715,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lisak","given":"J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":404350,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Saltikov, C.","contributorId":77722,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Saltikov","given":"C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":404351,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Basu, P.","contributorId":35527,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Basu","given":"P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":404349,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Oremland, Ronald S. 0000-0001-7382-0147 roremlan@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7382-0147","contributorId":931,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Oremland","given":"Ronald","email":"roremlan@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":37277,"text":"WMA - Earth System Processes Division","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":778883,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Stolz, J.F.","contributorId":94022,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stolz","given":"J.F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":404352,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70025234,"text":"70025234 - 2003 - Importance of Sediment-Water Interactions in Coeur d'Alene Lake, Idaho, USA: Management Implications","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-05-01T09:46:24","indexId":"70025234","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1547,"text":"Environmental Management","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Importance of Sediment-Water Interactions in Coeur d'Alene Lake, Idaho, USA: Management Implications","docAbstract":"A field study at Coeur d'Alene Lake, Idaho, USA, was conducted between October 1998 and August 2001 to examine the potential importance of sediment-water interactions on contaminant transport and to provide the first direct measurements of the benthic flux of dissolved solutes of environmental concern in this lake. Because of potential ecological effects, dissolved zinc and orthophosphate were the solutes of primary interest. Results from deployments of an in situ flux chamber indicated that benthic fluxes of dissolved Zn and orthophosphate were comparable in magnitude to riverine inputs. Tracer analyses and benthic-community metrics provided evidence that solute benthic flux were diffusion-controlled at the flux-chamber deployment sites. That is, effects of biomixing (or bioturbation) and ground-water interactions did not strongly influence benthic flux. Remediation efforts in the river might not produce desired water-quality effects in the lake because imposed shifts in concentration gradients near the sediment-water interface would generate a benthic feedback response. Therefore, development of water-quality models to justify remediation strategies requires consideration of contaminant flux between the water column and underlying sediment in basins that have been affected by long-term (decadal) anthropogenic activities.","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1007/s00267-003-0020-7","issn":"0364152X","usgsCitation":"Kuwabara, J., Carter, J., Topping, B., Fend, S., Woods, P.F., Berelson, W., and Balistrieri, L.S., 2003, Importance of Sediment-Water Interactions in Coeur d'Alene Lake, Idaho, USA: Management Implications: Environmental Management, v. 32, no. 3, p. 348-359, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00267-003-0020-7.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"348","endPage":"359","costCenters":[{"id":191,"text":"Colorado Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":235886,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":209440,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00267-003-0020-7"}],"country":"United States","state":"Idaho","otherGeospatial":"Coeur d’Alene Lake","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -117,\n 47.25\n ],\n [\n -115.5,\n 47.25\n ],\n [\n -115.5,\n 47.75\n ],\n [\n -117,\n 47.75\n ],\n [\n -117,\n 47.25\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"32","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a3932e4b0c8380cd6183c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kuwabara, J.S.","contributorId":57905,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kuwabara","given":"J.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":404345,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Carter, J.L.","contributorId":26030,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Carter","given":"J.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":404342,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Topping, B.R.","contributorId":97541,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Topping","given":"B.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":404347,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Fend, S.V. 0000-0002-4638-6602","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4638-6602","contributorId":99702,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fend","given":"S.V.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":404348,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Woods, P. F.","contributorId":97509,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Woods","given":"P.","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":404346,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Berelson, W.M.","contributorId":44337,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Berelson","given":"W.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":404343,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Balistrieri, Laurie S. 0000-0002-6359-3849 balistri@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6359-3849","contributorId":1406,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Balistrieri","given":"Laurie","email":"balistri@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":662,"text":"Western Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":200,"text":"Coop Res Unit Seattle","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":191,"text":"Colorado Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":761875,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}} ,{"id":70025233,"text":"70025233 - 2003 - Numerical modeling of coupled nitrification-denitrification in sediment perfusion cores from the hyporheic zone of the Shingobee River, MN","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-11-19T09:45:02","indexId":"70025233","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":664,"text":"Advances in Water Resources","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Numerical modeling of coupled nitrification-denitrification in sediment perfusion cores from the hyporheic zone of the Shingobee River, MN","docAbstract":"Nitrification and denitrification kinetics in sediment perfusion cores were numerically modeled and compared to experiments on cores from the Shingobee River MN, USA. The experimental design incorporated mixing groundwater discharge with stream water penetration into the cores, which provided a well-defined, one-dimensional simulation of in situ hydrologic conditions. Ammonium (NH4+) and nitrate (NO3−) concentration gradients suggested the upper region of the cores supported coupled nitrification–denitrification, where groundwater-derived NH4+ was first oxidized to NO3− then subsequently reduced via denitrification to N2. Nitrification and denitrification were modeled using a Crank–Nicolson finite difference approximation to a one-dimensional advection–dispersion equation. Both processes were modeled using first-order reaction kinetics because substrate concentrations (NH4+ and NO3−) were much smaller than published Michaelis constants. Rate coefficients for nitrification and denitrification ranged from 0.2 to 15.8 h−1 and 0.02 to 8.0 h−1, respectively. The rate constants followed an Arrhenius relationship between 7.5 and 22 °C. Activation energies for nitrification and denitrification were 162 and 97.3 kJ/mol, respectively. Seasonal NH4+ concentration patterns in the Shingobee River were accurately simulated from the relationship between perfusion core temperature and NH4+ flux to the overlying water. The simulations suggest that NH4+ in groundwater discharge is controlled by sediment nitrification that, consistent with its activation energy, is strongly temperature dependent.
The final event in a complicated hydrothermal history at the Meikle gold deposit was gold deficient but caused extensive postore dissolution of carbonate, collapse brecciation, and precipitation of calcite and barite crystals in the resulting cavities. Although previously interpreted to be part of the Carlin-type hydrothermal system, crosscutting relationships and U-Th-Pb geochronology constrain this hydrothermal event to late Pliocene time (ca. 2 Ma), nearly 36 Ma after ore formation. Mineralogic, fluid inclusion, and stable isotope data indicate that postore hydrothermal fluids were reduced, H 2S-rich, unevolved meteoric waters ((δ 18O = -17‰) of low temperature (ca. 65°C). The δ 18O values of barite and calcite indicate that these minerals were in isotopic equilibrium, requiring that barite SO 4 was derived from the oxidation of reduced sulfur; however, preexisting sulfides in breccia cavities were not oxidized. The δ 34S (15‰) values of barite are higher than those of local bulk sulfide and supergene alunite indicating that SO 4 was not derived from supergene oxidation of local sulfide minerals. The 15 per mil δ 34S value suggests that the H 2S in the fluids may have been leached from sulfur-rich organic matter in the local carbonaceous sedimentary rocks. A reduced H 2S-rich fluid is also supported by the bright cathodoluminescence of calcite which indicates that it is Mn rich and Fe poor. Calcite has a narrow range of δ 13C values (0.3-1.8‰) that are indistinguishable from those of the host Bootstrap limestone, indicating that CO 2 in the fluid was from dissolution of the local limestone. These data suggest that dissolution and brecciation of the Bootstrap limestone occurred where H 2S-rich fluids encountered more oxidizing fluids and formed sulfuric acid (H 2SO 4). Intense fracturing in the mine area by previous structural and hydrothermal events probably provided conduits for the descent of oxidized surface water which mixed with the underlying H 2S-rich waters to form the dissolving acid. The surface-derived fluid apparently contained sufficient oxygen to produce H 2SO 4 from H 2S but not enough to alter pyrite to Fe oxide. Although H 2S is an important gold-transporting ligand, the temperature was too low to transport a significant amount of gold. The presence of analogous calcite- and barite-lined cavities in other Carlin-type deposits suggests that the generation (and oxidation) of H 2S-rich meteoric waters was a common phenomenon in north-central Nevada. Previous sulfur isotope studies have also shown that the Paleozoic sedimentary rocks were the principal source of H 2S in Devonian sedimentary exhalative-type, Jurassic intrusion-related, Eocene Carlin-type, and Miocene low-sulfidation gold deposits in the region. The similar sulfur source in all of these systems suggests that basin brines, magmatic fluids, and meteoric waters all evolved to be H 2S-rich ore fluids by circulation through Paleozoic sedimentary rocks. Thus, although not directly related to gold mineralization, the recent hydrologic history of the deposit provides important clues to earlier ore-forming processes that were responsible for gold mineralization.
","language":"English","publisher":"Society of Economic Geologists","doi":"10.2113/gsecongeo.98.6.1243","issn":"03610128","usgsCitation":"Emsbo, P., and Hofstra, A., 2003, Origin and significance of postore dissolution collapse breccias cemented with calcite and barite at the Meikle gold deposit, Northern Carlin trend, Nevada: Economic Geology, v. 98, no. 6, p. 1243-1252, https://doi.org/10.2113/gsecongeo.98.6.1243.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"1243","endPage":"1252","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":387490,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Nevada","city":"Carlin","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -116.25732421875,\n 40.60144147645398\n ],\n [\n -115.9332275390625,\n 40.60144147645398\n ],\n [\n -115.9332275390625,\n 40.851215574282456\n ],\n [\n -116.25732421875,\n 40.851215574282456\n ],\n [\n -116.25732421875,\n 40.60144147645398\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"98","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a70bde4b0c8380cd761f9","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Emsbo, P.","contributorId":59901,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Emsbo","given":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":404285,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hofstra, A. H. 0000-0002-2450-1593","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2450-1593","contributorId":41426,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hofstra","given":"A. H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":404284,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70025201,"text":"70025201 - 2003 - Hydrologic considerations in defining isolated wetlands","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:28","indexId":"70025201","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3750,"text":"Wetlands","onlineIssn":"1943-6246","printIssn":"0277-5212","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Hydrologic considerations in defining isolated wetlands","docAbstract":"Wetlands that are not connected by streams to other surface-water bodies are considered to be isolated. Although the definition is based on surface-water connections to other water bodies, isolated wetlands commonly are integral parts of extensive ground-water flow systems, and isolated wetlands can spill over their surface divides into adjacent surface-water bodies during periods of abundant precipitation and high water levels. Thus, characteristics of ground-water flow and atmospheric-water flow affect the isolation of wetlands. In general, the degree that isolated wetlands are connected through the ground-water system to other surface-water bodies depends to a large extent on the rate that ground water moves and the rate that hydrologic stresses can be transmitted through the ground-water system. Water that seeps from an isolated wetland into a gravel aquifer can travel many kilometers through the ground-water system in one year. In contrast, water that seeps from an isolated wetland into a clayey or silty substrate may travel less than one meter in one year. For wetlands that can spill over their surface watersheds during periods of wet climate conditions, their isolation is related to the height to a spill elevation above normal wetland water level and the recurrence interval of various magnitudes of precipitation. The concepts presented in this paper indicate that the entire hydrologic system needs to be considered in establishing a definition of hydrologic isolation.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Wetlands","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","issn":"02775212","usgsCitation":"Winter, T.C., and LaBaugh, J.W., 2003, Hydrologic considerations in defining isolated wetlands: Wetlands, v. 23, no. 3, p. 532-540.","startPage":"532","endPage":"540","numberOfPages":"9","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":235921,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"23","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a35a6e4b0c8380cd600d8","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Winter, T. C.","contributorId":23485,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Winter","given":"T.","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":404218,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"LaBaugh, J. W.","contributorId":23484,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"LaBaugh","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":404217,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70025199,"text":"70025199 - 2003 - Seasonal deuterium excess in a Tien Shan ice core: Influence of moisture transport and recycling in Central Asia","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-08-05T14:33:13.639189","indexId":"70025199","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1807,"text":"Geophysical Research Letters","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Seasonal deuterium excess in a Tien Shan ice core: Influence of moisture transport and recycling in Central Asia","docAbstract":"Stable water isotope (δ18O, δD) data from a high elevation (5100 masl) ice core recovered from the Tien Shan Mountains, Kyrgyzstan, display a seasonal cycle in deuterium excess (d = δD - 8*δ18O) related to changes in the regional hydrologic cycle during 1994-2000. While there is a strong correlation (r2 = 0.98) between δ18O and δD in the ice core samples, the regression slope (6.9) and mean d value (23.0) are significantly different than the global meteoric water line values. The resulting time-series ice core d profile contains distinct winter maxima and summer minima, with a yearly d amplitude of ∼15-20‰. Local-scale processes that may affect d values preserved in the ice core are not consistent with the observed seasonal variability. Data from Central Asian monitoring sites in the Global Network of Isotopes in Precipitation (GNIP) have similar seasonal d changes. We suggest that regional-scale hydrological conditions, including seasonal changes in moisture source, transport, and recycling in the Caspian/Aral Sea region, are responsible for the observed spatial and temporal d variability.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/2003GL017896","issn":"00948276","usgsCitation":"Kreutz, K., Wake, C., Aizen, V., Cecil, L., and Synal, H., 2003, Seasonal deuterium excess in a Tien Shan ice core: Influence of moisture transport and recycling in Central Asia: Geophysical Research Letters, v. 30, no. 18, 4 p., https://doi.org/10.1029/2003GL017896.","productDescription":"4 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":478477,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2003gl017896","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":387716,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"30","issue":"18","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2003-09-17","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b8890e4b08c986b316a2e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kreutz, K.J.","contributorId":46712,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kreutz","given":"K.J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":404209,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Wake, C.P.","contributorId":85353,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wake","given":"C.P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":404212,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Aizen, V.B.","contributorId":24972,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Aizen","given":"V.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":404208,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Cecil, L. DeWayne","contributorId":66856,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cecil","given":"L. DeWayne","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":404210,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Synal, H.-A.","contributorId":78501,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Synal","given":"H.-A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":404211,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70025187,"text":"70025187 - 2003 - Bacterial transport experiments in fractured crystalline bedrock","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-11-19T09:07:43","indexId":"70025187","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1861,"text":"Ground Water","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Bacterial transport experiments in fractured crystalline bedrock","docAbstract":"The efficiency of contaminant biodegradation in ground water depends, in part, on the transport properties of the degrading bacteria. Few data exist concerning the transport of bacteria in saturated bedrock, particularly at the field scale. Bacteria and microsphere tracer experiments were conducted in a fractured crystalline bedrock under forced-gradient conditions over a distance of 36 m. Bacteria isolated from the local ground water were chosen on the basis of physicochemical and physiological differences (shape, cell-wall type, motility), and were differentially stained so that their transport behavior could be compared. No two bacterial strains transported in an identical manner, and microspheres produced distinctly different breakthrough curves than bacteria. Although there was insufficient control in this field experiment to completely separate the effects of bacteria shape, reaction to Gram staining, cell size, and motility on transport efficiency, it was observed that (1) the nonmotile, mutant strain exhibited better fractional recovery than the motile parent strain; (2) Gram-negative rod-shaped bacteria exhibited higher fractional recovery relative to the Gram-positive rod-shaped strain of similar size; and (3) coccoidal (spherical-shaped) bacteria transported better than all but one strain of the rod-shaped bacteria. The field experiment must be interpreted in the context of the specific bacterial strains and ground water environment in which they were conducted, but experimental results suggest that minor differences in the physical properties of bacteria can lead to major differences in transport behavior at the field scale.","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1111/j.1745-6584.2003.tb02406.x","issn":"0017467X","usgsCitation":"Becker, M., Metge, D., Collins, S., Shapiro, A., and Harvey, R., 2003, Bacterial transport experiments in fractured crystalline bedrock: Ground Water, v. 41, no. 5, p. 682-689, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6584.2003.tb02406.x.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"682","endPage":"689","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":209355,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6584.2003.tb02406.x"},{"id":235688,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"41","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2005-12-13","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059ef9be4b0c8380cd4a34a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Becker, M.W.","contributorId":35896,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Becker","given":"M.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":404161,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Metge, D.W.","contributorId":51477,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Metge","given":"D.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":404162,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Collins, S.A.","contributorId":63947,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Collins","given":"S.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":404163,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Shapiro, A.M. 0000-0002-6425-9607","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6425-9607","contributorId":88384,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Shapiro","given":"A.M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":404164,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Harvey, R.W. 0000-0002-2791-8503","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2791-8503","contributorId":11757,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Harvey","given":"R.W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":404160,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70025170,"text":"70025170 - 2003 - Arsenic speciation and reactivity in poultry litter","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-11-19T10:51:09","indexId":"70025170","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1565,"text":"Environmental Science & Technology","onlineIssn":"1520-5851","printIssn":"0013-936X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Arsenic speciation and reactivity in poultry litter","docAbstract":"Recent U.S. government action to lower the maximum concentration levels (MCL) of total arsenic (As) (10 ppb) in drinking water has raised serious concerns about the agricultural use of As-containing biosolids such as poultry litter (PL). In this study, solid-state chemical speciation, desorbability, and total levels of As in PL and long-term amended soils were investigated using novel synchrotron-based probing techniques (microfocused (μ) synchrotron X-ray fluorescence (SXRF) and μ-X-ray absorption near-edge structure (XANES) spectroscopies) coupled with chemical digestion and batch experiments. The total As levels in the PL were as high as ≈50 mg kg-1, and As(II/III and V) was always concentrated in abundant needle-shaped microscopic particles (≈20 μm × 850 μm) associated with Ca, Cu, and Fe and to a lesser extent with S, Cl, and Zn. Post-edge XANES features of litter particles are dissimilar to those of the organo-As(V) compound in poultry feed (i.e., roxarsone), suggesting possible degradation/transformation of roxarsone in the litter and/or in poultry digestive tracts. The extent of As desorption from the litter increased with increasing time and pH from 4.5 to 7, but at most 15% of the total As was released after 5 d at pH 7, indicating the presence of insoluble phases and/or strongly retained soluble compounds. No significant As accumulation (<15 mg kg-1) was found in long-term PL-amended agricultural surface soils. This suggests that As in the PL may have undergone surface and subsurface transport processes. Our research results raise concerns about long-term PL amendment effects on As contamination in surrounding soil−water environments.
Methyl-tertiary-butyl ether (MTBE), an additive used to oxygenate gasoline, has been detected in lakes in northwestern New Jersey. This occurrence has been attributed to the use of gasoline-powered watercraft. This paper documents and explains both seasonal and daily variations in MTBE concentrations at Cranberry Lake. During a recent boating season (late April to September 1999), concentrations of MTBE typically exceeded 20 μg/L. MTBE concentrations varied daily from 12 to 24 μg/L over a 2-week period that included the Labor Day holiday. Concentrations were highest on weekends when there is more boat traffic, which had an immediate effect on MTBE mass throughout the lake. MTBE concentrations decreased to about 2 μg/L shortly after the end of the summer recreational season. The loss of MTBE can be accounted for by volatilization, with a half-life on the order of 10 days. The volatilization rate was modeled with the daily decrease in MTBE then the modeled rate was validated using the data from the seasonal decline.
This paper examines how the subcellular partitioning of Cd and Zn in the bivalves Macoma balthica and Potamocorbula amurensis may affect the trophic transfer of metal to predators. Results show that the partitioning of metals to organelles, Œenzymes¹ and metallothioneins (MT) comprise a subcellular compartment containing trophically available metal (TAM; i.e. metal trophically available to predators), and that because this partitioning varies with species, animal size and metal, TAM is similarly influenced. Clams from San Francisco Bay, California, were exposed for 14 d to 3.5 µg l-1 Cd and 20.5 µg l-1 Zn, including 109Cd and 65Zn as radiotracers, and were used in feeding experiments with grass shrimp Palaemon macrodatylus, or used to investigate the subcellular partitioning of metal. Grass shrimp fed Cd-contaminated P. amurensis absorbed ~60% of ingested Cd, which was in accordance with the partitioning of Cd to the bivalve¹s TAM compartment (i.e. Cd associated with organelles, Œenzymes¹ and MT); a similar relationship was found in previous studies with grass shrimp fed Cd-contaminated oligochaetes. Thus, TAM may be used as a tool to predict the trophic transfer of at least Cd. Subcellular fractionation revealed that ~34% of both the Cd and Zn accumulated by M. balthica was associated with TAM, while partitioning to TAM in P. amurensis was metal-dependent (~60% for TAM-Cd%, ~73% for TAM-Zn%). The greater TAM-Cd% of P. amurensis than M. balthica is due to preferential binding of Cd to MT and Œenzymes¹, while enhanced TAM-Zn% of P. amurensis results from a greater binding of Zn to organelles. TAM for most species-metal combinations was size-dependent, decreasing with increased clam size. Based on field data, it is estimated that of the 2 bivalves, P. amurensis poses the greater threat of Cd exposure to predators because of higher tissue concentrations and greater partitioning as TAM; exposure of Zn to predators would be similar between these species.
","language":"English","publisher":"Inter-Research","doi":"10.3354/meps257125","issn":"01718630","usgsCitation":"Wallace, W., and Luoma, S.N., 2003, Subcellular compartmentalization of Cd and Zn in two bivalves. II. Significance of trophically available metal (TAM): Marine Ecology Progress Series, v. 257, p. 125-137, https://doi.org/10.3354/meps257125.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"125","endPage":"137","numberOfPages":"13","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":487481,"rank":1,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.3354/meps257125","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":235649,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"257","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b9d03e4b08c986b31d5bb","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wallace, W.G.","contributorId":55588,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wallace","given":"W.G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":404006,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Luoma, Samuel N. 0000-0001-5443-5091 snluoma@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5443-5091","contributorId":2287,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Luoma","given":"Samuel","email":"snluoma@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"N.","affiliations":[{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":778884,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70025147,"text":"70025147 - 2003 - Modeling white sturgeon movement in a reservoir: The effect of water quality and sturgeon density","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:56","indexId":"70025147","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1458,"text":"Ecological Modelling","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Modeling white sturgeon movement in a reservoir: The effect of water quality and sturgeon density","docAbstract":"We developed a movement model to examine the distribution and survival of white sturgeon (Acipenser transmontanus) in a reservoir subject to large spatial and temporal variation in dissolved oxygen and temperature. Temperature and dissolved oxygen were simulated by a CE-QUAL-W2 model of Brownlee Reservoir, Idaho for a typical wet, normal, and dry hydrologic year. We compared current water quality conditions to scenarios with reduced nutrient inputs to the reservoir. White sturgeon habitat quality was modeled as a function of temperature, dissolved oxygen and, in some cases, suitability for foraging and depth. We assigned a quality index to each cell along the bottom of the reservoir. The model simulated two aspects of daily movement. Advective movement simulated the tendency for animals to move toward areas with high habitat quality, and diffusion simulated density dependent movement away from areas with high sturgeon density in areas with non-lethal habitat conditions. Mortality resulted when sturgeon were unable to leave areas with lethal temperature or dissolved oxygen conditions. Water quality was highest in winter and early spring and lowest in mid to late summer. Limiting nutrient inputs reduced the area of Brownlee Reservoir with lethal conditions for sturgeon and raised the average habitat suitability throughout the reservoir. Without movement, simulated white sturgeon survival ranged between 45 and 89%. Allowing movement raised the predicted survival of sturgeon under all conditions to above 90% as sturgeon avoided areas with low habitat quality. ?? 2003 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Ecological Modelling","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/S0304-3800(03)00169-8","issn":"03043800","usgsCitation":"Sullivan, A., Jager, H., and Myers, R., 2003, Modeling white sturgeon movement in a reservoir: The effect of water quality and sturgeon density: Ecological Modelling, v. 167, no. 1-2, p. 97-114, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0304-3800(03)00169-8.","startPage":"97","endPage":"114","numberOfPages":"18","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":209582,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0304-3800(03)00169-8"},{"id":236211,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"167","issue":"1-2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a5c5ee4b0c8380cd6fc2f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Sullivan, A.B.","contributorId":17030,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sullivan","given":"A.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":404000,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Jager, H.I.","contributorId":99734,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jager","given":"H.I.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":404002,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Myers, R.","contributorId":80060,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Myers","given":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":404001,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70025140,"text":"70025140 - 2003 - Pesticides, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, and polychlorinated biphenyls in transport in two Atlantic coastal plain tributaries and loadings to Chesapeake Bay","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:56","indexId":"70025140","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2265,"text":"Journal of Environmental Science and Health - Part A Toxic/Hazardous Substances and Environmental Engineering","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Pesticides, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, and polychlorinated biphenyls in transport in two Atlantic coastal plain tributaries and loadings to Chesapeake Bay","docAbstract":"Concentrations of current-use pesticides, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), and organochlorine (OC) insecticides were determined above the reach of tide in the Chesterville Branch and Nanticoke River on the eastern shore of Chesapeake Bay during base-flow and storm-flow hydrologic regimes to evaluate mass transport to Chesapeake Bay. The two rivers monitored showed relatively high concentrations of atrazine, simazine, alachlor, and metolachlor in comparison to previously investigated western shore tributaries, and reflected the predominant agricultural land use in the eastern shore watersheds. The four current use pesticides showed the greatest seasonal contribution to annual loadings to tidal waters of Chesapeake Bay from the two rivers, and the relative order of annual loadings for the other contaminant classes was PAHs > PCBs > OC insecticides. Annual loadings normalized to the landscape areas of selected Chesapeake Bay watersheds showed correlations to identifiable source areas, with the highest pesticide yields (g/km2/yr) occurring in eastern shore agricultural landscapes, and the highest PAH yields derived from urban regions.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Environmental Science and Health - Part A Toxic/Hazardous Substances and Environmental Engineering","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1081/ESE-120021119","issn":"10934529","usgsCitation":"Foster, G., Miller, C., Huff, T., and Roberts, E., 2003, Pesticides, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, and polychlorinated biphenyls in transport in two Atlantic coastal plain tributaries and loadings to Chesapeake Bay: Journal of Environmental Science and Health - Part A Toxic/Hazardous Substances and Environmental Engineering, v. 38, no. 7, p. 1177-1200, https://doi.org/10.1081/ESE-120021119.","startPage":"1177","endPage":"1200","numberOfPages":"24","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":209534,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1081/ESE-120021119"},{"id":236097,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"38","issue":"7","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a7773e4b0c8380cd784ce","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Foster, G.D.","contributorId":98464,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Foster","given":"G.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":403979,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Miller, C.V.","contributorId":41026,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Miller","given":"C.V.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":403977,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Huff, T.B.","contributorId":37133,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Huff","given":"T.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":403976,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Roberts, E. Jr.","contributorId":96065,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Roberts","given":"E.","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":403978,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70025139,"text":"70025139 - 2003 - Oxygen isotopes in nitrate: New reference materials for 18O:17O:16O measurements and observations on nitrate-water equilibration","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-04-06T22:40:48.761812","indexId":"70025139","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3233,"text":"Rapid Communications in Mass Spectrometry","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"displayTitle":"Oxygen isotopes in nitrate: New reference materials for 18O:17O:16O measurements and observations on nitrate-water equilibration","title":"Oxygen isotopes in nitrate: New reference materials for 18O:17O:16O measurements and observations on nitrate-water equilibration","docAbstract":"Despite a rapidly growing literature on analytical methods and field applications of O isotope-ratio measurements of NO3− in environmental studies, there is evidence that the reported data may not be comparable because reference materials with widely varying δ18O values have not been readily available. To address this problem, we prepared large quantities of two nitrate salts with contrasting O isotopic compositions for distribution as reference materials for O isotope-ratio measurements: USGS34 (KNO3) with low δ18O and USGS35 (NaNO3) with high δ18O and ‘mass-independent’ δ17O. The procedure used to produce USGS34 involved equilibration of HNO3 with 18O-depleted meteoric water. Nitric acid equilibration is proposed as a simple method for producing laboratory NO3− reference materials with a range of δ18O values and normal (mass-dependent) 18O:17O:16O variation. Preliminary data indicate that the equilibrium O isotope-fractionation factor (α) between [NO3−] and H2O decreases with increasing temperature from 1.0215 at 22°C to 1.0131 at 100°C. USGS35 was purified from the nitrate ore deposits of the Atacama Desert in Chile and has a high 17O:18O ratio owing to its atmospheric origin. These new reference materials, combined with previously distributed NO3− isotopic reference materials IAEA-N3 (=IAEA-NO-3) and USGS32, can be used to calibrate local laboratory reference materials for determining offset values, scale factors, and mass-independent effects on N and O isotope-ratio measurements in a wide variety of environmental NO3− samples. Preliminary analyses yield the following results (normalized with respect to VSMOW and SLAP, with reproducibilities of ±0.2–0.3‰, 1σ): IAEA-N3 has δ18O = +25.6‰ and δ17O = +13.2‰; USGS32 has δ18O = +25.7‰; USGS34 has δ18O = −27.9‰ and δ17O = −14.8‰; and USGS35 has δ18O = +57.5‰ and δ17O = +51.5‰.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1002/rcm.1123","issn":"09514198","usgsCitation":"Böhlke, J., Mroczkowski, S., and Coplen, T., 2003, Oxygen isotopes in nitrate: New reference materials for 18O:17O:16O measurements and observations on nitrate-water equilibration: Rapid Communications in Mass Spectrometry, v. 17, no. 16, p. 1835-1846, https://doi.org/10.1002/rcm.1123.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"1835","endPage":"1846","numberOfPages":"12","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":236061,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"17","issue":"16","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2003-07-04","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a72b1e4b0c8380cd76c41","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Böhlke, J.K. 0000-0001-5693-6455","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5693-6455","contributorId":96696,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Böhlke","given":"J.K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":403975,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Mroczkowski, S.J.","contributorId":58673,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mroczkowski","given":"S.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":403974,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Coplen, T.B.","contributorId":34147,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Coplen","given":"T.B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":403973,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70025134,"text":"70025134 - 2003 - Evaluation of specific ultraviolet absorbance as an indicator of the chemical composition and reactivity of dissolved organic carbon","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-01-04T13:25:57","indexId":"70025134","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1565,"text":"Environmental Science & Technology","onlineIssn":"1520-5851","printIssn":"0013-936X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Evaluation of specific ultraviolet absorbance as an indicator of the chemical composition and reactivity of dissolved organic carbon","docAbstract":"Specific UV absorbance (SUVA) is defined as the UV absorbance of a water sample at a given wavelength normalized for dissolved organic carbon (DOC) concentration. Our data indicate that SUVA, determined at 254 nm, is strongly correlated with percent aromaticity as determined by 13C NMR for 13 organic matter isolates obtained from a variety of aquatic environments. SUVA, therefore, is shown to be a useful parameter for estimating the dissolved aromatic carbon content in aquatic systems. Experiments involving the reactivity of DOC with chlorine and tetramethylammonium hydroxide (TMAH), however, show a wide range of reactivity for samples with similar SUVA values. These results indicate that, while SUVA measurements are good predictors of general chemical characteristics of DOC, they do not provide information about reactivity of DOC derived from different types of source materials. Sample pH, nitrate, and iron were found to influence SUVA measurements.","language":"English","publisher":"ACS","doi":"10.1021/es030360x","issn":"0013936X","usgsCitation":"Weishaar, J., Aiken, G.R., Bergamaschi, B., Fram, M.S., Fujii, R., and Mopper, K., 2003, Evaluation of specific ultraviolet absorbance as an indicator of the chemical composition and reactivity of dissolved organic carbon: Environmental Science & Technology, v. 37, no. 20, p. 4702-4708, https://doi.org/10.1021/es030360x.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"4702","endPage":"4708","numberOfPages":"7","costCenters":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":438876,"rank":1,"type":{"id":30,"text":"Data Release"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5066/P9SBK2DZ","text":"USGS data release","linkHelpText":"Stream and River Chemistry in Watersheds of Northwestern Alaska, 2015-2019"},{"id":235988,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"37","issue":"20","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2003-09-17","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0cc5e4b0c8380cd52cb9","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Weishaar, J.L.","contributorId":99754,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Weishaar","given":"J.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":403956,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Aiken, George R. 0000-0001-8454-0984 graiken@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8454-0984","contributorId":1322,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Aiken","given":"George","email":"graiken@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":5044,"text":"National Research Program - Central Branch","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":191,"text":"Colorado Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":403951,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Bergamaschi, Brian A. 0000-0002-9610-5581 bbergama@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9610-5581","contributorId":1448,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bergamaschi","given":"Brian A.","email":"bbergama@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":403952,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Fram, Miranda S. 0000-0002-6337-059X mfram@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6337-059X","contributorId":1156,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fram","given":"Miranda","email":"mfram@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":403955,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Fujii, Roger rfujii@usgs.gov","contributorId":553,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fujii","given":"Roger","email":"rfujii@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":403953,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Mopper, K.","contributorId":63211,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mopper","given":"K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":403954,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ]}