Water-quality and streamflow data were collected in the Coteau des Prairies region of southwestern Minnesota and eastern South Dakota from 1979- 84. Data were collected to (1) document the water-quality characteristics of streams and impoundments in the Coteau area, (2) predict the impact of proposed impoundments, (3) define the amount of dissolved and suspended material transported, and (4) determine the differences in water quality between the impoundment inflows and outflows.
\nStreamflow and water-quality data were collected at 12 stream and four impoundment sites. Continuous-record gages, set to collect data at 15-minute intervals, and readings taken by local observers were used to complete discharge records at 10 stream sites and stage records at three impoundment sites. Automatic samplers and local observers collected storm runoff, sediment, and nutrient samples at 10 stream sites. Water-quality samples were collected at various time and stage intervals during high flow and periodically during low flow. Primary emphasis in the stream-sampling program was on analysis of samples for nutrients in 1980-82, and on analysis of suspended sediment and nutrients in 1983-84. Field measurements were made of pH, water temperature, dissolved oxygen, specific conductance, alkalinity, and bacteria. Secondary emphasis was on analysis of major dissolved substances. Primary emphasis in the impoundments was on analysis of samples for phosphorus and chlorophyll and on the measurement of transparency. Temperature and dissolved-oxygen concentrations were measured to determine the degree of stratification.
\nAll data collected during the study are given in tables 4-13 of this report. The tables list mean-daily stream discharge, mean-daily suspendedsediment concentration, daily suspended-sediment discharge, results of waterquality analyses, and bed-material particle-size analyses at stream sites. The tables also list information on pool stage, water temperature, and transparency, on dissolved-oxygen, chlorophyll a, phytoplankton, and nutrient concentrations, and on chemical and partical-size analyses of bed material at impoundment sites.
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","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr90273","usgsCitation":"Grantz, A., Sliter, R.W., Mann, D.M., and May, S.D., 1990, Multichannel seismic-reflection data collected in 1982 in the eastern Chukchi Sea: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 90-273, Report: 5 p.; 1 Plate: 32.28 × 27.18 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr90273.","productDescription":"Report: 5 p.; 1 Plate: 32.28 × 27.18 inches","costCenters":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":407881,"rank":4,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_17896.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":46537,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1990/0273/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":46536,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1990/0273/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":149980,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1990/0273/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"Chukchi Sea","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -172,\n 68\n ],\n [\n -154,\n 68\n ],\n [\n -154,\n 73\n ],\n [\n -172,\n 73\n ],\n [\n -172,\n 68\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a7fe4b07f02db648fca","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Grantz, Arthur agrantz@usgs.gov","contributorId":2585,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Grantz","given":"Arthur","email":"agrantz@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":176287,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Sliter, R. W.","contributorId":37758,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sliter","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":176289,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Mann, D. M.","contributorId":77902,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mann","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":176290,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"May, S. D.","contributorId":12856,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"May","given":"S.","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":176288,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":54914,"text":"wdrOR891 - 1990 - Water Resources Data, Oregon, Water Year 1989. Volume 1. Eastern Oregon","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-02-26T16:10:28","indexId":"wdrOR891","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1990","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":340,"text":"Water Data Report","code":"WDR","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"OR-89-1","title":"Water Resources Data, Oregon, Water Year 1989. Volume 1. Eastern Oregon","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
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\"}}]}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a09e4b07f02db5fae39","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hubbard, L.E.","contributorId":104945,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hubbard","given":"L.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":251999,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Moffatt, R. L.","contributorId":79889,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Moffatt","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":251997,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Herrett, T.A.","contributorId":102944,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Herrett","given":"T.A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":251998,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Kraus, R.L.","contributorId":108182,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kraus","given":"R.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":252000,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Ruppert, G.P.","contributorId":67111,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ruppert","given":"G.P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":251996,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":44628,"text":"wri904089 - 1990 - Water-level maps of the Mississippi River Valley alluvial aquifer in eastern Arkansas, 1987","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-08-16T08:59:16","indexId":"wri904089","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1990","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"90-4089","title":"Water-level maps of the Mississippi River Valley alluvial aquifer in eastern Arkansas, 1987","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/wri904089","usgsCitation":"Westerfield, P.W., 1990, Water-level maps of the Mississippi River Valley alluvial aquifer in eastern Arkansas, 1987: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 90-4089, 1 Plate: 58.52 x 36.65 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/wri904089.","productDescription":"1 Plate: 58.52 x 36.65 inches","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":168826,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1990/4089/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":366591,"rank":2,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1990/4089/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Arkansas","otherGeospatial":"Mississippi River Valley","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -91.4556884765625,\n 33.0178760185549\n ],\n [\n -90.164794921875,\n 33.0178760185549\n ],\n [\n -90.164794921875,\n 36.43012234551576\n ],\n [\n -91.4556884765625,\n 36.43012234551576\n ],\n [\n -91.4556884765625,\n 33.0178760185549\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49e6e4b07f02db5e743b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Westerfield, Paul W.","contributorId":30599,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Westerfield","given":"Paul","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":230143,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":25847,"text":"wri894186 - 1990 - Water quality of alluvial aquifers, Carroll and Guthrie counties, Iowa, with emphasis on the occurrence of nitrate and pesticides, 1986-87","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-03-11T13:15:22","indexId":"wri894186","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1990","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"89-4186","title":"Water quality of alluvial aquifers, Carroll and Guthrie counties, Iowa, with emphasis on the occurrence of nitrate and pesticides, 1986-87","docAbstract":"Samples collected from wells in Carroll and Guthrie Counties, Iowa, were analyzed to describe the chemical quality of the ground water in shallow aquifers. The study began in June 1986 with the selection of 20 shallow wells in Carroll County and 22 shallow wells in Guthrie County. These wells were sampled in the summer and fall of 1986 and 1987. Samples from the wells were analyzed for major ions, nutrients, trace elements, radiochemicals, nitrate, and pesticides.
\nMedian and mean nitrate concentrations were 95 and 11 milligrams per liter. About 60 percent of the samples had nitrate concentrations greater than 5.0 milligrams per liter. Detectable concentrations of a least one pesticide were in 27 percent of the samples. Atrazine, the most prevalent pesticide, was detected in 25 percent of the samples; alachlor was detected in 6 percent; and cyanazine was detected in 5 percent. Dicamba, metolachlor, trifluralin, and2,4-D were detected in 2 percent or less of the samples.
\nIn the summer and fall 1986,43 and 45 percent of the water samples had nitrate concentrations larger than 10 milligrams per liter, the maximum contaminant level for public drinking water specified by the State of Iowa; in the summer and fall 1987,41 and 55 percent of the samples had nitrate concentrations larger than the maximum contaminant level. In the summer and fall 1986,23 and 18 percent of the samples contained detectable concentrations of at least one pesticide; in the summer and fall 1987,21 and 47 percent of the samples contained detectable concentrations of at least one pesticide. Detection frequencies ofatrazine, alachlor, and cyanazine increased for samples collected in October 1987. Pesticides were more frequently detected along Brushy Creek, and the East Nishnabotna, Middle, North Raccoon, and South Raccoon Rivers. However, pesticides also were detected along the Middle Raccoon and West Nishnabotna Rivers. Detection frequencies were greatest (50 percent) for the East Nishnabotna River and Middle River alluvial settings.
\nIncreased nitrate concentrations generally were observed in the shallower wells and were larger than those previously reported for shallow municipal wells. Pesticide detection relative to well depth was inconsistent with the trend observed for nitrate. Pesticide detection frequencies were greater for wells that were 40 to 80 feet deep (about 40 percent) than for wells less that 40 feet deep (about 20 percent).
\nOf the water samples with nitrate concentrations greater than or equal to 5.0 milligrams per liter, 33 percent had detectable pesticide concentrations. Conversely, for those samples with detectable pesticide concentrations, 76 percent had nitrate concentrations larger than or equal to 5.0 milligrams per liter and 67 percent were larger than or equal to 10 milligrams per liter. The median concentration of nitrate for samples containing at least one detectable pesticide was 15 milligrams per liter and was greater than the overall median nitrate concentration of 95 milligrams per liter. The median for samples that did not contain a detectable pesticide was 73 milligrams per liter.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Iowa City","doi":"10.3133/wri894186","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Carroll County Health Department, Guthrie County Health Department, University of Iowa Hygienic Laboratory, and Iowa Department of Natural Resources","usgsCitation":"Detroy, M., Clark, M.L., Holub, M., and Hunt, P., 1990, Water quality of alluvial aquifers, Carroll and Guthrie counties, Iowa, with emphasis on the occurrence of nitrate and pesticides, 1986-87: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 89-4186, viii, 52 p.: ill.; 28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri894186.","productDescription":"viii, 52 p.: ill.; 28 cm.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":351,"text":"Iowa Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":54591,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1989/4186/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":158244,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1989/4186/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Iowa","county":"Carroll County, Guthrie County","geographicExtents":"{\"type\":\"FeatureCollection\",\"features\":[{\"type\":\"Feature\",\"geometry\":{\"type\":\"Polygon\",\"coordinates\":[[[-95.0921,42.2097],[-95.014,42.2102],[-94.9769,42.2101],[-94.861,42.2096],[-94.7477,42.2094],[-94.63,42.2091],[-94.6298,42.1218],[-94.6302,42.0342],[-94.6301,41.9493],[-94.6299,41.8616],[-94.5159,41.8617],[-94.3988,41.8621],[-94.2835,41.8624],[-94.2811,41.8624],[-94.2813,41.7757],[-94.281,41.6871],[-94.2812,41.6],[-94.2419,41.5993],[-94.2427,41.5031],[-94.3593,41.5032],[-94.4733,41.5033],[-94.588,41.5033],[-94.7014,41.5032],[-94.7025,41.6008],[-94.7455,41.6008],[-94.7458,41.6875],[-94.7467,41.7752],[-94.7476,41.861],[-94.8623,41.8616],[-94.9794,41.8622],[-95.0947,41.8626],[-95.0936,41.9494],[-95.0924,42.0357],[-95.0913,42.1229],[-95.0921,42.2097]]]},\"properties\":{\"name\":\"Carroll\",\"state\":\"IA\"}}]}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4affe4b07f02db697c4a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Detroy, M.G.","contributorId":6066,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Detroy","given":"M.G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":195324,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Clark, M. L.","contributorId":19595,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Clark","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":195325,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Holub, M.A.","contributorId":37375,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Holub","given":"M.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":195326,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Hunt, P.K.","contributorId":94344,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hunt","given":"P.K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":195327,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":68682,"text":"ha720E - 1990 - Hydrogeology of the Cliff House Sandstone in the San Juan structural basin, New Mexico, Colorado, Arizona, and Utah","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-02-03T19:38:10.681088","indexId":"ha720E","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1990","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":318,"text":"Hydrologic Atlas","code":"HA","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"720","chapter":"E","title":"Hydrogeology of the Cliff House Sandstone in the San Juan structural basin, New Mexico, Colorado, Arizona, and Utah","docAbstract":"This report is one in a series resulting from the U.S. Geological Survey's Regional Aquifer-System Analysis (RASA) study of the San Juan structural basin that began in October 1984. Previous reports in the series describe the hydrogeology of the Dakota Sandstone (Craigg and others, 1989), Point Lookout Sandstone (Craigg and others, 1990), Morrison Formation (Dam and others, 1990), Gallup Sandstone (Kernodle and others, 1989), and Menefee Formation (Levings and others, 1990) in the San Juan structural basin. The purposes of the RASA (Welder, 1986) are to: (1) Define and evaluate the aquifer system; (2) assess the effects of past, present, and potential ground-water use on aquifers and streams; and (3) determine the availability and quality of ground water.
This report summarizes information on the geology and the occurrence and quality of water in the Cliff House Sandstone, one of the primary water-bearing units in the regional aquifer system. Data used in this report were collected during the study or were derived from existing records in the U.S. Geological Survey's computerized National Water Information System (NWIS) data base, the Petroleum Information Corporation's data base, and the Dwight's ENERGYDATA Inc. BRIN data base. Although all data available for the Cliff House Sandstone were considered in formulating the discussions in the text, not all those data could be plotted on the illustrations.
The San Juan structural basin is in New Mexico, Colorado, Arizona, and Utah and has an area of about 21,600 square miles (fig. 1). The structural basin is about 140 miles wide and about 200 miles long. The study area is that part of the structural basin that contains rocks of Triassic or younger age and, therefore, is less extensive than the structural basin. Triassic through Tertiary sedimentary rocks are emphasized in this study because the major aquifers in the basin are present in these rocks. The study area is about 140 miles wide (about the same as the structural basin), 180 miles long, and has an area of about 19,400 square miles.
Altitudes in the study area range from about 4,500 feet in San Juan County, Utah, to about 11,000 feet in Cibola County, New Mexico. Annual precipitation in the high mountainous areas along the north and east margins of the basin is as much as 45 inches, whereas annual precipitation in the lower altitude, central basin is generally less than 8 inches. Mean annual precipitation in the study area is about 12 inches.
Data obtained from documents published by the U.S. Bureau of the Census, 1980 and 1985, were used to estimate the population of the study area. The population of the study area in 1970 was estimated to be about 134,000. The population rose to about 194,000 in 1980, 212,000 in 1982, 221,000 in 1984, and then fell to about 210,000 in 1985. The economy of the basin is supported by exploration and development of petroleum, natural gas, coal, and uranium resources; urban enterprise, farming and ranching; tourism; and recreation. The rise and fall in population were related to changes in the economic strength of the mining, petroleum, and natural-gas industries, and support services. Uranium mining and milling activities grew rapidly until the late 1970's when most uranium-mining activity ended in the study area. Likewise, the oil and gas industry prospered until about 1983 and then declined rapidly, also affecting many jobs in support industries.
This report is one in a series resulting from the U.S. Geological Survey's Regional Aquifer-System Analysis (RASA) study of the San Juan structural basin that began in October 1984. Previous reports in the series describe the hydrogeology of the Dakota Sandstone (Craigg and others, 1989), Morrison Formation (Dam and others, 1990), Gallup Sandstone (Kernodle and others, 1989), Menefee Formation (Levings and others, 1990), and Cliff House Sandstone (Thorn and others, 1990), in the San Juan structural basin. The purposes of the RASA (Welder, 1986) are to: (1) Define and evaluate the aquifer system; (2) assess the effects of past, present, and potential ground-water use on aquifers and streams; and (3) determine the availability and quality of ground water.
This report summarizes information on the geology and the occurrence and quality of water in the Point Lookout Sandstone, one of the primary water-bearing units in the regional aquifer system. Data used in this report were collected during the study or were derived from existing records in the U.S. Geological Survey's computerized National Water Information System (NWIS) data base, the Petroleum Information Corporation's database, and the Dwight's ENERGYDATA Inc. BRIN data base. Although all data available for the Point Lookout Sandstone were considered in formulating the discussions in the text, not all those data could be plotted on the illustrations.
The San Juan structural basin is in New Mexico, Colorado, Arizona, and Utah and has an area of about 21,600 square miles (fig. 1). The structural basin is about 140 miles wide and about 200 miles long. The study area is that part of the structural basin that contains rocks of Triassic or younger age and, therefore, is less areally extensive than the structural basin. Triassic through Tertiary sedimentary rocks are emphasized in this study because the major aquifers in the basin are present in these rocks. The study area is about 140 miles wide (about the same as the structural basin), 180 miles long, and has an area of about 19,400 square miles.
Altitudes in the study area range from about 4,500 feet in San Juan County, Utah, to about 11,000 feet in Cibola County, New Mexico. Annual precipitation in the high mountainous areas along the north and east margins of the basin is as much as 45 inches, whereas annual precipitation in the lower altitude, central basin is generally less than 8 inches. Mean annual precipitation in the study area is about 12 inches.
Data obtained from documents published by the U.S. Bureau of the Census, 1980 and 1985, were used to estimate the population of the study area. The population of the study area in 1970 was estimated to be about 134,000. The population rose to about 194,000 in 1980, 212,000 in 1982, 221,000 in 1984, and then fell to about 210,000 in 1985. The economy of the basin is supported by exploration and development of petroleum, natural gas, coal, and uranium resources; urban enterprise, farming \"and ranching; tourism; and recreation. The rise and fall in population were related to changes in the economic strength of the mining, petroleum, and natural-gas industries, and support services. Uranium mining and milling activities grew rapidly until the late 1970's when most uranium-mining activity ended in the study area. Likewise, the oil and gas industry prospered until about 1983 and then declined rapidly, also affecting many jobs in support industries.
In 1984, the U.S. Geological Survey began a study of the geologic and hydrologic characteristics of the unsaturated zone in the western conterminous United States. The study area extends from the eastern edge of the Rocky Mountains westward and includes all or parts of the 12 westernmost conterminous States. The goal of the study is to characterize unsaturated flow systems to aid in identifying environments in the western United States that may merit further study for isolation of hazardous waste, including high- and low-level radioactive waste and other toxic waste.
The major physiographic areas discussed in this report (see index map below thickness map) are: (1) Rocky Mountain System consisting of the Southern, Middle, and Northern Rocky Mountains, and the Wyoming Basin; (2) Intermontane Plateaus consisting of the Basin and Range province, and the Colorado and Columbia Plateaus; and (3) Pacific Mountain System (Fenneman, 1946). Two of these areas, the Colorado and Columbia plateaus, exhibit a variety of geohydrologic conditions, and therefore are further subdivided in the discussions that follow.
Outstanding features peculiar to the mountainous area of the Rocky Mountain and the Pacific Mountain Systems are the high rugged mountains and steep relief. These mountains receive greater precipitation than do the lower parts of the otherwise dry western United States. Generally moisture-laden air masses move eastward across the continent, and the mountains force them to higher, cooler altitudes. As the air cools, moisture condenses and precipitates. As a result, the Rocky Mountain and Pacific Mountain Systems have annual precipitation in excess of 30 in.
The Wyoming Basin of the Rocky Mountain System and the Basin and Range province, Colorado Plateaus, and Columbia Plateaus of the Intermontane Plateaus generally have lower altitudes and less relief than do the mountainous areas. The climate throughout most of these provinces generally is semiarid to arid. Annual precipitation is generally less than 16 in. throughout most of the area, and is less than 4 in. in some parts. The mean annual free-water-surface evaporation ranges from 20 to 100in. A large part of the study area is subject to a water deficit because potential evapotranspiration exceeds precipitation. As a consequence of the large water deficit, ground-water recharge generally is small, surface runoff is small, perennial streams and lakes are few, and the depth to ground water commonly is large. The generalized thickness of the unsaturated zone (the depth to ground water), in the western conterminous United States is presented on the map.
No abstract available.
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Ascutney]","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":482983,"rank":7,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_22056.htm","text":"Zircon U-Pb data for the Moretown and Barnard Volcanic Members of the Missisquoi Formation and a dike cutting the Standling Pond Volcanics, southeastern Vermont","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":482984,"rank":8,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_22057.htm","text":"Lineament analysis of the Glens Falls 1 degree X 2 degree quadrangle, New York, Vermont, and New Hampshire","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":482985,"rank":9,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_22058.htm","text":"Regional exploration geochemistry of the Glens Falls 1 degree X 2 degree quadrangle, New York, Vermont, and New Hampshire","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":482986,"rank":10,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_22059.htm","text":"Airborne and ground electromagnetic studies of the eastern half of the Glens Falls 1 degree X 2 degree quadrangle, New York, Vermont, and New Hampshire","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":482987,"rank":11,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_22060.htm","text":"Metallic mineral deposits in the Glen Falls 1 degree X 2 degree quadrangle, New York, Vermont, and New Hampshire","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":482988,"rank":12,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_22061.htm","text":"The Piermont allochthon, northern Connecticut Valley area, New England - preliminary description and resource implications","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":482989,"rank":13,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_22062.htm","text":"Stratabound zinc-lead-copper deposits in the Cambrian carbonate-siliciclastic shelf sequence at Lion Hill, west-central Vermont","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":482990,"rank":14,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_22063.htm","text":"Some controls on trace-element concentrations, especially uranium, in selected peat deposits of Vermont and New Hampshire","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":482991,"rank":15,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_22064.htm","text":"Distribution of gold, molybdenum, tin, and selected other elements in the vicinity of Mount Ascutney, Windsor County, Vermont","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":482992,"rank":16,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_22065.htm","text":"Carbonate-hosted gold mineralization of hydrothermal-replacement origin adjacent to a syenitic stock at Cuttingsville, Vermont, and the potential for other syenite-related gold deposits in New England","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":482993,"rank":17,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_22066.htm","text":"Geochemistry of stream sediments and heavy mineral concentrates from the Orange County copper district, east-central Vermont","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":482994,"rank":18,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_22067.htm","text":"Preliminary assessment of metallic mineral resources in the Glens Falls 1 degree X 2 degree quadrangle, New York, Vermont, and New Hampshire","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"New Hampshire, New York, 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Hampshire\",\"nation\":\"USA \"}}]}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b01e4b07f02db69872f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Slack, John F. 0000-0001-6600-3130 jfslack@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6600-3130","contributorId":1032,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Slack","given":"John","email":"jfslack@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[{"id":243,"text":"Eastern Geology and Paleoclimate Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":245,"text":"Eastern Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":387,"text":"Mineral Resources Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":211619,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":34250,"text":"b1859 - 1990 - Road guide to volcanic deposits of Mount St. Helens and vicinity, Washington","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:09:42","indexId":"b1859","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1990","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":306,"text":"Bulletin","code":"B","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1859","title":"Road guide to volcanic deposits of Mount St. Helens and vicinity, Washington","docAbstract":"Mount St. Helens, the most recently active and most intensively studied Cascades volcano, is in southwestern Washington. The volcano is a superb outdoor laboratory for studying volcanic processes, deposits of observed events, and deposits whose origins are inferred by classic geologic techniques, including analogy to recent deposits. During the past 4,500 years, Mount St. Helens has been more active and more explosive than any other volcano in the conterminous United States. \r\nMount St. Helens became active in mid-March 1980, and eruptive activity began on March 27. Since the climactic eruption of May 18, 1980, the volcano has continued to be active at least until 1988. The 1890 activity of Mount St. Helens is summarized in U.S. Geological Survey Professional Papers 1249 and 1250. \r\n\r\nThis road guide is a tour of Mount St. Helens volcano and vicinity, with emphasis on the effects and deposits of the 1980 eruption. The road log starts from the U.S. Geological Survey's David A. Johnston Cascades Volcano Observatory, Vancouver, Washington. The guide is organized around two primary routes. LEG I is on paved and gravel roads from Vancouver to areas east of Mount St. Helens, including Windy Ridge Overlook near Spirit Lake. This is possibly the most scenic route described in the guide, including a transect of the devastated zone of May 18, 1980, Spirit Lake, and numerous vistas of the volcano. LEG II leads to areas west of the volcano from Vancouver via U.S. Interstate Highway 5, then on a paved ... road along the Toutle River. Highlights include the spectacular effects of mudflows and a view of the huge debris-avalanche deposit that was formed on May 18, 1980.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. G.P.O. ; For sale by the Books and Open-File Reports Section, U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/b1859","usgsCitation":"Doukas, M.P., 1990, Road guide to volcanic deposits of Mount St. Helens and vicinity, Washington: U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin 1859, v, 53 p. :ill. ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/b1859.","productDescription":"v, 53 p. :ill. ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":3390,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://vulcan.wr.usgs.gov/Volcanoes/MSH/NatMonument/RoadGuide/framework.html","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":166237,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/bul/1859/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":62160,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/bul/1859/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a0fe4b07f02db5fed5e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Doukas, Michael P. mdoukas@usgs.gov","contributorId":2686,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Doukas","given":"Michael","email":"mdoukas@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":212683,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":61428,"text":"mf2149 - 1990 - West-east stratigraphic correlations of surface and subsurface sections of the intertongued Eocene Wasatch and Green River formations, northern Green River basin, Wyoming","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-03-25T07:53:11","indexId":"mf2149","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1990","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":325,"text":"Miscellaneous Field Studies Map","code":"MF","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2149","title":"West-east stratigraphic correlations of surface and subsurface sections of the intertongued Eocene Wasatch and Green River formations, northern Green River basin, Wyoming","docAbstract":"No abstract available.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/mf2149","usgsCitation":"Roehler, H.W., 1990, West-east stratigraphic correlations of surface and subsurface sections of the intertongued Eocene Wasatch and Green River formations, northern Green River basin, Wyoming: U.S. Geological Survey Miscellaneous Field Studies Map 2149, 1 Plate: 39.43 x 26.09 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/mf2149.","productDescription":"1 Plate: 39.43 x 26.09 inches","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":180457,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/mf2149.jpg"},{"id":284441,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/mf/2149/plate-1.pdf"}],"country":"United States","state":"Wyoming","otherGeospatial":"Northern Green River Basin","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -110.0,41.886389 ], [ -110.0,42.1 ], [ -109.0,42.1 ], [ -109.0,41.886389 ], [ -110.0,41.886389 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53cd7d84e4b0b2908510f6c0","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Roehler, Henry W.","contributorId":48529,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Roehler","given":"Henry","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":265625,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":29775,"text":"wri894169 - 1990 - Geohydrology and simulation of ground-water flow in the carbonate rocks of the Valley Creek basin, eastern Chester County, Pennsylvania","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-06-12T13:31:25","indexId":"wri894169","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1990","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"89-4169","title":"Geohydrology and simulation of ground-water flow in the carbonate rocks of the Valley Creek basin, eastern Chester County, Pennsylvania","docAbstract":"Sixty-eight percent of the 22.6-square-mile Valley Creek basin is underlain by Cambrian and Ordovician limestone and dolomite. Ground water flows through a network of interconnected secondary openings; primary porosity is virtually nonexistent. Some of these openings have been enlarged by solution. Secondary porosity and permeability exhibit great spatial variability, and the yield and specific capacity of wells are highly variable. The number of water-bearing zones decreases with depth. Fifty percent of water-bearing zones are encountered within 100 feet of the land surface, and 81 percent are within 200 feet.\r\n\r\n Most ground-water flow in the Valley Creek basin is local and discharges to nearby streams. Ground-water discharge comprised an average of 76 percent of the flow of Valley Creek during 1983--87, including both natural ground- water discharge and quarry pumpage discharged to Valley Creek. Discharge from the Cedar Hollow quarry comprised 21 to 26 percent of the base flow of Valley Creek; the average was 23 percent. The average natural base flow of Valley Creek would be 8 percent lower if the quarry were not operating.\r\n\r\n Regional ground-water flow is to the northeast to the Schuylkill River. On the western side of the Valley Creek basin, the ground-water divide is 1/2 mile west of the surface-water divide. An estimated 0.75 million gallons per day of ground water flows from the adjacent West Valley Creek basn eastward into the Valley Creek basin. A ground-water divide is not present on the eastern side of the basin; the water table slopes gently eastward toward the Schuylkill River. On the northeaster side, an estimated 1.76 million gallons per day of ground water flows northeastward out of the basin to the Schuylkill River beneath the surface-water divide. On the southeaster side, an estimated 0.85 million gallons per day of ground water flows beneath the surface-water divide into the basin.\r\n\r\n Annual water budgets and an average water budget were calculated for 1983-87 for the 20.8-square-mile area bove the streamflow-gaging station. Annual precipitation for 1983-87 ranged from 40.61 to 56.55 inches and averaged 47.25 inches; annual streamflow ranged from 15.55 to 28.57 inches and averaged 22.31 inches; annual evapotranspiration ranged from 18.21 to 24.83 inches and averaged 22.90 inches; and annual recharge ranged from 15.89 to 26.84 inches and averaged 21.04 inches.\r\n\r\n The Valley Creek basin was modeled as a two-dimensional water-table aquifer. Recharge to, ground-water flow through, and discharge from the rocks of Chester valley were simulated. In order to include the natural hydrologic boundaries of the ground-water-flwo system, the 66.4-square-mile area between the Brandywine Creek and the Schuylkill River was modeled. The model was calibrated under stead-state conditions using avareage recharge and evapotranspiration rates. Aquifer hydraulic conductivity was estimated from specific-capacity and quifer-test data. The average (1983-87) annual water budget for hte Valley Creek basin was simualted.\r\n\r\n The effect of increased ground-water development on base flow and underflow was simulated by locating a hypothetical well field produceing 4 million gallons per day in different parts of the basin. Pumpage from a well field near surface-water divides would induce as much as an additional 1.41 inches per year of underflow from an adjacent surface-water basin. Pumpage from a well field near the center of the basin would affect base flow more than underflow.\r\n\r\n Increased seepage of ground water into quarries as a result of their expansion was simulated as increased withdrawal by pumping. A 100-percent increase in the pumping rate of the Cedar Hollow quarry, from 3.93 to 7.86 million gallons per day, owuld reduce the natural base flow of Valley Creek by 18 percent. However, the quarry pumpage would be discharged to Valley Creek, thereby increasing the base flow at the gaging station by ","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri894169","usgsCitation":"Sloto, R., 1990, Geohydrology and simulation of ground-water flow in the carbonate rocks of the Valley Creek basin, eastern Chester County, Pennsylvania: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 89-4169, viii, 60 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri894169.","productDescription":"viii, 60 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[{"id":532,"text":"Pennsylvania Water Science 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R. A.","contributorId":36155,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sloto","given":"R. A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":202101,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":18950,"text":"ofr90297 - 1990 - The Sitkoh Bay alkalic plutonic suite: Silurian or older alkalic magmatism on eastern Chichagof Island, southeastern Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-09-30T16:35:41.124144","indexId":"ofr90297","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1990","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"90-297","title":"The Sitkoh Bay alkalic plutonic suite: Silurian or older alkalic magmatism on eastern Chichagof Island, southeastern Alaska","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr90297","usgsCitation":"Ford, A.B., Brew, D.A., and Loney, R.A., 1990, The Sitkoh Bay alkalic plutonic suite: Silurian or older alkalic magmatism on eastern Chichagof Island, southeastern Alaska: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 90-297, i, 41 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr90297.","productDescription":"i, 41 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":390044,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_19114.htm"},{"id":48347,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1990/0297/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":150586,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1990/0297/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"eastern Chichagof Island","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -135.63720703125,\n 57.441993391526644\n ],\n [\n -134.769287109375,\n 57.441993391526644\n ],\n [\n -134.769287109375,\n 58.21413156442685\n ],\n [\n -135.63720703125,\n 58.21413156442685\n ],\n [\n -135.63720703125,\n 57.441993391526644\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ac6e4b07f02db67a951","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ford, A. B.","contributorId":44924,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Ford","given":"A.","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":180040,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Brew, D. A.","contributorId":88344,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brew","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":180041,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Loney, R. A.","contributorId":90757,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Loney","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":180042,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":26716,"text":"wri904136 - 1990 - Long-term effects of surface coal mining on ground-water levels and quality in two small watersheds in eastern Ohio","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-01-08T22:34:40.636752","indexId":"wri904136","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1990","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"90-4136","title":"Long-term effects of surface coal mining on ground-water levels and quality in two small watersheds in eastern Ohio","docAbstract":"Two small watersheds in eastern Ohio that were surface mined for coal and reclaimed were studied during 1986-89. Water-level and water-quality data were compared with similar data collected during previous investigations conducted during 1976-83 to determine long-term effects of surface mining on the hydrologic system. Before mining, the watersheds were characterized by sequences of flat-lying sedimentary rocks containing two major coal seams and underclays. An aquifer was present above each of the underclays. Surface mining removed the upper aquifer, stripped the coal seam, and replaced the sediment. This created a new upper aquifer with different hydraulic and chemical characteristics. Mining did not disturb the middle aquifer. A third, deeper aquifer in each watershed was not studied.
Water levels were continuously recorded in one well in each aquifer. Other wells were measured every 2 months. Water levels in the upper aquifers reached hydraulic equilibrium from 2 to 5 years after mining ceased. Water levels in the middle aquifers increased more than 5 feet during mining and reached equilibrium almost immediately thereafter.
Water samples were collected from three upper-aquifer well, a seep from the upper aquifer, and the stream in each watershed. Two samples were collected in 1986 and 1987, and one each in 1988 and 1989. In both watersheds, sulfate replaced bicarbonate as the dominant upper-aquifer and surface-water anion after mining.
For the upper aquifer of a watershed located in Muskingum County, water-quality data were grouped into premining and late postmining time periods (1986-89). The premining median pH and concentration of dissolved solids and sulfate were 7.6, 378 mg/L (milligrams per liter), and 41 mg/L, respectively. The premining median concentrations of iron and manganese were 10 μg/L (micrograms per liter) and 25 μg/L, respectively. The postmining median values of pH, dissolved solids, and sulfate were 6.7, 1,150 mg/L, and 560 mg/L, respectively. The postmining median concentrations of iron and manganese were 3,900 μg/L and 1,900 μg/L, respectively.
For the upper aquifer of a watershed located in Jefferson County, the water-quality data were grouped into three time periods of premining, early postmining, and late postmining. The premining median pH and concentrations of dissolved solids and sulfate were 7.0, 335 mg/L, and 85 mg/L, respectively. The premining median concentrations of iron and manganese were 30 μg/L for each constituent. Late postmining median pH and concentrations of dissolved solids and sulfate were 6.7, 1,495 mg/L, and 825 mg/L, respectively. The postmining median concentrations of iron and manganese were 31 μg/L and 1,015 μg/L, respectively. Chemistry of water in the middle aquifer in each watershed underwent similar changes.
In general, statistically significant increases in concentrations of dissolved constituents occurred because of surface mining. In some constituents, concentrations increased by more than an order of magnitude. The continued decrease in pH indicated that ground water had no reached geochemical equilibrium in either watershed more than 8 years after mining.
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