During July, 1997, twenty four Schlumberger dc resistivity soundings were made in the Boulder watershed and adjacent areas (fig. 1). The objective of geophysical studies in the watershed is to map subsurface lithologic, structural and hydrologic features important in controlling possible ground water contamination from mining activities and for design of remediation efforts. These studies are part of an abandoned mine land study (http://amli.usgs.gov/amli/ ) of the Boulder Basin mining district ( http://www.deq.state.mt.us/mtmines2/linkdocs/techdocs/73tech.html ).
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr00110","issn":"0094-9140","usgsCitation":"Smith, B.D., and Sole, T., 2000, Schlumberger DC resistivity soundings in the Boulder Watershed, Jefferson and Lewis and Clark counties, Montana: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2000-110, 31 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr00110.","productDescription":"31 p.","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":1640,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2000/ofr-00-0110/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":155075,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2000/0110/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":53602,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2000/0110/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Montana ","county":"Jefferson County, Lewis and Clark 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Bruce D. 0000-0002-1643-2997 bsmith@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1643-2997","contributorId":845,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smith","given":"Bruce","email":"bsmith@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":211,"text":"Crustal Geophysics and Geochemistry Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":192137,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Sole, Tracy","contributorId":71578,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sole","given":"Tracy","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":192138,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":21624,"text":"ofr0046 - 2000 - Environmental quality and preservation; bedrock beneath reefs; the importance of geology in understanding biological decline in a modern reef ecosystem","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:07:58","indexId":"ofr0046","displayToPublicDate":"2001-04-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2000-46","title":"Environmental quality and preservation; bedrock beneath reefs; the importance of geology in understanding biological decline in a modern reef ecosystem","docAbstract":"Environmental Quality and Preservation-Bedrock Beneath Reefs: the Importance of Geology in Understanding Biological Decline in a Modern Ecosystem' is a four-page and one-plate full-color discussion of the geologic framework and evolutionary history of the coral reef ecosystem that lines the outer shelf off the Florida Keys.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Dept. of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/ofr0046","issn":"0566-8174","usgsCitation":"Lidz, B.H., 2000, Environmental quality and preservation; bedrock beneath reefs; the importance of geology in understanding biological decline in a modern reef ecosystem: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2000-46, 2 folded sheets (4 p., [1] folded leaf of plates) :ill. (some col.), maps (some col.) ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr0046.","productDescription":"2 folded sheets (4 p., [1] folded leaf of plates) :ill. (some col.), maps (some col.) ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":155213,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":9146,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2000/of00-046/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a0fe4b07f02db5fec8b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lidz, Barbara H. blidz@usgs.gov","contributorId":2475,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lidz","given":"Barbara","email":"blidz@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":184958,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":22783,"text":"ofr0054 - 2000 - Evaluation of biological data, Guanella Pass Area, Clear Creek and Park counties, Colorado, water years 1995-97","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-04-17T11:00:36","indexId":"ofr0054","displayToPublicDate":"2001-04-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2000-54","title":"Evaluation of biological data, Guanella Pass Area, Clear Creek and Park counties, Colorado, water years 1995-97","docAbstract":"Macroinvertebrate and algal community samples were collected during a 3-year period at sites located near Guanella Pass, Colorado, to provide baseline characterization data. Water-quality sampling and habitat evaluations were used to aid in the interpretation of the biological data. The study was part of an environmental investigation for a proposed roadway reconstruction project on Guanella Pass. Discharge was strongly affected by snowmelt during May-July. Habitat scores were optimal (147-199), as determined by U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Rapid Bioassessment Protocol methods. Generally, low median concentrations of nitrogen and phosphorus (less than 0.02 milligram per liter) were detected at all sites. The water temperatures ranged from 0.4 to 11.2 degrees Celsius. The average pH for all sites was neutral, and specific conductivities were dilute (less than 160 microsiemens per centimeter at 25 degrees Celsius). The median suspended-sediment concentration was less than 20 milligrams per liter at all sites. During the study, 100 macroinvertebrate taxa were identified. The dominant taxonomic groups of macroinvertebrates were Diptera (true flies), Ephemeroptera (mayflies), Plecoptera (stoneflies), and Trichoptera (caddisflies). Macroinvertebrate density ranged from 6.6 to 4,300 organisms per square meter at sampled sites. Shannon-Weaver diversity values for the macroinvertebrate samples ranged from 1.6 to 4.5. Collector-gatherers dominated the functional feeding groups at most sites. Average abundance of Ephemeroptera, Plecoptera, and Trichoptera (EPT) was 56.7 percent; EPT:Chironomidae ratios were greater than 2:1 for every site except during water years 1996 and 1997. Chironomids were greater than EPT at four sites in water year 1996 and at one site in water year 1997. The percentage of macroinvertebrate community similarity between site pairs varied from 0 to 80 percent. The number of algal taxa identified was 280. The dominant algal divisions, in terms of density, were Cyanophyta (blue-green algae), Chrysophyta (diatoms), Chlorophyta (green algae), Rhodophyta (red algae), and Euglenophyta (euglenoids). In general, diatom biovolumes dominated the algal assemblage, followed by blue-green algae, green algae, red algae, and euglenoids. Algal densities ranged from 3.1 X 102 to more than 4.7 X 106 cells per square centimeter, and algal biovolume ranged from 2.3 X 104 to 4.6 X 109 cells per cubic centimeter. Diversity values for diatoms ranged from 1.5 to 4.9. The pollution tolerance index (PTI) for diatoms ranged from 1.8 to 3.0. Sensitive diatoms were present at each site and ranged from 21 to 97 percent. The percentage of motile diatoms ranged from 0 to 13 percent. The presence of acid-tolerant diatoms ranged from less than 0.5 to greater than 20 percent. The percentage of community similarity between site pairs ranged from 1 to 97 percent. Overall, the biotic metrics that were evaluated during this study indicate that the macroinvertebrate and algal communities in the streams on Guanella Pass are not degraded by the existing road. Erosion may cause some localized effects but may not affect the overall health of the whole stream system. The degraded condition of Geneva Creek probably is due to natural effects as opposed to road effects. Although upper South Clear Creek, upstream from Naylor Creek, is located downstream from several sources of road runoff, the biological community at this site does not seem to be negatively affected.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr0054","issn":"0094-9140","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Federal Highway Administration","usgsCitation":"Cox-Lillis, J.R., 2000, Evaluation of biological data, Guanella Pass Area, Clear Creek and Park counties, Colorado, water years 1995-97: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2000-54, v, 121 p. , https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr0054.","productDescription":"v, 121 p. 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2000 - Hydrologic treatments affect gaseous carbon loss From organic soils, Twitchell Island, California, October 1995–December 1997","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-01-20T19:41:28.910631","indexId":"wri20004042","displayToPublicDate":"2001-04-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2000-4042","title":"Hydrologic treatments affect gaseous carbon loss From organic soils, Twitchell Island, California, October 1995–December 1997","docAbstract":"Subsidence of organic soils in the Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta, California, has increased the potential for levee failure and flooding in the region. Because oxidation of the peat soils is a primary cause of subsidence, reversion of affected lands to wetlands has been proposed as a mitigation tool. To test this hypothesis, three 10 x 10 meter enclosures were built on Twitchell Island in the Delta and managed as different wetland habitats. Emissions of carbon dioxide and methane were measured in situ from October 1995 through December 1997, from the systems that developed under the different water-management treatments. Treatments included a seasonal control (SC) under current island management conditions; reverse flooding (RF), where the land is intentionally flooded from early dry season until midsummer; permanent shallow flooding (F); and a more deeply flooded, open-water (OW) treatment. Hydrologic treatments affected microbial processes, plant community and temperature dynamics which, in turn, affected carbon cycling. Water-management treatments with a period of flooding significantly decreased gaseous carbon emissions compared to the seasonal control. Permanent flooding treatments showed significantly higher methane fluxes than treatments with some period of aerobic conditions. Shallow flooding treatments created conditions that support cattail [Typha species (spp.)] marshes, while deep flooding precluded emergent vegetation. Carbon inputs to the permanent shallow flooding treatment tended to be greater than the measured losses. This suggests that permanent shallow flooding has the greatest potential for managing subsidence of these soils by generating organic substrate more rapidly than is lost through decomposition. Carbon input estimates of plant biomass compared to measurements of gaseous carbon losses indicate the potential for mitigation of subsidence through hydrologic management of the organic soils in the area.","language":"English","publisher":"Geological Survey (U.S.)","doi":"10.3133/wri20004042","usgsCitation":"Miller, R., Hastings, L., and Fujii, R., 2000, Hydrologic treatments affect gaseous carbon loss From organic soils, Twitchell Island, California, October 1995–December 1997: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 2000-4042, iv, 21 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri20004042.","productDescription":"iv, 21 p.","temporalStart":"1995-10-01","temporalEnd":"1997-12-31","costCenters":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":159422,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":394606,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_26216.htm"},{"id":11194,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/2000/wri004042/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"Twitchell Island","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -121.6930,\n 38.0830\n ],\n [\n -121.622,\n 38.0830\n ],\n [\n -121.622,\n 38.118\n ],\n [\n -121.6930,\n 38.118\n ],\n [\n -121.6930,\n 38.0830\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a2ae4b07f02db612722","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Miller, Robin L. romiller@usgs.gov","contributorId":887,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Miller","given":"Robin L.","email":"romiller@usgs.gov","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":200289,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hastings, Lauren","contributorId":55479,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hastings","given":"Lauren","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":200290,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Fujii, Roger rfujii@usgs.gov","contributorId":553,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fujii","given":"Roger","email":"rfujii@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":200288,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":25670,"text":"wri994283 - 2000 - Methods of rating unsaturated zone and watershed characteristics of public water supplies in North Carolina","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-01-31T11:52:37","indexId":"wri994283","displayToPublicDate":"2001-04-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"99-4283","title":"Methods of rating unsaturated zone and watershed characteristics of public water supplies in North Carolina","docAbstract":"Overlay and index methods were derived for rating the unsaturated zone and watershed characteristics for use by the State of North Carolina in assessing more than 11,000 public water-supply wells and approximately 245 public surface-water intakes. The rating of the unsaturated zone and watershed characteristics represents a practical and effective means of assessing part of the inherent vulnerability of water supplies to potential contamination. Factors that influence the inherent vulnerability of the drinking water supply to potential contamination were selected and assigned ratings (on a scale of 1 to 10) to cover the possible range of values in North Carolina. These factors were assigned weights of 1, 2, or 3 to reflect their relative influence on the inherent vulnerability of the drinking water supply. The factor values were obtained from Geographic Information System data layers, and were transformed into grids having 60-meter by 60-meter cells, with each cell being assigned a value.\r\n\r\nIdentification of factors, the development of ratings for each, and assignment of weights were based on (1) a literature search, which included examination of potential factors and their effects on the drinking water; and (2) consultation with experts in the science and engineering of hydrology, geology, forestry, agriculture, and water management.\r\n\r\nFactors selected for rating the inherent vulnerability of the unsaturated zone are vertical hydraulic conductance, land-surface slope, land cover, and land use. Vertical hydraulic conductance is a measure of the capacity of unsaturated material to transmit water. Land-surface slope influences whether precipitation runs off land surfaces or infiltrates into the subsurface. Land cover, the physical overlay of the land surface, influences the amount of precipitation that becomes overland flow or infiltrates into the subsurface. Land use describes activities that occur on the land surface and influence the potential generation of nonpoint-source contamination.\r\n\r\nFactors selected for rating the watershed characteristics upstream from surface-water intakes are average annual precipitation, land-surface slope, land cover, land use, and ground-water contribution. The average annual precipitation represents the mass of water that becomes available for transport in a watershed. Land-surface slope, land cover, and land use have similar influences in watersheds as those identified for the unsaturated zone. Ground-water contribution represents the part of streamflow that is derived from ground-water discharge.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Dept. of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nInformation Services [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/wri994283","usgsCitation":"Eimers, J., Weaver, J., Terziotti, S., and Midgette, R., 2000, Methods of rating unsaturated zone and watershed characteristics of public water supplies in North Carolina: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 99-4283, iv, 31 p. :ill., maps (some col.) ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri994283.","productDescription":"iv, 31 p. :ill., maps (some col.) ;28 cm.","costCenters":[{"id":13634,"text":"South Atlantic Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":157607,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":1957,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index 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Carolina\",\"nation\":\"USA \"}}]}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a54e4b07f02db62bfe9","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Eimers, Jo Leslie","contributorId":52946,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Eimers","given":"Jo Leslie","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":194591,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Weaver, J.C.","contributorId":50561,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Weaver","given":"J.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":194590,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Terziotti, Silvia 0000-0003-3559-5844 seterzio@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3559-5844","contributorId":1613,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Terziotti","given":"Silvia","email":"seterzio@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":476,"text":"North Carolina Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":13634,"text":"South Atlantic Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":194588,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Midgette, R.W.","contributorId":44955,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Midgette","given":"R.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":194589,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":26683,"text":"wri004057 - 2000 - Distribution, movement, and fate of nitrate in the surficial aquifer beneath citrus groves, Indian River, Martin, and St. Lucie Counties, Florida","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-01-31T20:35:56.21617","indexId":"wri004057","displayToPublicDate":"2001-04-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2000-4057","title":"Distribution, movement, and fate of nitrate in the surficial aquifer beneath citrus groves, Indian River, Martin, and St. Lucie Counties, Florida","docAbstract":"The surficial aquifer system beneath citrus groves in Indian River, Martin, and St. Lucie Counties, Florida, was studied to determine the effects of citrus agriculture on ground-water quality. The surficial aquifer is the primary drinking-water source for Martin and St. Lucie Counties and furnishes about 33 percent of the drinking-water for Indian River County. Water-quality samples and water-level data were collected from December 1996 through October 1998. Nitrate concentrations in ground water exceeded 10 milligrams per liter (mg/L), the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency?s maximum contaminant level for nitrate reported as nitrogen, in 5 percent of the samples from citrus groves. These exceedances occurred in samples from wells with depths of 10 feet or less at citrus groves, and mostly in samples collected during or immediately following fertilizer applications. Samples from wells with depths of 20-25 feet contained little or no nitrate. The decreased nitrate concentrations in ground water with depth was not consistent with chloride and dissolved-solids concentrations, two other common indicators of agricultural activity. Chloride and dissolved-solids concentrations remained elevated in ground-water samples from all depths at citrus groves; median chloride and dissolved-solids concentrations in samples from citrus sites were 125 and 779 mg/L, respectively. In comparison, samples from the reference site had maximum chloride and dissolved-solids concentrations of 61 and 366 mg/L, respectively. Based on the age of ground water at 20-25 foot depths (3-50 years, measured with tritium and helium-3 concentration ratios), nitrate concentrations also should have remained elevated with depth because fertilizers have been used for at least 20-30 years at these citrus groves. Nitrate concentrations decreased with depth as a result of denitrification. This could have occurred because favorable conditions for denitrification existed in the aquifer, including high concentrations of dissolved organic carbon and iron (median concentrations of 25.5 and 1.75 mg/L, respectively at citrus sites) and low concentrations of dissolved oxygen (median concentration of 0.9 mg/L at citrus sites), which indicates that reducing conditions were present. Evidence that denitrification occurred included the enrichment of ground water with depth in the heavier isotope of nitrogen, nitrogen-15 (15N). Ground water from wells screened 10-15 feet below land surface had a median d 15N value of 24.6 per mil, whereas ground water from wells screened 5-10 feet below land surface had a median d 15N value of 9.4 per mil. Fertilizer samples had a median d 15N value of 3.0 per mil. Increased d 15N values coincident with decreased nitrate concentrations with depth indicates that fractionation occurred during denitrification reactions. Finally, excess nitrogen gas, a byproduct of denitrification reactions, was detected at concentrations ranging from 0-8 mg/L in samples from wells screened 10-25 feet below land surface.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri004057","usgsCitation":"Crandall, C.A., 2000, Distribution, movement, and fate of nitrate in the surficial aquifer beneath citrus groves, Indian River, Martin, and St. Lucie Counties, Florida: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 2000-4057, vi, 69 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri004057.","productDescription":"vi, 69 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":2041,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.water.usgs.gov/wri004057","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":158497,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":395179,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_31435.htm"}],"country":"United States","state":"Florida","county":"Indian River County, Martin County, St. Lucie County","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -81.75,\n 27\n ],\n [\n -81.217,\n 27\n ],\n [\n -81.217,\n 27.783\n ],\n [\n -81.75,\n 27.783\n ],\n [\n -81.75,\n 27\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a6ce4b07f02db63e699","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Crandall, Christy A. crandall@usgs.gov","contributorId":1091,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Crandall","given":"Christy","email":"crandall@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":196824,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":30775,"text":"cir1178 - 2000 - 1998 Assessment of Undiscovered Deposits of Gold, Silver, Copper, Lead, and Zinc in the United States","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":30775,"text":"cir1178 - 2000 - 1998 Assessment of Undiscovered Deposits of Gold, Silver, Copper, Lead, and Zinc in the United States","indexId":"cir1178","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"title":"1998 Assessment of Undiscovered Deposits of Gold, Silver, Copper, Lead, and Zinc in the United States"},"predicate":"SUPERSEDED_BY","object":{"id":39996,"text":"ofr2002198 - 2002 - Assessment of undiscovered deposits of gold, silver, copper, lead, and zinc in the United States: A Portable Document (PDF) recompilation of USGS Open-File Report 96-96 and Circular 1178","indexId":"ofr2002198","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"title":"Assessment of undiscovered deposits of gold, silver, copper, lead, and zinc in the United States: A Portable Document (PDF) recompilation of USGS Open-File Report 96-96 and Circular 1178"},"id":1}],"supersededBy":{"id":39996,"text":"ofr2002198 - 2002 - Assessment of undiscovered deposits of gold, silver, copper, lead, and zinc in the United States: A Portable Document (PDF) recompilation of USGS Open-File Report 96-96 and Circular 1178","indexId":"ofr2002198","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"title":"Assessment of undiscovered deposits of gold, silver, copper, lead, and zinc in the United States: A Portable Document (PDF) recompilation of USGS Open-File Report 96-96 and Circular 1178"},"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:09:08","indexId":"cir1178","displayToPublicDate":"2001-04-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":307,"text":"Circular","code":"CIR","onlineIssn":"2330-5703","printIssn":"1067-084X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1178","title":"1998 Assessment of Undiscovered Deposits of Gold, Silver, Copper, Lead, and Zinc in the United States","docAbstract":"This report summarizes the results of the 1998 National Mineral Resource Assessment that estimated the gold, silver, copper, lead, and zinc in undiscovered deposits in the United States. This project also estimated the identified resources and past production of these five metals. Assessment results include the following: (1) It is estimated that 18,000 metric tons (t) of gold, 460,000 t of silver, 290,000 kilotons (kt) of copper, 85,000 kt of lead, and 210,000 kt of zinc are in undiscovered deposits minable with existing technology. (2) In addition, it is estimated that 15,000 t of gold, 160,000 t of silver, 260,000 kt of copper, 51,000 kt of lead, and 55,000 kt of zinc remain in identified resources. (3) Past production from the largest identified resources of gold, silver, copper, lead, and zinc is estimated to be 12,000 t of gold, 170,000 t of silver, 91,000 kt of copper, 41,000 kt of lead, and 44,000 kt of zinc. These deposits account for about 99 percent of cumulative domestic production in the United States.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/cir1178","usgsCitation":"The U.S. Geological Survey National Mineral Resource Assessment Team, 2000, 1998 Assessment of Undiscovered Deposits of Gold, Silver, Copper, Lead, and Zinc in the United States (Superseded by OFR 2002-198): U.S. Geological Survey Circular 1178, Report: 21 p.; One CD-ROM in pocket; Also available online, https://doi.org/10.3133/cir1178.","productDescription":"Report: 21 p.; One CD-ROM in pocket; Also available online","temporalStart":"1998-01-01","temporalEnd":"1998-12-31","costCenters":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":122562,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/cir_1178.bmp"},{"id":2600,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/circular/c1178/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"edition":"Superseded by OFR 2002-198","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53cd4919e4b0b290850eee2d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"The U.S. Geological Survey National Mineral Resource Assessment Team","contributorId":128133,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"The U.S. Geological Survey National Mineral Resource Assessment Team","id":529256,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":31136,"text":"ofr99538 - 2000 - Reconnaissance bedrock geologic map of the Red House, Madisonville, Aspen, and Charlotte Court House 7.5-minute quadrangles, Charlotte, Prince Edward, Appomattox, Campbell, and Halifax counties, Virginia","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:09:08","indexId":"ofr99538","displayToPublicDate":"2001-04-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"99-538","title":"Reconnaissance bedrock geologic map of the Red House, Madisonville, Aspen, and Charlotte Court House 7.5-minute quadrangles, Charlotte, Prince Edward, Appomattox, Campbell, and Halifax counties, Virginia","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/ofr99538","usgsCitation":"Nelson, A.E., Marr, J.D., and Olinger, K.E., 2000, Reconnaissance bedrock geologic map of the Red House, Madisonville, Aspen, and Charlotte Court House 7.5-minute quadrangles, Charlotte, Prince Edward, Appomattox, Campbell, and Halifax counties, Virginia: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 99-538, 1 map :photocopy ;59 x 47 cm., on sheet 75 x 58 cm. +1 pamphlet (19 leaves ; 28 cm.), https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr99538.","productDescription":"1 map :photocopy ;59 x 47 cm., on sheet 75 x 58 cm. +1 pamphlet (19 leaves ; 28 cm.)","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":160694,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1999/0538/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":59685,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1999/0538/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":59686,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1999/0538/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"scale":"48000","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a74e4b07f02db6446a6","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Nelson, Arthur E.","contributorId":6035,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nelson","given":"Arthur","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":205097,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Marr, John D. Jr.","contributorId":23593,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Marr","given":"John","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":205099,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Olinger, Keith E.","contributorId":15249,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Olinger","given":"Keith","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":205098,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":31140,"text":"ofr99583 - 2000 - Preliminary geologic map of the Star Creek Reservoir quadrangle, Malheur County, Oregon","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-08-24T21:42:45.947131","indexId":"ofr99583","displayToPublicDate":"2001-04-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"99-583","title":"Preliminary geologic map of the Star Creek Reservoir quadrangle, Malheur County, Oregon","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr99583","usgsCitation":"Evans, J.G., Rytuba, J.J., Binger, G.B., and Hooper, P.R., 2000, Preliminary geologic map of the Star Creek Reservoir quadrangle, Malheur County, Oregon: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 99-583, Report: 18 p.; 1 Plate: 38.24 × 32.85 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr99583.","productDescription":"Report: 18 p.; 1 Plate: 38.24 × 32.85 inches","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":109908,"rank":700,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_23452.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"},"description":"23452"},{"id":59689,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1999/0583/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":59688,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1999/0583/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":160826,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1999/0583/report-thumb.jpg"}],"scale":"24000","country":"United States","state":"Oregon","county":"Malheur County","otherGeospatial":"Star Creek Reservoir quadrangle","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -118,\n 43.375\n ],\n [\n -117.875,\n 43.375\n ],\n [\n -117.875,\n 43.5\n ],\n [\n -118,\n 43.5\n ],\n [\n -118,\n 43.375\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b00e4b07f02db698079","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Evans, James G. jevans@usgs.gov","contributorId":2396,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Evans","given":"James","email":"jevans@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":205116,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Rytuba, J. J.","contributorId":83082,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rytuba","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":205118,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Binger, G. Benjamin","contributorId":86820,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Binger","given":"G.","email":"","middleInitial":"Benjamin","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":205119,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Hooper, P. R.","contributorId":65884,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hooper","given":"P.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":205117,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":26924,"text":"wri994271 - 2000 - Pesticide residues in Hemlock and Canadice Lakes and their tributaries in western New York, 1997-98","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-02-07T19:23:17.732617","indexId":"wri994271","displayToPublicDate":"2001-04-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"99-4271","title":"Pesticide residues in Hemlock and Canadice Lakes and their tributaries in western New York, 1997-98","docAbstract":"In 1997, the U.S.Geological Survey (USGS) and the City of Rochester began a cooperative program to study the presence of pesticides (herbicides and insecticides) that occur at trace levels in Hemlock and Canadice Lakes and their tributaries. The most frequently detected pesticides in streamflow and lake-water samples were herbicides commonly used in agriculture — atrazine, metolachlor, and simazine. None of the concentrations of these compounds in the samples exceeded Federal or State water-quality standards. Differences in the concentrations among stream samples can be attributed to land use and streamflow, and the timing of rainfall in relation to herbicide application.
The north (lower) end of Hemlock Lake can receive pesticides in agricultural runoff from northern parts of its watershed and Canadice Creek. These pesticide inputs bypass most of the lake and could periodically affect the water quality periodically affect the water quality at the City of Rochester intake. Pesticide concentrations in samples from the intake during this study, however, were about 100 times less than current Federal and State standards for drinking water.
Residues of DDT, dieldrin, and mirex are present in low concentrations in the bottom sediments of both lakes, but none were detected in water samples. The use of these insecticides was banned in 1972,and their persistence in the lakebed sediments is probably due to erosion of contaminated soils from agricultural lands.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/wri994271","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the City of Rochester","usgsCitation":"Eckhardt, D.A., and Burke, S., 2000, Pesticide residues in Hemlock and Canadice Lakes and their tributaries in western New York, 1997-98: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 99-4271, 9 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri994271.","productDescription":"9 p.","costCenters":[{"id":474,"text":"New York Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":395558,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_26600.htm"},{"id":2027,"rank":100,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1999/4271/wri19994271.pdf","text":"Report","size":"10.3 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"WRI 1999-4271"},{"id":158375,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1999/4271/coverthb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"New York","otherGeospatial":"Hemlock and Canadice Lakes","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -77.640380859375,\n 42.577354839557856\n ],\n [\n -77.54974365234375,\n 42.577354839557856\n ],\n [\n -77.54974365234375,\n 42.81353658623225\n ],\n [\n -77.640380859375,\n 42.81353658623225\n ],\n [\n -77.640380859375,\n 42.577354839557856\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","contact":"Director, New York Water Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
425 Jordan Rd
Troy, NY 12180
(518) 285-5695
http://ny.water.usgs.gov/
Natural gas produced from coal beds (coal-bed methane, CBM) accounts for about 7.5 percent of the total natural gas production in the United States. Along with this gas, water is also brought to the surface. The amount of water produced from most CBM wells is relatively high compared to conventional natural gas wells because coal beds contain many fractures and pores that can contain and transmit large volumes of water. In some areas, coal beds may function as regional or local aquifers and important sources for ground water. The water in coal beds contributes to pressure in the reservoir that keeps methane gas adsorbed to the surface of the coal. This water must be removed by pumping in order to lower the pressure in the reservoir and stimulate desorption of methane from the coal (fi g. 1). Over time, volumes of pumped water typically decrease and the production of gas increases as coal beds near the well bore are dewatered.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/fs15600","usgsCitation":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey, 2000, Water produced with coal-bed methane: U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet 156-00, 2 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/fs15600.","productDescription":"2 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":121435,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2000/0156/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":32047,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2000/0156/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":555,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/fs-0156-00/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a08e4b07f02db5f9c5a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","contributorId":128075,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","id":528564,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":24821,"text":"ofr00190 - 2000 - Proposal and work plan to calibrate and verify a water-quality model to simulate effects of wastewater discharges to the Red River of the North at drought streamflow near Fargo, North Dakota, and Moorhead, Minnesota","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-03-14T16:39:45","indexId":"ofr00190","displayToPublicDate":"2001-04-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2000-190","title":"Proposal and work plan to calibrate and verify a water-quality model to simulate effects of wastewater discharges to the Red River of the North at drought streamflow near Fargo, North Dakota, and Moorhead, Minnesota","docAbstract":"This report presents a proposal for conducting a water-quality modeling study at drought streamflow, a detailed comprehensive plan for collecting the data, and an annual drought-formation monitoring plan. A 30.8 mile reach of the Red River of the North receives treated wastewater from plants at Fargo, North Dakota, and Moorhead, Minnesota, and streamflow from the Sheyenne River. The water-quality modeling study will evaluate the effects of continuous treated-wastewater discharges to the study reach at drought streamflow. The study will define hydraulic characteristics and reaeration and selected reaction coefficients and will calibrate and verity a model.
The study includes collecting synoptic water-quality samples for various types of analyses at a number of sites in the study reach. Dye and gas samples will be collected for traveltime and reaeration measurements. Using the Lagrangian reference frame, synoptic water-quality samples will be collected for analysis of nutrients, chlorophyll a, alkalinity, and carbonaceous biochemical oxygen demand. Field measurements will be made of specific conductance, pH, air and water temperature, dissolved oxygen, and sediment oxygen demand. Two sets of water-quality data will be collected. One data set will be used to calibrate the model, and the other data set will be used to verity the model.
The DAFLOW/BLTM models will be used to evaluate the effects of the treated wastewater on the water quality of the river. The model will simulate specific conductance, temperature, dissolved oxygen, carbonaceous biochemical oxygen demand, total nitrogen (organic, ammonia, nitrite, nitrate), total orthophosphorus, total phosphorus, and phytoplankton as chlorophyll a.
The work plan identifies and discusses the work elements needed for accomplishing the data collection for the study. The work elements specify who will provide personnel, vehicles, instruments, and supplies needed during data collection. The work plan contains instructions for data collection; inventory lists of needed personnel, vehicles, instruments, and supplies; and examples of computations for determining quantities of tracer to be injected into the stream. The work plan also contains an annual drought-formation monitoring plan that includes a 9-month time line that specifies when essential planning actions must occur before actual project start up.
Drought streamflows are rare. The annual drought-formation monitoring plan is presented to assist project planning by providing early warning that conditions are favorable to produce drought streamflow. The plan to monitor drought-forming conditions discusses the drought indices to be monitored. To establish a baseline, historic values for some of the drought indices for selected years were reviewed. An annual review of the drought indices is recommended.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr00190","issn":"0094-9140","usgsCitation":"Wesolowski, E.A., 2000, Proposal and work plan to calibrate and verify a water-quality model to simulate effects of wastewater discharges to the Red River of the North at drought streamflow near Fargo, North Dakota, and Moorhead, Minnesota: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2000-190, iv, 60 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr00190.","productDescription":"iv, 60 p.","costCenters":[{"id":478,"text":"North Dakota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":34685,"text":"Dakota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":157105,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2000/0190/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":53829,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2000/0190/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a9ae4b07f02db65d85f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wesolowski, Edwin A.","contributorId":14014,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wesolowski","given":"Edwin","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":192626,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":30101,"text":"wri004043 - 2000 - Analysis of nitrate and volatile organic compound data for ground water in the Great Salt Lake Basins, Utah, Idaho, and Wyoming, 1980-98","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-02-07T16:00:13","indexId":"wri004043","displayToPublicDate":"2001-04-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2000-4043","title":"Analysis of nitrate and volatile organic compound data for ground water in the Great Salt Lake Basins, Utah, Idaho, and Wyoming, 1980-98","docAbstract":"In 1995, ground water was the source of drinking water to about 52 percent of the population served by public drinking water systems in the Great Salt Lake Basins study unit, which includes parts of Utah, Idaho, and Wyoming. Existing nitrate and volatile organic compound data for ground water collected in the study unit were compiled and summarized as part of the National Water-Quality Assessment Program’s objective to describe water-quality conditions in the Nation’s aquifers. Prerequisites for the inclusion of nitrate and volatile organic compound data into this retrospective analysis are that the data set is available in electronic form, the data were collected during 1980-98, the data set is somewhat regional in coverage, and the locations of the sampled sites are known. Ground-water data stored in the U.S. Geological Survey’s National Water Information System and the Idaho and Utah Public Drinking Water Systems databases were reviewed. Only the most recent analysis was included in the data sets if more than one analysis was available for a site.
The National Water Information System data set contained nitrate analyses for water from 480 wells. The median concentration of nitrate was 1.30 milligrams per liter for the 388 values above minimum reporting limits. The maximum contaminant level for nitrate as established by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency was exceeded in water from 10 of the 200 wells less than or equal to 150 feet deep and in water from 3 of 280 wells greater than 150 feet deep. The Public Drinking Water Systems data set contained nitrate analyses for water from 587 wells. The median concentration of nitrate was 1.12 milligrams per liter for the 548 values above minimum reporting limits. The maximum contaminant level for nitrate was exceeded at 1 site and 22 sites had concentrations equal to or greater than 5 milligrams per liter.
The types of land use surrounding a well and the well depth were related to measured nitrate concentrations in the sampled ground water. Overall, water sampled from wells in rangeland areas had a lower median measured nitrate concentration (0.76 milligrams per liter) than water from areas with an agricultural or urban/residential land use (1.41 and 1.20 milligrams per liter, respectively). In the National Water Information System data set, the median measured nitrate concentration in water from urban/residential areas varied from 1.00 milligrams per liter for wells greater than 150 feet deep to 1.84 milligrams per liter for wells less than or equal to 150 feet deep.
The Public Drinking Water Systems and the National Water Information System data sets contained analyses for most of the State and Federally regulated volatile organic compounds in water from about 368 and 74 wells, respectively. Fifteen different volatile organic compounds were detected at least once in ground water sampled from the Great Salt Lake Basins study unit. Water from 21 wells contained at least 1 volatile organic compound at detectable concentrations. About 68 percent of the volatile organic compounds detected were in water sampled from wells in Salt Lake County, Utah. Tetrachloroethylene was the most commonly detected volatile organic compound in ground water sampled from the study unit, present in 8 out of 442 samples. Maximum contaminant levels for tetrachloroethylene and 1,1-dichloroethylene as established by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency were exceeded in water from one well each.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Denver, CO","doi":"10.3133/wri004043","usgsCitation":"Thiros, S.A., 2000, Analysis of nitrate and volatile organic compound data for ground water in the Great Salt Lake Basins, Utah, Idaho, and Wyoming, 1980-98: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 2000-4043, vi, 20 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri004043.","productDescription":"vi, 20 p.","numberOfPages":"26","costCenters":[{"id":610,"text":"Utah Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":159712,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":334638,"rank":3,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/wri004043/pdf/WRIR004043.pdf","size":"2.1 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":2374,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.water.usgs.gov/wri004043/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Idaho,Utah, Wyoming","otherGeospatial":"Great Salt Lake basins","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -112.236328125,\n 39.86758762451019\n ],\n [\n -111.87377929687499,\n 39.64799732373418\n ],\n [\n -111.324462890625,\n 40.019201307686785\n ],\n [\n -111.302490234375,\n 40.3130432088809\n ],\n [\n -110.753173828125,\n 40.98819156349393\n ],\n [\n -110.50048828124999,\n 41.902277040963696\n ],\n [\n -110.55541992187499,\n 42.601619944327965\n ],\n [\n -111.77490234375,\n 42.771211138625894\n ],\n [\n -112.412109375,\n 42.431565872579185\n ],\n [\n -112.510986328125,\n 41.566141964768384\n ],\n [\n -112.43408203124999,\n 41.15384235711447\n ],\n [\n -112.12646484375,\n 40.763901280945866\n ],\n [\n -112.236328125,\n 39.86758762451019\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","publicComments":"National Water-Quality Assessment Program","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4acfe4b07f02db6804f1","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Thiros, Susan A. 0000-0002-8544-553X sthiros@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8544-553X","contributorId":965,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thiros","given":"Susan","email":"sthiros@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":610,"text":"Utah Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":202679,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":27836,"text":"wri004049 - 2000 - Lagtime relations for urban streams in Georgia","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-01-18T15:44:20","indexId":"wri004049","displayToPublicDate":"2001-04-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2000-4049","title":"Lagtime relations for urban streams in Georgia","docAbstract":"Urban flood hydrographs are needed for the design of many highway drainage structures, embankments, and entrances to detention ponds. The three components that are needed to simulate urban flood hydrographs at ungaged sites are the design flood, the dimensionless hydrograph, and lagtime. The design flood and the dimensionless hydrograph have been presented in earlier studies for urban streams in Georgia. The objective of this study was to develop equations for estimating lagtime for urban streams in Georgia. \r\n\r\nLagtimes were computed for 329 floods at 69 urban gaging stations in 11 cities in Georgia. These data were used to compute an average lagtime for each gaging station. Multiple regression analysis was then used to define relations between lagtime and certain physical basin characteristics, of which drainage area, slope, and impervious area were found to be significant. A qualitative variable was used to account for a geographical bias in flood-frequency region 4, a small area of southwestern Georgia. \r\n\r\nInformation from this report can be used to simulate a flood hydrograph using a dimensionless hydrograph, the design flood, and the lagtime obtained from regression equations for any urban site with less than a 25-square-mile drainage area in Georgia.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Department of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nBranch of Information Services [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/wri004049","usgsCitation":"Inman, E.J., 2000, Lagtime relations for urban streams in Georgia: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 2000-4049, iii, 12 p. :ill., map ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri004049.","productDescription":"iii, 12 p. :ill., map ;28 cm.","costCenters":[{"id":13634,"text":"South Atlantic Water Science 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\"}}]}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b32e4b07f02db6b43dc","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Inman, Ernest J.","contributorId":51719,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Inman","given":"Ernest","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":198758,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":26752,"text":"wri004038 - 2000 - Microbiological and chemical quality of ground water used as a source of public supply in southern Missouri — Phase I, May 1997–March 1998","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-01-25T22:44:32.380877","indexId":"wri004038","displayToPublicDate":"2001-04-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2000-4038","title":"Microbiological and chemical quality of ground water used as a source of public supply in southern Missouri — Phase I, May 1997–March 1998","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri004038","usgsCitation":"Davis, J., and Witt, E.C., 2000, Microbiological and chemical quality of ground water used as a source of public supply in southern Missouri — Phase I, May 1997–March 1998: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 2000-4038, iv, 77 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri004038.","productDescription":"iv, 77 p.","costCenters":[{"id":396,"text":"Missouri Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":404,"text":"NGTOC Rolla","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":394852,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_31672.htm"},{"id":158461,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/2000/4038/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":95620,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/2000/4038/report.pdf","size":"9836","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Missouri","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -94.6,\n 36.5\n ],\n [\n -89.5,\n 36.5\n ],\n [\n -89.5,\n 39\n ],\n [\n -94.6,\n 39\n ],\n [\n -94.6,\n 36.5\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a57e4b07f02db62e228","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Davis, Jerri V. jdavis@usgs.gov","contributorId":2667,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Davis","given":"Jerri V.","email":"jdavis@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":396,"text":"Missouri Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":196940,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Witt, Emitt C. III 0000-0002-1814-7807 ecwitt@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1814-7807","contributorId":1612,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Witt","given":"Emitt","suffix":"III","email":"ecwitt@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":404,"text":"NGTOC Rolla","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":5074,"text":"Center for Geospatial Information Science (CEGIS)","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":196939,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":27321,"text":"wri994284 - 2000 - Hydrology and water quality of Little Cross Creek, Cumberland County, North Carolina, 1996-98","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-01-31T12:01:54","indexId":"wri994284","displayToPublicDate":"2001-04-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"99-4284","title":"Hydrology and water quality of Little Cross Creek, Cumberland County, North Carolina, 1996-98","docAbstract":"Little Cross Creek is a small stream located in Cumberland County, North Carolina, in the Sand Hills area of the Coastal Plain Province. From August 1996 through August 1998, the U.S. Geological Survey collected streamflow, water-quality, and time-of-travel data at 10 sites in Little Cross Creek Basin to assess ambient conditions and compute loads of suspended sediment, total nitrogen, total phosphorus, and total organic carbon.\r\n\r\nStreamflows in the Little Cross Creek Basin responded to climatic factors and to human activities such as water withdrawals and controlled releases from impoundments. Peak streamflows were observed during the passages of Hurricane Fran in September 1996 and Hurricane Josephine in October 1996. Streamflows generally were lowest during the summer and early fall of 1997, reflecting drought conditions associated with a prevailing El Nino. At most sites, average streamflow per unit drainage area, or yield, was higher than yields reported previously for the Sand Hills. High yields may have resulted from unidentified inputs of water to the study basins or from underestimation of the contributing drainage area.\r\n\r\nBonnie Doone Lake, Kornbow Lake, Mintz Pond, and Glenville Lake, four impoundments of Little Cross Creek, notably influence hydrology and water quality in the basin. Streamflow records indicate that these impoundments dampen peak stormflows and delay the downstream release of stormwater. Time of travel also is affected by seasonal stratification in the reservoirs. In general, sites downstream from reservoirs have lower concentrations of suspended sediment, turbidity, and total phosphorus than sites upstream from reservoirs or sites that receive stormwater runoff.\r\n\r\nFew water-quality problems were observed in the Little Cross Creek Basin for the constituents that were sampled. However, fecal coliform bacteria commonly exceeded 200 colonies per 100 milliliters at two of the seven monitored sites during the study. Relatively high concentrations of specific conductance, total phosphorus, and total ammonia plus organic nitrogen were observed in Clark Pond Creek, a tributary to Little Cross Creek.\r\n\r\nLoads and yields of suspended sediment, total nitrogen, total phosphorus, and total organic carbon were computed for the period from October 1996 through September 1997. The highest suspended-sediment yield (230 tons per square mile per year) occurred upstream from Bonnie Doone Lake, probably because there were no impoundments upstream from this site to intercept sediment. Sediment yields at the remaining Little Cross Creek sites were low relative to yields reported from other urban basins in North Carolina. Downstream from Kornbow Lake, yields of suspended sediment (9.50 tons per square mile per year) and total phosphorus (0.011 ton per square mile per year) were very low. Clark Pond Creek had the highest yields ot total phosphorus (0.081 ton per square mile per year) and total organic carbon (11.5 tons per square mile per year). However, total phosphorus yields at all of the Little Cross Creek sites generally were lower than yields measured in other urban basins in the State.\r\n\r\nComparison of inflow and outflow loads for the four Little Cross Creek reservoirs from October 1996 through September 1997 indicated that Bonnie Doone Lake trapped 92 percent of incoming sediment and 37 percent of incoming total phosphorus. Kornbow Lake trapped 57 percent of incoming sediment and 77 percent of total phosphorus inputs. Nitrogen was not effectively trapped by any of the reservoirs. An influx of sediment, total phosphorus, and total organic carbon was noted at a site downstream from Mintz Pond, and may have resulted from stormwater discharge from the U.S. Highway 401 bypass or from additional, unidentified sources in the watershed downstream from Kornbow Lake.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Department of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nInformation Services [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/wri994284","usgsCitation":"Giorgino, M.J., and Middleton, T.L., 2000, Hydrology and water quality of Little Cross Creek, Cumberland County, North Carolina, 1996-98: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 99-4284, vi, 78 p. :ill., col. maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri994284.","productDescription":"vi, 78 p. :ill., col. maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[{"id":13634,"text":"South Atlantic Water Science 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Mary J.","contributorId":55862,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Giorgino","given":"Mary","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":197914,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Middleton, Terry L.","contributorId":28999,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Middleton","given":"Terry","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":197913,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":21667,"text":"ofr99147C - 2000 - Chemical composition of weathered and less weathered strata of the Meade Peak Phosphatic Shale Member of the Permian Phosphoria Formation","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-12-30T20:07:21.551086","indexId":"ofr99147C","displayToPublicDate":"2001-04-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"99-147","chapter":"C","title":"Chemical composition of weathered and less weathered strata of the Meade Peak Phosphatic Shale Member of the Permian Phosphoria Formation","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr99147C","usgsCitation":"Herring, J., Grauch, R., Desborough, G.A., Wilson, S., and Tysdal, R.G., 2000, Chemical composition of weathered and less weathered strata of the Meade Peak Phosphatic Shale Member of the Permian Phosphoria Formation: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 99-147, 35 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr99147C.","productDescription":"35 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":51212,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1999/0147c/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":155870,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1999/0147c/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":411243,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_34263.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Idaho","county":"Caribou County","otherGeospatial":"Meade Peak Phosphatic Shale Member of the Permian Phosphoria Formation","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -111.467,\n 42.39\n ],\n [\n -111.383,\n 42.39\n ],\n [\n -111.383,\n 42.356\n ],\n [\n -111.467,\n 42.356\n ],\n [\n -111.467,\n 42.39\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49e0e4b07f02db5e3f1d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Herring, J. R.","contributorId":43348,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Herring","given":"J. R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":185175,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Grauch, R. I. 0000-0002-1763-0813","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1763-0813","contributorId":107698,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Grauch","given":"R. I.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":185176,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Desborough, G. A.","contributorId":34527,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Desborough","given":"G.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":185174,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Wilson, S. A. 0000-0002-9468-0005","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9468-0005","contributorId":23561,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wilson","given":"S. A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":185173,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Tysdal, R. G.","contributorId":8823,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tysdal","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":185172,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":23434,"text":"ofr0062 - 2000 - 2nd interface between ecology and land development in California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:14","indexId":"ofr0062","displayToPublicDate":"2001-04-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2000-62","title":"2nd interface between ecology and land development in California","docAbstract":"The 2nd Interface Between Ecology and Land Development Conference was held in association with Earth Day 1997, five years after the first Interface Conference. Rapid population growth in California has intensified the inevitable conflict between land development and preservation of natural ecosystems. Sustainable development requires wise use of diminishing natural resources and, where possible, restoration of damaged landscapes. These Earth Week Celebrations brought together resource managers, scientists, politicians, environmental consultants, and concerned citizens in an effort to improve the communication necessary to maintain our natural biodiversity, ecosystem processes and general quality of life.\r\n\r\nAs discussed by our keynote speaker, Michael Soule, the best predictor of habitat loss is population growth and nowhere is this better illustrated than in California. As urban perimeters expand, the interface between wildlands and urban areas increases. Few problems are more vexing than how to manage the fire prone ecosystems indigenous to California at this urban interface. Today resource managers face increasing challenges of dealing with this problem and the lead-off section of the proceedings considers both the theoretical basis for making decisions related to prescribed burning and the practical application.\r\n\r\nHabitat fragmentation is an inevitable consequence of development patterns with significant impacts on animal and plant populations. Managers must be increasingly resourceful in dealing with problems of fragmentation and the often inevitable consequences, including susceptibility to invasive oganisms. One approach to dealing with fragmentation problems is through careful landplanning. California is the national leader in the integration of conservation and economics. On Earth Day 1991, Governor Pete Wilson presented an environmental agenda that promised to create between land owners and environmentalists, agreements that would guarantee the protection of -endangered species and out of this grew the pioneering initiative, known as the Natural Communities Conservation Planning (NCCP) program.\r\n\r\nCalifornia's vast expanse of seemingly endless resources has traditionally been viewed as justification for abusive land use practices. The modem day recognition that resources are finite has led to greater concern, not only for conserving what is left, but for restoring abused landscapes. Ecological restoration is a new science devoted to returning disturbed environments to a semblance of their 'pristine' state. Based on principles of 'revegetation,' restoration goes far beyond simple replanting, rather the ambition of ecological restoration is to return landscapes to functioning ecosystems and is the focus of the last section. ","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"Western Ecological Research Center, U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/ofr0062","issn":"0094-9140","usgsCitation":"Keeley, J.E., Baer-Keeley, M., and Fortheringham, C., 2000, 2nd interface between ecology and land development in California (Version 1.0): U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2000-62, x, 300 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr0062.","productDescription":"x, 300 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":8584,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2000/of00-062/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":156988,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"edition":"Version 1.0","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53cd492be4b0b290850eef00","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Keeley, Jon E. 0000-0002-4564-6521 jon_keeley@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4564-6521","contributorId":1268,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Keeley","given":"Jon","email":"jon_keeley@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":190095,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Baer-Keeley, Melanie","contributorId":27093,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Baer-Keeley","given":"Melanie","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":190096,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Fortheringham, C.J.","contributorId":81142,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fortheringham","given":"C.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":190097,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":24225,"text":"ofr00169 - 2000 - Flow-velocity and depth data during peak discharge events at selected bridge crossings in North Carolina, 1964-98","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-12-07T14:17:53","indexId":"ofr00169","displayToPublicDate":"2001-04-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2000-169","title":"Flow-velocity and depth data during peak discharge events at selected bridge crossings in North Carolina, 1964-98","docAbstract":"Flow-velocity and depth data were collected from July 1996 through December 1998 during peak discharge events at 21 bridge crossings that are adjacent to U.S. Geological Survey streamgaging stations in North Carolina. These data were collected during measurements of peak discharges that had recurrence intervals ranging from less than 2 years to about 100 years. The velocity and depth data can be used to evaluate predicted flow velocities and scour depths that are computed as part of scour analyses at the selected bridge crossings.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Department of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nBranch of Information Services [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/ofr00169","issn":"0094-9140","usgsCitation":"Pope, B.F., 2000, Flow-velocity and depth data during peak discharge events at selected bridge crossings in North Carolina, 1964-98: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2000-169, iii, 47 p. ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr00169.","productDescription":"iii, 47 p. ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[{"id":13634,"text":"South Atlantic Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":53359,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2000/0169/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":155551,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2000/0169/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"North 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Carolina\",\"nation\":\"USA \"}}]}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49d6e4b07f02db5de7b4","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Pope, Benjamin F.","contributorId":12445,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pope","given":"Benjamin","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":191526,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":24147,"text":"ofr00170 - 2000 - Methods of analysis by the U.S. Geological Survey National Water Quality Laboratory-Determination of ammonium plus organic nitrogen by a Kjeldahl digestion method and an automated photometric finish that includes digest cleanup by gas diffusion","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-05-28T18:28:35.651871","indexId":"ofr00170","displayToPublicDate":"2001-04-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2000-170","title":"Methods of analysis by the U.S. Geological Survey National Water Quality Laboratory-Determination of ammonium plus organic nitrogen by a Kjeldahl digestion method and an automated photometric finish that includes digest cleanup by gas diffusion","docAbstract":"The National Water Quality Laboratory\n(NWQL) determined ammonium plus organic\nnitrogen (Kjeldahl nitrogen) by using semiautomated,\nblock digester methods for filtered\nand whole-water samples from 1986 until\nOctober 1, 1991. During that time,\nphosphorus was determined by a persulfate\ndigestion method. In 1991, projected\nincreases in demand for both tests by the U.S.\nGeological Survey?s National Water-Quality\nAssessment Program led the NWQL to\ndevelop and validate methods for determining\nboth analytes in a common digest.\nThis report describes a rapid and\naccurate method to determine Kjeldahl\nnitrogen. The batch, high-temperature (block\ndigester), Hg (II)-catalyzed digestion step\nused in the new methods I-2515-91/4515-91 is\nsimilar to U.S. Geological Survey methods\nI-2552-85/4552-85 and U.S. Environmental\nProtection Agency method 351.2 except that\nsample and reagent volumes are halved.\nPrepared digests are desolvated at 220 degrees\nCelsius (oC) and digested at 370oC in separate\nblock digesters set at these temperatures,\nrather than in a single, temperatureprogrammed\nblock digester. This approach\npermits 40 calibrants, reference materials, and\nsamples to be digested and resolvated in about\nan hour. Ammonium ions originally present\nin samples, along with those released during\nthe digestion step, are determined photometrically\nby an automated, salicylatehypochlorite\nBerthelot reaction procedure at a\nrate of 90 tests per hour. About 100\nmicroliters of digest are required per\ndetermination. The upper concentration level\nis 10 milligrams per liter (mg/L) with a\nmethod detection level of 0.05 mg/L.\nRepeatability for a sample containing about\n4.1 mg/L of Kjeldahl nitrogen in a high\nsuspended-solids matrix is 3.1 percent.\nBetween-day precision for the same sample is\n4.8 percent.\nA gas diffusion cell in the air-segmented\ncontinuous flow analyzer eliminates\nparticulates and ions that otherwise would\ninterfere in the photometric finish. A singlechannel\nanalyzer can process the resolvated\ndigests from two pairs of block digesters each\nhour. Statistical analysis of paired data for\nabout 1,500 samples determined by U.S.\nGeological Survey methods I-2552-85/4552-\n85 and I-2515-91/4515-91 during method\nvalidation revealed a median concentration\ndifference between the former and the latter\nmethods of about 0.1 mg-N/L. This result was\nexpected because digestion blank concentrations\n(nearly equal to 0.1 mg/L) were not\nsubtracted from concentrations reported by\nmethods I-2552-85/4552-85. A 10-year\nrecord of National Water Quality Laboratory\nKjeldahl nitrogen blind blank concentration\ndata also supports a step-change decrease in\nKjeldahl nitrogen concentrations of about 0.1\nmg/L after methods I-2552-85/4552-85 were\nreplaced by methods I-2515-91/4515-91 on\nOctober 1, 1991. Somewhat larger\nconcentration differences between the two methods were observed for a subset of about\n350 samples with nitrate plus nitrite\nconcentrations greater than 1 mg-N/L.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Department of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey :Branch of Information Services [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/ofr00170","usgsCitation":"Patton, C.J., and Truitt, E.P., 2000, Methods of analysis by the U.S. Geological Survey National Water Quality Laboratory-Determination of ammonium plus organic nitrogen by a Kjeldahl digestion method and an automated photometric finish that includes digest cleanup by gas diffusion: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2000-170, v, 31 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr00170.","productDescription":"v, 31 p.","costCenters":[{"id":452,"text":"National Water Quality Laboratory","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":155935,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2000/0170/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":53291,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2000/0170/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a54e4b07f02db62bb9a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Patton, Charles J. cjpatton@usgs.gov","contributorId":809,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Patton","given":"Charles","email":"cjpatton@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":191402,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Truitt, Earl P.","contributorId":65877,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Truitt","given":"Earl","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":191403,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":31153,"text":"ofr00192 - 2000 - Geologic map of the Christian quadrangle, Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-03-28T19:36:55.058773","indexId":"ofr00192","displayToPublicDate":"2001-04-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2000-192","title":"Geologic map of the Christian quadrangle, Alaska","docAbstract":"Most of the Christian quadrangle is in the Porcupine Plateau; the northwestern part is in the southern Brooks Range, and the southern quarter is in the Yukon Flats. Outcrops of bedrock are poor or lacking, except in the Brooks Range. Although large valley glaciers have moved through the Porcupine Plateau, along the East Fork Chandalar and Vanticlese Creek, most of the upland areas in the Porcupine Plateau have not been eroded by ice. Consequently the rocks are deeply weathered and many outcrops in the low hills east of the East Fork are only soil and rubble. The southern quarter of the quadrangle in the Yukon Flats is covered with unconsolidated glacial and alluvial deposits. The Christian quadrangle is at the east end of the southern Brooks Range schist belt. Here three geologic terranes that originate well south of the Brooks Range intersect the subterranes of the southern Brooks Range along northward-directed thrust faults and northeast-striking strike slip faults. The displaced terranes from the south have been mapped by Jones and others (1987), as the schist of the Ruby terrane, the mafic rocks and phyllite of the Tozitna terrane, and the graywacke of the Venetie terrane. The typical rocks of the southern Brooks Range Arctic Alaska terrane at this intersection are the carbonate and clastic rocks of the Hammond subterrane, and the schist of the Coldfoot subterrane. The Coldfoot schist ends at a probable strike-slip fault about 10 miles west of the Christian quadrangle. At that place the mafic rocks and phyllites of the Angayucham terrane that form the south flank of most of the Brooks Range veer sharply northeastward across the Coldfoot subterrane schist and terminate it. A small fragment of the Endicott Mountains subterrane of the Arctic Alaska terrane also lies within the Christian quadrangle, but the main body of this subterrane lies north of the quadrangle.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr00192","usgsCitation":"Brosge, W., and Reiser, H.N., 2000, Geologic map of the Christian quadrangle, Alaska: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2000-192, Pamphlet: 14 p.; 1 Plate: 44.39 x 24.31 inches; Metadata, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr00192.","productDescription":"Pamphlet: 14 p.; 1 Plate: 44.39 x 24.31 inches; Metadata","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":295134,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr00192.gif"},{"id":285899,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2000/0192/"},{"id":397739,"rank":6,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_34070.htm"},{"id":281538,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2000/0192/pdf/of00-192pamp.pdf"},{"id":281537,"rank":5,"type":{"id":16,"text":"Metadata"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2000/0192/csgeol_meta.txt"},{"id":281536,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2000/0192/pdf/of00-192_s1_v1.pdf"}],"scale":"250000","projection":"Universal Transverse Mercator, zone 6","country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"Christian quadrangle","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -147,\n 67\n ],\n [\n -144,\n 67\n ],\n [\n -144,\n 68\n ],\n [\n -147,\n 68\n ],\n [\n -147,\n 67\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b0ae4b07f02db69cb65","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Brosge, W. P.","contributorId":58248,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brosge","given":"W. P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":205157,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Reiser, H. N.","contributorId":13199,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Reiser","given":"H.","email":"","middleInitial":"N.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":205156,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":67483,"text":"i2538 - 2000 - Geologic map of the Snoqualmie Pass 30 x 60 minute quadrangle, Washington","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-10T00:11:14","indexId":"i2538","displayToPublicDate":"2001-04-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":320,"text":"IMAP","code":"I","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2538","subseriesTitle":"NONE","title":"Geologic map of the Snoqualmie Pass 30 x 60 minute quadrangle, Washington","docAbstract":"The Snoqualmie Pass quadrangle lies at the north edge of a Tertiary volcanic and sedimentary cover, where the regional structural uplift to the north elevated the older rocks to erosional levels. Much of the quadrangle is underlain by folded Eocene volcanic rocks and fluvial deposts of an extensional event, and these rocks are overlain by Cascade arc volcanic rocks: mildly deformed Oligocene-Miocene rocks and undeformed younger volcanic rocks. Melanges of Paleozoic and Mesozoic rocks are exposed in structural highs in the northern part of the quadrangle. The quadrangle is traversed north to south by the Straight Creek Fault, and the probably partially coincident Darringon-Devils Mountain Fault. A rich Quaternary stratigraphy reveals events of the Frazer glaciation.","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/i2538","isbn":"0607952598","collaboration":"See also Data Series 186 (DS-186)","usgsCitation":"Tabor, R.W., Frizzell, V.A., Booth, D.B., and Waitt, R., 2000, Geologic map of the Snoqualmie Pass 30 x 60 minute quadrangle, Washington (Version 1.0): U.S. Geological Survey IMAP 2538, 1 map : col., 56 x 76 cm., on sheet 94 x 143 cm., folded in envelope 30 x 24 cm.; 1 pamphlet (57 cm. : ill., maps ; 28 cm.), https://doi.org/10.3133/i2538.","productDescription":"1 map : col., 56 x 76 cm., on sheet 94 x 143 cm., folded in envelope 30 x 24 cm.; 1 pamphlet (57 cm. : ill., maps ; 28 cm.)","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":110171,"rank":700,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_37097.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"},"description":"37097"},{"id":7804,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/imap/i2538/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":187850,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"scale":"100000","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -122,47 ], [ -122,47.5 ], [ -121,47.5 ], [ -121,47 ], [ -122,47 ] ] ] } } ] }","edition":"Version 1.0","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ae1e4b07f02db688ac6","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Tabor, R. W.","contributorId":16002,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tabor","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":276337,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Frizzell, V. A. Jr.","contributorId":39376,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Frizzell","given":"V.","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":276338,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Booth, D. B.","contributorId":42223,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Booth","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":276339,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Waitt, R. B.","contributorId":78766,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Waitt","given":"R. B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":276340,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ]}