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About 30 large-scale (tens of kilometers) surface changes are obvious from comparison of the SSI images to those acquired by Voyager in 1979. These include new pyroclastic deposits of several colors, bright and dark flows, and caldera-floor materials. There have also been significant surface changes on Io during the Galileo mission itself, such as a new 400-km-diameter dark pyroclastic deposit around Pillan Patera. While these surface changes are impressive, the number of large-scale changes observed in the four months between the Voyager 1 and Voyager 2 flybys in 1979 suggested that over 17 years the cumulative changes would have been much more impressive. There are two reasons why this was not actually the case. First, it appears that the most widespread plume deposits are ephemeral and seem to disappear within a few years. Second, it appears that a large fraction of the volcanic activity is confined to repeated resurfacing of dark calderas and flow fields that cover only a few percent of Io's surface. The plume monitoring has revealed 10 active plumes, comparable to the 9 plumes observed by Voyager. One of these plumes was visible only in the first orbit and three became active in the later orbits. Only the Prometheus plume has been consistently active and easy to detect. Observations of the Pele plume have been particularly intriguing since it was detected only once by SSI, despite repeated attempts, but has been detected several times by the Hubble Space Telescope at 255 nm. Pele's plume is much taller (460 km) than during Voyager 1 (300 km) and much fainter at visible wavelengths. Prometheus-type plumes (50-150 km high, long-lived, associated with high-temperature hot spots) may result from silicate lava flows or shallow intrusions interacting with near-surface SO2. A major and surprising result is that ~30 of Io's volcanic vents glow in the dark at the short wavelengths of SSI. These are probably due to thermal emission from surfaces hotter than 700 K (with most hotter than 1000 K), well above the temperature of pure sulfur volcanism. Active silicate volcanism appears ubiquitous. There are also widespread diffuse glows seen in eclipse, related to the interaction of energetic particles with the atmosphere. These diffuse glows are closely associated with the most active volcanic vents, supporting suggestions that Io's atmopshere is dominated by volcanic outgassing. Globally, volcanic centers are rather evenly distributed. However, 14 of the 15 active plumes seen by Voyager and/or Galileo are within 30?? of the equator, and there are concentrations of glows seen in eclipse at both the sub- and antijovian points. These patterns might be related to asthenospheric tidal heating or tidal stresses. Io will continue to be observed during the Galileo Europa Mission, which will climax with two close flybys of Io in late 1999. ?? 1998 Academic Press.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Icarus","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1006/icar.1998.5972","issn":"00191035","usgsCitation":"McEwen, A.S., Keszthelyi, L., Geissler, P., Simonelli, D., Carr, M.H., Johnson, T.V., Klaasen, K., Breneman, H., Jones, T., Kaufman, J., Magee, K., Senske, D., Belton, M.J., and Schubert, G., 1998, Active Volcanism on Io as Seen by Galileo SSI: Icarus, v. 135, no. 1, p. 181-219, https://doi.org/10.1006/icar.1998.5972.","startPage":"181","endPage":"219","numberOfPages":"39","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":479780,"rank":10000,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1006/icar.1998.5972","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":206919,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1006/icar.1998.5972"},{"id":231240,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"135","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e6a8e4b0c8380cd47579","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"McEwen, A. S.","contributorId":11317,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McEwen","given":"A.","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":387452,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Keszthelyi, L.","contributorId":42691,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Keszthelyi","given":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":387456,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Geissler, P.","contributorId":45662,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Geissler","given":"P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":387457,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Simonelli, D.P.","contributorId":42373,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Simonelli","given":"D.P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":387455,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Carr, M. H.","contributorId":84727,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Carr","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[{"id":131,"text":"Astrogeology Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":387465,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Johnson, T. V.","contributorId":79619,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Johnson","given":"T.","email":"","middleInitial":"V.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":387464,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Klaasen, K.P.","contributorId":56806,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Klaasen","given":"K.P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":387460,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Breneman, H.H.","contributorId":13400,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Breneman","given":"H.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":387453,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Jones, T.J.","contributorId":70144,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jones","given":"T.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":387461,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9},{"text":"Kaufman, J.M.","contributorId":38321,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kaufman","given":"J.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":387454,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":10},{"text":"Magee, K.P.","contributorId":52744,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Magee","given":"K.P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":387459,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":11},{"text":"Senske, D.A.","contributorId":76896,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Senske","given":"D.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":387462,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":12},{"text":"Belton, M. J. S.","contributorId":79223,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Belton","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"J. S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":387463,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":13},{"text":"Schubert, G.","contributorId":51679,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schubert","given":"G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":387458,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":14}]}}
,{"id":70020771,"text":"70020771 - 1998 - High-temperature silicate volcanism on Jupiter's moon Io","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:19","indexId":"70020771","displayToPublicDate":"1998-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3338,"text":"Science","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"High-temperature silicate volcanism on Jupiter's moon Io","docAbstract":"Infrared wavelength observations of Io by the Galileo spacecraft show that at last 12 different vents are erupting lavas that are probably hotter than the highest temperature basaltic eruptions on Earth today. In at least one case, the eruption near Pillan Patea, two independent instruments on Galileo show that the lava temperature must have exceeded 1700 kelvin and may have reached 2000 kelvin. The most likely explanation is that these lavas are ultramafic (magnesium-rich) silicates, and this idea is supported by the tentative identification of magnesium-rich orthopyroxene in lava flows associated with thse high-temperature hot spots.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Science","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1126/science.281.5373.87","issn":"00368075","usgsCitation":"McEwen, A.S., Keszthelyi, L., Spencer, J., Schubert, G., Matson, D.L., Lopes-Gautier, R., Klaasen, K., Johnson, T.V., Head, J., Geissler, P., Fagents, S., Davies, A.G., Carr, M.H., Breneman, H., and Belton, M.J., 1998, High-temperature silicate volcanism on Jupiter's moon Io: Science, v. 281, no. 5373, p. 87-90, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.281.5373.87.","startPage":"87","endPage":"90","numberOfPages":"4","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":206918,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.281.5373.87"},{"id":231238,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"281","issue":"5373","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a3140e4b0c8380cd5dd7e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"McEwen, A. S.","contributorId":11317,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McEwen","given":"A.","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":387435,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Keszthelyi, L.","contributorId":42691,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Keszthelyi","given":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":387439,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Spencer, J.R.","contributorId":106270,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Spencer","given":"J.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":387449,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Schubert, G.","contributorId":51679,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schubert","given":"G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":387441,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Matson, D. L.","contributorId":59940,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Matson","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":387443,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Lopes-Gautier, R.","contributorId":13763,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lopes-Gautier","given":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":387437,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Klaasen, K.P.","contributorId":56806,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Klaasen","given":"K.P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":387442,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Johnson, T. V.","contributorId":79619,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Johnson","given":"T.","email":"","middleInitial":"V.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":387447,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Head, J.W.","contributorId":67982,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Head","given":"J.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":387444,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9},{"text":"Geissler, P.","contributorId":45662,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Geissler","given":"P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":387440,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":10},{"text":"Fagents, S.","contributorId":38733,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fagents","given":"S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":387438,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":11},{"text":"Davies, A. G.","contributorId":72538,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Davies","given":"A.","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":387445,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":12},{"text":"Carr, M. H.","contributorId":84727,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Carr","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[{"id":131,"text":"Astrogeology Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":387448,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":13},{"text":"Breneman, H.H.","contributorId":13400,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Breneman","given":"H.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":387436,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":14},{"text":"Belton, M. J. S.","contributorId":79223,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Belton","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"J. 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,{"id":70020767,"text":"70020767 - 1998 - Aryl hydrocarbon receptor function in early vertebrates:Inducibility of cytochrome P450 1A in agnathan and elasmobranch fish","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-05-06T15:19:17","indexId":"70020767","displayToPublicDate":"1998-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3820,"text":"Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology, Part C: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Endocrinology","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Aryl hydrocarbon receptor function in early vertebrates:Inducibility of cytochrome P450 1A in agnathan and elasmobranch fish","docAbstract":"<p><span>The mammalian aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR) is a ligand-activated transcription factor that controls the expression of cytochrome P450 1A (CYP1A) genes in response to halogenated aromatic hydrocarbons such as 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-</span><i>p</i><span>-dioxin (TCDD). The natural ligand and normal physiologic function of this protein are as yet unknown. One approach to understanding AHR function and significance is to determine the evolutionary history of this receptor and of processes such as CYP1A induction that are controlled by the AHR in mammals. In these studies, AHR function was evaluated in representative cartilaginous fish (little skate, </span><i>Raja erinacea</i><span>) and jawless fish (sea lamprey, </span><i>Petromyzon marinus</i><span> and Atlantic hagfish, </span><i>Myxine glutinosa</i><span>), using CYP1A induction as a model AHR-dependent response. Treatment of skate with </span><i>β</i><span>-naphthoflavone (BNF) caused an 8-fold increase in hepatic ethoxyresorufin </span><i>O</i><span>-deethylase (EROD) activity as well as a 37-fold increase in the content of immunodetectable CYP1A protein. Evidence of CYP1A inducibility was also obtained for another cartilaginous fish, the smooth dogfish </span><i>Mustelus canis</i><span>. In contrast, hepatic EROD activity was not detected in untreated lamprey nor in lamprey treated with 3,3′,4,4′-tetrachlorobiphenyl (TCB), a potent AHR agonist in teleosts. A possible CYP1A homolog was detected in lamprey hepatic microsomes by one of three antibodies to teleost CYP1A, but expression of this protein was not altered by TCB treatment. CYP1A protein and catalytic activity were measurable in hagfish, but neither was induced after treatment with TCB. These results suggest that the AHR-CYP1A signal transduction pathway is highly conserved in gnathostomes, but that there may be fundamental differences in AHR signaling or AHR-CYP1A coupling in agnathan fish. Agnathan fish such as hagfish and lamprey may be interesting model species for examining possible ancestral AHR functions not related to CYP1A regulation.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/S0742-8413(98)00007-3","issn":"07428413","usgsCitation":"Hahn, M.E., Woodin, B.R., Stegeman, J.J., and Tillitt, D.E., 1998, Aryl hydrocarbon receptor function in early vertebrates:Inducibility of cytochrome P450 1A in agnathan and elasmobranch fish: Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology, Part C: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Endocrinology, v. 120, no. 1, p. 67-75, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0742-8413(98)00007-3.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"67","endPage":"75","costCenters":[{"id":192,"text":"Columbia Environmental Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":231159,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"120","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059edb3e4b0c8380cd4995e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hahn, Mark E.","contributorId":175338,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Hahn","given":"Mark","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":387426,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Woodin, Bruce R.","contributorId":96632,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Woodin","given":"Bruce","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":6706,"text":"Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution,","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":387428,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Stegeman, John J.","contributorId":55102,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Stegeman","given":"John","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":6706,"text":"Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution,","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":387425,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Tillitt, Donald E. 0000-0002-8278-3955 dtillitt@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8278-3955","contributorId":1875,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tillitt","given":"Donald","email":"dtillitt@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":192,"text":"Columbia Environmental Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":387427,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70020758,"text":"70020758 - 1998 - Response of bushy-tailed woodrats (Neotoma cinerea) to late Quaternary climatic change in the Colorado Plateau","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:43","indexId":"70020758","displayToPublicDate":"1998-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3218,"text":"Quaternary Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Response of bushy-tailed woodrats (Neotoma cinerea) to late Quaternary climatic change in the Colorado Plateau","docAbstract":"Temperature profoundly influences the physiology and life history characteristics of organisms, particularly in terms of body size. Because so many critical parameters scale with body mass, long-term temperature fluctuations can have dramatic impacts. We examined the response of a small mammalian herbivore, the bushy-tailed woodrat (Neotoma cinerea), to temperature change from 20 000 yr BP to present, at five sites within the Colorado Plateau. Our investigations focused on the relationship between temperature, plant composition and abundance, and woodrat size. Body size was estimated by measuring fossil fecal pellets, a technique validated in earlier work. We found significant and highly covariable patterns in body mass over the five locations, suggesting that responses to temperature fluctuations during the late Quaternary have been very similar. Although woodrat mass and the occurrence of several plant species in the fossil record were significantly correlated, in virtually all instances changes in woodrat size preceded changes in vegetational composition. These results may be due to the greater sensitivity of woodrats to temperature, or to the shorter generation times of woodrats as compared to most plants. An alternative hypothesis is that winter temperatures increased before summer ones. Woodrats are highly sensitive to warmer winters, whereas little response would be expected from forest/woodland plants growing at their lower limits. Our work suggests that woodrat size is a precise paleothermometer, yielding information about temperature variation over relatively short-term temporal and regional scales.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Quaternary Research","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1006/qres.1998.1982","issn":"00335894","usgsCitation":"Smith, F., and Betancourt, J., 1998, Response of bushy-tailed woodrats (Neotoma cinerea) to late Quaternary climatic change in the Colorado Plateau: Quaternary Research, v. 50, no. 1, p. 1-11, https://doi.org/10.1006/qres.1998.1982.","startPage":"1","endPage":"11","numberOfPages":"11","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":206871,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1006/qres.1998.1982"},{"id":231040,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"50","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2017-01-20","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505aaa3de4b0c8380cd8620c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Smith, F.A.","contributorId":11373,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smith","given":"F.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":387388,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Betancourt, J.L. 0000-0002-7165-0743","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7165-0743","contributorId":87505,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Betancourt","given":"J.L.","affiliations":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":387389,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70020755,"text":"70020755 - 1998 - The CETAC ADX-500 Autodiluter System: A Study of Dilution Performance with the ELAN 6000 ICP-MS and ELAN Software","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-03-06T17:50:25.350403","indexId":"70020755","displayToPublicDate":"1998-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":932,"text":"Atomic Spectroscopy","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The CETAC ADX-500 Autodiluter System: A Study of Dilution Performance with the ELAN 6000 ICP-MS and ELAN Software","docAbstract":"The CETAC ADX-500 autodiluter system was tested with ELAN?? v 2.1 software and the ELAN 6000 ICP-MS instrument to determine on-line automated dilution performance during analysis of standard solutions containing nine analytes representative of the mass spectral range (mass 9 to mass 238). Two or more dilution schemes were tested for each of 5 test tube designs. Dilution performance was determined by comparison of analyte concentration means of diluted and non-diluted standards. Accurate dilutions resulted with one syringe pump addition of diluent in small diameter round-bottomed (13 mm OD) or conical-tipped (18 mm OD) tubes and one or more syringe pump additions in large diameter (28 mm OD) conical-tipped tubes. Inadequate dilution mixing which produced high analyte concentration means was observed for all dilutions conducted in flat-bottomed tubes, and for dilutions requiring multiple syringe additions of diluent in small diameter round-bottomed and conical tipped tubes. Effective mixing of diluted solutions was found to depend largely upon tube diameter and liquid depth: smaller tube diameters and greater liquid depth resulted in ineffective mixing, whereas greater tube diameter and shallower liquid depth facilitated effective mixing. Two design changes for the autodiluter were suggested that would allow effective mixing to occur using any dilution scheme and tube design.","language":"English","publisher":"Atomic Spectroscopy Press","doi":"10.46770/AS.1998.05.001","usgsCitation":"May, T.W., and Wiedmeyer, R., 1998, The CETAC ADX-500 Autodiluter System: A Study of Dilution Performance with the ELAN 6000 ICP-MS and ELAN Software: Atomic Spectroscopy, v. 19, no. 5, p. 143-149, https://doi.org/10.46770/AS.1998.05.001.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"143","endPage":"149","numberOfPages":"7","costCenters":[{"id":192,"text":"Columbia Environmental Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":231000,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":413707,"rank":2,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://www.at-spectrosc.com/as/article/abstract/199805001?st=article_issue","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"volume":"19","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505ba6b2e4b08c986b321246","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"May, Thomas W. tmay@usgs.gov","contributorId":2598,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"May","given":"Thomas","email":"tmay@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":192,"text":"Columbia Environmental Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":387380,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Wiedmeyer, Ray H.","contributorId":20096,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wiedmeyer","given":"Ray H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":387379,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70020748,"text":"70020748 - 1998 - Reductive dissolution and reactive solute transport in a sewage-contaminated glacial outwash aquifer","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-02-04T10:16:50","indexId":"70020748","displayToPublicDate":"1998-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1861,"text":"Ground Water","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Reductive dissolution and reactive solute transport in a sewage-contaminated glacial outwash aquifer","docAbstract":"Contamination of shallow ground water by sewage effluent typically contains reduced chemical species that consume dissolved oxygen, developing either a low oxygen geochemical environment or an anaerobic geochemical environment. Based on the load of reduced chemical species discharged to shallow ground water and the amounts of reactants in the aquifer matrix, it should be possible to determine chemical processes in the aquifer and compare observed results to predicted ones. At the Otis Air Base research site (Cape Cod, Massachusetts) where sewage effluent has infiltrated the shallow aquifer since 1936, bacterially mediated processes such as nitrification, denitrification, manganese reduction, and iron reduction have been observed in the contaminant plume. In specific areas of the plume, dissolved manganese and iron have increased significantly where local geochemical conditions are favorable for reduction and transport of these constituents from the aquifer matrix. Dissolved manganese and iron concentrations ranged from 0.02 to 7.3 mg/L, and 0.001 to 13.0 mg/L, respectively, for 21 samples collected from 1988 to 1989. Reduction of manganese and iron is linked to microbial oxidation of sewage carbon, producing bicarbonate and the dissolved metal ions as by-products. Calculated production and flux of CO2 through the unsaturated zone from manganese reduction in the aquifer was 0.035 g/m2/d (12% of measured CO2 flux during winter). Manganese is limited in the aquifer, however. A one-dimensional, reaction-coupled transport model developed for the mildly reducing conditions in the sewage plume nearest the source beds showed that reduction, transport, and removal of manganese from the aquifer sediments should result in iron reduction where manganese has been depleted.","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1111/j.1745-6584.1998.tb02832.x","issn":"0017467X","usgsCitation":"Lee, R.W., and Bennett, P., 1998, Reductive dissolution and reactive solute transport in a sewage-contaminated glacial outwash aquifer: Ground Water, v. 36, no. 4, p. 583-595, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6584.1998.tb02832.x.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"583","endPage":"595","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":230921,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"36","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2005-12-23","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"50e4a3e9e4b0e8fec6cdba1f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lee, R. W.","contributorId":86757,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lee","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":387364,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bennett, P.C.","contributorId":24357,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bennett","given":"P.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":387363,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70020740,"text":"70020740 - 1998 - Faulting along the southern margin of Reelfoot Lake, Tennessee","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-10-18T23:56:04.939693","indexId":"70020740","displayToPublicDate":"1998-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1135,"text":"Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America","onlineIssn":"1943-3573","printIssn":"0037-1106","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Faulting along the southern margin of Reelfoot Lake, Tennessee","docAbstract":"<p>Approximately 320 km of deep seismic-reflection profiles in northwestern Tennessee reveal the structure of a major portion of the southeastern margin of the Reelfoot Rift. This rift margin consists of at least two major down-to-the-west late Precambrian to Cambrian normal faults. Maximum fault displacement at one location is 3 km. These two faults strike N50°E, in their northern portions; over their southern extent they trend N30°E however.</p><p>Numerous faults in these reflection lines displace Paleozoic, Cretaceous, and Tertiary reflectors. The dominantly reverse faulting, folding, and positive flower structures in the shallower section indicate Eocene or younger transpression. We believe the late Tertiary faulting is due to reactivation of the basement faults, because on some of the reflection lines basement normal faults can be traced into Tertiary reverse faults, the Tertiary faults parallel the basement faults, and the Tertiary faults overlie or are adjacent to the basement faults. Numerous faults displace the highest (youngest) reflectors and therefore we do not know how recently faulting has occurred. Previous studies have identified Quaternary faulting within the southeastern Reelfoot Rift margin of western Tennessee, however. Thus, we believe all of the late Tertiary faults identified in this research should be evaluated for possible Quaternary movement.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Seismological Society of America","doi":"10.1785/BSSA0880010131","issn":"00371106","usgsCitation":"Van Arsdale, R., Purser, J., Stephenson, W., and Odum, J., 1998, Faulting along the southern margin of Reelfoot Lake, Tennessee: Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, v. 88, no. 1, p. 131-139, https://doi.org/10.1785/BSSA0880010131.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"131","endPage":"139","numberOfPages":"9","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":231352,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Tennessee","otherGeospatial":"Reelfoot Lake","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -90.4,\n              36.3\n            ],\n            [\n              -90.4,\n              35.3\n            ],\n            [\n              -89.2,\n              35.3\n            ],\n            [\n              -89.2,\n              36.3\n            ],\n            [\n              -90.4,\n              36.3\n            ]\n          ]\n        ],\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"88","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1998-02-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0f23e4b0c8380cd537b8","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Van Arsdale, R.","contributorId":35093,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Van Arsdale","given":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":387327,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Purser, J.","contributorId":39158,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Purser","given":"J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":387329,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Stephenson, W.","contributorId":37910,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stephenson","given":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":387328,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Odum, J.","contributorId":7849,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Odum","given":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":387326,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70020731,"text":"70020731 - 1998 - New Tertiary stratigraphy for the Florida Keys and southern peninsula of Florida","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-12-20T23:45:07.863711","indexId":"70020731","displayToPublicDate":"1998-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1786,"text":"Geological Society of America Bulletin","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"New Tertiary stratigraphy for the Florida Keys and southern peninsula of Florida","docAbstract":"Seven lithologic formations, ranging in age from Oligocene to Pleistocene, were recently penetrated by core holes in southernmost Florida. From bottom to top, they are the early Oligocene Suwannee Limestone; late-early Oligocene-to-Miocene Arcadia Formation, basal Hawthorn Group; late Miocene Peace River Formation, upper Hawthorn Group; newly proposed late Miocene-to-Pliocene Long Key and Stock Island Formations; and Pleistocene Key Largo and Miami Limestones. The rocks of the Suwannee Limestone form a third-order sequence. Although the entire thickness was not penetrated, 96 m of Suwannee core from one well contains at least 50 vertically stacked, exposure-capped limestone cycles, presumably related to rapid eustatic fluctuations while experiencing tropical to subtropical conditions. The Arcadia Formation is a composite sequence containing four high-frequency sequences composed of multiple vertically stacked carbonate cycles. Most cycles do not show evidence of subaerial exposure and were deposited under more temperate conditions, relative to the Suwannee Limestone. The Arcadia Formation in southernmost Florida is bounded by regional unconformities representing third-order sequence boundaries. Post-Arcadia transgression produced a major backstepping of sediment accumulation above the upper sequence boundary of the Arcadia Formation. The Peace River Formation, composed of diatomaceous mudstones, has been identified only beneath the Florida peninsula and is not present beneath the Florida Keys. Deposition occurred during marine transgressive to high-stand conditions and a local phosphatization event (recorded in northeast Florida). The transgression is possibly related to a global rise in sea level, which resulted in upwelling of relatively cooler, relatively nutrient-rich water masses onto the Florida Platform. It is proposed that the absence of Peace River sediments beneath the Keys is due to sediment bypass of the upper surface of the Arcadia, a result of sediment sweeping by an ancestral Florida current. During late Miocene to Pliocene time in the Florida Keys, siliciclastics of the Long Key Formation and fine-grained carbonates of the Stock Island Formation prograded toward the southern edge of the Florida Platform and downlapped onto the regional unconformity at the top of the Arcadia. Shallow-marine Pleistocene limestones (Key Largo and Miami Limestones), deposited during tropical to subtropical conditions, drape over accretionary successions of the Long Key and Stock Island Formations.","language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","doi":"10.1130/0016-7606(1998)110<0231:NTSFTF>2.3.CO;2","issn":"00167606","usgsCitation":"Cunningham, K., McNeill, D., Guertin, L., Ciesielski, P., Scott, T., and De Verteuil, L., 1998, New Tertiary stratigraphy for the Florida Keys and southern peninsula of Florida: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 110, no. 2, p. 231-258, https://doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1998)110<0231:NTSFTF>2.3.CO;2.","productDescription":"28 p.","startPage":"231","endPage":"258","numberOfPages":"28","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":231236,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Florida","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -82.74968758309434,\n              24.14193347409706\n            ],\n            [\n              -79.93718758309475,\n              24.14193347409706\n            ],\n            [\n              -79.93718758309475,\n              25.79513540009077\n            ],\n            [\n              -82.74968758309434,\n              25.79513540009077\n            ],\n            [\n              -82.74968758309434,\n              24.14193347409706\n            ]\n          ]\n        ],\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"110","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a6539e4b0c8380cd72b3c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Cunningham, K.J.","contributorId":39852,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cunningham","given":"K.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":387302,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"McNeill, D.F.","contributorId":68901,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McNeill","given":"D.F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":387306,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Guertin, L.A.","contributorId":47937,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Guertin","given":"L.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":387303,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Ciesielski, P.F.","contributorId":24911,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ciesielski","given":"P.F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":387301,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Scott, T.M.","contributorId":66694,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Scott","given":"T.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":387304,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"De Verteuil, L.","contributorId":67242,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"De Verteuil","given":"L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":387305,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}}
,{"id":70020722,"text":"70020722 - 1998 - Episodic plate separation and fracture infill on the surface of Europa","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:15","indexId":"70020722","displayToPublicDate":"1998-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2840,"text":"Nature","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Episodic plate separation and fracture infill on the surface of Europa","docAbstract":"Images obtained by the Voyager spacecraft revealed dark, wedge-shaped bands on Europa that were interpreted as evidence that surface plates, 50- 100 km across, moved and rotated relative to each other. This implied that they may be mechanically decoupled from the interior by a layer of warm ice or liquid water. Here we report similar features seen in higher resolution images (420 metres per pixel) obtained by the Galileo spacecraft that reveal new details of wedge-band formation. In particular, the interior of one dark band shows bilateral symmetry of parallel lineaments and pit complexes which indicates that plate separation occurred in discrete episodes from a central axis. The images also show that this style of tectonic activity involved plates < 10 km across. Although this tectonic style superficially resembles aspects of similar activity on Earth, such as sea-floor spreading and the formation of ice leads in polar seas, there are significant differences in the underlying physical mechanisms: the wedge-shaped bands on Europa most probably formed when lower material (ice or water) rose to fill the fractures that widened in response to regional surface stresses.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Nature","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1038/34874","issn":"00280836","usgsCitation":"Sullivan, R., Greeley, R., Homan, K., Klemaszewski, J., Belton, M.J., Carr, M.H., Chapman, C.R., Tufts, R., Head, J.W., Pappalardo, R., Moore, J., and Thomas, P., 1998, Episodic plate separation and fracture infill on the surface of Europa: Nature, v. 391, no. 6665, p. 371-373, https://doi.org/10.1038/34874.","startPage":"371","endPage":"373","numberOfPages":"3","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":206879,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1038/34874"},{"id":231079,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"391","issue":"6665","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0a13e4b0c8380cd521b9","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Sullivan, R.","contributorId":63134,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sullivan","given":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":387269,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Greeley, R.","contributorId":6538,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Greeley","given":"R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":387263,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Homan, K.","contributorId":83700,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Homan","given":"K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":387271,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Klemaszewski, J.","contributorId":53556,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Klemaszewski","given":"J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":387267,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Belton, M. J. S.","contributorId":79223,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Belton","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"J. S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":387270,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Carr, M. H.","contributorId":84727,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Carr","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[{"id":131,"text":"Astrogeology Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":387272,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Chapman, C. R.","contributorId":12984,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chapman","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":387264,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Tufts, R.","contributorId":34681,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tufts","given":"R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":387265,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Head, J. W. III","contributorId":106267,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Head","given":"J.","suffix":"III","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":387274,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9},{"text":"Pappalardo, R.","contributorId":84924,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pappalardo","given":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":387273,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":10},{"text":"Moore, Jeff","contributorId":49059,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Moore","given":"Jeff","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":387266,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":11},{"text":"Thomas, P.","contributorId":59185,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thomas","given":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":387268,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":12}]}}
,{"id":70020710,"text":"70020710 - 1998 - A geologic history of the north-central Appalachians, part 3. The Alleghany orogeny","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-02-06T17:58:37.3152","indexId":"70020710","displayToPublicDate":"1998-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":732,"text":"American Journal of Science","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A geologic history of the north-central Appalachians, part 3. The Alleghany orogeny","docAbstract":"<p><span>The north-central Appalachians occupy a critical position within the 3000+ km-long Appalachian orogen, lying southwest of the boundary between the central and northern Appalachians (CNAB). The one-billion-year-long history of tectonic activity in eastern Laurentia includes the creation and evolution of the Appalachian orogen during the Paleozoic and the Mesozoic transformation of the orogen into a passive margin during Pangea's disassembly. A most important ingredient in the evolution of the orogen was the Alleghany orogeny, which was driven by the convergence and collision between Laurentia (Laurussia) and West Gondwana (Africa). The Alleghany orogeny in the central and southern Appalachians was a decollement tectonism that involved a larger part of eastern Laurentia than had the previous three orogenies. The fundamental element was a very low-angle thrust (decollement) that originated in mid-crustal levels east of the presently-exposed Appalachians and rose westwardly to progressively higher levels in the upper crust and the supra-crustal Paleozoic section. Alleghany deformation was widely developed in the hanging-wall block (allochthon), primarily in the form of thrust faults and fold-and-thrust structures, both of which splayed upward from the basal decollement. The youngest manifestations of the Alleghany orogeny were northeast-trending strike-slip faults and dextral shear zones in the Piedmont. In the north-central Appalachians, the exposed allochthon consists of two parts: the sedimentary externides (Appalachian Plateau and Valley and Ridge provinces) and the crystalline externides (Reading Prong, Blue Ridge belt, and Piedmont province). Long, thrust-cored anticlines predominate in the sedimentary externides. A widespread layer-parallel shortening preceded the folding; it is largely coaxial with the folding but extends considerably farther to the northwest toward the craton. It is hypothesized that the folding developed in reverse order, sequentially from the northwest to the southeast. The crystalline externides are dominated by low-angle thrust faults and upright folds trending east-northeast. The first-order Valley and Ridge folds on the northwest side acted as a buttress and diverted the crystalline externides rocks north-northwestwardly, onto the topographic low area over the Anthracite region. This thrusting of the crystalline externides caused anthracitization of the coals within the Pennsylvanian rocks there. Metamorphism and magmatism were significant events during the earlier phase of the Alleghany orogeny in the southern Appalachians. Whatever magmatism and medium-to high-grade metamorphism developed in the north-central Appalachians are in the covered internides to the southeast. The Alleghany orogeny of the north-central Appalachians occurred during the Early Permian. Erosion of anticlinal crests probably began as the folds grew, with accumulation of this locally-derived sediment in the intervening synclines. A regional alluvial plain coalesced above the partially-eroded externides structures as erosion of the pre-Alleghany highland and the Alleghany hinterland mountains continued to the southeast, spreading sediment to the northwest. This erosion and northwest transport probably persisted, with diminishing intensity, throughout the remainder of the Permian and into the Mesozoic, and changed only with the beginning of crustal extension during the Late Triassic.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"American Journal of Science","doi":"10.2475/ajs.298.2.131","usgsCitation":"Faill, R.T., 1998, A geologic history of the north-central Appalachians, part 3. The Alleghany orogeny: American Journal of Science, v. 298, no. 2, p. 131-179, https://doi.org/10.2475/ajs.298.2.131.","productDescription":"49 p.","startPage":"131","endPage":"179","numberOfPages":"49","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":231505,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"298","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e3fee4b0c8380cd46339","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Faill, R. T.","contributorId":79639,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Faill","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":387224,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70020704,"text":"70020704 - 1998 - Detrital zircon U-Pb geochronology of Cambrian to Triassic miogeoclinal and eugeoclinal strata of Sonora, Mexico","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-07-17T16:00:58.023596","indexId":"70020704","displayToPublicDate":"1998-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2314,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Detrital zircon U-Pb geochronology of Cambrian to Triassic miogeoclinal and eugeoclinal strata of Sonora, Mexico","docAbstract":"<p><span>One hundred and eighty two individual detrital zircon grains from Cambrian through Permian miogeoclinal strata, Ordovician eugeoclinal rocks, and Triassic post-orogenic sediments in northwestern Sonora have been analyzed. During Cambrian, Devonian, Permian, and Triassic time, most zircons accumulating along this part of the Cordilleran margin were shed from 1.40–1.45 and 1.62–1.78 Ga igneous rocks that are widespread in the southwestern United States and northwestern Mexico. Zircons with ages of approximately 1.11 Ga are common in Cambrian strata and were apparently shed from granite bodies near the sample site. The sources of 225–280 Ma zircons in our Triassic sample are more problematic, as few igneous rocks of these ages are recognized in northwestern Mexico. Such sources may be present but unrecognized, or the grains could have been derived from igneous rocks of the appropriate ages to the northwest in the Mojave Desert region, to the east in Chihuahua and Coahuila, or to the south in accreted(?) arc-type terranes. Because the zircon grains in our Cambrian and Devonian to Triassic samples could have accumulated in proximity to basement rocks near their present position or in the Death Valley region of southern California, our data do not support or refute the existence of the Mojave-Sonora megashear. Ordovician strata of both miogeoclinal and eugeoclinal affinity are dominated by &gt;1.77 Ga detrital zircons, which are considerably older than most basement rocks in the region. Zircon grains in the miogeoclinal sample were apparently derived from the Peace River arch area of northwestern Canada and transported southward by longshore currents. The eugeoclinal grains may also have come from the Peace River arch region, with southward transport by either sedimentary or tectonic processes, or they may have been shed from off-shelf slivers of continents (perhaps Antarctica?) removed from the Cordilleran margin during Neoproterozoic rifting. It is also possible that the Ordovician eugeoclinal strata are far traveled and exotic to North America.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/97JB03251","issn":"01480227","usgsCitation":"Gehrels, G.E., and Stewart, J., 1998, Detrital zircon U-Pb geochronology of Cambrian to Triassic miogeoclinal and eugeoclinal strata of Sonora, Mexico: Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth, v. 103, no. B2, p. 2471-2487, https://doi.org/10.1029/97JB03251.","productDescription":"17 p.","startPage":"2471","endPage":"2487","numberOfPages":"17","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":489099,"rank":2,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1029/97jb03251","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":231424,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"103","issue":"B2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1998-02-10","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059fffde4b0c8380cd4f500","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Gehrels, G. E.","contributorId":9660,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gehrels","given":"G.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":387196,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Stewart, John H.","contributorId":14383,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stewart","given":"John H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":387197,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70020693,"text":"70020693 - 1998 - A comparison of zero-order, first-order, and monod biotransformation models","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-12-21T07:43:38","indexId":"70020693","displayToPublicDate":"1998-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1861,"text":"Ground Water","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A comparison of zero-order, first-order, and monod biotransformation models","docAbstract":"Under some conditions, a first-order kinetic model is a poor representation of biodegradation in contaminated aquifers. Although it is well known that the assumption of first-order kinetics is valid only when substrate concentration, S, is much less than the half-saturation constant, K(s), this assumption is often made without verification of this condition. We present a formal error analysis showing that the relative error in the first-order approximation is S/K(S) and in the zero-order approximation the error is K(s)/S. We then examine the problems that arise when the first-order approximation is used outside the range for which it is valid. A series of numerical simulations comparing results of first- and zero-order rate approximations to Monod kinetics for a real data set illustrates that if concentrations observed in the field are higher than K(s), it may better to model degradation using a zero-order rate expression. Compared with Monod kinetics, extrapolation of a first-order rate to lower concentrations under-predicts the biotransformation potential, while extrapolation to higher concentrations may grossly over-predict the transformation rate. A summary of solubilities and Monod parameters for aerobic benzene, toluene, and xylene (BTX) degradation shows that the a priori assumption of first-order degradation kinetics at sites contaminated with these compounds is not valid. In particular, out of six published values of KS for toluene, only one is greater than 2 mg/L, indicating that when toluene is present in concentrations greater than about a part per million, the assumption of first-order kinetics may be invalid. Finally, we apply an existing analytical solution for steady-state one-dimensional advective transport with Monod degradation kinetics to a field data set.A formal error analysis is presented showing that the relative error in the first-order approximation is S/KS and in the zero-order approximation the error is KS/S where S is the substrate concentration and KS is the half-saturation constant. The problems that arise when the first-order approximation is used outside the range for which it is valid are examined. A series of numerical simulations comparing results of first- and zero-order rate approximations to Monod kinetics for a real data set illustrates that if concentrations observed in the field are higher than KS, it may be better to model degradation using a zero-order rate expression.","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1111/j.1745-6584.1998.tb01091.x","issn":"0017467X","usgsCitation":"Bekins, B., Warren, E., and Godsy, E., 1998, A comparison of zero-order, first-order, and monod biotransformation models: Ground Water, v. 36, no. 2, p. 261-268, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6584.1998.tb01091.x.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"261","endPage":"268","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":231235,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"36","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2005-08-04","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e37ce4b0c8380cd46075","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bekins, B.A.","contributorId":98309,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bekins","given":"B.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":387165,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Warren, E.","contributorId":15360,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Warren","given":"E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":387163,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Godsy, E.M.","contributorId":56685,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Godsy","given":"E.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":387164,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70020665,"text":"70020665 - 1998 - Evolution of cutoffs across meander necks in Powder River, Montana, USA","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:17","indexId":"70020665","displayToPublicDate":"1998-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1425,"text":"Earth Surface Processes and Landforms","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Evolution of cutoffs across meander necks in Powder River, Montana, USA","docAbstract":"Over a period of several decades, gullies have been observed in various stages of forming, growing and completing the cutoff of meander necks in Powder River. During one episode of overbank flow, water flowing over the down-stream bank of the neck forms a headctu. The headcut migrates up-valley, forming a gully in its wake, until it has traversed the entire neck, cutting off the meander. The river then follows the course of the gully, which is subsequently enlarged as the river develops its new channel. The complete process usually requires several episodes of high water: in only one of the five cases described herein was a meander cutoff initiated and completed during a single large flood.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Earth Surface Processes and Landforms","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1002/(SICI)1096-9837(199807)23:7<651::AID-ESP891>3.0.CO;2-V","issn":"01979337","usgsCitation":"Gay, G., Gay, H., Gay, W., Martinson, H.A., Meade, R., and Moody, J.A., 1998, Evolution of cutoffs across meander necks in Powder River, Montana, USA: Earth Surface Processes and Landforms, v. 23, no. 7, p. 651-662, https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1096-9837(199807)23:7<651::AID-ESP891>3.0.CO;2-V.","startPage":"651","endPage":"662","numberOfPages":"12","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":206963,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1096-9837(199807)23:7<651::AID-ESP891>3.0.CO;2-V"},{"id":231384,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"23","issue":"7","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0d7fe4b0c8380cd5305f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Gay, G.R.","contributorId":15370,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gay","given":"G.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":387054,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Gay, H.H.","contributorId":58419,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gay","given":"H.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":387058,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Gay, W.H.","contributorId":92459,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gay","given":"W.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":387059,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Martinson, H. A.","contributorId":16834,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Martinson","given":"H.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":387055,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Meade, R.H.","contributorId":27449,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Meade","given":"R.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":387056,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Moody, J. A.","contributorId":32930,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Moody","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":387057,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}}
,{"id":70020218,"text":"70020218 - 1998 - A history of early geologic research in the Deep River Triassic Basin, North Carolina","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:16","indexId":"70020218","displayToPublicDate":"1998-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3443,"text":"Southeastern Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A history of early geologic research in the Deep River Triassic Basin, North Carolina","docAbstract":"The Deep River Triassic basin has one of the longest recorded histories of geologic research in North Carolina. A quick perusal of nineteenth century geologic literature in North Carolina reveals the Deep River basin has received a tremendous amount of attention, second only, perhaps, to the gold deposits of the Carolina slate belt. While these early researchers' primary interests were coal deposits, many other important discoveries, observations, and hypotheses resulted from their investigations. This article highlights many of the important advances made by these early geo-explorers by trying to include information from every major geologic investigation made in the Deep River basin from 1820 to 1955. This article also provides as thorough a consolidated history as is possible to preserve the exploration history of the Deep River basin for future investigators.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Southeastern Geology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","issn":"00383678","usgsCitation":"Clark, T.W., 1998, A history of early geologic research in the Deep River Triassic Basin, North Carolina: Southeastern Geology, v. 38, no. 2, p. 65-76.","startPage":"65","endPage":"76","numberOfPages":"12","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":231126,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"38","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e422e4b0c8380cd4642a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Clark, T. W.","contributorId":100779,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Clark","given":"T.","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":385428,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70020196,"text":"70020196 - 1998 - Abnormally high formation pressures, Potwar Plateau, Pakistan","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:18","indexId":"70020196","displayToPublicDate":"1998-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":606,"text":"AAPG Memoir","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Abnormally high formation pressures, Potwar Plateau, Pakistan","docAbstract":"Abnormally high formation pressures in the Potwar Plateau of north-central Pakistan are major obstacles to oil and gas exploration. Severe drilling problems associated with high pressures have, in some cases, prevented adequate evaluation of reservoirs and significantly increased drilling costs. Previous investigations of abnormal pressure in the Potwar Plateau have only identified abnormal pressures in Neogene rocks. We have identified two distinct pressure regimes in this Himalayan foreland fold and thrust belt basin: one in Neogene rocks and another in pre-Neogene rocks. Pore pressures in Neogene rocks are as high as lithostatic and are interpreted to be due to tectonic compression and compaction disequilibrium associated with high rates of sedimentation. Pore pressure gradients in pre-Neogene rocks are generally less than those in Neogene rocks, commonly ranging from 0.5 to 0.7 psi/ft (11.3 to 15.8 kPa/m) and are most likely due to a combination of tectonic compression and hydrocarbon generation. The top of abnormally high pressure is highly variable and doesn't appear to be related to any specific lithologic seal. Consequently, attempts to predict the depth to the top of overpressure prior to drilling are precluded.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"AAPG Memoir","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","issn":"02718529","usgsCitation":"Law, B.E., Shah, S., and Malik, M., 1998, Abnormally high formation pressures, Potwar Plateau, Pakistan: AAPG Memoir, no. 70, p. 247-258.","startPage":"247","endPage":"258","numberOfPages":"12","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":231431,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"issue":"70","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e644e4b0c8380cd472d1","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Law, B. E.","contributorId":17586,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Law","given":"B.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":385352,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Shah, S.H.A.","contributorId":21430,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Shah","given":"S.H.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":385353,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Malik, M.A.","contributorId":68183,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Malik","given":"M.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":385354,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70020192,"text":"70020192 - 1998 - Three-dimensional seismic structure and moment tensors of non-double-couple earthquakes at the Hengill-Grensdalur volcanic complex, Iceland","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-02-08T01:18:34.742813","indexId":"70020192","displayToPublicDate":"1998-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1803,"text":"Geophysical Journal International","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Three-dimensional seismic structure and moment tensors of non-double-couple earthquakes at the Hengill-Grensdalur volcanic complex, Iceland","docAbstract":"<p class=\"chapter-para\">The volcanic and geothermal areas of Iceland are rich sources of non-double-couple (non-DC) earthquakes. A state-of-the-art digital seismometer network deployed at the Hengill–Grensdalur volcanic complex in 1991 recorded 4000 small earthquakes. We used the best recorded of these to determine 3-D<span>&nbsp;</span><span class=\"small-caps\">V</span><sub><i>P</i></sub><span>&nbsp;</span>and<span>&nbsp;</span><span class=\"small-caps\">V</span><sub><i>P</i></sub><span class=\"small-caps\"> /V</span><sub><i>S</i></sub><span>&nbsp;</span>structure tomographically and accurate earthquake moment tensors. The<span>&nbsp;</span><span class=\"small-caps\">V</span><sub><i>P</i></sub><span>&nbsp;</span>field is dominated by high seismic wave speed bodies interpreted as solidified intrusions. A widespread negative (−4 per cent)<span>&nbsp;</span><span class=\"small-caps\">V</span><sub><i>P</i></sub><span class=\"small-caps\"> /V</span><sub><i>S</i></sub><span>&nbsp;</span>anomaly in the upper 4km correlates with the geothermal field, but is too strong to be caused solely by the effect of temperature upon liquid water or the presence of vapour, and requires in addition mineralogical or lithological differences between the geothermal reservoir and its surroundings. These may be caused by geothermal alteration. Well-constrained moment tensors were obtained for 70 of the best-recorded events by applying linear programming methods to<span>&nbsp;</span><span class=\"small-caps\">P</span>- and<span>&nbsp;</span><span class=\"small-caps\">S</span>-wave polarities and amplitude ratios. About 25 per cent of the mechanisms are, within observational error, consistent with DC mechanisms consistent with shear faulting. The other 75 per cent have significantly non-DC mechanisms. Many have substantial explosive components, one has a substantial implosive component, and the deviatoric component of many is strongly non-DC. Many of the non-DC mechanisms are consistent, within observational error, with simultaneous tensile and shear faulting. However, the mechanisms occupy a continuum in source-type parameter space and probably at least one additional source process is occurring. This may be fluid flow into newly formed cracks, causing partial compensation of the volumetric component. Studying non-shear earthquakes such as these has great potential for improving our understanding of geothermal processes and earthquake source processes in general.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Oxford Academic","doi":"10.1046/j.1365-246X.1998.00492.x","issn":"0956540X","usgsCitation":"Miller, A., Julian, B., and Foulger, G., 1998, Three-dimensional seismic structure and moment tensors of non-double-couple earthquakes at the Hengill-Grensdalur volcanic complex, Iceland: Geophysical Journal International, v. 133, no. 2, p. 309-325, https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-246X.1998.00492.x.","productDescription":"17 p.","startPage":"309","endPage":"325","numberOfPages":"17","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":487348,"rank":2,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-246x.1998.00492.x","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":231392,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"133","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bb345e4b08c986b325ca5","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Miller, A.D.","contributorId":6202,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Miller","given":"A.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":385324,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Julian, B.R.","contributorId":101272,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Julian","given":"B.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":385326,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Foulger, G.R.","contributorId":14439,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Foulger","given":"G.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":385325,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70020186,"text":"70020186 - 1998 - History and status of introduced mammals and impacts to breeding seabirds on the California channel and Northwestern Baja California Islands","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:20","indexId":"70020186","displayToPublicDate":"1998-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3731,"text":"Waterbirds","onlineIssn":"19385390","printIssn":"15244695","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"History and status of introduced mammals and impacts to breeding seabirds on the California channel and Northwestern Baja California Islands","docAbstract":"The California Channel Islands, U.S.A., and Northwestern Baja California Islands, Mexico, host important breeding populations of several seabird species, including the endemic Black-vented Shearwater (Puffinus opisthomelas) and Xantus' Murrelet (Synthliboramphus hypoleucus). Mammals introduced to nearly all of the islands beginning in the late 1800s to early 1900s include: cats (Felis catus), dogs (Canis familiaris), Black Rats (Rattus rattus), rabbits and hares (Leporidae), goats (Capra hirca), sheep (Ovis ones), and other grazers. Cats, dogs and rats are seabird predators, grazers such as goats and sheep cause habitat degredation, and rabbits destroy habitat and compete with hole-nesting seabirds. Cats, which were introduced to at least 19 islands and currently occur on ten islands, have had the greatest impacts on seabirds, including the extinction of the endemic Guadalupe Storm-Petrel (Oceanodroma macrodactyla). Cats are known to have eliminated or severely reduced colonies of Black-vented Shearwaters, Cassin's Auklets (Ptychoramphus aleuticus) and Xantus' Murrelets. Black Rats have occurred on a minimum of seven islands and have reduced numbers of small, hole-nesting alcids on at least one island. At many islands, defoliation and erosion caused by rabbits and large grazing mammals has been severe. Their effects on seabirds are not well documented but potentially are serious. Impacts from introduced mammals have been most severe on islands with no native mammalian predators. On the Northwestern Baja California Islands, temporary and permanent human settlements have led to a greater diversity and source of introductions. Programs to remove introduced mammals and to reduce the possibility of future introductions are needed to restore seabird populations and to preserve the biodiversity of the region. Surveys are needed particularly on the Northwestern Baja California Islands to update the status and distribution of seabirds and to further assess impacts from introduced mammals.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Waterbirds","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","issn":"07386028","usgsCitation":"McChesney, G., and Tershy, B., 1998, History and status of introduced mammals and impacts to breeding seabirds on the California channel and Northwestern Baja California Islands: Waterbirds, v. 21, no. 3, p. 335-347.","startPage":"335","endPage":"347","numberOfPages":"13","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":231283,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"21","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a31b3e4b0c8380cd5e15d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"McChesney, G.J.","contributorId":20936,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McChesney","given":"G.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":385308,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Tershy, B.R.","contributorId":45585,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tershy","given":"B.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":385309,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70020184,"text":"70020184 - 1998 - Effect of interannual climate variability on carbon storage in Amazonian ecosystems","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:20","indexId":"70020184","displayToPublicDate":"1998-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2840,"text":"Nature","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Effect of interannual climate variability on carbon storage in Amazonian ecosystems","docAbstract":"The Amazon Basin contains almost one-half of the world's undisturbed tropical evergreen forest as well as large areas of tropical savanna. The forests account for about 10 per cent of the world's terrestrial primary productivity and for a similar fraction of the carbon stored in land ecosystems, and short-term field measurements suggest that these ecosystems are globally important carbon sinks. But tropical land ecosystems have experienced substantial interannual climate variability owing to frequent El Nino episodes in recent decades. Of particular importance to climate change policy is how such climate variations, coupled with increases in atmospheric CO2 concentration, affect terrestrial carbon storage. Previous model analyses have demonstrated the importance of temperature in controlling carbon storage. Here we use a transient process-based biogeochemical model of terrestrial ecosystems to investigate interannual variations of carbon storage in undisturbed Amazonian ecosystems in response to climate variability and increasing atmospheric CO2 concentration during the period 1980 to 1994. In El Nino years, which bring hot, dry weather to much of the Amazon region, the ecosystems act as a source of carbon to the atmosphere (up to 0.2 petagrams of carbon in 1987 and 1992). In other years, these ecosystems act as a carbon sink (up to 0.7 Pg C in 1981 and 1993). These fluxes are large; they compare to a 0.3 Pg C per year source to the atmosphere associated with deforestation in the Amazon Basin in the early 1990s. Soil moisture, which is affected by both precipitation and temperature, and which affects both plant and soil processes, appears to be an important control on carbon storage.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Nature","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1038/25328","issn":"00280836","usgsCitation":"Tian, H., Melillo, J.M., Kicklighter, D., McGuire, D.A., Helfrich, J.V., Moore, B., and Vorosmarty, C., 1998, Effect of interannual climate variability on carbon storage in Amazonian ecosystems: Nature, v. 396, no. 6712, p. 664-667, https://doi.org/10.1038/25328.","startPage":"664","endPage":"667","numberOfPages":"4","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":206921,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1038/25328"},{"id":231242,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"396","issue":"6712","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a05eee4b0c8380cd5102b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Tian, H.","contributorId":43524,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tian","given":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":385299,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Melillo, J. M.","contributorId":73139,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Melillo","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":385302,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Kicklighter, D. W.","contributorId":31537,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Kicklighter","given":"D. W.","affiliations":[{"id":13627,"text":"Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, MA","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":385298,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"McGuire, David A.","contributorId":44677,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McGuire","given":"David","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":385300,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Helfrich, J. V. K. III","contributorId":66881,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Helfrich","given":"J.","suffix":"III","email":"","middleInitial":"V. K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":385301,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Moore, B. III","contributorId":96845,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Moore","given":"B.","suffix":"III","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":385303,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Vorosmarty, C. J.","contributorId":104232,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Vorosmarty","given":"C. J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":385304,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}}
,{"id":70020183,"text":"70020183 - 1998 - Long-term effects of a lock and dam and greentree reservoir management on a bottomland hardwood forest","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:20","indexId":"70020183","displayToPublicDate":"1998-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1687,"text":"Forest Ecology and Management","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Long-term effects of a lock and dam and greentree reservoir management on a bottomland hardwood forest","docAbstract":"We investigated the long-term effects of a lock and dam and greentree reservoir management on a riparian bottomland hardwood forest in southern Arkansas, USA, by monitoring stress, mortality, and regeneration of bottomland hardwood trees in 53 permanent sampling plots from 1987-1995. The lock and dam and greentree reservoir management have altered the timing, depth, and duration of flooding within the wetland forest. Evaluation of daily river stage data indicates that November overbank flooding (i.e. 0.3 m above normal pool) of 1 week duration occurred only 10 times from 1950 to 1995 and four of these occurrences were the result of artificial flooding of the greentree reservoir. Results of the vegetation study indicate that the five most common dominant and co-dominant species were overcup oak, water hickory, Nuttall oak, willow oak, and sweetgum. Mortality of willow oak exceeded that of all other species except Nuttall oak. Nuttall oak, willow oak, and water hickory had much higher percentages of dead trees concentrated within the dominant and co-dominant crown classes. Probit analysis indicated that differences in stress and mortality were due to a combination of flooding and stand competition. Overcup oak appears to exhibit very little stress regardless of crown class and elevation and, with few exceptions, had a significantly greater probability of occurring within lower stress classes than any other species. Only 22 new stems were recruited into the 5 cm diameter-at-breast height size class between 1990-1995 and of these, three were Nuttall oak, three were water hickory, and one was sweetgum. No recruitment into the 5 cm diameter-at-breast height size class occurred for overcup oak or willow oak. The results of the study suggest that the forest is progressing to a more water-tolerant community dominated by overcup oak. A conservative flooding strategy would minimize tree stress and maintain quality wildlife habitat within the forested wetland.The long-term effects of a lock and dam and greentree reservoir management on a riparian bottomland hardwood forest in southern Arkansas, USA, were investigated by monitoring stress, mortality, and regeneration of bottomland hardwood trees in 53 permanent sampling plots from 1987-1995. Results of the study suggest that the forest is progressing to a more water-tolerant community dominated by overcup oak.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Forest Ecology and Management","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier Sci B.V.","publisherLocation":"Amsterdam, Netherlands","doi":"10.1016/S0378-1127(98)00344-2","issn":"03781127","usgsCitation":"King, S., Allen, J.A., and McCoy, J., 1998, Long-term effects of a lock and dam and greentree reservoir management on a bottomland hardwood forest: Forest Ecology and Management, v. 112, no. 3, p. 213-226, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0378-1127(98)00344-2.","startPage":"213","endPage":"226","numberOfPages":"14","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":206920,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0378-1127(98)00344-2"},{"id":231241,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"112","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a4988e4b0c8380cd686bc","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"King, S.L.","contributorId":105663,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"King","given":"S.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":385297,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Allen, J. A.","contributorId":82644,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Allen","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":385296,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"McCoy, J.W. 0000-0003-3013-730X","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3013-730X","contributorId":61204,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McCoy","given":"J.W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":385295,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70020161,"text":"70020161 - 1998 - Application of the surface complexation concept to complex mineral assemblages","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-02-01T06:20:28","indexId":"70020161","displayToPublicDate":"1998-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1565,"text":"Environmental Science & Technology","onlineIssn":"1520-5851","printIssn":"0013-936X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Application of the surface complexation concept to complex mineral assemblages","docAbstract":"Two types of modeling approaches are illustrated for describing inorganic contaminant adsorption in aqueous environments: (a) the component additivity approach and (b) the generalized composite approach. Each approach is applied to simulate Zn2+ adsorption by a well-characterized sediment collected from an aquifer at Cape Cod, MA. Zn2+ adsorption by the sediment was studied in laboratory batch experiments with a range of pH and Zn(II) concentrations selected to encompass conditions observed in the aquifer. In the generalized composite approach, one, and two-site surface complexation model parameters were calibrated with the experimental data using FITEQL. The pH dependence of Zn2+ adsorption was simulated without explicit representation of electrostatic energy terms. Surface acidity constants and ion pair formation by major electrolyte ions were also not required in the model thereby minimizing the number of fitted parameters. Predictions of Zn2+ adsorption with the component additivity modeling approach did not simulate the experimental data adequately without manipulation of surface area or site density parameter values. To apply the component additivity approach to environmental sorbents, further research is needed to better characterize the composition of sediment surface coatings. The generalized composite modeling approach requires less information and can be viewed as more practical for application within solute transport models. With only three adjustable parameters, this approach could simulate Zn2+ adsorption over a range of chemical conditions that would cause several orders of magnitude variation in the distribution coefficient (K(d)) for Zn2+ within the aquifer.Two types of modeling approaches are illustrated for describing inorganic contaminant adsorption in aqueous environments: (a) the component additivity approach and (b) the generalized composite approach. Each approach is applied to simulate Zn2+ adsorption by a well-characterized sediment collected from an aquifer at Cape Cod, MA. Zn2+ adsorption by the sediment was studied in laboratory batch experiments with a range of pH and Zn(II) concentrations selected to encompass conditions observed in the aquifer. In the generalized composite approach, one- and two-site surface complexation model parameters were calibrated with the experimental data using FITEQL. The pH dependence of Zn2+ adsorption was simulated without explicit representation of electrostatic energy terms. Surface acidity constants and ion pair formation by major electrolyte ions were also not required in the model, thereby minimizing the number of fitted parameters. Predictions of Zn2+ adsorption with the component additivity modeling approach did not simulate the experimental data adequately without manipulation of surface area or site density parameter values. To apply the component additivity approach to environmental sorbents, further research is needed to better characterize the composition of sediment surface coatings. The generalized composite modeling approach requires less information and can be viewed as more practical for application within solute transport models. With only three adjustable parameters, this approach could simulate Zn2+ adsorption over a range of chemical conditions that would cause several orders of magnitude variation in the distribution coefficient (Kd) for Zn2+ within the aquifer.","language":"English","publisher":"ACS","doi":"10.1021/es980312q","issn":"0013936X","usgsCitation":"Davis, J., Coston, J., Kent, D., and Fuller, C.C., 1998, Application of the surface complexation concept to complex mineral assemblages: Environmental Science & Technology, v. 32, no. 19, p. 2820-2828, https://doi.org/10.1021/es980312q.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"2820","endPage":"2828","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":227709,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":205970,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es980312q"}],"volume":"32","issue":"19","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1998-08-21","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059ecbae4b0c8380cd49452","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Davis, J.A.","contributorId":71694,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Davis","given":"J.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":385245,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Coston, J.A.","contributorId":59572,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Coston","given":"J.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":385244,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Kent, D.B.","contributorId":16588,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kent","given":"D.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":385242,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Fuller, C. C.","contributorId":29858,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fuller","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":385243,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70020152,"text":"70020152 - 1998 - Molybdate transport in a chemically complex aquifer: Field measurements compared with solute-transport model predictions","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-02-04T07:48:45","indexId":"70020152","displayToPublicDate":"1998-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3722,"text":"Water Resources Research","onlineIssn":"1944-7973","printIssn":"0043-1397","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Molybdate transport in a chemically complex aquifer: Field measurements compared with solute-transport model predictions","docAbstract":"<p><span>A natural-gradient tracer test was conducted in an unconfined sand and gravel aquifer on Cape Cod, Massachusetts. Molybdate was included in the injectate to study the effects of variable groundwater chemistry on its aqueous distribution and to evaluate the reliability of laboratory experiments for identifying and quantifying reactions that control the transport of reactive solutes in groundwater. Transport of molybdate in this aquifer was controlled by adsorption. The amount adsorbed varied with aqueous chemistry that changed with depth as freshwater recharge mixed with a plume of sewage-contaminated groundwater. Molybdate adsorption was strongest near the water table where&nbsp;</span><i>p</i><span>H (5.7) and the concentration of the competing solutes phosphate (2.3 micromolar) and sulfate (86 micromolar) were low. Adsorption of molybdate decreased with depth as<span>&nbsp;</span></span><i>p</i><span>H increased to 6.5, phosphate increased to 40 micromolar, and sulfate increased to 340 micromolar. A one-site diffuse-layer surface-complexation model and a two-site diffuse-layer surface-complexation model were used to simulate adsorption. Reactions and equilibrium constants for both models were determined in laboratory experiments and used in the reactive-transport model PHAST to simulate the two-dimensional transport of molybdate during the tracer test. No geochemical parameters were adjusted in the simulation to improve the fit between model and field data. Both models simulated the travel distance of the molybdate cloud to within 10% during the 2-year tracer test; however, the two-site diffuse-layer model more accurately simulated the molybdate concentration distribution within the cloud.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/98WR02163","usgsCitation":"Stollenwerk, K.G., 1998, Molybdate transport in a chemically complex aquifer: Field measurements compared with solute-transport model predictions: Water Resources Research, v. 34, no. 10, p. 2727-2740, https://doi.org/10.1029/98WR02163.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"2727","endPage":"2740","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":228233,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Massachusetts","otherGeospatial":"Cape Cod","volume":"34","issue":"10","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a5d27e4b0c8380cd701c3","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Stollenwerk, Kenneth G. kgstolle@usgs.gov","contributorId":578,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stollenwerk","given":"Kenneth","email":"kgstolle@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":385214,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70020129,"text":"70020129 - 1998 - Ordovician K-bentonites in the Argentine Precordillera: Relations to Gondwana margin evolution","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-01-05T01:32:14.828545","indexId":"70020129","displayToPublicDate":"1998-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1785,"text":"Geological Society Special Publication","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Ordovician K-bentonites in the Argentine Precordillera: Relations to Gondwana margin evolution","docAbstract":"<div id=\"abstracts\" data-extent=\"frontmatter\"><div class=\"core-container\"><div>Ordovician K-bentonites have now been recorded from &gt;20 localities in the vicinity of the Argentine Precordillera. Most occur in the eastern thrust belts, in the San Juan Limestone and the overlying the Gualcamayo Formation, but a few ash beds are known also from the central thrust belts. The oldest occur in the middle Arenig<span>&nbsp;</span><i>I. victoriae lunatus</i><span>&nbsp;</span>graptolite (<i>Oe. evae</i><span>&nbsp;</span>conodont) Zone, and the youngest in the middle Llanvirn<span>&nbsp;</span><i>P. elegans</i><span>&nbsp;</span>(<i>P. suecicus</i>) Zone. Mineralogical characteristics, typical of other Ordovician K-bentonites, include a matrix of illite/smectite mixed-layer clay and a typical felsic volcanic phenocryst assemblage: biotite, beta-form quartz, alkali and plagioclase feldspar, apatite, and zircon, with lesser amounts of hornblende, clinopyroxene, titanite and Fe-Ti oxides. The proportions of the mineral phases and variations in their crystal chemistry are commonly unique to individual (or small groups of) K-bentonite beds. Glass melt inclusions preserved in quartz are rhyolitic in composition. The sequence is unique in its abundance of K-bentonite beds, but a close association between the Precordillera and other Ordovician sedimentary basins cannot be established. The ash distribution is most consistent with palaeogeographical reconstructions in which early Ordovician drifting of the Precordillera occurred in proximity to one or more volcanic arcs, and with eventual collision along the Andean margin of Gondwana during the mid-Ordovician Ocloyic event of the Famatinian orogeny. The Puna-Famatina terrane northeast of the Precordillera might have served as the source of the K-bentonite ashes, possibly in concert with active arc magmatism on the Gondwana plate itself.</div></div></div>","language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society, London","doi":"10.1144/gsl.sp.1998.142.01.06","issn":"03058719","usgsCitation":"Huff, W., Bergstrom, S., Kolata, D.R., Cingolani, C., and Astini, R., 1998, Ordovician K-bentonites in the Argentine Precordillera: Relations to Gondwana margin evolution: Geological Society Special Publication, v. 142, p. 107-126, https://doi.org/10.1144/gsl.sp.1998.142.01.06.","productDescription":"20 p.","startPage":"107","endPage":"126","numberOfPages":"20","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":479777,"rank":2,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"http://sedici.unlp.edu.ar/handle/10915/158353","text":"External Repository"},{"id":227868,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"142","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1998-10-19","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a6f48e4b0c8380cd75a0a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Huff, W.D.","contributorId":48327,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Huff","given":"W.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":385135,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bergstrom, Stig M.","contributorId":80832,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bergstrom","given":"Stig M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":385138,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Kolata, Dennis R.","contributorId":79495,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Kolata","given":"Dennis","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":385137,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Cingolani, C.A.","contributorId":52345,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cingolani","given":"C.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":385136,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Astini, R.A.","contributorId":91645,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Astini","given":"R.A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":385139,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}}
,{"id":70020121,"text":"70020121 - 1998 - Vulnerability to predation and physiological stress responses in juvenile chinook salmon (<i>Oncorhynchus tshawytscha</i>) experimentally infected with <i>Renibacterium salmoninarum</i>","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-01-27T09:54:26","indexId":"70020121","displayToPublicDate":"1998-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1169,"text":"Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Vulnerability to predation and physiological stress responses in juvenile chinook salmon (<i>Oncorhynchus tshawytscha</i>) experimentally infected with <i>Renibacterium salmoninarum</i>","docAbstract":"<p>We experimentally infected juvenile chinook salmon (<i>Oncorhynchus tshawytscha</i>) with <i>Renibacterium salmoninarum</i> (Rs), the causative agent of bacterial kidney disease (BKD), to examine the vulnerability to predation of fish with differing levels of Rs infection and assess physiological change during progression of the disease. Immersion challenges conducted during 1992 and 1994 produced fish with either a low to moderate (1992) or high (1994) infection level of Rs during the 14-week postchallenge rearing period. When equal numbers of treatment and unchallenged control fish were subjected to predation by either northern squaw fish (<i>Ptychocheilus oregonensis</i>) or smallmouth bass (<i>Micropterus dolomieui)</i>, Rs-challenged fish were eaten in significantly greater numbers than controls by nearly two to one. In 1994, we also sampled fish every 2 weeks after the challenge to determine some stressful effects of Rs infection. During disease progression in fish, plasma cortisol and lactate increased significantly whereas glucose decreased significantly. Our results indicate the role that BKD may play in predator-prey interactions, thus ascribing some ecological significance to this disease beyond that of direct pathogen-related mortality. In addition, the physiological changes observed in our fish during the chronic progression of BKD indicate that this disease is stressful, particularly during the later stages.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"National Research Council Canada","doi":"10.1139/cjfas-55-7-1599","issn":"0706652X","usgsCitation":"Mesa, M., Poe, T., Maule, A., and Schreck, C., 1998, Vulnerability to predation and physiological stress responses in juvenile chinook salmon (<i>Oncorhynchus tshawytscha</i>) experimentally infected with <i>Renibacterium salmoninarum</i>: Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, v. 55, no. 7, p. 1599-1606, https://doi.org/10.1139/cjfas-55-7-1599.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"1599","endPage":"1606","numberOfPages":"8","costCenters":[{"id":654,"text":"Western Fisheries Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":227708,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"55","issue":"7","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bc387e4b08c986b32b226","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Mesa, M.G.","contributorId":17386,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mesa","given":"M.G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":385113,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Poe, T.P.","contributorId":51687,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Poe","given":"T.P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":385115,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Maule, A.G.","contributorId":45067,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Maule","given":"A.G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":385114,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Schreck, C.B.","contributorId":11977,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schreck","given":"C.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":385112,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70020088,"text":"70020088 - 1998 - Soufrière Hills eruption, Montserrat, 1995 - 1997: volcanic earthquake locations and fault plane solutions","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-05-18T11:03:30","indexId":"70020088","displayToPublicDate":"1998-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1807,"text":"Geophysical Research Letters","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Soufrière Hills eruption, Montserrat, 1995 - 1997: volcanic earthquake locations and fault plane solutions","docAbstract":"<p><span>A total of 9242 seismic events, recorded since the start of the eruption on Montserrat in July 1995, have been uniformly relocated with station travel-time corrections. Early seismicity was generally diffuse under southern Montserrat, and mostly restricted to depths less than 7 km. However, a NE-SW alignment of epicentres beneath the NE flank of the volcano emerged in one swarm of volcano-tectonic earthquakes (VTs) and later nests of VT hypocentres developed beneath the volcano and at a separated location, under St. George's Hill. The overall spatial distribution of hypocentres suggests a minimum depth of about 5 km for any substantial magma body. Activity associated with the opening of a conduit to the surface became increasingly shallow, with foci concentrated below the crater and, after dome building started in Fall 1995, VTs diminished and repetitive swarms of &lsquo;hybrid&rsquo; seismic events became predominant. By late-1996, as magma effusion rates escalated, most seismic events were originating within a volume about 2 km diameter which extended up to the surface from only about 3 km depth - the diminution of shear failure earthquakes suggests the pathway for magma discharge had become effectively unconstricted. Individual and composite fault plane solutions have been determined for a few larger earthquakes. We postulate that localised extensional stress conditions near the linear VT activity, due to interaction with stresses in the overriding lithospheric plate, may encourage normal fault growth and promote sector weaknesses in the volcano.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"AGU Publications","doi":"10.1029/98GL00858","issn":"00948276","usgsCitation":"Aspinall, W.P., Miller, A., Lynch, L., Latchman, J., Stewart, R., White, R., and Power, J., 1998, Soufrière Hills eruption, Montserrat, 1995 - 1997: volcanic earthquake locations and fault plane solutions: Geophysical Research Letters, v. 25, no. 18, p. 3397-3400, https://doi.org/10.1029/98GL00858.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"3397","endPage":"3400","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":227826,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"25","issue":"18","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1998-09-15","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b9314e4b08c986b31a2a1","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Aspinall, W. P.","contributorId":82077,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Aspinall","given":"W.","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":384987,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Miller, A.D.","contributorId":6202,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Miller","given":"A.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":384982,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Lynch, L.L.","contributorId":74889,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lynch","given":"L.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":384986,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Latchman, J.L.","contributorId":87311,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Latchman","given":"J.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":384988,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Stewart, R.C.","contributorId":38299,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stewart","given":"R.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":384985,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"White, R.A.","contributorId":21953,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"White","given":"R.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":384984,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Power, J.A.","contributorId":20765,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Power","given":"J.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":384983,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}}
,{"id":70020082,"text":"70020082 - 1998 - Automated detection of Pi 2 pulsations using wavelet analysis: 1. Method and an application for substorm monitoring","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-09-26T16:26:12.383605","indexId":"70020082","displayToPublicDate":"1998-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1430,"text":"Earth, Planets and Space","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Automated detection of Pi 2 pulsations using wavelet analysis: 1. Method and an application for substorm monitoring","docAbstract":"<p><span>Wavelet analysis is suitable for investigating waves, such as Pi 2 pulsations, which are limited in both time and frequency. We have developed an algorithm to detect Pi 2 pulsations by wavelet analysis. We tested the algorithm and found that the results of Pi 2 detection are consistent with those obtained by visual inspection. The algorithm is applied in a project which aims at the nowcasting of substorm onsets. In this project we use real-time geomagnetic field data, with a sampling rate of 1 second, obtained at mid- and low-latitude stations (Mineyama in Japan, the York SAMNET station in the U.K., and Boulder in the U.S.). These stations are each separated by about 120° in longitude, so at least one station is on the nightside at all times. We plan to analyze the real-time data at each station using the Pi 2 detection algorithm, and to exchange the detection results among these stations via the Internet. Therefore we can obtain information about substorm onsets in real-time, even if we are on the dayside. We have constructed a system to detect Pi 2 pulsations automatically at Mineyama observatory. The detection results for the period of February to August 1996 showed that the rate of successful detection of Pi 2 pulsations was 83.4% for the nightside (18-06MLT) and 26.5% for the dayside (06-18MLT). The detection results near local midnight (20-02MLT) give the rate of successful detection of 93.2%.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1186/BF03352169","usgsCitation":"Nose, M., Iyemori, T., Takeda, M., Kamei, T., Milling, D.K., Orr, D., Singer, H.J., Worthington, E.W., and Sumitomo, N., 1998, Automated detection of Pi 2 pulsations using wavelet analysis: 1. Method and an application for substorm monitoring: Earth, Planets and Space, v. 50, no. 9, p. 773-783, https://doi.org/10.1186/BF03352169.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"773","endPage":"783","numberOfPages":"11","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":479847,"rank":2,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/bf03352169","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":227747,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"50","issue":"9","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2014-06-06","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059eef3e4b0c8380cd4a069","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Nose, M.","contributorId":74642,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nose","given":"M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":384957,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Iyemori, T.","contributorId":78989,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Iyemori","given":"T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":384958,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Takeda, M.","contributorId":82584,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Takeda","given":"M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":384959,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Kamei, T.","contributorId":54857,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kamei","given":"T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":384955,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Milling, D. K.","contributorId":42095,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Milling","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":384954,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Orr, D.","contributorId":55695,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Orr","given":"D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":384956,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Singer, H. J.","contributorId":24231,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Singer","given":"H.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":384952,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Worthington, E. W. 0000-0002-5879-0477 bworth@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5879-0477","contributorId":106725,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Worthington","given":"E.","email":"bworth@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":384960,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Sumitomo, N.","contributorId":27322,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sumitomo","given":"N.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":384953,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9}]}}
]}