Infiltration and downward percolation of water in the vadose zone are important processes that can define the availability of water resources. We present an approach that provides insight into how periodic infiltration forcings at the land surface filter in a layered vadose zone in terms of changes in the timing and magnitude of hydrologic responses. To represent geologically realistic systems, we used vertical sequences of one‐dimensional periodic solutions, where each solution represents a single soil in a layered profile. The overall approach is based on a linearized Richards equation and assumes that the effects on flow of continuous pressure head changes at soil interfaces are negligible. We evaluated the limit of these approximations by comparison with results from the numerical model HYDRUS‐1D, which uses the full Richards equation. We compared (i) the depth at which flux variations became steady, and (ii) the travel time of wetting fronts to reach a depth of 3 m. The solution was reasonably accurate (error less than a factor of 2) for infiltration cycles with periods from 30 to 365 d and for fluxes common in arid and semiarid environments (0–2 mm d−1). Lag times between a surface forcing and response at any depth were accurate (error less than a factor of 1.1). The approximation generally provided consistent estimates of the damping and time lag, such that it overestimated the depths where fluxes were steady and underestimated the time for a forcing to reach a specific depth.
","language":"English","publisher":"ACSESS","doi":"10.2136/vzj2018.03.0047","usgsCitation":"Dickinson, J.E., and Ferre, T.P., 2018, Filtering of cyclic period infiltration in a layered vadose zone: 1. Approximation of damping and time lags: Vadose Zone Journal, v. 17, no. 1, p. 1-16, https://doi.org/10.2136/vzj2018.03.0047.","productDescription":"16 p.","startPage":"1","endPage":"16","ipdsId":"IP-077789","costCenters":[{"id":128,"text":"Arizona Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":468249,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.2136/vzj2018.03.0047","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":382854,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"17","issue":"1","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":14,"text":"Menlo Park PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2018-11-15","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Dickinson, Jesse E. 0000-0002-0048-0839 jdickins@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0048-0839","contributorId":152545,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dickinson","given":"Jesse","email":"jdickins@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":128,"text":"Arizona Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":744271,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Ferre, T. P. A","contributorId":206539,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Ferre","given":"T.","email":"","middleInitial":"P. A","affiliations":[{"id":7042,"text":"University of Arizona","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":744272,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70201370,"text":"70201370 - 2018 - Shared habitat use by juveniles of three sea turtle species","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-12-12T09:53:13","indexId":"70201370","displayToPublicDate":"2018-11-15T09:53:04","publicationYear":"2018","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2663,"text":"Marine Ecology Progress Series","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Shared habitat use by juveniles of three sea turtle species","docAbstract":"The first step in understanding how sympatric species share habitat is defining spatial boundaries. While home range data for juvenile sea turtles exists, few studies have examined spatial overlap of multiple species in foraging habitat. Using satellite tracking technology, we define home ranges for juveniles of 3 sea turtle species (loggerhead, Kemp’s ridley, and green; n = 21) captured at 2 adjacent foraging sites in the northern Gulf of Mexico. In these areas, green turtles are known to be primarily herbivorous, whereas Kemp’s ridley turtles forage predominately on crabs, and loggerhead turtles on various hard-shelled benthic invertebrates. No differences in home range size or characteristics, such as water depth and distance to shore, were observed among species, although fine-scale foraging patches were not examined in this study. A high degree of overlap in habitat-use among all 3 species was documented in summer at both sites. Seasonal movements, triggered by colder winter temperatures, were documented and appeared to differ among species, with Kemp’s ridley and loggerhead turtles leaving bays, and green turtles overwintering inside bays. By identifying shared habitat-use by juvenile sea turtles, we have created a foundation for further fine-scale studies on resource partitioning that will aid in habitat management and conservation of these threatened and endangered species.
","language":"English","publisher":"Inter-Research","doi":"10.3354/meps12748","usgsCitation":"Lamont, M.M., and Iverson, A., 2018, Shared habitat use by juveniles of three sea turtle species: Marine Ecology Progress Series, v. 606, p. 187-200, https://doi.org/10.3354/meps12748.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"187","endPage":"200","ipdsId":"IP-098002","costCenters":[{"id":17705,"text":"Wetland and Aquatic Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":360185,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"606","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":5,"text":"Lafayette PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5c122c55e4b034bf6a8569df","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lamont, Margaret M. 0000-0001-7520-6669 mlamont@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7520-6669","contributorId":4525,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lamont","given":"Margaret","email":"mlamont@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":17705,"text":"Wetland and Aquatic Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":753832,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Iverson, Autumn R. 0000-0002-8353-6745","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8353-6745","contributorId":173555,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Iverson","given":"Autumn R.","affiliations":[{"id":590,"text":"U.S. Army Corps of Engineers","active":false,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":753833,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70200903,"text":"70200903 - 2018 - Multi-scale effects of land cover and urbanization on the habitat suitability of an endangered toad","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-11-14T15:08:37","indexId":"70200903","displayToPublicDate":"2018-11-14T15:08:33","publicationYear":"2018","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1015,"text":"Biological Conservation","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Multi-scale effects of land cover and urbanization on the habitat suitability of an endangered toad","docAbstract":"Habitat degradation, entwined with land cover change, is a major driver of biodiversity loss. Effects of land cover change on species can be direct (when habitat is converted to alternative land cover types) or indirect (when land outside of the species habitat is altered). Hydrologic and ecological connections between terrestrial and aquatic systems are well understood, exemplifying how spatially disparate land cover conditions may influence aquatic habitats, but are rarely examined. We sought to quantify relative effects of land cover at two different but interacting scales on habitat suitability for the endangered arroyo toad (Anaxyrus californicus). Based on an existing distribution model for the arroyo toad and available land cover data, we estimated effects of land cover along streams and within entire watersheds on habitat suitability using structural equation modeling. Relationships between land cover and habitat suitability differed between scales, and broader, watershed-scale conditions influenced land cover along the embedded stream networks. We found anthropogenic development and forest cover at the watershed-scale negatively impacted habitat suitability, but development along stream networks was positively associated with suitability. The positive association between development along streams and habitat suitability may be attributable to increased spatial heterogeneity along urbanized streams, or related factors including policies designed to conserve riparian habitats amidst development. These findings show arroyo toad habitat is influenced by land cover across multiple scales, and can inform conservation of the species. Furthermore, our methodology can help elucidate similar dynamics with other taxa, particularly those reliant on both terrestrial and aquatic environments.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/j.biocon.2018.10.032","usgsCitation":"Treglia, M.L., Landon, A.C., Fisher, R.N., Kyle, G., and Fitzgerald, L.A., 2018, Multi-scale effects of land cover and urbanization on the habitat suitability of an endangered toad: Biological Conservation, v. 228, p. 310-318, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2018.10.032.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"310","endPage":"318","ipdsId":"IP-094043","costCenters":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":359429,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","volume":"228","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":1,"text":"Sacramento PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5bed4270e4b0b3fc5cf91c72","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Treglia, Michael L.","contributorId":145921,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Treglia","given":"Michael","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":16299,"text":"Dep't Wildlife and Fisheries, Texas A&M U, College Station, Texas","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":751170,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Landon, Adam C","contributorId":210605,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Landon","given":"Adam","email":"","middleInitial":"C","affiliations":[{"id":6747,"text":"Texas A&M University","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":751171,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Fisher, Robert N. 0000-0002-2956-3240 rfisher@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2956-3240","contributorId":1529,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fisher","given":"Robert","email":"rfisher@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"N.","affiliations":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":751169,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Kyle, Gerard","contributorId":210606,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Kyle","given":"Gerard","affiliations":[{"id":6747,"text":"Texas A&M University","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":751172,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Fitzgerald, Lee A.","contributorId":141035,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Fitzgerald","given":"Lee","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":6747,"text":"Texas A&M University","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":751173,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70199886,"text":"ofr20181157 - 2018 - Monitoring framework for evaluating hydrogeomorphic and vegetation responses to environmental flows in the Middle Fork Willamette, McKenzie, and Santiam River Basins, Oregon","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-11-15T16:13:39","indexId":"ofr20181157","displayToPublicDate":"2018-11-14T13:43:02","publicationYear":"2018","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2018-1157","displayTitle":"Monitoring Framework for Evaluating Hydrogeomorphic and Vegetation Responses to Environmental Flows in the Middle Fork Willamette, McKenzie, and Santiam River Basins, Oregon","title":"Monitoring framework for evaluating hydrogeomorphic and vegetation responses to environmental flows in the Middle Fork Willamette, McKenzie, and Santiam River Basins, Oregon","docAbstract":"This report summarizes a framework for monitoring hydrogeomorphic and vegetation responses to environmental flows in support of the Willamette Sustainable Rivers Program (SRP). The SRP is a partnership between The Nature Conservancy (TNC) and U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (USACE) to provide ecologically sustainable flows downstream of dams while still meeting human needs and congressionally authorized purposes. TNC, USACE, and U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) developed this framework specifically for the spawning reaches and lower, alluvial reaches of the Middle Fork Willamette, McKenzie, North Santiam, South Santiam, and main-stem Santiam Rivers. This monitoring framework links stakeholder-defined ecological goals and environmental flow recommendations with measurable objectives and monitoring activities to assess whether those objectives are achieved. Monitoring activities are described for distinct spatial scales (reaches, zones, and sites), which are coupled with appropriate measurement frequency (monthly to decadal or following specific flow conditions). Initial monitoring efforts could focus on developing baseline datasets for tracking future changes and developing robust relationships between flow and hydrogeomorphic and vegetation processes. These relationships would support stakeholders in developing refined environmental flow recommendations that could be efficiently evaluated in the future using continuous discharge records and strategic field-based monitoring.
Environmental flow recommendations were developed to achieve certain hydraulic targets (generally defined through water-surface elevation and inundation extent) to support critical habitats for native species at different times of the year. Additionally, flow recommendations were created to support geomorphic processes that create and sustain important riparian and aquatic habitats. The spatial extent, depth, timing, duration, and frequency of inundation extents can be monitored using a combination of water-level loggers, crest-stage gages, surveys, and mapping from aerial photographs or satellite images. Changes in channel morphology (such as increases in gravel bars, side channels or channel width) can be evaluated through repeat mapping of aerial photographs or lidar and carried, and repeat surveys of channel-bed elevations could document patterns of incision or aggradation. Changes in bed texture (such as fining or coarsening) could focus on spawning habitats for spring Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha). Deposition of fine-grained sediment in floodplain channels could be evaluated with deposition pads, repeat surveys, or lidar.
Environmental flow recommendations also were developed to promote various stages of floodplain forest succession, with a focus on black cottonwood (Populus trichocarpa) because its life history is tightly coupled with floodplain hydrology and disturbance processes. Monitoring approaches for vegetation include strategies for tracking all phases of stand recruitment, establishment, and succession for black cottonwood. Potential recruitment sites can be identified by mapping unvegetated gravel bars from aerial photographs or lidar. Reach-scale patterns of stand recruitment and early succession can be monitored at the reach scale by mapping seral stages of floodplain vegetation from aerial photographs and lidar at the decadal scale. These monitoring approaches also could identify areas of stand recruitment or floodplain recycling. Site-scale monitoring of black cottonwood recruitment and establishment could focus on vegetation plots situated along floodplain transects within laterally dynamic monitoring zones to track seedling establishment or stem exclusion and early seral succession. Reach-scale landcover mapping from aerial photographs and lidar would complement site-scale observations and aid in characterizing overall status and condition of floodplain forests, which could be related to streamflows and hydrogeomorphic processes.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20181157","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with The Nature Conservancy and the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers","usgsCitation":"Wallick, J.R., Bach, L.B., Keith, M.K., Olson, M., Mangano, J.F., and Jones, K.L., 2018, Monitoring framework for evaluating hydrogeomorphic and vegetation responses to environmental flows in the Middle Fork Willamette, McKenzie, and Santiam River Basins, Oregon: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2018–1157, 66 p.,\nhttps://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20181157.","productDescription":"vi, 66 p.","onlineOnly":"Y","ipdsId":"IP-090522 ","costCenters":[{"id":518,"text":"Oregon Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":359441,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2018/1157/ofr20181157.pdf","text":"Report","size":"11.1 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"OFR 2018-1157"},{"id":359440,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2018/1157/coverthb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Oregon","otherGeospatial":"Middle Fork Willamette, McKenzie, and Santiam River Basins","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -123.33,\n 43.8333\n ],\n [\n -122.1667,\n 43.8333\n ],\n [\n -122.1667,\n 45\n ],\n [\n -123.33,\n 45\n ],\n [\n -123.33,\n 43.8333\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","contact":"Director, Oregon Water Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
2130 SW 5th Avenue
Portland, Oregon 97201
Groundwater is an important component of the water resources of the upper Umatilla River Basin of northeastern Oregon. As such, understanding the capacity of the resource is vital. Past studies have estimated recharge in the study area. One recent study of the upper Umatilla River Basin indicated that about 80 percent of recharge entering the groundwater system is discharged to streams in the study area through shallow groundwater-flow paths, leaving about 20 percent of recharge to infiltrate deeper parts of the aquifer system. The purpose of this work is to quantify the spatial distribution and variability of deep aquifer recharge in the study area and to understand the reasons for a relatively low percentage of total recharge reaching the deeper parts of the groundwater-flow system.
The study area is divided into two distinct physiographic regions—the highly dissected Blue Mountains and the lowland plains. Underlying both regions of the study area are basalts of the Columbia River Basalt Group (CRBG), which is the principal aquifer in the study area. Deep incision by streams in the Blue Mountains disrupts the lateral continuity of the CRBG aquifer units, and infiltrating water is more readily diverted laterally and discharged to streams and springs. In the lowland plains, incision is less pronounced. The shallow CRBG units might be disrupted, but deeper aquifer units retain their lateral continuity and enable groundwater to infiltrate deeper and flow laterally farther downgradient before discharging.
Recharge to the deep basalt aquifers is estimated as the difference between total recharge and base flow. Total recharge is the portion of precipitation and applied irrigation water that infiltrates past the root zone to become groundwater recharge. Of this total recharge, a proportion discharges to springs and streams in the study area, and the remaining water infiltrates below the base level of streams and recharges the deep basalt aquifers and contributes to the regional groundwater flow system. The portion of total recharge that recharges the regional flow system is referred to as deep aquifer recharge.
Total recharge is the portion of precipitation and applied irrigation water that infiltrates past the root zone to become groundwater recharge. It is the sum of recharge from precipitation and recharge from infiltration of irrigation water. Recharge from precipitation was calculated using a regression method developed for the Columbia Plateau. Recharge from infiltrating irrigation water was obtained from a water balance model developed for the Columbia Plateau.
Base flow, the component of streamflow that represents groundwater discharge as opposed to runoff from the land surface, was estimated using the Base Flow Index Modified (BFI-Modified) method, an empirical hydrograph separation technique. Base flow was estimated in eight subbasins with streamgages within the study area. Five of the eight subbasins in which base flow was estimated had permitted water rights for irrigation that specified surface water as the primary source of water. Maximum surface-water withdrawal for irrigation was estimated for all subbasins in which water rights for irrigation occur.
The base-flow estimate from BFI-Modified is assumed to be the minimum amount of base flow. The sum of the BFIModified base-flow estimate and the maximum permitted surface-water withdrawal estimate for each subbasin is assumed to be the maximum amount of base flow at the streamgage. These minimum and maximum estimates of base flow were used to calculate minimum and maximum values of deep aquifer recharge in each subbasin analyzed within the study area. Subbasin estimates were scaled up to the Blue Mountains and lowland plains regions, and to the entire study area.
Mean annual total recharge for 1981–2010 in the subbasins, analyzed as part of this work, ranged from 6 inches (in.) in the Patawa and Wildhorse Creek subbasins in the lowland plains to as much as 20 in. in the Umatilla River above Meacham Creek subbasin. Mean annual total recharge totaled 4 in. in the lowland plains region and 14 in. in the Blue Mountains. Mean annual total recharge for the entire study area was 11 in.
Mean annual base flow ranged from 1 in. in the Patawa and Wildhorse Creek subbasins in the lowland plains to as much as 14 in. in the Umatilla River above Meacham Creek subbasin in the Blue Mountains.
Mean annual deep aquifer recharge ranged from 4 in. in the Patawa and Wildhorse Creek subbasins in the lowland plains to as much as 8 in. in the Isqu’ulktpe Creek subbasin in the Blue Mountains. Deep aquifer recharge was 3–4 in. in the lowland plains region and 6 in. in the Blue Mountains. Over the entire study area, mean annual deep aquifer recharge was 5 in.
Most groundwater recharge (both total and deep aquifer) in the study area occurred in the Blue Mountains, which highlights the importance of the Blue Mountains as the principal source of groundwater for the study area and for aquifers farther downgradient. Total recharge in the Blue Mountains region represents 86 percent of the mean annual total recharge in the study area in an area that encompasses 65 percent of the study area. However, only 43–44 percent of the mean annual total recharge remains in the system to recharge the deeper, regional aquifer system because the rest is discharged as base flow within the Blue Mountains region. Within the lowland plains region of the study area, an estimated 67–84 percent of the mean annual total recharge remains in the system to recharge the deep, regional aquifer system. Although total recharge in the study area represents only 14 percent of the total recharge across the study area, it contributes 20–24 percent of the water to the deep aquifer.
The difference in the percentage of deep groundwater recharge in the Blue Mountains and the lowland plains is attributed to differences in the degree of stream incision. Stream channels are more incised in the Blue Mountains region than they are in the lowland plains. The dissection of the landscape in the Blue Mountains disrupts the lateral continuity of the CRBG aquifer units and allows groundwater to discharge to springs and streams rather than infiltrate more deeply. In the lowland plains region, incision is much less pronounced and deeper CRBG units likely retain their lateral continuity, enabling groundwater to infiltrate more deeply than in the Blue Mountains.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20185110","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Bureau of Reclamation","usgsCitation":"Pischel, E.M., Johnson, H.M., and Gingerich, S.B., 2018, Deep aquifer recharge in the Columbia River Basalt Group, upper Umatilla River Basin, northeastern Oregon: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2018–5110, 23 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20185110.","productDescription":"Report: iv, 23 p.; Data release","onlineOnly":"Y","ipdsId":"IP-095179","costCenters":[{"id":518,"text":"Oregon Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":359396,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2018/5110/sir20185110.pdf","text":"Report","size":"6.1 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"SIR 2018-5110"},{"id":359397,"rank":3,"type":{"id":30,"text":"Data Release"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5066/P9E548IN","text":"USGS data release","description":"USGS Data Release","linkHelpText":"Selected data from deep aquifer recharge in the Columbia River Basalt Group, Upper Umatilla River Basin, northeastern Oregon"},{"id":359395,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2018/5110/coverthb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Oregon","otherGeospatial":"Upper Umatilla River Basin","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -119,\n 45.25\n ],\n [\n -118,\n 45.25\n ],\n [\n -118,\n 46\n ],\n [\n -119,\n 46\n ],\n [\n -119,\n 45.25\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","contact":"Director, Oregon Water Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
2130 SW 5th Avenue
Portland, Oregon 97201
Freshwater mussels are generally underrepresented in toxicity databases used to derive water quality criteria, especially for long‐term exposures. Multiple tests were conducted to determine the chronic toxicity of sodium chloride (NaCl) or potassium chloride (KCl) to a unionid mussel (fatmucket, Lampsilis siliquoidea). Initially, a 4‐wk NaCl test and a 4‐wk KCl test were conducted starting with 2‐mo‐old mussels in water exposures with and without a thin layer of sand substrate. A feeding study was conducted later to refine test conditions for longer‐term 12‐wk exposures, and 3 chronic NaCl tests were then conducted following the refined method to assess the influence of test duration (4–12 wk) and age of organisms (starting age ∼1 wk to 2 mo) on mussel sensitivity. Biomass (total dry wt of surviving mussels in a replicate) was generally a more sensitive endpoint compared to survival and growth (length and dry wt). In the 4‐wk NaCl or KCl test started with 2‐mo‐old juveniles, a 20% effect concentration (EC20) based on biomass (264 mg Cl/L from the NaCl test or 8.7 mg K/L from the KCl test) in the exposure with sand was 2‐fold lower than the EC20 in the exposure without sand. The longer‐term 12‐wk NaCl tests started with the 1‐wk‐old and 2‐mo‐old juveniles were successfully completed under refined test conditions based on the feeding study, and younger juveniles were more sensitive to NaCl than older juveniles. The NaCl toxicity did not substantially change with extended exposure periods from 4 to 12 wk, although the 4‐wk EC20s for biomass were slightly greater (up to 37%) than the 12‐wk EC20s in the 2 longer‐term exposures. Including the toxicity data from the present study into existing databases would rank fatmucket the most sensitive species to KCl and the second most sensitive species to NaCl for all freshwater organisms.
The extensive development of oil and natural-gas resources in south Texas during the past 10 years has led to questions regarding possible environmental effects of processes associated with oil and natural-gas production, in particular the process of hydraulic fracturing, on water and other natural resources. Part of the lower San Antonio River watershed intersects an area of oil and natural-gas production from the sedimentary rocks that compose the Eagle Ford Group.
The rapid expansion of infrastructure associated with oil and natural-gas production increases potential pathways for inorganic and organic contaminants to enter surface-water systems. The U.S. Geological Survey, in cooperation with the San Antonio River Authority, analyzed geospatial data from different years (2008 and 2015) to evaluate changes in land cover associated with oil and natural-gas production activities in the lower San Antonio River watershed. Impervious surface in this study is defined as land cover consisting of well pads, oil- and gas-related features, or roads. The areal coverage associated with impervious surface increased from 201 acres to 5,390 acres (net increase of 5,189 acres) between 2008 and 2015. The total percentage of the study area accounted for by impervious surface resulting from oil and natural-gas production activities increased from 0.034 percent to 0.912 percent, which is an increase of approximately 27-fold. Collectively, 0.878 percent of the study area was converted to new impervious surface between 2008 and 2015. If the area associated with new storage ponds (0.066 percent) is added to the estimate of total land-cover changes as a result of oil and natural-gas production, then 0.944 percent of the study area was altered.
During 2015–17, surface-water samples collected from 5 sites and streambed-sediment samples collected from 17 sites in the lower San Antonio River watershed were analyzed for a broad range of constituents that might be associated with oil and natural-gas production. All major elements, trace elements, semivolatile organic compounds (SVOCs), and volatile organic compounds (VOCs) measured in surface-water samples were detected at concentrations less than any of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency’s water-quality standards. In general, the greatest SVOC and VOC concentrations were observed in samples collected from sites upstream from the area of active oil and natural-gas production and just downstream from urban areas. The lack of benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and all isomers of xylene (hereinafter referred to as BTEX) for most sites within the area of active oil and natural-gas production indicates that little, if any, local runoff associated with the area of active oil and natural-gas production has contaminated the surface water with BTEX compounds. Glycols, which are commonly used in hydraulic fracturing fluids as scale inhibitors, were detected in one surface-water sample from Ecleto Creek within the area of oil and natural-gas production; however, the presence of glycols does not necessarily indicate contamination from hydraulic fracturing fluid. The glycols detected also have other potential sources including the use of diethylene and ethylene glycols in antifreeze used in vehicles and the use of triethylene glycol in antibacterial air sanitizers.
The concentrations of select constituents in the streambed-sediment samples were compared to sediment quality guidelines (SQGs). The SQGs evaluate the potential toxicity of bed sediments to sediment-dwelling organisms. Two SQG concentration levels are used: (1) a lower level, called the threshold effect concentration (TEC), below which harmful effects to benthic biota are not expected, and (2) a higher level, the probable effect concentration (PEC), above which harmful effects are expected to occur frequently. The PEC for arsenic was exceeded in a sample collected from one site on Ecleto Creek. The origin of the elevated arsenic concentration is unknown; the contamination likely is not related to oil and natural-gas production because the site of the sample collection is located upstream from the area of active oil and natural-gas production. Streambed-sediment samples were analyzed for selected polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) because PAHs can be used as indicators of petroleum hydrocarbons associated with produced waters. Each streambed-sediment sample was analyzed for two size fractions of PAHs: less than (<) 63 micrometers (μm) and < 2 millimeters (mm). Total PAH concentrations in all samples, regardless of size fraction, were less than the TEC for total PAHs of 1,610 micrograms per kilogram. Total PAH concentrations generally were greater in the <63-μm size-fraction samples than in the <2-mm size-fraction samples, indicating that PAHs could potentially sorb more readily to the exclusively silt- and clay-sized particles that compose <63-μm size-fraction samples than to the mixture of silt and clay and larger sized particles that compose the <2-mm size-fraction samples. Total PAH concentrations typically were greater in the samples collected from the sites upstream from the area of active oil and natural-gas production compared to those collected from sites within the area in both the <2-mm and <63-μm size-fraction samples. The smaller PAH concentrations measured in samples collected from within the area of active oil and natural-gas production in comparison to the upstream urbanized areas indicate relatively minor additional local contributions of PAHs of uncertain origin to the watershed.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20185119","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the San Antonio River Authority","usgsCitation":"Crow, C.L., Opsahl, S.P., Pedraza, D.E., Pease, E.C., and Kushnereit, R.K., 2018, Land-cover changes associated with oil and natural-gas production and concentrations of selected constituents in surface-water and streambed-sediment samples collected upstream from and within an area of oil and natural-gas production, south Texas, 2008–17: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2018–5119, 52 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20185119.","productDescription":"Report: vii, 52 p.; Data Release","numberOfPages":"64","onlineOnly":"N","ipdsId":"IP-095610","costCenters":[{"id":583,"text":"Texas Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":437689,"rank":4,"type":{"id":30,"text":"Data Release"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5066/F74J0DDQ","text":"USGS data release","linkHelpText":"Land-Cover, Surface-water, and Streambed-sediment data Collected Upstream from and Within an Area of Oil and Natural-Gas Production, South Texas, 2008-17"},{"id":359271,"rank":3,"type":{"id":30,"text":"Data Release"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.5066/F74J0DDQ","text":"USGS data release","description":"USGS Data Release","linkHelpText":"Land-use, water-quality, and sediment-quality data from an area upstream from and within an area of oil and natural-gas production in the lower San Antonio River watershed, south Texas, 2008–17"},{"id":359269,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2018/5119/coverthb.jpg"},{"id":359270,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2018/5119/sir20185119.pdf","text":"Report","size":"4.51 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"SIR 2018–5119"}],"country":"United States","state":"Texas","otherGeospatial":"San Antonio River watershed","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -98.38531494140624,\n 28.459033019728043\n ],\n [\n -96.91314697265625,\n 28.459033019728043\n ],\n [\n -96.91314697265625,\n 29.652255607121884\n ],\n [\n -98.38531494140624,\n 29.652255607121884\n ],\n [\n -98.38531494140624,\n 28.459033019728043\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","contact":"Director, Texas Water Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
1505 Ferguson Lane
Austin, Texas 78754–4501
Estimates of fish entrainment on the Sacramento River near the Fremont Weir are a critical component in determining the feasibility and design of a proposed notch in the weir to increase access to the Yolo Bypass, a seasonal floodplain of the Sacramento River. Detailed hydrodynamic and velocity measurements were made at a river bend near the Fremont Weir in the winter and spring of 2016 to examine backwater conditions and estimate the hydraulic entrainment zone, a zone where fish would be predicted to be entrained into the notch. Secondary circulation near the river bend was shown to shift the velocity and discharge distributions toward the outside of the bend. Variability in the stage-discharge relation was shown to be the biggest source of uncertainty in determining the location of the hydraulic entrainment zone. Outflow from the Sutter Bypass and high flow on the Feather River resulted in backwater conditions near the Fremont Weir about 25 percent of the time over the 27-year period from April 1990–April 2017. Velocity measurements used to estimate the critical streakline position (the outer edge of the hydraulic entrainment zone) were not made over a sufficient range of conditions to explicitly quantify the variability in the location of the critical streakline. The variability in the critical streakline position was therefore represented stochastically with a random effects model. The estimated position of the critical streakline and the random effects model are input parameters used in a simulation designed to estimate fish entrainment over a 15-year period. The estimates of the critical streakline and likely fish entrainment could be much improved with velocity measurements over a broader range of stage and discharge conditions.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20185115","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the California Department of Water Resources and U.S. Bureau of Reclamation","usgsCitation":"Stumpner, P.R., Blake, A.R., and Burau, J.R., 2018, Hydrology and hydrodynamics on the Sacramento River near the Fremont Weir, California—Implications for juvenile salmon entrainment estimates: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2018–5115, 50 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20185115. ","productDescription":"Report: viii, 50 p.","numberOfPages":"62","onlineOnly":"Y","ipdsId":"IP-092827","costCenters":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":437691,"rank":3,"type":{"id":30,"text":"Data Release"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5066/F7QZ296Z","text":"USGS data release","linkHelpText":"Velocity mapping using moving boat acoustic Doppler current profiler on the Sacramento River near the western end of the Fremont Weir in February and March 2016, and May 2017"},{"id":359279,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2018/5115/sir20185115_.pdf","text":"Report","size":"5.3 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"SIR 2018-5115"},{"id":359284,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2018/5115/coverthb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"Sacramento River","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -122,\n 38.5833\n ],\n [\n -121.5,\n 38.5833\n ],\n [\n -121.5,\n 39.0833\n ],\n [\n -122,\n 39.0833\n ],\n [\n -122,\n 38.5833\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","contact":"Director,
California Water Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
6000 J Street, Placer Hall
Sacramento, California 95819
Director,
Utah Water Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
2329 West Orton Circle
Salt Lake City, UT 84119-2047
We integrated field measurements, hydroponic experiments, microscopy, and spectroscopy to investigate the effect of Ca(II) on dissolved U(VI) uptake by plants in 1 mM HCO3– solutions at circumneutral pH. The accumulation of U in plants (3.1–21.3 mg kg–1) from the stream bank of the Rio Paguate, Jackpile Mine, New Mexico served as a motivation for this study. Brassica junceawas the model plant used for the laboratory experiments conducted over a range of U (30–700 μg L–1) and Ca (0–240 mg L–1) concentrations. The initial U uptake followed pseudo-second-order kinetics. The initial U uptake rate (V0) ranged from 4.4 to 62 μg g–1 h–1 in experiments with no added Ca and from 0.73 to 2.07 μg g–1 h–1 in experiments with 12 mg L–1 Ca. No measurable U uptake over time was detected for experiments with 240 mg L–1 Ca. Ternary Ca–U–CO3complexes may affect the decrease in U bioavailability observed in this study. Elemental X-ray mapping using scanning transmission electron microscopy–energy-dispersive spectrometry detected U–P-bearing precipitates within root cell walls in water free of Ca. These results suggest that root interactions with Ca and carbonate in solution affect the bioavailability of U in plants. This study contributes relevant information to applications related to U transport and remediation of contaminated sites.
","language":"English","publisher":"ACS","doi":"10.1021/acs.est.8b02724","usgsCitation":"El Hayek, E., Torres, C., Rodriguez-Freire, L., Blake, J., De Vore, C.L., Brearley, A.J., Spilde, M.N., Cabaniss, S., Ali, A.S., and Cerrato, J.M., 2018, Effect of calcium on the bioavailability of dissolved uranium(VI) in plant roots under circumneutral pH: Environmental Science & Technology, v. 52, no. 22, p. 13089-13098, https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.8b02724.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"13089","endPage":"13098","ipdsId":"IP-096227","costCenters":[{"id":472,"text":"New Mexico Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":460811,"rank":0,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/6341987","text":"External Repository"},{"id":360794,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"52","issue":"22","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":5,"text":"Lafayette PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2018-11-09","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"El Hayek, Eliane","contributorId":207797,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"El Hayek","given":"Eliane","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":36307,"text":"University of New Mexico","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":755189,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Torres, Chris","contributorId":211908,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Torres","given":"Chris","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":36307,"text":"University of New Mexico","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":755190,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Rodriguez-Freire, Lucia","contributorId":211909,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Rodriguez-Freire","given":"Lucia","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":38351,"text":"New Jersey Institute of Technology","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":755191,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Blake, Johanna M. 0000-0003-4667-0096","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4667-0096","contributorId":211907,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Blake","given":"Johanna M.","affiliations":[{"id":472,"text":"New Mexico Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":755188,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"De Vore, Cherie L.","contributorId":211910,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"De Vore","given":"Cherie","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":36307,"text":"University of New Mexico","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":755192,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Brearley, Adrian J.","contributorId":211911,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Brearley","given":"Adrian","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":36307,"text":"University of New Mexico","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":755193,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Spilde, Michael N.","contributorId":211912,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Spilde","given":"Michael","email":"","middleInitial":"N.","affiliations":[{"id":36307,"text":"University of New Mexico","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":755194,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Cabaniss, Stephen","contributorId":211913,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Cabaniss","given":"Stephen","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":36307,"text":"University of New Mexico","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":755195,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Ali, Abdul-Mehdi S.","contributorId":211914,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Ali","given":"Abdul-Mehdi","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":36307,"text":"University of New Mexico","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":755196,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9},{"text":"Cerrato, Jose M.","contributorId":211915,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Cerrato","given":"Jose","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":36307,"text":"University of New Mexico","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":755197,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":10}]}} ,{"id":70219471,"text":"70219471 - 2018 - Volcanic hail detected with GPS: The 2011 eruption of Grímsvötn Volcano, Iceland","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-04-08T12:23:23.066734","indexId":"70219471","displayToPublicDate":"2018-11-09T07:20:20","publicationYear":"2018","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1807,"text":"Geophysical Research Letters","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Volcanic hail detected with GPS: The 2011 eruption of Grímsvötn Volcano, Iceland","docAbstract":"Volcanic plumes are challenging to detect and characterize rapidly, but insights into processes such as hail formation or ash aggregation are valuable to hazard forecasts during volcanic crises. Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS, which includes GPS) signals traveling from satellites to ground receivers can be disturbed by volcanic plumes. To date, two effects aiding plume detection from GNSS observations have been described: (a) ash‐rich plumes scatter the signal, lowering the signal‐to‐noise ratio (SNR), and (b) some plumes refract and thus delay GNSS signals. Using GNSS data from the VEI 4 2011 Grímsvötn eruption, we show that tephra and water contents of plumes distinctly affect SNR and phase residuals. The signals suggest high‐altitude freezing of plume water into volcanic hail—corroborated by 1‐D modeling and volcanic hail deposits. Combining GNSS SNR and phase residual analyses is valuable for detecting processes that rapidly scrub fine ash out of the atmosphere.
In this report, we constructed and parameterized the Stream Salmonid Simulator (S3) for the 64-kilometer “Restoration Reach” of the Trinity River, just downstream of Lewiston Dam in northern California. S3 is a deterministic life-stage-structured population model that tracks daily growth, movement, and survival of juvenile salmon. A key theme of the model is that river flow affects habitat availability and capacity, which in turn drives density-dependent population dynamics. To explicitly link population dynamics to habitat quality and quantity, the river environment is constructed as a one-dimensional series of linked habitat units, each of which has an associated daily timeseries of discharge, water temperature, and useable habitat area or carrying capacity. In turn, the physical characteristics of each habitat unit and the number of fish occupying each unit drive survival and growth within each habitat unit and movement of fish among habitat units.
The physical template of the Restoration Reach was formed by classifying the river into 356 meso-habitat units comprised of runs, riffles, and pools. For each habitat unit, we developed a timeseries of daily flow, water temperature, amount of available spawning habitat, and fry and parr carrying capacity. Capacity timeseries were constructed using state-of-the-art models of spatially explicit hydrodynamics and quantitative fish habitat relationships developed for the Trinity River. These variables were then used to drive population dynamics such as egg growth and survival and juvenile movement, growth, and survival.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20181174","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service","usgsCitation":"Perry, R.W., Jones, E.C., Plumb, J.M., Som, N.A., Hetrick, N.J., Hardy, T.B., Polos, J.C., Martin, A.C., Alvarez, J.S., and De Juilio, K.P., 2018, Application of the Stream Salmonid Simulator (S3) to the restoration reach of the Trinity River, California—Parameterization and calibration: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2018-1174, 64 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20181174.","productDescription":"vi, 65 p.","onlineOnly":"Y","ipdsId":"IP-092954","costCenters":[{"id":654,"text":"Western Fisheries Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":359376,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2018/1174/ofr20181174.pdf","text":"Report","size":"10.7 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"OFR 2018-1174"},{"id":359375,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2018/1174/coverthb2.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"Trinity River","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -123.12927246093751,\n 40.635319920747456\n ],\n [\n -122.7674102783203,\n 40.635319920747456\n ],\n [\n -122.7674102783203,\n 40.77950154452172\n ],\n [\n -123.12927246093751,\n 40.77950154452172\n ],\n [\n -123.12927246093751,\n 40.635319920747456\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","contact":"Director, Western Fisheries Research Center
U.S. Geological Survey
6505 NE 65th Street
Seattle, Washington 98115
In many simulations of historical daily streamflow distributional bias arising from the distributional properties of residuals has been noted. This bias often presents itself as an underestimation of high streamflow and an overestimation of low streamflow. Here, 1168 streamgages across the conterminous USA, having at least 14 complete water years of daily data between 1 October 1980 and 30 September 2013, are used to explore a method for rescaling simulated streamflow to correct the distributional bias. Based on an existing approach that separates the simulated streamflow into components of temporal structure and magnitude, the temporal structure is converted to simulated nonexceedance probabilities and the magnitudes are rescaled using an independently estimated flow duration curve (FDC) derived from regional regression. In this study, this method is applied to a pooled ordinary kriging simulation of daily streamflow coupled with FDCs estimated by regional regression on basin characteristics. The improvement in the representation of high and low streamflows is correlated with the accuracy and unbiasedness of the estimated FDC. The method is verified by using an idealized case; however, with the introduction of regionally regressed FDCs developed for this study, the method is only useful overall for the upper tails, which are more accurately and unbiasedly estimated than the lower tails. It remains for future work to determine how accurate the estimated FDCs need to be to be useful for bias correction without unduly reducing accuracy. In addition to its potential efficacy for distributional bias correction, this particular instance of the methodology also represents a generalization of nonlinear spatial interpolation of daily streamflow using FDCs. Rather than relying on single index stations, as is commonly done to reflect streamflow timing, this approach to simulation leverages geostatistical tools to allow a region of neighbors to reflect streamflow timing.
","language":"English","publisher":"European Geosciences Union","doi":"10.5194/hess-22-5741-2018","usgsCitation":"Farmer, W.H., Over, T.M., and Kiang, J.E., 2018, Bias correction of simulated historical daily streamflow at ungauged locations by using independently estimated flow duration curves: Hydrology and Earth System Sciences, v. 22, p. 5741-5758, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-22-5741-2018.","productDescription":"18 p.","startPage":"5741","endPage":"5758","ipdsId":"IP-092889","costCenters":[{"id":502,"text":"Office of Surface Water","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":468256,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-22-5741-2018","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":360785,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","volume":"22","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":9,"text":"Reston PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2018-11-08","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Farmer, William H. 0000-0002-2865-2196 wfarmer@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2865-2196","contributorId":4374,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Farmer","given":"William","email":"wfarmer@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[{"id":37778,"text":"WMA - Integrated Modeling and Prediction Division","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":5044,"text":"National Research Program - Central Branch","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":502,"text":"Office of Surface Water","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":755284,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Over, Thomas M. 0000-0001-8280-4368 tmover@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8280-4368","contributorId":1819,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Over","given":"Thomas","email":"tmover@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":344,"text":"Illinois Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":755285,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Kiang, Julie E. 0000-0003-0653-4225 jkiang@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0653-4225","contributorId":2179,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kiang","given":"Julie","email":"jkiang@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":37778,"text":"WMA - Integrated Modeling and Prediction Division","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":502,"text":"Office of Surface Water","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":755286,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70200225,"text":"sir20185133 - 2018 - Hydrology-driven chemical loads transported by the Green River to the Lower Duwamish Waterway near Seattle, Washington, 2013–17","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-11-14T15:57:29","indexId":"sir20185133","displayToPublicDate":"2018-11-08T11:19:18","publicationYear":"2018","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2018-5133","displayTitle":"Hydrology-Driven Chemical Loads Transported by the Green River to the Lower Duwamish Waterway near Seattle, Washington, 2013–17","title":"Hydrology-driven chemical loads transported by the Green River to the Lower Duwamish Waterway near Seattle, Washington, 2013–17","docAbstract":"The sediments in the Lower Duwamish Waterway Superfund site in Seattle, Washington, are contaminated with chemicals including metals such as arsenic, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), carcinogenic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (cPAHs), and dioxins/furans from decades of intense anthropogenic activities. The U.S. Geological Survey, in cooperation with the Washington State Department of Ecology, collected new data from 2013 to 2017 to estimate sediment and chemical loads transported by the Green/Duwamish River to the Lower Duwamish Waterway Superfund site (the final 8-kilometer reach of the river) in support of sediment remediation within the site. Chemical loads were calculated as the product of river suspended-sediment loads and suspended sediment-bound chemical concentrations measured at river kilometer 16.7.
Using four different approaches, annual suspended sediment-bound chemical load estimates transported by the river to the Lower Duwamish Waterway were in the range of 1,120–1,470 kilograms arsenic, 2,810–8,200 grams (g) toxic equivalent cPAHs, 205–407 milligrams toxic equivalent dioxins/furans, and 340–1,180 g PCBs. Storm events contributed a disproportionately large amount of the load of anthropogenic organic compounds such as cPAHs (54 percent), dioxins/furans (44 percent), and PCBs (52 percent) as compared to overall time (17 percent).
Chemical concentrations and load estimates often were underestimated using results from unfiltered water analysis only, especially in samples with high suspended-sediment concentrations and for hydrophobic organic chemicals such as cPAHs that prefer to sorb to particulates and are at low concentrations near or below the analytical limits of water methods. For metals and PCBs, the dissolved concentration was relatively low and consistent between sampling events, whereas the suspended sediment-bound chemical concentrations contributed most of the chemical concentration in the water column during periods of high river suspended-sediment concentrations. However, the dissolved fraction, on average, contributed more than one-third of the estimated total chemical load in the river system for arsenic and PCBs, even given the hydrophobic nature of the chemicals. These results suggest that the sum of the chemical concentrations measured on two separate fractions—the particulate fraction and the dissolved fraction—more fully represents the total chemical concentration as compared to analysis of an unfiltered water sample, especially in samples with high suspended-sediment concentrations.
Most of the suspended-sediment load (97 percent) and sediment-bound chemical load (92–94 percent) occurred during the wet winter half of the year from October 15 to April 14. However, the highest sediment-bound chemical concentrations often occurred during short intense storms or “first flush” autumn runoff events during the dry summer half of the year from April 15 to October 14. Because of the highly variable and dynamic river system characteristics (including precipitation, discharge, sediment concentration, and tidal fluctuations), it is critical to characterize the occurrence, frequency, concentrations, and loads during extreme conditions (for example, when the river is affected by storm-derived runoff) rather than time-averaged conditions. These short extreme events have a high potential for acute effects on ecological and human health, and may have a great influence on the effectiveness of the sediment remediation activities that are underway in the Lower Duwamish Waterway.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20185133","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Washington State Department of Ecology","usgsCitation":"Conn, K.E., Black, R.W., Senter, C.A., Peterson, N.T., and Vanderpool-Kimura, A., 2018, Hydrology-driven chemical loads transported by the Green River to the Lower Duwamish Waterway near Seattle, Washington, 2013–17: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2018-5133, 37 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20185133.","productDescription":"vii, 37 p.","onlineOnly":"Y","ipdsId":"IP-099196","costCenters":[{"id":622,"text":"Washington Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":359329,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2018/5133/coverthb2.jpg"},{"id":359330,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2018/5133/sir20185133.pdf","text":"Report","size":"6.9 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"SIR 2018-5133"}],"country":"United States","state":"Washington","city":"Seattle","otherGeospatial":"Green-Duwamish River, Lower Duwanish Waterway","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -122.39627838134766,\n 47.458272792347074\n ],\n [\n -122.22290039062499,\n 47.458272792347074\n ],\n [\n -122.22290039062499,\n 47.59875528481801\n ],\n [\n -122.39627838134766,\n 47.59875528481801\n ],\n [\n -122.39627838134766,\n 47.458272792347074\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","contact":"Director, Washington Water Science Center
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The rocks and landforms of the Fort Collins 30′ × 60′ 1:100,000-scale U.S. Geological Survey quadrangle reveals a particularly complete record of geologic history in the northern Front Range of Colorado. The Proterozoic basement rocks exposed in the core of the range preserve evidence of Paleoproterozoic marine sedimentation, volcanism, and regional soft-sediment deformation, followed by regional folding and gradational metamorphism. Mesoproterozoic time was marked by intrusion of the Berthoud Plutonic Suite into crust that was structurally neutral or moderately extending in an east-northeast direction.
Evidence of the late Paleozoic Anasazi uplift (Ancestral Rocky Mountains uplift) within the quadrangle is recorded by removal of Permian and older sediments and deposition of proximal Pennsylvanian and Permian strata unconformably onto the exhumed Proterozoic basement rocks. The Phanerozoic sediments indicate a steady progression of fluvial, eolian, and lacustrine environments throughout most of the Mesozoic Era which was a time of relatively slow sediment accumulation. Early Cretaceous time was marked by incursion of the Cretaceous Western Interior Seaway, a shallow-water marine embayment that persisted throughout the latter part of the Mesozoic Era. Sedimentation rates increased significantly in the latter part of this period during down-warping related to distant crustal loading by thrusting along the western continental margin.
With onset of the Laramide orogeny in latest Cretaceous time, mountain building resumed in this region. This deformation placed Proterozoic rock over Cretaceous and Paleocene strata along the western margin of the Front Range and Medicine Bow Mountains. Post-Laramide time was marked by a prolonged period of weathering, erosion, and planation of the basement-rock surface, extending perhaps into late Oligocene or early Miocene time.
Erosion on the eastern slope of the Front Range in late Paleogene to early Neogene time produced a broad, rolling surface surrounding residual highlands and east-trending fluvial channels filled with coarse, boulder gravel.
Significant global cooling during the Pliocene led to glaciation during the Quaternary. In the Rocky Mountain region, renewed uplift allowed erosion to accentuate the topographic relief across the high mountains of the map area and established the elevations necessary to trigger accumulation of persistent snow and ice. Mountain glaciers advanced and retreated during at least three glacial-interglacial cycles during the middle and late Pleistocene in this area.
Erosion continues to this day on the High Plains east of the mountain front, and progressive incision of the drainage is recorded by at least five major gravel-clad terrace and pediment surfaces along the major fluvial channels that connect to the South Platte River system.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sim3399","usgsCitation":"Workman, J.B., Cole, J.C., Shroba, R.R., Kellogg, K.S., and Premo, W.R., 2018, Geologic map of the Fort Collins 30'×60' quadrangle, Larimer and Jackson Counties, Colorado, and Albany and Laramie Counties, Wyoming: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Map 3399, pamphlet 83 p., scale 1:100,000, https://doi.org/10.3133/sim3399/.","productDescription":"Report: vii, 83 p.; 2 Maps: 59.0 x 38.5 inches; Data Release; Read Me","onlineOnly":"Y","ipdsId":"IP-078484","costCenters":[{"id":318,"text":"Geosciences and Environmental Change Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":359260,"rank":6,"type":{"id":30,"text":"Data Release"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5066/F7G44PHV","text":"USGS data release","linkHelpText":"Data release for geologic map of the Fort Collins 30' x 60' quadrangle, Larimer and Jackson Counties, Colorado and Albany and Laramie Counties, Wyoming"},{"id":359258,"rank":4,"type":{"id":26,"text":"Sheet"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sim/3399/sim3399_sheet_georeferenced.pdf","text":"Georeferenced Map","size":"59.2 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"SIM 3399 Georeferenced Map"},{"id":359257,"rank":3,"type":{"id":26,"text":"Sheet"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sim/3399/sim3399_sheet.pdf","text":"Map","size":"57.5 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"SIM 3399 Map"},{"id":359259,"rank":5,"type":{"id":20,"text":"Read Me"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sim/3399/sim3399_Readme.txt","text":"Read Me","size":"8.0 kB","linkFileType":{"id":2,"text":"txt"},"description":"SIM 3399 Read Me"},{"id":359255,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sim/3399/coverthb2.jpg"},{"id":359256,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sim/3399/sim3399_pamphlet.pdf","text":"Report","size":"19.7 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"SIM 3399 Pamphlet"}],"country":"United States","state":"Colorado, Wyoming","county":"Albany County, Jackson County, Laramie County, Larimer County","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -106,\n 40.5\n ],\n [\n -105,\n 40.5\n ],\n [\n -105,\n 41\n ],\n [\n -106,\n 41\n ],\n [\n -106,\n 40.5\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","contact":"Director, Geosciences and Environmental Change Science Center
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Large subsurface treatment systems (LSTS) and rapid infiltration basins (RIB) are preferred onsite wastewater treatments compared to direct discharge of treated wastewater to streams and adjacent facilities. Discharge of these wastewater treatments may result in contaminant loading to aquifers that also serve as drinking water sources downgradient from the discharge site. Until recently, few studies have characterized the contribution of micropollutants (e.g. pharmaceuticals, fragrances, flame retardants, etc.) to receiving aquifers. We conducted a pilot project to characterize the occurrence of micropollutants in groundwater downgradient from 7 on-site treatment systems in Minnesota, USA: 5 community LSTS and 2 municipal RIB. One downgradient monitoring well was sampled three times at each facility over one year. Of 223 micropollutants analyzed, 35 were detected. Total sample concentrations ranged from 90 to 4,039 ng/L. Sulfamethoxazole (antibiotic) was detected in all samples at concentrations from 7 to 965 ng/L. Other pharmaceuticals (0.12–1,000 ng/L), organophosphorus flame retardants (10–500 ng/L), and other anthropogenic chemicals (4–775 ng/L) were also detected. The numbers and concentrations of micropollutants detected were inversely related to dissolved oxygen and depth to water. Ratios of pharmaceutical concentrations to human-health screening values were <0.10 for most samples. However, concentrations of carbamazepine and sulfamethoxazole exceeded screening values at two sites. Study results illustrate that large on-site wastewater systems designed to discharge to permeable soil or shallow groundwater effectively deliver pharmaceuticals and other micropollutants to groundwater aquifers and could contribute micropollutants to drinking water via water supply wells.
Epithermal gold-silver deposits are vein, stockwork, disseminated, and replacement deposits that are mined primarily for their gold and silver contents; some deposits also contain substantial resources of lead, zinc, copper, and (or) mercury. These deposits form in the uppermost parts of the crust, at depths less than about 1,500 meters below the water table, and at temperatures below about 300 °C. Most epithermal gold-silver deposits are genetically related to hydrothermal systems associated with subaerial volcanism and intrusion of calc-alkaline magmas along convergent plate margins. These deposits formed throughout most of geologic time, although most known deposits are Cenozoic, which reflects preferential preservation of these shallowly formed deposits in tectonically unstable regions. Epithermal gold-silver deposits range in size from tens of thousands to greater than 1 billion metric tons of ore and have gold contents of 0.1 to greater than 30 grams per metric ton and silver contents of less than 1 to several thousand grams per metric ton. Historically, these deposits have been an important source of gold and silver and are estimated to contain about 8 percent of global gold. The wide range of tonnage-grade characteristics makes epithermal gold-silver deposits an attractive target for small and large exploration and mining companies.
This report constitutes a new descriptive model for epithermal gold-silver deposits. It summarizes characteristics of known deposits, including their geological, geophysical, geochemical, and geoenvironmental aspects. Models concerning the genesis of epithermal gold-silver deposits are discussed. The application of descriptive and genetic aspects of the model to mineral exploration and resource assessment of undiscovered deposits is described. Finally, areas where additional research is needed to better understand the genesis of these deposits are identified. An extensive summary table outlining the characteristics of about 100 epithermal gold-silver deposits is included as an appendix; this summary table includes most of the world’s largest epithermal gold-silver deposits, and many smaller, well-studied deposits.
","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"Mineral deposit models for resource assessment (Investigations Report 2010–5070)","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20105070Q","usgsCitation":"John, D.A., Vikre, P.G., du Bray, E.A., Blakely, R.J., Fey, D.L., Rockwell, B.W., Mauk, J.L., Anderson, E.D., and Graybeal, F.T., 2018, Descriptive models for epithermal gold-silver deposits: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2010–5070–Q, 247 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20105070Q.","productDescription":"Report: xi, 246 p.; 1 Figure; 3 Appendixes","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","ipdsId":"IP-069851","costCenters":[{"id":164,"text":"Central Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":171,"text":"Central Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":654,"text":"Western Fisheries Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":359100,"rank":5,"type":{"id":3,"text":"Appendix"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2010/5070/q/sir20105070q_appendix2.xlsx","text":"Appendix 2","size":"19 KB","linkFileType":{"id":3,"text":"xlsx"},"description":"SIR 2010-5070 Chapter Q Appendix 2","linkHelpText":"Grade and tonnage data and data sources for epithermal gold deposits"},{"id":359099,"rank":4,"type":{"id":3,"text":"Appendix"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2010/5070/q/sir20105070q_appendix1.xlsx","text":"Appendix 1","size":"55 KB","linkFileType":{"id":3,"text":"xlsx"},"description":"SIR 2010-5070 Chapter Q Appendix 1","linkHelpText":"Characteristics of epithermal gold-silver deposits"},{"id":359096,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2010/5070/q/coverthb.jpg"},{"id":359097,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2010/5070/q/sir20105070q.pdf","text":"Report","size":"40.8 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"SIR 2010-5070 Chapter Q"},{"id":359098,"rank":3,"type":{"id":29,"text":"Figure"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2010/5070/q/sir20105070q_figA1.pdf","text":"Figure A1","size":"1.6 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"SIR 2010-5070 Chapter Q Figure A1"},{"id":359101,"rank":6,"type":{"id":3,"text":"Appendix"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2010/5070/q/sir20105070q_appendix3.xlsx","text":"Appendix 3","size":"4 MB","linkFileType":{"id":3,"text":"xlsx"},"description":"SIR 2010-5070 Chapter Q Appendix 3","linkHelpText":"Compilation of isotopic data for epithermal gold-silver mineral deposits"}],"contact":"Contact Information, Geology, Minerals, Energy, & Geophysics Science Center—Menlo Park
U.S. Geological Survey
345 Middlefield Road
Menlo Park, CA 94025-3591
Initial in situ sulfur (S) isotope measurements of the Martian bedrock in Gale Crater have revealed an unexpectedly wide range of δ34S values (−47 to +28%). Generally, it is unclear what processes could have contributed to these large isotope fractionations. Therefore, we studied S sources and aqueous SO2−4 cycling in the Valles Caldera volcanic complex, New Mexico to better understand S isotope fractionations related to S degassing, hydrothermal activity, and low-temperature processes in aqueous environment. Overall, our study demonstrates that volcanic systems show large spatial heterogeneity in δ34S. Magmatic S sources are obvious in steam-dominated H2S degassing and precipitation of secondary minerals from hydrothermal fluids with low δ34S values of +0.9 ±3%. Locally, however, hydrothermal processes have resulted in more negative δ34S values in sulfide minerals (−18 to −4%) and more positive δ34S values in sulfate minerals (−1 to +3%). Major aqueous SO2−4 sources are oxidation of H2S from modern hydrothermal gas emission, and oxidation and dissolution of sulfide and sulfate minerals present in the hydrothermally altered bedrock and crater-lake sediments. The δ34S of aqueous SO2−4 in surface water and groundwater varies widely (−8 to +5%) and is similar to major S endmembers that undergo oxidation and/or dissolution by active hydrological system. Minor SO2−4 contributions with more positive δ34S values (+9 to +14%) come from deeply circulating geothermal fluids and negligible amounts from atmospheric deposition (+5 to +7% in snow). Elevated SO2−4contents are mainly associated with modern and past H2S emissions and oxidations near the surface. On regional scale, however, most of the intracaldera bedrock is S-depleted, thus the SO2−4contents are usually low in the surface aquatic system and younger sedimentary lake deposits formed at times of negligible near surface hydrothermal activity. In general, magmatic-hydrothermal processes apparently cause the largest δ34S variation in S-bearing minerals on volcanic terrains. Therefore, we infer that the measured wide range of δ34S values in the Gale sediments by the Curiosity rover on Mars can be explained by S isotope composition of magmatic-hydrothermal sulfide and sulfate minerals that were present in the initial igneous/volcanic rocks prior to crater formation. Later aqueous processes involved oxidation and dissolution of S minerals initially present in these rocks and led to subsequent formation of diagenetic fluids and alteration products enriched in SO2−4 with relatively large δ34S variation. Additionally, physical erosion, transport and deposition of detrital hydrothermal S minerals from igneous/volcanic rocks might be in part responsible for the measured wide range of δ34S in Gale Crater. These unique S isotope results, measured in situ on another planet for the first time, imply the importance of magmatic-hydrothermal fluids in S transport on early Mars and their subsequent alteration in low-temperature aqueous environments.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/j.epsl.2018.10.036","usgsCitation":"Szynkiewicz, A., Goff, F.E., Vaniman, D., and Pribil, M., 2018, Sulfur cycle in the Valles Caldera volcanic complex, New Mexico – Letter 1: Sulfate sources in aqueous system, and implications for S isotope record in Gale Crater on Mars: Earth and Planetary Science Letters, v. 506, p. 540-551, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2018.10.036.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"540","endPage":"551","ipdsId":"IP-101952","costCenters":[{"id":35995,"text":"Geology, Geophysics, and Geochemistry Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":498587,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"New Mexico","otherGeospatial":"Gale Crater, Mars, Valles Caldera volcanic complex","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -108.23576880836745,\n 36.186869071716416\n ],\n [\n -108.23576880836745,\n 35.36300791120573\n ],\n [\n -107.20620355256943,\n 35.36300791120573\n ],\n [\n -107.20620355256943,\n 36.186869071716416\n ],\n [\n -108.23576880836745,\n 36.186869071716416\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"506","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Szynkiewicz, Anna","contributorId":365045,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Szynkiewicz","given":"Anna","affiliations":[{"id":12716,"text":"University of Tennessee","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":953619,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Goff, Fraser E.","contributorId":291490,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Goff","given":"Fraser","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":12545,"text":"USGS retired","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":953620,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Vaniman, David","contributorId":173231,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Vaniman","given":"David","affiliations":[{"id":13179,"text":"Planetary Science Institute","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":953621,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Pribil, Michael J. 0000-0003-4859-8673 mpribil@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4859-8673","contributorId":141158,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pribil","given":"Michael","email":"mpribil@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":171,"text":"Central Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":953622,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70200836,"text":"70200836 - 2018 - Contribution of hurricane-induced sediment resuspension to coastal oxygen dynamics","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-11-13T13:22:12","indexId":"70200836","displayToPublicDate":"2018-11-06T14:55:10","publicationYear":"2018","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3358,"text":"Scientific Reports","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Contribution of hurricane-induced sediment resuspension to coastal oxygen dynamics","docAbstract":"Hurricanes passing over the ocean can mix the water column down to great depths and resuspend massive volumes of sediments on the continental shelves. Consequently, organic carbon and reduced inorganic compounds associated with these sediments can be resuspended from anaerobic portions of the seabed and re-exposed to dissolved oxygen (DO) in the water column. This process can drive DO consumption as sediments become oxidized. Previous studies have investigated the effect of hurricanes on DO in different coastal regions of the world, highlighting the alleviation of hypoxic conditions by extreme winds, which drive vertical mixing and re-aeration of the water column. However, the effect of hurricane-induced resuspended sediments on DO has been neglected. Here, using a diverse suite of datasets for the northern Gulf of Mexico, we find that in the few days after a hurricane passage, decomposition of resuspended shelf sediments consumes up to a fifth of the DO added to the bottom of the water column during vertical mixing. Despite uncertainty in this value, we highlight the potential significance of this mechanism for DO dynamics. Overall, sediment resuspension likely occurs over all continental shelves affected by tropical cyclones, potentially impacting global cycles of marine DO and carbon.","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1038/s41598-018-33640-3","usgsCitation":"Bianucci, L., Balaguru, K., Smith, R.W., Leung, R., and Moriarty, J.M., 2018, Contribution of hurricane-induced sediment resuspension to coastal oxygen dynamics: Scientific Reports, v. 8, p. 1-10, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-018-33640-3.","productDescription":"Article 15740: 10 p.","startPage":"1","endPage":"10","ipdsId":"IP-097715","costCenters":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":468260,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-018-33640-3","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":359238,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"8","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":11,"text":"Pembroke PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2018-10-24","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5be2b6aee4b0b3fc5cf5b0b9","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bianucci, Laura","contributorId":210494,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Bianucci","given":"Laura","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":750850,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Balaguru, Karthik","contributorId":210495,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Balaguru","given":"Karthik","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":750851,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Smith, Richard W.","contributorId":191276,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Smith","given":"Richard","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":750852,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Leung, Ruby","contributorId":210496,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Leung","given":"Ruby","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":750853,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Moriarty, Julia M. 0000-0003-1087-6180 jmoriarty@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1087-6180","contributorId":210497,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Moriarty","given":"Julia","email":"jmoriarty@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":680,"text":"Woods Hole Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":750854,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70199978,"text":"sir20185137 - 2018 - Revised groundwater-flow model of the glacial aquifer system north of Aberdeen, South Dakota, through water year 2015","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-03-27T11:06:00","indexId":"sir20185137","displayToPublicDate":"2018-11-06T08:06:51","publicationYear":"2018","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2018-5137","displayTitle":"Revised Groundwater-flow Model of the Glacial Aquifer System North of Aberdeen, South Dakota, Through Water Year 2015","title":"Revised groundwater-flow model of the glacial aquifer system north of Aberdeen, South Dakota, through water year 2015","docAbstract":"The city of Aberdeen, in northeastern South Dakota, requires an expanded and sustainable supply of water to meet current and future demands. Conceptual and numerical models of the glacial aquifer system in the area north of Aberdeen were developed by the U.S. Geological Survey in cooperation with the City of Aberdeen in 2012. The U.S. Geological Survey, in cooperation with the City of Aberdeen, completed a study to revise the original numerical groundwater-flow model using data through water year (WY) 2015 to aid the City of Aberdeen in their development of plans and strategies for a sustainable water supply and to increase understanding of the glacial aquifer system and groundwater-flow system near Aberdeen. The original model was revised to improve the fit between model-simulated values and observed (measured or estimated) data, provide greater insight into surface-water interactions, and improve the usefulness of the model for water-supply planning. The revised groundwater-flow model (hereafter referred to as the “revised model”) presented in this report supersedes the original model.
The purpose of this report is to describe a revised groundwater-flow model including data collection, model calibration, and model results for the glacial aquifer system including the Elm, Middle James, and Deep James aquifers north of Aberdeen, South Dakota, using updated hydrologic data through WY 2015. The original numerical model was revised in several ways. The model was modified by adding four new layers, which included a surficial layer, two intervening confining layers, and a shale bedrock layer. The revised model provides an improved understanding of the groundwater-flow system in comparison to the original model.
The principal aquifers of the model area include portions of the Elm, Middle James, and Deep James aquifers. The lithologic information used to define and describe the aquifers in the model area was unaltered; however, aquifer properties and boundary conditions were reviewed and updated using geological information reported by the South Dakota Department of Environmental and Natural Resources and information obtained from geophysical investigations for this study. The horizontal extent of the Elm, Middle James, and Deep James aquifers was unaltered from the original model. The thickness of the Deep James aquifer was modified based on interpretations from the geophysical investigations. In general, groundwater in the Elm aquifer flowed from northwest to southeast and locally towards rivers and streams. Similarly, in the Middle James and Deep James aquifers, groundwater also typically flowed southeast.
The revisions made to the original model include use of the following MODFLOW stress packages: Recharge, Evapotranspiration, Time-Variant Specified Head, Wells, Drains, and Stream Flow Routing, all of which were updated from the original model except for the Stream Flow Routing Package, which replaced the River Package used in the original model. Model calibration is the process of estimating model parameters to minimize the differences, or residuals, between observed data and simulated values; therefore, Parameter ESTimation (PEST) software was used to optimize model input parameters by matching model-simulated values to observed data. Calibration parameters included horizontal hydraulic conductivity, vertical hydraulic conductivity, specific yield, specific storage, and vertical streambed conductance for stream and drain cells. Multipliers were used to calibrate the recharge and evapotranspiration stresses. Evapotranspiration extinction depth also was adjusted during model calibration.
Comparisons to the original model are described to highlight the changes made in the revised model. In general, the revised model adequately simulates the natural system and compares favorably with observed hydrologic data. Simulated water levels were evaluated by comparing them to single water-level observations at selected well locations. The selected wells were the same wells used in the original model. The coefficient of determination value between simulated and observed water levels for the revised model was 0.89 and included simulated and observed values from October 1, 1974 (WY 1975), through September 30, 2015 (WY 2015). The coefficient of determination value for the original model was 0.94 and included simulated and observed values from October 1, 1974, through September 30, 2009. The difference may indicate that the original model could have been overfit to hydraulic head observations because base flow was not simulated. The additional data used in the revised model included some climatically wetter, more extreme periods, such as 2011, in which annual precipitation was 30.9 inches. Average annual precipitation for the original model timeframe, which included data from WYs 1975–2009, was 20.26 inches. Additional precipitation data for WYs 2010–15, included in the revised model timeframe, resulted in an average annual precipitation for WYs 1975–2015 in the model area of 20.6 inches. The larger variability in climate data coupled with the additional water-level data could explain the lower coefficient of determination for water levels in the revised model.
The revised model was used to calculate various groundwater-budget components for steady-state and transient conditions for WYs 1975–2015. The time-variant specified-head cells in the revised model had the largest change when compared to the original steady-state model for inflows and outflows. Comparing the transient budget components between the original and the revised models indicated that inflow from recharge and time-variant specified-head cells had the greatest effect on groundwater inflows, and outflow from storage had the greatest effect on groundwater outflows. The simulated potentiometric contours from the revised model were compared with (1) the observed (interpreted) potentiometric surface (layer 2) and the hydraulic head values (layers 4 and 6) and (2) the simulated contours from the original model. The simulated hydraulic gradients and general direction of groundwater flow in the Elm aquifer in the revised model generally matched the observed potentiometric contours, the simulated potentiometric contours from the original model, and general flow directions interpreted to be perpendicular to the contours. Minor discrepancies between simulated potentiometric contours from the revised model and the observed potentiometric contours may be due to the lack of observed data in the model area.
The revised model was designed to reduce the limitations of the original model. The revisions were validated by comparing the results of the original model with the revised model. A primary benefit of the revised model is the inclusion of the surficial deposits and the confining units as explicit layers in the model. The addition of the surficial layer was beneficial for three primary reasons: (1) more accurate representation of recharge from precipitation, (2) more accurate representation of groundwater evapotranspiration, and (3) more accurate representation of groundwater and surface-water interactions. The groundwater model is a numeric approximation of a complex physical hydrologic system, and the revised model data were interpolated in regions with sparse data. Additionally, model discretization included averaged and interpolated values for water use, withdrawal rates, and hydraulic conductivity. The revised model provides a useful estimate for hydraulic gradients, groundwater-flow directions, and aquifer response to groundwater withdrawals.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20185137","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the City of Aberdeen","usgsCitation":"Valder, J.F., Eldridge, W.G., Davis, K.W., Medler, C.J., and Koth, K.R., 2018, Revised groundwater-flow model of the glacial aquifer system north of Aberdeen, South Dakota, through water year 2015: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2018–5137, 56 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20185137.","productDescription":"Report: viii, 56 p.; Data Release","numberOfPages":"68","onlineOnly":"Y","ipdsId":"IP-080010","costCenters":[{"id":34685,"text":"Dakota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":359157,"rank":3,"type":{"id":30,"text":"Data Release"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5066/P9JVNFLY","text":"USGS data release","description":"USGS Data Release","linkHelpText":"MODFLOW-NWT model of the glacial aquifer system north of Aberdeen, South Dakota, through water year 2015"},{"id":359156,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2018/5137/sir20185137.pdf","text":"Report","size":"4.65 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"SIR 2018–5137"},{"id":359155,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2018/5137/coverthb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"South Dakota","city":"Aberdeen","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -98.6,\n 45.45\n ],\n [\n -98.27,\n 45.45\n ],\n [\n -98.27,\n 45.7\n ],\n [\n -98.6,\n 45.7\n ],\n [\n -98.6,\n 45.45\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","contact":"Director, Dakota Water Science Center
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1608 Mountain View Road
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Limiting climate warming to <2°C requires increased mitigation efforts, including land stewardship, whose potential in the United States is poorly understood. We quantified the potential of natural climate solutions (NCS)—21 conservation, restoration, and improved land management interventions on natural and agricultural lands—to increase carbon storage and avoid greenhouse gas emissions in the United States. We found a maximum potential of 1.2 (0.9 to 1.6) Pg CO2e year−1, the equivalent of 21% of current net annual emissions of the United States. At current carbon market prices (USD 10 per Mg CO2e), 299 Tg CO2e year−1could be achieved. NCS would also provide air and water filtration, flood control, soil health, wildlife habitat, and climate resilience benefits.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Association for the Advancement of Science","doi":"10.1126/sciadv.aat1869","usgsCitation":"Fargione, J.E., Bassett, S., Boucher, T., Bridgham, S.D., Conant, R.T., Cook-Patton, S.C., Ellis, P.W., Falcucci, A., Fourqurean, J.W., Gopalakrishna, T., Gu, H., Henderson, B., Hurteau, M.D., Kroeger, K.D., Kroeger, T., Lark, T.J., Leavitt, S.M., Lomax, G., McDonald, R.I., Megonigal, P., Miteva, D.A., Richardson, C.J., Sanderman, J., Shoch, D., Spawn, S.A., Veldman, J.W., Williams, C.A., Woodbury, P.B., Zganjar, C., Baranski, M., Elias, P., Houghton, R.A., Landis, E., McGlynn, E., Schlesinger, W.H., Siikamaki, J.V., Sutton-Grier, A., and Griscom, B.W., 2018, Natural climate solutions for the United States: Science, v. 4, no. 11, eaat1869; 14 p., https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.aat1869.","productDescription":"eaat1869; 14 p.","ipdsId":"IP-098433","costCenters":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science 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Applications","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Bank‐derived material dominates fluvial sediment in a suburban Chesapeake Bay watershed","docAbstract":"Excess fine sediment is a leading cause of ecological degradation within the Chesapeake Bay watershed. To effectively target sediment mitigation measures, it is necessary to identify and quantify the delivery of sediment sources to local waterbodies.
This study examines the contributions of sediment sources within Upper Difficult Run, a suburbanized watershed in Fairfax County, Virginia. A source sediment library was constructed from stream banks, forest soils, and road dust. Target sediments were collected from fine channel deposits and suspended sediment during 16 storm events from 2008 to 2012. Apportionment of targets to sources was performed using Sed_SAT, a publicly available toolkit for sediment fingerprinting.
Bed sediment was dominated by stream bank material (mean: 98%), with minor contributions from forests (2%). Suspended fine sediments were also dominated by stream banks (suspended sediment concentration‐weighted mean: 91%), with minor contributions from roads (8%) and forests (<1%). Stream banks dominated at all discharges, and on the rising limb and at peak flow, sediment concentrations increased due to bank material rather than surface erosion.
Sediment budget data indicated that direct bank erosion was insufficient to account for the suspended load derived from stream banks. However, bank‐derived sediment re‐mobilized from in‐channel storage could account for this difference and, combined, resulted in a sediment delivery ratio of 0.847 for all bank‐derived sediments.
Results demonstrate that stream bank erosion is responsible for the majority of fine sediment in this suburban watershed of the Chesapeake Bay drainage area. Thus, management actions to control upland sources of sediment may have limited effect on the sediment conditions of Upper Difficult Run, whereas efforts focusing on bank stabilization, channel restoration, and/or stormwater management to reduce bank erosion may improve the ecological condition of these waterbodies.
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