The stratigraphy of Late Quaternary geologic units beneath Long Island Sound (LIS) is interpreted from 3,500 km of high-resolution, seismic-reflection profiles supplemented by vibracore data. Knowledge gained from onshore regional geologic studies and previous offshore investigations is also incorporated in these interpretations.
\nGlacial deposits overlie and nearly fill an Inner Lowland which is floored by crystalline rocks in the north and bounded to the south by an irregular, north-facing cuesta scarp in Cretaceous Coastal-Plain strata. The thick glacial section consists largely of sediment that was deposited in glacial Lake Connecticut during the retreat of the last (late Wisconsin) ice sheet.
\nIce-marginal lacustrine fan deposits and submerged extensions of the southeastern Connecticut recessional moraines mark positions of the ice margin during systematic northward retreat. When the ice margin stood at positions just north of the present shoreline of Connecticut (17.6-16.5 ka), glacial Lake Connecticut was slightly larger than Long Island Sound is today. Ice-marginal deltas and near-ice marginal fluviodeltaic deposits occur along coastal Connecticut. Delta-building was diachronous; progressively younger deltas record northwesterly retreat of the ice margin and lowering lake levels. Distally from the deltas, varied lake-clays (up to 150 m thick) drape the underlying topography.
\nThe lake spillway cut across the Harbor Hill-Roanoke Point-Fishers Island-Charlestown end moraine at its lowest point just west of Fishers Island (The Race). Lake levels fell as the spillway notch was erosionally deepened, and gradually the lakebed became subaerially exposed. A largely preserved channel system cuts the lake-deposit surface; fluvial channel-fill sediments are overlain by estuarine sediments in the channel system. Perhaps as early as 15 ka, but no later than 13 ka, the sea entered the Basin through the channel at The Race and quickly transgressed westward via the lakebed channel system. As the sea rose further and spread throughout the Basin, a wave-cut surface was formed. Extensive marine deltaic deposits, up to 40 m thick, overlie the wave-cut marine unconformity in the east-central part of the Basin. These sediments were derived from erosion of the drained bed of Lake Hitchcock, in the Connecticut valley to the north, and were deposited in a -40-m relative sea at about 12.4 ka.
\nWhere quiet waters prevail, marine mud generally less than 15 m thick blankets the older deposits of the Basin. Elsewhere, especially in eastern LIS, tidal currents are actively reworking and transporting glacial and postglacial deposits.
","language":"English","publisher":"Coastal Education & Research Foundation","publisherLocation":"Fort Lauderdale, FL","usgsCitation":"Lewis, R., and Stone, J.R., 1991, Late Quaternary stratigraphy and depositional history of the Long Island Sound basin: Journal of Coastal Research, v. 11, p. 1-23.","productDescription":"23 p.","startPage":"1","endPage":"23","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":297333,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":297332,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/25735570"}],"country":"United States","state":"Connecticut, New York","otherGeospatial":"Long Island Sound","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -73.93798828125,\n 40.63896734381723\n ],\n [\n -71.8670654296875,\n 40.63896734381723\n ],\n [\n -71.8670654296875,\n 41.32320110223851\n ],\n [\n -73.93798828125,\n 41.32320110223851\n ],\n [\n -73.93798828125,\n 40.63896734381723\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"11","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"54dd2be0e4b08de9379b353d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lewis, Ralph S.","contributorId":9288,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lewis","given":"Ralph S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":538708,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Stone, Janet Radway jrstone@usgs.gov","contributorId":1695,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stone","given":"Janet","email":"jrstone@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"Radway","affiliations":[{"id":243,"text":"Eastern Geology and Paleoclimate Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":538709,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70197522,"text":"70197522 - 1991 - Off-fault ground ruptures in the Santa Cruz Mountains, California: Ridge-top spreading versus tectonic extension during the 1989 Loma Prieta earthquake","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-10-25T23:57:45.486451","indexId":"70197522","displayToPublicDate":"1991-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1135,"text":"Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America","onlineIssn":"1943-3573","printIssn":"0037-1106","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Off-fault ground ruptures in the Santa Cruz Mountains, California: Ridge-top spreading versus tectonic extension during the 1989 Loma Prieta earthquake","docAbstract":"The Ms 7.1 Loma Prieta earthquake of 18 October 1989 produced abundant ground ruptures in an 8 by 4 km area along Summit Road and Skyland Ridge in the Santa Cruz Mountains. Predominantly extensional fissures formed a left-stepping, crudely en echelon pattern along ridges of the hanging-wall block southwest of the San Andreas fault, about 12 km northwest of the epicenter. The fissures are subparallel to the San Andreas fault and appear to be controlled by bedding planes, faults, joints, and other weak zones in the underlying Tertiary sedimentary strata of the hanging-wall block. The pattern of extensional fissures is generally consistent with tectonic extension across the crest of the uplifted hanging-wall block. Also, many displacements in Laurel Creek canyon and along the San Andreas and Sargent faults are consistent with right-lateral reverse faulting inferred for the mainshock. Additional small tensile failures along the axis of the Laurel anticline may reflect growth of the fold during deep-seated compression. However, the larger ridge-top fissures commonly have displacements that are parallel to the north-northeast regional slope directions and appear inconsistent with east-northeast extension expected from this earthquake. Measured cumulative displacements across the ridge crests are at least 35 times larger than that predicted by the geodetically determined surface deformation. These fissures also occur in association with ubiquitous landslide complexes that were reactivated by the earthquake to produce the largest concentration of co-seismic slope failures in the epicentral region. The anomalously large displacements and the apparent slope control of the geometry and displacement of many co-seismic surface ruptures lead us to conclude that gravity is an important driving force in the formation of the ridge-top fissures. Shaking-induced gravitational spreading of ridges and downslope movement may account for 90¿ or more of the observed displacements on the linear fissures. Similar fissures occurred in the same area and elsewhere near the San Andreas fault during the predominantly right-lateral 1906 San Francisco earthquake and suggest that the Loma Prieta ground ruptures may, in large part, be independent of fault kinematics.
","language":"English","publisher":"Seismological Society of America","doi":"10.1785/BSSA0810051480","usgsCitation":"Ponti, D.J., and Wells, R., 1991, Off-fault ground ruptures in the Santa Cruz Mountains, California: Ridge-top spreading versus tectonic extension during the 1989 Loma Prieta earthquake: Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, v. 81, no. 5, p. 1480-1510, https://doi.org/10.1785/BSSA0810051480.","productDescription":"31 p.","startPage":"1480","endPage":"1510","costCenters":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":354868,"rank":2,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/ssa/bssa/article/81/5/1480/119497/off-fault-ground-ruptures-in-the-santa-cruz"},{"id":354869,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"Santa Cruz Mountains","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -122.26218327718883,\n 37.37731406960248\n ],\n [\n -122.26218327718883,\n 36.80228898963584\n ],\n [\n -121.53712401965575,\n 36.80228898963584\n ],\n [\n -121.53712401965575,\n 37.37731406960248\n ],\n [\n -122.26218327718883,\n 37.37731406960248\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"81","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5c112478e4b034bf6a81dfb1","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ponti, Daniel J. 0000-0002-2437-5144 dponti@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2437-5144","contributorId":1020,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ponti","given":"Daniel","email":"dponti@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":737538,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Wells, Ray E. 0000-0002-7796-0160 rwells@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7796-0160","contributorId":2692,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wells","given":"Ray E.","email":"rwells@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":737539,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70138474,"text":"70138474 - 1991 - High-energy carbonate-sand accumulation, the Quicksands, southwest Florida Keys","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-05-16T11:03:32.56789","indexId":"70138474","displayToPublicDate":"1991-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2451,"text":"Journal of Sedimentary Research","onlineIssn":"1938-3681","printIssn":"1527-1404","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"High-energy carbonate-sand accumulation, the Quicksands, southwest Florida Keys","docAbstract":"High-resolution seismic-reflection profiles of the Quicksands, located along a broad ridge on the platform shelf west of Key West, Florida, indicate a significant deposit of non-oolitic carbonate sand occurs in a belt 47 km long by 28 km wide. The surface of the belt is ornamented by large (5 m), migrating tidal bars, oriented in a north-south direction, on which sand waves, oriented in an east-west direction, are superimposed. Some of the sand waves are awash at low tide. The sand waves are formed by strong reversing tidal currents flowing between the Gulf of Mexico and the Straits of Florida. The waves migrate directly over Pleistocene bedrock to the east, but the deposit thickens to the west and sand waves there overlie non-oolitic Holocene accumulations as thick as 12 m. Westward-dipping accretionary bedding indicates that net migration of the sands is to the west, despite north-south movement of tidal currents. The westward edge of the accumulation has accreted over deeper, muddier deposits. Although tidal currents and resultant bedforms appear identical to those of active ooid deposits in the Bahamas and elsewhere, no oolitically coated grains were found in this study. Thin-section analyses show the principal component (average 48%) of the sands is fragmented plates of species of the green alga Halimeda , followed by particulate coral (average 17%), which increases off the flanks of the main sand body. Short vibracores confirm the presence of cross-bedding.
The Wasatch fault zone (WFZ) forms the eastern boundary of the Basin and Range province and is the longest continuous, active normal fault (343 km) in the United States. It underlies an urban corridor of 1.6 million people (80% of Utah's population) representing the largest earthquake risk in the interior of the western United States.
We have used paleoseismological data to identify 10 discrete segments of the WFZ. Five are active, medial segments with Holocene slip rates of 1–2 mm a−1, recurrence intervals of 2000–4000 years and average lengths of about 50 km. Five are less active, distal segments with mostly pre-Holocene surface ruptures, late Quaternary slip rates of <0.5 mm a−1 recurrence intervals of ≥10,000 years and average lengths of about 20 km. Surface-faulting events on each of the medial segments of the WFZ formed 2–4-m-high scarps repeatedly during the Holocene; latest Pleistocene (14–15 ka) deposits commonly have scarps as much as 15–20 m in height. Segments identified from paleoseismological studies of other major late Quaternary normal faults in the northern Basin and Range province are 20–25 km long, or about half of that proposed for the medial segments of the WFZ.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0191-8141(91)90062-N","issn":"01918141","usgsCitation":"Machette, M.N., Personius, S., Nelson, A., Schwartz, D.P., and Lund, W., 1991, The Wasatch fault zone, utah-segmentation and history of Holocene earthquakes: Journal of Structural Geology, v. 13, no. 2, p. 137-149, https://doi.org/10.1016/0191-8141(91)90062-N.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"137","endPage":"149","numberOfPages":"13","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":223465,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"13","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505ba97be4b08c986b3222c3","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Machette, M. N.","contributorId":19561,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Machette","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"N.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":373292,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Personius, S. F. 0000-0001-8347-7370","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8347-7370","contributorId":31408,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Personius","given":"S. F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":373293,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Nelson, A.R. 0000-0001-7117-7098","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7117-7098","contributorId":55078,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nelson","given":"A.R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":373295,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Schwartz, David P. 0000-0001-5193-9200","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5193-9200","contributorId":52968,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schwartz","given":"David","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":373294,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Lund, W.R.","contributorId":58781,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lund","given":"W.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":373296,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70168540,"text":"70168540 - 1991 - Mid-continent earthquake zones; lessons from New Madrid, Missouri","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-02-23T15:24:34","indexId":"70168540","displayToPublicDate":"1991-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1437,"text":"Earthquakes & Volcanoes (USGS)","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Mid-continent earthquake zones; lessons from New Madrid, Missouri","docAbstract":"Many seismically active regions occur throughout the world as concentrated zones surrounded by the relatively stable crust of shields or platforms. Examples occur in central and eastern North America, northeastern Brazil, Australia, Norway, Svalbard, Greenland, and other places. Some of these zones, such as those at New Madrid, Missouri, and in the St. Lawrence Valley on the Canadian border, extend over relatively large areas and are marked by a high level of seismicity. Others, such as that near Anna Ohio, are smaller, and the level of activity is lower. Some zones are occasinoally sites for major earthquakes which, if they are in populated regions, can cause widespread destrucion and loss of life.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S Geological Survey","usgsCitation":"Mitchell, B.J., 1991, Mid-continent earthquake zones; lessons from New Madrid, Missouri: Earthquakes & Volcanoes (USGS), v. 22, no. 3, p. 120-123.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"120","endPage":"123","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":318143,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Missouri","otherGeospatial":"New Madrid","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -89.58526611328125,\n 36.6254475139069\n ],\n [\n -89.43832397460938,\n 36.640875904982344\n ],\n [\n -89.43008422851562,\n 36.49749349301181\n ],\n [\n -89.57290649414062,\n 36.49418152677429\n ],\n [\n -89.59625244140625,\n 36.62434536776987\n ],\n [\n -89.58526611328125,\n 36.6254475139069\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"22","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"56c6f942e4b0946c6524073e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Mitchell, B. J.","contributorId":167029,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Mitchell","given":"B.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":620807,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70016497,"text":"70016497 - 1991 - Examination of micrinite concentrates from the Cannel City coal bed of eastern Kentucky: Proposed mechanism of formation","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-03-13T21:32:55.512865","indexId":"70016497","displayToPublicDate":"1991-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2958,"text":"Organic Geochemistry","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Examination of micrinite concentrates from the Cannel City coal bed of eastern Kentucky: Proposed mechanism of formation","docAbstract":"A high volatile B, micrinite-rich bituminous coal from Morgan County, Kentucky, was crushed and screened to −100 mesh, demineralized and subjected to density gradient centrifugation (DGC). In an initial density separation, micrinite concentration was increased from 52 vol% in the demineralized coal to a maximum of 67% in the 1.25–1.26 g/ml density fraction. Micrinite enriched fractions (1.21–1.29 g/ml) were combined to yield a sample containing ∼61% micrinite. This sample was crushed to −200 mesh in an attempt to enhance micrinite liberation then reprocessed by DGC. Reprocessing resulted in a slight increase in purity to 69 vol% in the 1.25–1.28 g/ml density fraction. The original −100 mesh sample was density separated a second time with the material recovered between 1.22 and 1.30 g/ml combined, crushed, screened past 325 mesh and reprocessed by DGC. Micrinite was recovered at a purity ranging up to 73% (1.27–1.28 g/ml) from the −325 mesh sample. A density of 1.26g/ml and H/C atomic ratio of 0.79 was calculated for micrinite in one of the higher purity micrinite fractions. These values are notably different than published fusinite values and are more similar to vitrinite values measured in high volatile-B coals. The results from this study suggest that the partitioning of micrinite to a density near that of vitrinite was governed by the inherent micrinite density and not particle aggregation. Transition of the micrinite precursors through a mobile liquid phase is proposed as an explanation for the discrepancy between chemical properties and reflectance as well as to account for the observed microlithological occurrences of micrinite in this sample.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0146-6380(91)90118-4","usgsCitation":"Taulbee, D., Hower, J., and Greb, S., 1991, Examination of micrinite concentrates from the Cannel City coal bed of eastern Kentucky: Proposed mechanism of formation: Organic Geochemistry, v. 17, no. 4, p. 557-565, https://doi.org/10.1016/0146-6380(91)90118-4.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"557","endPage":"565","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":223375,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Kentucky","county":"Morgan 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D.N.","contributorId":57600,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Taulbee","given":"D.N.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":373718,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hower, J.C.","contributorId":100541,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hower","given":"J.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":373719,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Greb, S.F.","contributorId":48294,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Greb","given":"S.F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":373717,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70014972,"text":"70014972 - 1991 - Evolution of a Permo-Triassic sedimentary melange, Grindstone terrane, east-central Oregon","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-12-27T11:57:09.788768","indexId":"70014972","displayToPublicDate":"1991-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1786,"text":"Geological Society of America Bulletin","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Evolution of a Permo-Triassic sedimentary melange, Grindstone terrane, east-central Oregon","docAbstract":"The Grindstone terrane in east-central Oregon is one of the few areas in western North America where large blocks of unmetamorphosed Devonian, Mississippian, and Permian limestones are inter mixed with Permian and Lower Triassic radiolarian chert and Pennsylvanian?, Permian, and Triassic volcaniclastic rocks. Although originally described as parts of a coherent succession, we interpret the Grindstone rocks to be a sedimentary mélange composed of Paleozoic limestone slide and slump blocks that became detached from a carbonate shelf fringing a volcanic knoll or edifice in Late Permian to Middle Triassic time and were intermixed with Permian and Triassic slope to basinal clastic and volcaniclastic rocks in a forearc basin setting. Paleogeographic affinities of the Grindstone limestone faunas and volcaniclastic debris in the limestone and clastic rocks all indicate deposition in proximity to an island-arc system near the North American craton. The Grindstone terrane deposits are unconformably overlain by Upper Triassic to Middle Jurassic sequences of the Izee terrane. Although lithologic and faunal differences indicate that the Grindstone and Izee terranes together represent a tectonic block separate from the adjacent Baker terrane, all three terranes were juxtaposed by Late Triassic or Early Jurassic time.
","language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","doi":"10.1130/0016-7606(1991)103<1280:EOAPTS>2.3.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Blome, C., and Nestell, M., 1991, Evolution of a Permo-Triassic sedimentary melange, Grindstone terrane, east-central Oregon: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 103, no. 10, p. 1280-1296, https://doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1991)103<1280:EOAPTS>2.3.CO;2.","productDescription":"17 p.","startPage":"1280","endPage":"1296","numberOfPages":"17","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":223845,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Oregon","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -116.12329846456441,\n 46.219854158651515\n ],\n [\n -122.23169690206423,\n 46.219854158651515\n ],\n [\n -122.23169690206423,\n 42.80558500045737\n ],\n [\n -116.12329846456441,\n 42.80558500045737\n ],\n [\n -116.12329846456441,\n 46.219854158651515\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"103","issue":"10","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0d7be4b0c8380cd53044","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Blome, C.D.","contributorId":60647,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Blome","given":"C.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":369743,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Nestell, M.K.","contributorId":44296,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nestell","given":"M.K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":369742,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70016518,"text":"70016518 - 1991 - A northern Cordilleran ocean-continent transect: Sitka Sound, Alaska, to Atlin Lake, British Columbia","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-09-21T17:15:24.648945","indexId":"70016518","displayToPublicDate":"1991-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1168,"text":"Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A northern Cordilleran ocean-continent transect: Sitka Sound, Alaska, to Atlin Lake, British Columbia","docAbstract":"The 155 km wide, 310 km long Sitka Sound – Atlin Lake continent–ocean transect includes almost all the geologic, geophysical, and geotectonic elements of the Canadian Cordillera. It crosses the Chugach, Wrangellia, Alexander, Stikine, and Cache Creek terranes, the Gravina and Laberge overlap assemblages, intrusive and metamorphic belts, and neotectonic faults that bound major blocks. Linear belts of magnetic highs are associated with Jurassic and Cretaceous granitic belts in Wrangellia and the western and central parts of the Alexander terrane and with the granitic rocks of the Coast plutonic–metamorphic complex (CPMC). The Border Ranges fault may be expressed at depth on either side of the Peril Strait fault. An enigmatic northeast-trending gradient in the CPMC and adjacent rocks separates a regional magnetic low to the northwest from a 300 nT high field to the southeast. The Bouguer gravity field decreases in broad steps from Pacific crust high values to lows at the international boundary, with pronounced gradients at the east edge of Chugach terrane and west edge of of CPMC. It indicates that the crust thickens from about 20 to 40 km from southwest to northeast. Ultramafic bodies in the Chugach, Alexander, and Wrangellia terranes and Gravina assemblage underlie local highs. Most of the accumulated seismic strain is released by large earthquakes on the Fairweather – Queen Charlotte Islands plate-margin fault, but the northern part of the Glacier Bay region, the Denali fault zone, and the Coast Mountains also have significant seismicity. Part of the Glacier Bay region is being uplifted at a high rate. Most of these features are related to the joining of (i) Wrangellia to Alexander terrane (Carboniferous), (ii) Stikine to Cache Creek terrane (Early Jurassic), (iii) Alexander terrane and Gravina assemblage to Stikine (Late Cretaceous), and (iv) Chugach to Wrangellia and Alexander terrane (Late Cretaceous or Paleogene).
","language":"English","publisher":"Canadian Science Publishing","doi":"10.1139/e91-077","issn":"00084077","usgsCitation":"Brew, D.A., Karl, S.M., Barnes, D., Jachens, R., Ford, A.B., and Horner, R., 1991, A northern Cordilleran ocean-continent transect: Sitka Sound, Alaska, to Atlin Lake, British Columbia: Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, v. 28, no. 6, p. 840-853, https://doi.org/10.1139/e91-077.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"840","endPage":"853","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":223523,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Canada, United States","state":"Alaska, British Columbia","otherGeospatial":"Atlin Lake, Sitka Sound","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -137.5241906864212,\n 57.470765580093484\n ],\n [\n -135.02273584236966,\n 56.73536265956932\n ],\n [\n -132.5284076502953,\n 59.347930175602784\n ],\n [\n -135.1723955338938,\n 59.94202022251474\n ],\n [\n -137.5241906864212,\n 57.470765580093484\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"28","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e4c0e4b0c8380cd468cd","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Brew, D. A.","contributorId":88344,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brew","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":373794,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Karl, Susan M. 0000-0003-1559-7826 skarl@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1559-7826","contributorId":502,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Karl","given":"Susan","email":"skarl@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":119,"text":"Alaska Science Center Geology Minerals","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":373790,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Barnes, D.F.","contributorId":48960,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Barnes","given":"D.F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":373792,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Jachens, R.C.","contributorId":55433,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jachens","given":"R.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":373793,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Ford, A. B.","contributorId":44924,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Ford","given":"A.","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":373791,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Horner, R.","contributorId":93000,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Horner","given":"R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":373795,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70016536,"text":"70016536 - 1991 - Submarine processes of the middle Atlantic continental rise based on GLORIA imagery","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-10-04T13:29:14","indexId":"70016536","displayToPublicDate":"1991-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1786,"text":"Geological Society of America Bulletin","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Submarine processes of the middle Atlantic continental rise based on GLORIA imagery","docAbstract":"Approximately 6100 km of 3.5-kHz echo-sounding profiles was correlated with a GLORIA side-scan sonar image of the mid-Atlantic United States (34??N, 70??W) lower slope-upper continental rise. The image allows us to map the major erosional and depositional features and to identify major processes that have shaped the area. Interpretation of GLORIA imagery and echo-sounding profiles indicates that mass movement is the predominant process affecting sediment on the United States east coast mid-Atlantic slope and upper rise and that isobath-parallel sediment movement by geostrophic currents is restricted mainly to the lower continental rise. The mass-movement processes evident on the rise probably were most active during the Pleistocene, when sea level was lower and sediment input more active. -from Authors","largerWorkTitle":"Geological Society of America Bulletin","language":"English","doi":"10.1130/0016-7606(1991)103<1090:SPOTMA>2.3.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Schlee, J.S., and Robb, J.M., 1991, Submarine processes of the middle Atlantic continental rise based on GLORIA imagery: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 103, no. 8, p. 1090-1103, https://doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1991)103<1090:SPOTMA>2.3.CO;2.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"1090","endPage":"1103","costCenters":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":222804,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -76,\n 34\n ],\n [\n -70,\n 34\n ],\n [\n -70,\n 41\n ],\n [\n -76,\n 41\n ],\n [\n -76,\n 34\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"103","issue":"8","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b9d2ee4b08c986b31d6bb","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Schlee, J. S.","contributorId":68337,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schlee","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":373835,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Robb, James M.","contributorId":73272,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Robb","given":"James","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":373836,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70016603,"text":"70016603 - 1991 - Anomalous folds associated with the east-central part of the Garlock Fault, southeast California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-12-26T22:59:28.196854","indexId":"70016603","displayToPublicDate":"1991-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1786,"text":"Geological Society of America Bulletin","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Anomalous folds associated with the east-central part of the Garlock Fault, southeast California","docAbstract":"The east-central part of the left-lateral Garlock fault, in southeast California, is associated with three broad folds that trend and plunge northeast. The folds, which lie north, south, and astride the fault, postdate deposition of alluvial gravels that at one time formed a continuous northwest-sloping fan; the gravels rest conformably on lake beds that contain the Lava Creek B ash bed (0.62 Ma). The anticline, named after Christmas Canyon, has vertical relief of as much as 100 m. Topographic profiles suggest that the gravels exposed along the synclinal troughs to its southeast (Pilot Knob Valley syncline) and northwest (Teagle Wash syncline) lie at about the same elevations as they did when part of the originally active fan, implying that the synclines are passive results of the anticline development. If so, the original slope of the middle Pleistocene alluvial sediment sheet was about 0.6° northwest. The age and dimensional controls allow calculation of the rates of tilting and horizontal shortening. Corrected tilting rates vary from about 2.5° to 4.7°/m.y.; the total shortening of about 7.5 m developed at a minimum rate of 12.5 m/m.y.
","language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","doi":"10.1130/0016-7606(1991)103<0615:AFAWTE>2.3.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Smith, G., 1991, Anomalous folds associated with the east-central part of the Garlock Fault, southeast California: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 103, no. 5, p. 615-624, https://doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1991)103<0615:AFAWTE>2.3.CO;2.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"615","endPage":"624","numberOfPages":"10","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":224742,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","volume":"103","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059ec48e4b0c8380cd49181","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Smith, G.I.","contributorId":103694,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smith","given":"G.I.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":374011,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70016856,"text":"70016856 - 1991 - Geology and petrology of Mahukona Volcano, Hawaii","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-10-06T00:24:31.072627","indexId":"70016856","displayToPublicDate":"1991-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1109,"text":"Bulletin of Volcanology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Geology and petrology of Mahukona Volcano, Hawaii","docAbstract":"The submarine Mahukona Volcano, west of the island of Hawaii, is located on the Loa loci line between Kahoolawe and Hualalai Volcanoes. The west rift zone ridge of the volcano extends across a drowned coral reef at about-1150 m and a major slope break at about-1340 m, both of which represent former shoreines. The summit of the volcano apparently reached to about 250 m above sea level (now at-1100 m depth) did was surmounted by a roughly circular caldera. A econd rift zone probably extended toward the east or sutheast, but is completely covered by younger lavas from the adjacent subaerial volcanoes. Samples were vecovered from nine dredges and four submersible lives. Using subsidence rates and the compositions of flows which drape the dated shoreline terraces, we infer that the voluminous phase of tholeiitic shield growth ended about 470 ka, but tholeiitic eruptions continued until at least 435 ka. Basalt, transitional between tholeiitic and alkalic basalt, erupted at the end of tholeiitic volcanism, but no postshield-alkalic stage volcanism occurred. The summit of the volcano apparently subcided below sea level between 435 and 365 ka. The tholeiitic lavas recovered are compositionally diverse.
No abstract available
","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Aquifers of the southern and eastern states","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":15,"text":"Monograph"},"language":"English","usgsCitation":"Lewis, J., 1991, Effect of anisotropy on ground-water dis charge to streams in fractured Mesozoic-basin rocks, chap. of Aquifers of the southern and eastern states, p. 93-105.","productDescription":"13 p. ","startPage":"93","endPage":"105","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":339746,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58f1e0cee4b08144348b7e98","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lewis, J. C.","contributorId":10057,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lewis","given":"J. C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":691068,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70016573,"text":"70016573 - 1991 - Trondhjemitic, 1.35-1.31 Ga gneisses of the Mount Holly Complex of Vermont: evidence for an Elzevirian event in the Grenville Basement of the United States Appalachians","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-09-21T16:48:32.534194","indexId":"70016573","displayToPublicDate":"1991-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1168,"text":"Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Trondhjemitic, 1.35-1.31 Ga gneisses of the Mount Holly Complex of Vermont: evidence for an Elzevirian event in the Grenville Basement of the United States Appalachians","docAbstract":"A newly recognized suite of trondhjemite–tonalite and dacitic gneiss forms a 10 km wide belt of rocks within the Mount Holly Complex in the central part of the Green Mountain massif of Vermont. Field relationships and chemistry indicate that these gneisses are calc-alkaline, volcanic, and hypabyssal plutonic rocks older than the Middle Proterozoic regional deformation that affected the Mount Holly Complex. U–Pb zircon dates indicate ages as great as 1.35 Ga for crystallization of the volcanic protoliths and for intrusion of crosscutting trondhjemite. Tonalitic plutonism continued until 1.31 Ga.Map-scale contacts between the trondhjemitic–tonalitic–dacitic gneisses and the paragneiss sequence of the Mount Holly Complex are sharp, suggesting that the volcanic rocks of the trondhjemite–tonalite suite underlie the paragneiss units and do not intrude them. These relationships suggest that the trondhjemite–tonalite suite is either considerably older than, and unconformable beneath, the paragneiss cover rocks or represents a volcanic edifice slightly older than the deposition of the sedimentary precursor to the paragneiss units. The paragneiss and tonalite–trondhjemite gneisses are both intruded by younger granitoids that were intruded at about 1.25 Ga during strong dynamothermal metamorphism.The trondhjemitic gneisses of the Mount Holly Complex of Vermont have high Al2O3 and low Yb contents and light rare-earth element enrichment patterns that are more characteristic of continental than oceanic volcanic arcs. The Mount Holly intrusives and volcanics may have formed during 1.35–1.31 Ga ensialic volcanic-arc activity, contemporaneous with ensimatic arc activity during the early part of the Elzevirian phase of the Grenville orogeny. In Vermont, later deformation and granite intrusion at about 1.25 Ga coincide with the major pulse of the Elzevirian orogeny and associated trondhjemitic plutonism in the Central Metasedimentary Belt of eastern Canada.
","language":"English","publisher":"Canadian Science Publishing","doi":"10.1139/e91-007","issn":"00084077","usgsCitation":"Ratcliffe, N.M., Aleinikoff, J.N., Burton, W., and Karabinos, P., 1991, Trondhjemitic, 1.35-1.31 Ga gneisses of the Mount Holly Complex of Vermont: evidence for an Elzevirian event in the Grenville Basement of the United States Appalachians: Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, v. 28, no. 1, p. 77-93, https://doi.org/10.1139/e91-007.","productDescription":"17 p.","startPage":"77","endPage":"93","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":223014,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Vermont","otherGeospatial":"Appalachian Mountains, Green Mountain Massif, Mount Holly Complex","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -73.18804873081775,\n 42.982419440295075\n ],\n [\n -72.84188603089605,\n 42.97826782801144\n ],\n [\n -72.79365024484139,\n 43.28886064626457\n ],\n [\n -73.00361778413804,\n 43.29505641101093\n ],\n [\n -73.18804873081775,\n 42.982419440295075\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"28","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bb881e4b08c986b3278c0","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ratcliffe, N. M.","contributorId":80691,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ratcliffe","given":"N.","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":373925,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Aleinikoff, J. N. 0000-0003-3494-6841","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3494-6841","contributorId":75132,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Aleinikoff","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"N.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":373924,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Burton, W.C.","contributorId":41439,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Burton","given":"W.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":373922,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Karabinos, P.","contributorId":72153,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Karabinos","given":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":373923,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70016653,"text":"70016653 - 1991 - Application of uphole data from petroleum seismic surveys to groundwater investigations, Abu Dhabi (United Arab Emirates)","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-11-15T16:17:02.52515","indexId":"70016653","displayToPublicDate":"1991-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1761,"text":"Geoexploration","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Application of uphole data from petroleum seismic surveys to groundwater investigations, Abu Dhabi (United Arab Emirates)","docAbstract":"Velocity data from uphole surveys were used to map the water table and the contact at the base dune sand/top alluvium as part of a joint National Drilling Company-United States Geological Survey Ground Water Research Project in the Emirate of Abu Dhabi. During 1981–1983, a reconnaissance seismic survey was conducted for petroleum exploration in the eastern region of Abu Dhabi. Approximately 2800 kilometers of seismic data, consisting of 92 lines, were acquired in the 2500 km2 concession area near Al Ain. Uphole surveys were conducted about 2 km apart along each seismic line, and were used to calculate weathering corrections required to further process in the seismic data. Approximately 1300 uphole surveys were completed in the concession area between March 1981 and June 1983.
Reinterpretation of the velocity profiles derived from the uphole surveys provided data for determining the following subsurface layers, listed in descending order: (1) a surficial, unconsolidated weathering layer with a velocity from 300 to 450 m/s; (2) surficial dune sand, from 750 to 900 m/s; (3) unsaturated, unconsolidated alluvium, from 1000 to 1300 m/s; and (4) saturated, unconsolidated alluvium, from 1900 to 2200 m/s. Two interfaces—the water table and the base dune sand/top alluvium — were identified and mapped from boundaries between these velocity layers.
Although the regional water table can fluctuate naturally as much as 3 m per year in this area and the water-table determinations from the uphole data span a 27-month period, an extremely consistent and interpretable water-table map was derived from the uphole data throughout the entire concession area. In the northern part of the area, unconfined groundwater moves northward and northwestward toward the Arabian Gulf; and in the central and southern parts of the area, groundwater moves westward away from the Oman Mountains. In the extreme southern area east of Jabal Hafit, groundwater moves southward into Oman. The map of the base dune sand/top alluvium suggests a buried paleodrainage network trending westward to southwestward away from the Oman Mountains. These paleodrainages, now buried by dune sand, probably contain alluvial fill and are logical targets for groundwater exploration.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0016-7142(91)90022-5","usgsCitation":"Woodward, D., and Menges, C., 1991, Application of uphole data from petroleum seismic surveys to groundwater investigations, Abu Dhabi (United Arab Emirates): Geoexploration, v. 27, no. 1-2, p. 193-212, https://doi.org/10.1016/0016-7142(91)90022-5.","productDescription":"20 p.","startPage":"193","endPage":"212","numberOfPages":"20","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":224696,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Emirate of Abu Dhabi","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n 55.32682386383689,\n 23.259579811742427\n ],\n [\n 55.400103111166004,\n 23.38995516275145\n ],\n [\n 55.44132268778836,\n 23.385751504225226\n ],\n [\n 55.56956137061428,\n 23.620950446918116\n ],\n [\n 55.53292174694974,\n 23.767735958015336\n ],\n [\n 55.491702170327386,\n 23.943660152143167\n ],\n [\n 55.757339441894885,\n 24.0649919026839\n ],\n [\n 55.80313897147505,\n 24.0064322398199\n ],\n [\n 56.01381680754673,\n 24.073355388987736\n ],\n [\n 55.96801727796549,\n 24.211274067127633\n ],\n [\n 55.83519864218178,\n 24.207096900942233\n ],\n [\n 55.757339441894885,\n 24.23633418804704\n ],\n [\n 55.835196374044415,\n 24.340698504433462\n ],\n [\n 55.79855675037979,\n 24.48666372391564\n ],\n [\n 55.77565698558871,\n 24.56166572782938\n ],\n [\n 55.80771665629544,\n 24.624133146190175\n ],\n [\n 55.78939684446314,\n 24.65327393418373\n ],\n [\n 55.835196374044415,\n 24.68656936414301\n ],\n [\n 55.82603646812771,\n 24.79471805920342\n ],\n [\n 55.3497213604885,\n 24.83213220937651\n ],\n [\n 55.262702254285955,\n 24.094262010568798\n ],\n [\n 55.16652324216682,\n 23.30165064334244\n ],\n [\n 55.32682386383689,\n 23.259579811742427\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n },\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n 53.12078805550857,\n 22.87382204623931\n ],\n [\n 54.41819426053206,\n 22.727057558523896\n ],\n [\n 54.462753218353015,\n 23.44568151771233\n ],\n [\n 53.13792510895331,\n 23.451425930801733\n ],\n [\n 53.12078805550857,\n 22.87382204623931\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"27","issue":"1-2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059ecc0e4b0c8380cd49470","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Woodward, D.","contributorId":36701,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Woodward","given":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":374140,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Menges, C.M.","contributorId":71200,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Menges","given":"C.M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":374141,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70016506,"text":"70016506 - 1991 - Crustal structure of the western New England Appalachians and the Adirondack Mountains","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:18:43","indexId":"70016506","displayToPublicDate":"1991-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2312,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Crustal structure of the western New England Appalachians and the Adirondack Mountains","docAbstract":"Presents an interpretation of the crustal velocity structure based on a seismic refraction/wide-angle reflection experiment in eastern North America extending from the Adirondacks in New York State through the northern Appalachians in Vermont and New Hampshire to central Maine. Modeling of the eastern portion of the profile within the New England Appalachians shows a subhorizontal layered crust with upper crustal velocities ranging from 5.5 to 6.2 km/s, a midcrustal velocity of 6.4 km/s, and a lower crustal velocity of approximately 6.8 km/s. Crustal thickness increases from 36 km beneath Maine to 40 km in Vermont. This experiment provides further evidence for the obduction of the allochthonous western Appalachian units onto Grenvillian crust above the azone of detachment that penetrates at least to midcrustal depths and was the locus of successive Paleozoic thrusting. -from Authors","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Geophysical Research","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","issn":"01480227","usgsCitation":"Hughes, S., and Leutgert, J., 1991, Crustal structure of the western New England Appalachians and the Adirondack Mountains: Journal of Geophysical Research, v. 96, no. B10.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":223380,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"96","issue":"B10","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059fcf0e4b0c8380cd4e523","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hughes, S.","contributorId":10384,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hughes","given":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":373749,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Leutgert, J.H.","contributorId":104225,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Leutgert","given":"J.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":373750,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70016509,"text":"70016509 - 1991 - Terraces on the Florida escarpment: Implications for erosional processes","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-10-04T14:20:31","indexId":"70016509","displayToPublicDate":"1991-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1796,"text":"Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Terraces on the Florida escarpment: Implications for erosional processes","docAbstract":"SeaBeam bathymetric data and GLORIA (Geologic LOng-Range Inclined Asdic) sidescan sonar images of a 175-km-long section of the Florida escarpment in the eastern Guff of Mexico show that this carbonate escarpment has been eroded since its initial formation, but its morphology suggests that erosional processes have not acted uniformly on the escarpment. Parts of the escarpment are notched by box canyons that have extremely steep headwalls and may be sites off active ground-water sapping. The intercanyon areas commonly have previously unrecognized terraces below 2600 m. Above 2600 m, the escarpment is steeper and has no terraces. The terraces may reflect differences in platform strata exposed at the escarpment that are responding differently to erosional processes.
","language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","doi":"10.1130/0091-7613(1991)019<0897:TOTFEI>2.3.CO;2","issn":"00917613","usgsCitation":"Twichell, D., Paull, C.K., and Parson, L., 1991, Terraces on the Florida escarpment: Implications for erosional processes: Geology, v. 19, no. 9, p. 897-900, https://doi.org/10.1130/0091-7613(1991)019<0897:TOTFEI>2.3.CO;2.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"897","endPage":"900","costCenters":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":223427,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","otherGeospatial":"Gulf of Mexico","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -83.968505859375,\n 25.005972656239187\n ],\n [\n -79.47509765625,\n 25.005972656239187\n ],\n [\n -79.47509765625,\n 29.907329376851553\n ],\n [\n -83.968505859375,\n 29.907329376851553\n ],\n [\n -83.968505859375,\n 25.005972656239187\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"19","issue":"9","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505ba54ee4b08c986b320972","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Twichell, D.C.","contributorId":84304,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Twichell","given":"D.C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":373755,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Paull, C. K.","contributorId":86845,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Paull","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":373756,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Parson, L.M.","contributorId":69156,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Parson","given":"L.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":373754,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70016447,"text":"70016447 - 1991 - Soil chronosequence studies in temperate to subtropical, low-latitude, low-relief terrain with data from the eastern United States","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-09-27T19:04:39.4049","indexId":"70016447","displayToPublicDate":"1991-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1760,"text":"Geoderma","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Soil chronosequence studies in temperate to subtropical, low-latitude, low-relief terrain with data from the eastern United States","docAbstract":"The Coastal Plain of the eastern United States is a low-latitude, low-altitude, low-relief terrain composed primarily of gently dipping marine and marginal-marine sediments that range in age from Cretaceous to Quaternary. Population density of the area is moderate, and most of the population is concentrated along the coast. Inland of the coast, agriculture, including growing trees for pulp, is the dominant economy. In this region, soils have developed along two different pathways. One pathway is dominated by the dissolution and movement of oxyhydroxides and the accumulation of organic matter; the other by the accumulation of clays and oxyhydroxyides and the adsorption or oxidation of organic matter. The first pathway has resulted in the formation of Spodosols; the second, in the development of Ultisols. No clearly distinguishable age trends have been identified in the Spodosols, but the properties of Ultisols can be measured to quantify surface material alteration through time. Ultisols are, therefore, suited to order-of-magnitude chronostratigraphic interpretations. Potentially, data derived through the study of Ultisols can be used to develop models that predict how surface processes will change due to continued weathering and pedogenesis or as the result of climate change.
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W.","contributorId":31426,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Markewich","given":"H.","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":373560,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Pavich, M.J.","contributorId":70788,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pavich","given":"M.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":373561,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":2000099,"text":"2000099 - 1991 - Wigeongrass (Ruppia maritima): a literature review","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-12-29T12:43:00","indexId":"2000099","displayToPublicDate":"1991-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":1,"text":"Federal Government Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":25,"text":"Fish and Wildlife Research","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":1}},"seriesNumber":"10","title":"Wigeongrass (Ruppia maritima): a literature review","docAbstract":"Wigeongrass (Ruppia maritima L.) is a submersed macrophyte of nearly cosmopolitan distribution and worldwide importance as a waterfowl food. Unfortunately, the plant no longer inhabits vast areas disturbed by human activities. Taxonomic status of the plant is uncertain, especially in North America. In mild climates, in habitats subject to environmental extremes, the plant behaves as an annual (vegetation perishes), or as a perennial in deeper, more stable habitats (some vegetative parts grow year round). Drupelets (seeds) provide a mechanism for wigeongrass to survive periods of drought and excessive water salinity. These sexual propagules can be washed ashore or carried by birds or fish for long distances.Wigeongrass mostly occurs in temporarily to permanently flooded mesohaline-hyperhaline estuarine wetlands, but it also occurs inland in fresh to hypersaline palustrine and lacustrine wetlands. Most populations inhabit warm, relatively unpolluted, and well lit waters <2.0 m deep where fetches and wave action are not great. The species is probably best adapted to stable water levels but can tolerate significant water level fluctuations, including periodic exposure in tidal areas. Robust growth occurs in areas of slow current. Wigeongrass is alone among the submersed North American angiosperms in tolerance to high salinity, but it is likely at a competitive disadvantage among specialist taxa in soft or acidic waters. The species grows in nearly all common bottom substrates, but growth is favored by aerobic and low H2S conditions. Turbidity frequently limits wigeongrass growth in waters overlying easily suspendible bottom substrates.Wigeongrass often occurs in monotypic stands, yet grows with many other submersed and emergent macrophytes. Dominance in certain wetlands sometimes alternates with dominance by other submersed macrophytes as salinities, seasonal temperature cycles, or other environmental factors change. The shading effect of metaphytic, planktonic, or epiphytic algae often reduces production.Wigeongrass and its detritus provide food and cover for a large invertebrate biota, although direct consumption of the living plants is minimal. Wigeongrass beds in coastal wetlands are heavily used by fish. The plant is recognized worldwide as an important food of migrant and wintering waterfowl, wading birds, and shorebirds. In subtropical climates, wintering waterfowl can quickly consume entire stands.Propagation and management of wigeongrass has occurred for nearly 60 years in the southern and eastern United States. During the seventies and eighties, sophisticated water level and salinity management techniques have been developed to encourage growth of the plant.Future research should concentrate on determining the means to reduce light-limiting turbidity in many wetland types; understanding the ways in which human activities on and near wetlands affect wigeongrass production; and developing reliable and predictable techniques to stimulate wigeongrass production by water level manipulations and other means in different environmental settings. Trophic interactions and the effects of biomanipulation of fish populations in managed wigeongrass habitat--now little understood--also require more study.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service","publisherLocation":"Washington, D.C.","usgsCitation":"Kantrud, H.A., 1991, Wigeongrass (Ruppia maritima): a literature review: Fish and Wildlife Research 10, ii, 58 p.","productDescription":"ii, 58 p.","costCenters":[{"id":480,"text":"Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":198895,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49e2e4b07f02db5e4c11","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kantrud, Harold A.","contributorId":82375,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kantrud","given":"Harold","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":325088,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70016508,"text":"70016508 - 1991 - Midwayan (Paleocene) pollen correlations in the eastern United States","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:18:42","indexId":"70016508","displayToPublicDate":"1991-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2735,"text":"Micropaleontology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Midwayan (Paleocene) pollen correlations in the eastern United States","docAbstract":"The Midwayan Stage of the eastern United States is divided into three new pollen zones, the Pseudoplicapollis serana, Tricolpites asper and Caryapollenites prodromus interval zones. Pollen data support the presence of an unconformity between the Rhems and Williamsburg Formations of South Carolina. The base of the Aquia Formation of Virginia and Maryland is slightly younger than the top of the Naheola Formation of Alabama. The Midwayan-Sabinian stage boundary is probably of late NP5 age and is probably only slightly younger than the important range base of Carya<29??m pollen. -from Author","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Micropaleontology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","issn":"00262803","usgsCitation":"Frederiksen, N.O., 1991, Midwayan (Paleocene) pollen correlations in the eastern United States: Micropaleontology, v. 37, no. 2, p. 101-123.","startPage":"101","endPage":"123","numberOfPages":"23","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":223426,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"37","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a56f0e4b0c8380cd6d927","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Frederiksen, N. O.","contributorId":78356,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Frederiksen","given":"N.","email":"","middleInitial":"O.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":373753,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":1003844,"text":"1003844 - 1991 - Mortality in tundra swans Cygnus columbianus","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-06-24T17:39:24","indexId":"1003844","displayToPublicDate":"1991-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3764,"text":"Wildfowl","onlineIssn":"2052-6458","printIssn":"0954-6324","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Mortality in tundra swans Cygnus columbianus","docAbstract":"Our paper identifies and examines the significance of hunting and non-hunting mortality affecting the Eastern Population (EP) and Western Population (WP) (see Serie & Bartonek 1991a) of Tundra Swans. Sport hunting (Serie & Bartonek 1991b), native subsistence hunting (Copp 1989, Stewart & Bernier 1989), malicious shooting (McKelvey & MacNeill 1981), avian cholera (Friend et al. 1981, Schroeder 1983), ecto- and endoparasites (Trauger & Bartonek 1977, Woebeser 1981), lead poisoning (Sherwood 1960, Friend et al. 1981), collision (Willard 1978), and drowning (Miller et al. 1986) have been documented as being direct or indirect causes of mortality in fledged Tundra Swans; but their relative importance remains unknown.
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James C.","contributorId":38085,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bartonek","given":"James C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":314446,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Serie, J.R.","contributorId":54919,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Serie","given":"J.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":314447,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Converse, K. A.","contributorId":81436,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Converse","given":"K.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":314448,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70014903,"text":"70014903 - 1991 - On plate tectonics and the geologic evolution of southwestern North America","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-05-03T13:32:22.905282","indexId":"70014903","displayToPublicDate":"1991-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2312,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"On plate tectonics and the geologic evolution of southwestern North America","docAbstract":"Very rapid subduction of the Farallon plate under southwestern North America between 60 and 40 Ma was accompanied by a relatively low volume of magmatism throughout the southwestern United States and northern Mexico. Between 40 and 20 Ma, when subduction slowed significantly and in one area may have even stopped, magmatism became widespread and voluminous from Nevada and Utah to central Mexico. This correlation of rapid subduction with a relatively low volume of magmatism can be explained by the observation that subduction-related andesitic arc volcanism, often formed in a Laramide-style compressional regime, is relatively low volume compared to continental volcanism. The shallow roots of arc volcanic systems are clearly exposed in the porphyry copper deposits found in currently active arcs and common throughout southwestern North America between 60 and 50 Ma. By 43 Ma, worldwide plate motions changed, the Pacific plate began moving away from North America, and subduction of the Farallon plate slowed. By around 36 Ma, the easternmost part of the East Pacific Rise, which was located between the Pioneer and Murray fracture zones, approached the trench and the young, hot, buoyant lithosphere appears to have clogged part of the subduction zone. Uplift on land became widespread. Voluminous continental magmatism formed the Sierra Madre Occidental (SMO) of Mexico, one of the largest batholiths in the world, as well as volcanic centers now exposed in the San Juan Mountains of Colorado and the Rio Grande Rift of New Mexico. Vectors of motion of the Pacific plate relative to the North American plate determined by Stock and Molnar (1988) are consistent with formation of a transtensional environment along the plate boundary sufficient to create a 100- to 200-km-wide void just landward of the old volcanic arc. While the SMO batholith was forming within this void, the Monterey and Arguello microplates just offshore to the west were broken off from the Farallon plate and rotated so that the East Pacific Rise in this immediate area became nearly perpendicular to the trench and perpendicular to the vector of motion of the Pacific plate relative to North America. Formation of the SMO batholith was followed between 24 and 20 Ma by a major increase in the rate of subduction of the Guadalupe plate, a fragment of the former Farallon plate, and by increasing mylonitization, extension, and uplift in the metamorphic core complexes that extend northwestward through southern Arizona from the northern end of the SMO batholith. The plate margin underwent another major change between 12.5 and 10 Ma when subduction again stopped, strike slip faulting became dominant along the coast, the Basin and Range Province opened, and numerous tectonostratigraphic terranes in southern California underwent large rotations. By 3 Ma a large, new terrane had been severed from North America immediately west of the SMO batholith as the Gulf of California opened. These observations can be explained by a model for the weakening and ultimate falling apart of the uppermost part of the subducted oceanic plate in the 20–30 m.y. after the end of rapid subduction. As the plate falls apart, not only is compressional stress relieved, but significant backslip along the old subduction zone is also possible, perhaps bringing blueschists rapidly upward from 20- to 30-km depths.
The Skagit Gneiss Complex forms a more-or-less continuous terrane within the northern, more deeply eroded part of the North Cascade Range. The complex comprises abundant plutons intruded at mid-crustal depths into a variety of metamorphosed supracrustal rocks of both oceanic and volcanic-arc origin. A plethora of syntectonic pegmatite, small plutons, and granitic dikes gives the complex a migmatitic aspect.
U-Pb zircon ages from gneissic plutons within and near the Skagit Gneiss Complex indicate magmatic crystallization between 75 and 60 Ma. Deformation, recrystallization, and migmatization in part postdate intrusion of the 75-60 Ma plutons. This latest Cretaceous and earliest Tertiary plutonism and migmatization may reflect thermal relaxation following early Late Cretaceous orogeny documented else-where in the North Cascades.
The complex was ductilely extended northwest-southeast shortly after intrusion of granite dikes at ∼45 Ma, but before emplacement of the earliest (∼34 Ma) plutons of the Cascade arc. Outcrops of Late Cretaceous and earliest Tertiary plutons, migmatites of the Skagit Gneiss Complex, and rocks with young ductile deformation are roughly coextensive, all apparently marking a region of greater middle Eocene unroofing. Unroofing was apparently contemporaneous with east-west extension in the Okanogan region to the east and north-south and northwest-southeast strike-slip faulting within the North Cascades.
","language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","doi":"10.1130/0016-7606(1991)103<1297:LCAETP>2.3.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Haugerud, R., Van Der Heyden, P., Tabor, R.W., Stacey, J.S., and Zartman, R., 1991, Late Cretaceous and early Tertiary plutonism and deformation in the Skagit Gneiss Complex, north Cascade Range, Washington and British Columbia: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 103, no. 10, p. 1297-1307, https://doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1991)103<1297:LCAETP>2.3.CO;2.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"1297","endPage":"1307","numberOfPages":"11","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":224286,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Canada, United States","state":"Washington","otherGeospatial":"British Columbia","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -124.78052502706436,\n 51.503705568778855\n ],\n [\n -124.78052502706436,\n 47.12444497066605\n ],\n [\n -118.27661877706427,\n 47.12444497066605\n ],\n [\n -118.27661877706427,\n 51.503705568778855\n ],\n [\n -124.78052502706436,\n 51.503705568778855\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"103","issue":"10","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a44d4e4b0c8380cd66e01","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Haugerud, R. A. 0000-0001-7302-4351","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7302-4351","contributorId":42953,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Haugerud","given":"R. A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":369824,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Van Der Heyden, P.","contributorId":25708,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Van Der Heyden","given":"P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":369823,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Tabor, R. W.","contributorId":16002,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tabor","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":369822,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Stacey, J. S.","contributorId":72785,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stacey","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":369825,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Zartman, R. E.","contributorId":15632,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zartman","given":"R. E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":369821,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70015049,"text":"70015049 - 1991 - Sedimentology and cyclicity in the Lower Permian De Chelly Sandstone on the Defiance Plateau: Eastern Arizona","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-02-11T07:24:31","indexId":"70015049","displayToPublicDate":"1991-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2789,"text":"Mountain Geologist","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Sedimentology and cyclicity in the Lower Permian De Chelly Sandstone on the Defiance Plateau: Eastern Arizona","docAbstract":"The Lower Permian (Leonardian) De Chelly Sandstone crops out along a north-south trend on the Defiance Plateau of eastern Arizona. It is divided into lower and upper members separated by a tongue of the Supai Formation that pinches out to the north.
Lithofacies in the De Chelly Sandstone consist of (1) a large-scale trough to tabular- and/or wedge-planar cross-stratified sandstone facies of large-scale eolian dune origin, (2) a small- to medium-scale, trough cross-stratified sandstone also of eolian dune origin, (3) a horizontally stratified, wind-rippled sandstone of sand sheet origin, (4) a wavy, horizontally stratified, wind-rippled sandstone of sabkha origin, and (5) a mud-draped ripple-laminated sandstone of mud-flat origin.
The De Chelly Sandstone in the northern Defiance Plateau consists mainly of large-scale dune deposits. Stratigraphic sections in the middle of the plateau are dominated by small- to medium-scale dune and sand sheet deposits whereas those along the southern end of the plateau are composed largely of sabkha and supratidal mud-flat deposits. The lateral distribution of these facies suggests a north-south juxtaposition of central-erg, fore-erg, and mixed sabkha-supratidal depositional environments. Repetitive interbedding of facies in the De Chelly indicates at least twelve depositional cycles in which sabkha and/or supratidal to coastal-plain mud-flats were sequentially overridden by eolian sand sheets and cross-stratified dunes.
Lateral and vertical facies relations within the lower and upper members of the De Chelly Sandstone record episodic expansion of the De Chelly erg southward, The comparative abundance of large-scale dune deposits in the upper member suggests that progradation was more extensive during latter stages of deposition. The intervening tongue of Supai Formation and the redbeds that overlie the upper member of the De Chelly at Bonito Canyon document northward transgression of sabkha and supratidal to coastal-plain mud-flat environments. Eolian dune deposition was restricted to the northern Defiance Plateau during deposition of these units.
","language":"English","publisher":"Rocky Mountain Association of Geologists","issn":"0027254X","usgsCitation":"Stanesco, J., 1991, Sedimentology and cyclicity in the Lower Permian De Chelly Sandstone on the Defiance Plateau: Eastern Arizona: Mountain Geologist, v. 28, no. 4, p. 1-11.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"1","endPage":"11","numberOfPages":"11","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":224015,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":372197,"rank":2,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://archives.datapages.com/data/rmag/mg/1991/stanesco.html"}],"country":"United States","state":"Arizona","otherGeospatial":"Defiance Plateau","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -109.599609375,\n 35.721987809328716\n ],\n [\n -109.05853271484374,\n 35.721987809328716\n ],\n [\n -109.05853271484374,\n 36.30848550829368\n ],\n [\n -109.599609375,\n 36.30848550829368\n ],\n [\n -109.599609375,\n 35.721987809328716\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"28","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b8a99e4b08c986b317284","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Stanesco, J. D.","contributorId":91246,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stanesco","given":"J. D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":369939,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ]}