In 1996-1998 the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) conducted a geochemical study of the Bureau of Land Management's (BLM) 5.5 million-acre Northern and Eastern Colorado Desert Resource Area (usually referred to as the NECD in this report), Imperial, Riverside, and San Bernardino Counties, southeastern California (figure 1). This study was done in support of the BLM's Coordinated Management Plan for the area. This report presents analytical data from this study. To provide comprehensive coverage of the NECD, we compiled and examined all available geochemical data, in digital form, from previous studies in the area, and made sample-site plots to aid in determining where sample-site coverage and analyses were sufficient, which samples should be re-analyzed, and where additional sampling was needed. Previous investigations conducted in parts of the current study area included the National Uranium Resource Evaluation (NURE) program studies of the Needles and Salton Sea 1° x 2° quadrangles; USGS studies of 12 BLM Wilderness Study Areas (WSAs) (Big Maria Mountains, Chemehuevi Mountains, Chuckwalla Mountains, Coxcomb Mountains, Mecca Hills, Orocopia Mountains, Palen-McCoy, Picacho Peak, Riverside Mountains, Sheephole Valley (also known as Sheep Hole/Cadiz), Turtle Mountains, and Whipple Mountains); and USGS studies in the Needles and El Centro 1° x 2° quadrangles done during the early 1990s as part of a project to identify the regional geochemistry of southern California. Areas where we did new sampling of rocks and stream sediments are mainly in the Chocolate Mountain Aerial Gunnery Range and in Joshua Tree National Park, which extends into the west-central part of the NECD, as shown in figure 1 and figure 2. This report contains analytical data for 132 rock samples and 1,245 stream-sediment samples collected by the USGS, and 362 stream-sediment samples and 189 soil samples collected during the NURE program. All samples are from the Northern and Eastern Colorado Desert BLM Resource Area and vicinity. Included in the 1,245 stream-sediment samples collected by the USGS are 284 samples collected as part of the current study, 817 samples collected as part of investigations of the12 BLM WSAs and re-analyzed for the present study, 45 samples from the Needles 1° x 2° quadrangle, and 99 samples from the El Centro 1° x 2° quadrangle. The NURE stream-sediment and soil samples were re-analyzed as part of the USGS study in the Needles quadrangle. Analytical data for samples from the Chocolate Mountain Aerial Gunnery Range, which is located within the area of the NECD, were previously reported (King and Chaffee, 1999a). For completeness, these results are also included in this report. Analytical data for samples from the area of Joshua Tree National Park that is within the NECD have also been reported (King and Chaffee, 1999b). These results are not included in this report. The analytical data presented here can be used for baseline geochemical, mineral resource, and environmental geochemical studies.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr2000105B","issn":"0094-9140","usgsCitation":"King, H.D., and Chaffee, M.A., 2000, Analytical results and sample locality map for rock, stream-sediment, and soil samples, Northern and Eastern Colorado Desert BLM Resource Area, Imperial, Riverside, and San Bernardino Counties, California: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2000-105, 9 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr2000105B.","productDescription":"9 p.","costCenters":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":156441,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":391839,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_23460.htm"},{"id":1633,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2000/ofr-00-0105/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"California","county":"Imperial County, Riverside County, San Bernardino County","otherGeospatial":"Northern and Eastern Colorado Desert BLM Resource Area","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -116.25,\n 32.7\n ],\n [\n -114.167,\n 32.7\n ],\n [\n -114.167,\n 34.917\n ],\n [\n -116.25,\n 34.917\n ],\n [\n -116.25,\n 32.7\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4acde4b07f02db67f3ec","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"King, Harley D. hking@usgs.gov","contributorId":4046,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"King","given":"Harley","email":"hking@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":190335,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Chaffee, Maurice A. mchaffee@usgs.gov","contributorId":4047,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chaffee","given":"Maurice","email":"mchaffee@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":171,"text":"Central Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":190336,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70156761,"text":"70156761 - 2000 - Simulation of nitrous oxide and nitric oxide emissions from tropical primary forests in the Costa Rican Atlantic Zone","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-08-27T13:16:02","indexId":"70156761","displayToPublicDate":"2000-12-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1551,"text":"Environmental Modelling and Software","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Simulation of nitrous oxide and nitric oxide emissions from tropical primary forests in the Costa Rican Atlantic Zone","docAbstract":"Nitrous oxide (N2O) and nitric oxide (NO) are important atmospheric trace gases participating in the regulation of global climate and environment. Predictive models on the emissions of N2O and NO emissions from soil into the atmosphere are required. We modified the CENTURY model (Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J., 51 (1987) 1173) to simulate the emissions of N2O and NO from tropical primary forests in the Atlantic Zone of Costa Rica at a monthly time step. Combined fluxes of N2O and NO were simulated as a function of gross N mineralization and water-filled pore space (WFPS). The coefficients for partitioning N2O from NO were derived from field measurements (Global Biogeochem. Cycles, 8 (1994) 399). The modified CENTURY was calibrated against observations of carbon stocks in various pools of forest ecosystems of the region, and measured WFPS and emission rates of N2O and NO from soil to the atmosphere.
\nWFPS is an important factor regulating nutrient cycling and emissions of N2O and NO from soils making the accuracy of the WFPS prediction central to the modeling process. To do this, we modified the hydrologic submodel and developed a new method for the prediction of WFPS at the monthly scale from daily rainfall information. The new method is based on: (1) the relationship between monthly rainfall and the number of rainfall events, and (2) the relative cumulative frequency distribution of ranked daily rainfall events. The method is generic and should be applicable to other areas.
\nSimulated monthly average WFPS was 0.68±0.02 — identical with the field measurement average of 0.68±0.02 from the annual cycle observed by Keller and Reiners (Global Biogeochem. Cycles, 8 (1994) 399). Simulated fluxes of N2O and NO were 52.0±9.4 mg-N m−2 month−1 and 6.5±0.7 mg-N m−2 month−1, respectively, compared with measured averages of 48.2±11.0 mg-N m−2 month−1 and 7.1±1.1 mg-N m−2 month−1. The simulated N2O/NO ratio was 11.2±1.9 compared with the measured value of 10.9±4.7.
\nWFPS is the dominant determinant of the fraction of gross N mineralization that is emitted from the soil as N2O and NO. If WFPS were not limiting during part of the year, this fraction would be 4.2%. With some periods of lower WFPS, the realized fraction is 2.2%. Because of the strong relationships between N2O and NO emission rates and rainfall and its derivative, WFPS, these moisture variables can be used to scale up nitrogen trace gas fluxes from sites to larger spatial scales.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/S1364-8152(00)00030-X","usgsCitation":"Liu, S., Reiners, W.A., Keller, M., and Schimel, D.S., 2000, Simulation of nitrous oxide and nitric oxide emissions from tropical primary forests in the Costa Rican Atlantic Zone: Environmental Modelling and Software, v. 15, no. 8, p. 727-743, https://doi.org/10.1016/S1364-8152(00)00030-X.","productDescription":"17 p.","startPage":"727","endPage":"743","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":307630,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"15","issue":"8","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"55e034c3e4b0f42e3d040e45","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Liu, Shu-Guang sliu@usgs.gov","contributorId":984,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Liu","given":"Shu-Guang","email":"sliu@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":223,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center (Geography)","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":570411,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Reiners, William A.","contributorId":147117,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Reiners","given":"William","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":570412,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Keller, Michael","contributorId":42681,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Keller","given":"Michael","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":570413,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Schimel, Davis S.","contributorId":108419,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schimel","given":"Davis","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":570414,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":67273,"text":"i2712 - 2000 - Sun-Illuminated Sea Floor Topography of Quadrangle 12 in the Stellwagen Bank National Marine Sanctuary Off Boston, Massachusetts","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-10T00:11:19","indexId":"i2712","displayToPublicDate":"2000-12-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":320,"text":"IMAP","code":"I","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2712","subseriesTitle":"GIS","title":"Sun-Illuminated Sea Floor Topography of Quadrangle 12 in the Stellwagen Bank National Marine Sanctuary Off Boston, Massachusetts","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"Geological Survey (U.S.)","doi":"10.3133/i2712","isbn":"0607961430","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the U.S. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration","usgsCitation":"Valentine, P.C., Unger, T.S., and Baker, J.L., 2000, Sun-Illuminated Sea Floor Topography of Quadrangle 12 in the Stellwagen Bank National Marine Sanctuary Off Boston, Massachusetts: U.S. Geological Survey IMAP 2712, 1 remote-sensing map ;54 x 63 cm., on sheet 87 x 69 cm., folded in envelope 30 x 24 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/i2712.","productDescription":"1 remote-sensing map ;54 x 63 cm., on sheet 87 x 69 cm., folded in envelope 30 x 24 cm.","costCenters":[{"id":680,"text":"Woods Hole Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":256286,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/imap/2712/plate-1.pdf","size":"12343","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":256287,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/imap/2712/report.pdf","size":"482","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":256288,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/imap/2712/report-thumb.jpg"}],"scale":"25000","projection":"Universal Transverse Mercator","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -70.21666666666667,42.43444444444444 ], [ -70.21666666666667,42.55 ], [ -70.03333333333333,42.55 ], [ -70.03333333333333,42.43444444444444 ], [ -70.21666666666667,42.43444444444444 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b01e4b07f02db698699","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Valentine, Page C. 0000-0002-0485-6266 pvalentine@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0485-6266","contributorId":1947,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Valentine","given":"Page","email":"pvalentine@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":275892,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Unger, Tanya S.","contributorId":29013,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Unger","given":"Tanya","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":275893,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Baker, Jessica L.","contributorId":65111,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Baker","given":"Jessica","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":275894,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":67272,"text":"i2711 - 2000 - Sun-Illuminated Sea Floor Topography of Quadrangle 11 in the Stellwagen Bank National Marine Sanctuary Off Boston, Massachusetts","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-10T00:11:19","indexId":"i2711","displayToPublicDate":"2000-12-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":320,"text":"IMAP","code":"I","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2711","subseriesTitle":"GIS","title":"Sun-Illuminated Sea Floor Topography of Quadrangle 11 in the Stellwagen Bank National Marine Sanctuary Off Boston, Massachusetts","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"Geological Survey (U.S.)","doi":"10.3133/i2711","isbn":"0607961422","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the U.S. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration","usgsCitation":"Valentine, P.C., Unger, T.S., and Baker, J.L., 2000, Sun-Illuminated Sea Floor Topography of Quadrangle 11 in the Stellwagen Bank National Marine Sanctuary Off Boston, Massachusetts: U.S. Geological Survey IMAP 2711, 1 remote-sensing map ;54 x 63 cm., on sheet 87 x 69 cm., folded in envelope 30 x 24 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/i2711.","productDescription":"1 remote-sensing map ;54 x 63 cm., on sheet 87 x 69 cm., folded in envelope 30 x 24 cm.","costCenters":[{"id":680,"text":"Woods Hole Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":256283,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/imap/2711/plate-1.pdf","size":"11965","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":256284,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/imap/2711/report.pdf","size":"548","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":256285,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/imap/2711/report-thumb.jpg"}],"scale":"25000","projection":"Universal Transverse Mercator","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -70.4,42.43444444444444 ], [ -70.4,42.55083333333333 ], [ -70.23333333333333,42.55083333333333 ], [ -70.23333333333333,42.43444444444444 ], [ -70.4,42.43444444444444 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b01e4b07f02db69868c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Valentine, Page C. 0000-0002-0485-6266 pvalentine@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0485-6266","contributorId":1947,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Valentine","given":"Page","email":"pvalentine@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":275889,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Unger, Tanya S.","contributorId":29013,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Unger","given":"Tanya","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":275890,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Baker, Jessica L.","contributorId":65111,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Baker","given":"Jessica","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":275891,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":6548,"text":"fs12300 - 2000 - Coal-Bed Methane: Potential and Concerns","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:05:58","indexId":"fs12300","displayToPublicDate":"2000-12-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":313,"text":"Fact Sheet","code":"FS","onlineIssn":"2327-6932","printIssn":"2327-6916","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"123-00","title":"Coal-Bed Methane: Potential and Concerns","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/fs12300","usgsCitation":"Nuccio, V.F., 2000, Coal-Bed Methane: Potential and Concerns: U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet 123-00, 1 sheet ([2] p.) : col. ill., col. map ; 28 x 18 cm. col. ill., col. map ;, https://doi.org/10.3133/fs12300.","productDescription":"1 sheet ([2] p.) : col. ill., col. map ; 28 x 18 cm. col. ill., col. map ;","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":117703,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/fs_123_00.jpg"},{"id":830,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/factsheet/fs123-00/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b25e4b07f02db6aed13","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Nuccio, Vito F. vnuccio@usgs.gov","contributorId":853,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nuccio","given":"Vito","email":"vnuccio@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":152903,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":6542,"text":"ds64 - 2000 - USGS mineral deposit models","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-10-25T18:17:55","indexId":"ds64","displayToPublicDate":"2000-12-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":310,"text":"Data Series","code":"DS","onlineIssn":"2327-638X","printIssn":"2327-0271","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"64","title":"USGS mineral deposit models","docAbstract":"This CD-ROM publication is a compilation of 29 previously published mineral deposit model and related reports of the USGS. It in part reflects a history of mineral deposit model development within the USGS. Model types presented include descriptive, grade-tonnage, geoenvironmental, and geophysical. These models generally compile the geologic, geochemical, and geophysical characteristics of various types of metallic and nonmetallic mineral deposits. The models list attributes intended as guides for resource and geoenvironmental studies and for mineral exploration. They are presented using the lithologic-tectonic environmental mineral deposit classification scheme originally developed by Cox and Singer (1986).
","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Dept. of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/ds64","isbn":"0607949201","usgsCitation":"Heran, W.D., 2000, USGS mineral deposit models (Version 1.0.): U.S. Geological Survey Data Series 64, 1 computer optical disc ;4 3/4 in., https://doi.org/10.3133/ds64.","productDescription":"1 computer optical disc ;4 3/4 in.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":140182,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":310195,"rank":1,"type":{"id":7,"text":"Companion Files"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/ds/064/application.zip","linkFileType":{"id":6,"text":"zip"}}],"edition":"Version 1.0.","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ae3e4b07f02db6890a1","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Stoeser, D. 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The\r\n map supports the production of a geologic framework that\r\n will be used in hydrogeologic investigations related to\r\n potential lead and zinc mining in the Mark Twain National\r\n Forest adjacent to the Ozark National Scenic Riverways\r\n (National Park Service). Digital geologic coverages will be\r\n used by other federal and state agencies in hydrogeologic\r\n analyses of the Ozark karst system and in ecological models.","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/i2722","usgsCitation":"McDowell, R., Harrison, R., and Lagueux, K.M., 2000, Digital data and geologic map of the Powder Mill Ferry Quadrangle, Shannon and Reynolds counties, Missouri (Version 1.0.): U.S. Geological Survey IMAP 2722, map, https://doi.org/10.3133/i2722.","productDescription":"map","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":187802,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":6127,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/imap/i-2722/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":110139,"rank":700,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_34355.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"},"description":"34355"}],"scale":"24000","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -91.25,37.1175 ], [ -91.25,37.25 ], [ -91.11749999999999,37.25 ], [ -91.11749999999999,37.1175 ], [ -91.25,37.1175 ] ] ] } } ] }","edition":"Version 1.0.","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b32e4b07f02db6b4652","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"McDowell, Robert C.","contributorId":88345,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McDowell","given":"Robert C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":274678,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Harrison, Richard W. rharriso@usgs.gov","contributorId":544,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Harrison","given":"Richard W.","email":"rharriso@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":243,"text":"Eastern Geology and Paleoclimate Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":274676,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Lagueux, Kerry M.","contributorId":18799,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lagueux","given":"Kerry","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":274677,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":68046,"text":"ha746D - 2000 - Geohydrology of the shallow aquifers in the Boulder-Longmont area, Colorado","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-10-28T11:13:57","indexId":"ha746D","displayToPublicDate":"2000-12-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":318,"text":"Hydrologic Atlas","code":"HA","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"746","chapter":"D","title":"Geohydrology of the shallow aquifers in the Boulder-Longmont area, Colorado","docAbstract":"Urban areas commonly rely on ground water for at least part of the municipal water supply, and as population increases, urban areas expand and require larger volumes of water. However, the expansion of an urban area can reduce ground-water availability. This may occur through processes of depletion (withdrawal of most of the available ground water), degradation (chemicals used in the urban area keep into the ground and contaminate the ground water), and preemption (cost or restrictions on pumping ground water from under extensively urbanized areas may he prohibitive). Thus, a vital natural resource needed to support the growth of an urban area and its infrastructure can become less available because of growth itself.
The diminished availability of natural resources caused by expansion of urban areas is not unique to water resources. For example, large volumes of aggregate (sand and gravel) are used in concrete and asphalt to build and maintain the infrastructure (buildings, roads, airports, and so forth) of an urban area. Yet, mining of aggregate commonly is preempted by urban expansion; for example, it cannot he mined from under a subdivision. Energy resources such as coal, oil, and natural gas likewise are critical to the growth and existence of an urban area but may become less available as an urban area expands and preempts mining and drilling.
In 1996, the U.S. Geological Survey began work on a national initiative designed to provide information on the availability of those natural resources (water, minerals, energy, and biota) that are critical to maintaining the Nation's infrastructure or that may become less available because of urban expansion. The initiative began with a 3-year demonstration project to develop procedures for assessing resources and methods for interpreting and publishing information in digital and traditional paper formats. The Front Range urban corridor of Colorado was chosen as the demonstration area (fig. 1), and the project was titled the Front Range Infrastructure Resources Project (FRIRP). This report and those of Robson (1996), Robson and others (1998), and Robson and others (2000a, 2000b, 2000c) (fig. 1) are the results of FRIRP water resources investigations; reports pertaining to geology, minerals, energy, biota, and cartography of the FRIRP are published separately. The water-resources studies of the FRIRP were undertaken in cooperation with the Colorado Department of Natural Resources, Division of Water Resources, and the Colorado Water Conservation Board.
This review compiles and evaluates existing scientific information on the use, limitations, and procedural considerations for EROD activity (a catalytic measurement of cytochrome P4501A induction) as a biomarker in fish. A multitude of chemicals induce EROD activity in a variety of fish species, the most potent inducers being structural analogs of 2,3,7,8-tetracholordibenzo-p-dioxin. Although certain chemicals may inhibit EROD induction/activity, this interference is generally not a drawback to the use of EROD induction as a biomarker. The various methods of EROD analysis currently in use yield comparable results, particularly when data are expressed as relative rates of EROD activity. EROD induction in fish is well characterized, the most important modifying factors being fish species, reproductive status and age, all of which can be controlled through proper study design. Good candidate species for biomonitoring should have a wide range between basal and induced EROD activity (e.g., common carp, channel catfish, and mummichog). EROD activity has proven value as a biomarker in a number of field investigations of bleached kraft mill and industrial effluents, contaminated sediments, and chemical spills. Research on mechanisms of CYP1A-induced toxicity suggests that EROD activity may not only indicate chemical exposure, but also may also precede effects at various levels of biological organization. A current research need is the development of chemical exposure-response relationships for EROD activity in fish. In addition, routine reporting in the literature of EROD activity in standard positive and negative control material will enhance confidence in comparing results from different studies using this biomarker.
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E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":646418,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70176958,"text":"70176958 - 2000 - History and current status of the Laysan Duck (Anas laysanensis) in captivity","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-01-04T13:06:06","indexId":"70176958","displayToPublicDate":"2000-11-17T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":601,"text":"'Elepaio","printIssn":"0013-6069","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"History and current status of the Laysan Duck (Anas laysanensis) in captivity","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"Hawai'i Audubon Society","publisherLocation":"Honolulu, HI","usgsCitation":"Reynolds, M., and Kozar, K., 2000, History and current status of the Laysan Duck (Anas laysanensis) in captivity: 'Elepaio, v. 60, p. 60-65.","startPage":"60","endPage":"65","numberOfPages":"6","costCenters":[{"id":521,"text":"Pacific Island Ecosystems Research Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":329549,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Hawai'i","volume":"60","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58009d56e4b0824b2d183ba2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Reynolds, M.H. 0000-0001-7253-8158","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7253-8158","contributorId":64214,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Reynolds","given":"M.H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":650879,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Kozar, K.L.","contributorId":14631,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kozar","given":"K.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":650880,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70243663,"text":"70243663 - 2000 - Urban seismic experiments investigate Seattle fault and basin","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-05-16T16:40:38.294937","indexId":"70243663","displayToPublicDate":"2000-11-14T11:28:30","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":7458,"text":"Eos Science News","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Urban seismic experiments investigate Seattle fault and basin","docAbstract":"In the past decade, Earth scientists have recognized the seismic hazards that crustal faults and sedimentary basins pose to Seattle, Washington (Figure 1). In 1998, the US. Geological Survey and its collaborators initiated a series of urban seismic studies of the upper crust to better map seismogenic structures and sedimentary basins in the Puget Lowland. These studies are called the Seismic Hazard Investigations of Puget Sound (SHIPS).
In March 1998, we conducted our first SHIPS study, an investigation of the upper crustal structure of the Puget Lowland, using marine airgun sources and land recorders [Fisher et al., 1999].The study was nicknamed Wet SHIPS. In September 1999, we obtained a seismic refraction line to study the upper crustal structure in the Seattle area in a land-based study nicknamed Dry SHIPS [Brocher et al., 2000] (Figure 1). In March 2000, we recorded the demolition of the Seattle Kingdome sports stadium using a dense array of seismic recorders for a detailed site response study; this study was nicknamed Kingdome SHIPS (Figure 1).
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/EO081i046p00545-01","usgsCitation":"Brocher, T.M., Pratt, T.L., Creager, K.C., Crosson, R.S., Steele, W.P., Weaver, C.S., Frankel, A.D., Trohu, A., Snelson, C.M., Miller, K.C., Harder, S.H., and ten Brink, U.S., 2000, Urban seismic experiments investigate Seattle fault and basin: Eos Science News, v. 81, no. 46, p. 542-552, https://doi.org/10.1029/EO081i046p00545-01.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"542","endPage":"552","costCenters":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":417102,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Washington","city":"Seattle","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": 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Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":872842,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Trohu, Anne","contributorId":305464,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Trohu","given":"Anne","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":872843,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Snelson, Catherine M.","contributorId":106369,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Snelson","given":"Catherine","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":872844,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9},{"text":"Miller, Kate C.","contributorId":97567,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Miller","given":"Kate","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":872845,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":10},{"text":"Harder, Steven 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technique","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-05-15T16:30:43.19969","indexId":"70243618","displayToPublicDate":"2000-11-14T11:25:06","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2499,"text":"Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Spherical and ellipsoidal volcanic sources at Long Valley caldera, California, using a genetic algorithm inversion technique","docAbstract":"We model the second inflation period at Long Valley caldera, California using a genetic algorithm technique and high quality geodetic measurements of elevation changes and baseline extensions. We compare two source inversions for both spherical Mogi point sources and the finite prolate ellipsoid of Yang and Davis. A sensitivity analysis for the genetic algorithm is performed based upon synthetic data set inversions on similar sources in order to better constrain the areal location, orientation, and volume of the potential sources. The spherical sources are well constrained, the larger located at 9.9 km beneath the resurgent dome, with a volume of 0.036 km3, while the second, at only 0.008 km3, is located at a depth of 7.3 km beneath the south moat. The depths to the ellipsoidal sources are switched, with the larger source at a depth of 9.6 km and the smaller at 11.8 km, with volumes of 0.037 and 0.002 km3, respectively.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/S0377-0273(00)00185-2","usgsCitation":"Tiampo, K., Rundle, J.B., Fernandez, J., and Langbein, J.O., 2000, Spherical and ellipsoidal volcanic sources at Long Valley caldera, California, using a genetic algorithm inversion technique: Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, v. 102, no. 3-4, p. 189-206, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0377-0273(00)00185-2.","productDescription":"18 p.","startPage":"189","endPage":"206","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":417040,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"Long Valley caldera","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -119.18522537937804,\n 37.914311779585745\n ],\n [\n -119.18522537937804,\n 37.60012368276372\n ],\n [\n -118.52734559225568,\n 37.60012368276372\n ],\n [\n -118.52734559225568,\n 37.914311779585745\n ],\n [\n -119.18522537937804,\n 37.914311779585745\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"102","issue":"3-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Tiampo, K.","contributorId":305397,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Tiampo","given":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":872633,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Rundle, J. B.","contributorId":17766,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Rundle","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":872634,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Fernandez, J.","contributorId":46229,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fernandez","given":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":872635,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Langbein, J. O.","contributorId":39404,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Langbein","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"O.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":872636,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70145181,"text":"70145181 - 2000 - The Goldfield mining district, Nevada: an acid sulfate bonanza gold deposit","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-05-04T13:41:12","indexId":"70145181","displayToPublicDate":"2000-11-11T12:30:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"The Goldfield mining district, Nevada: an acid sulfate bonanza gold deposit","docAbstract":"This paper provides an introduction to the geology, ore deposits, and fluid geochemistry of the Goldfield mining district, Esmerelda and Nye Counties, Nevada. Also included is a brief interpretation of mineral maps of the western half of the district which were recently produced from remotely sensed imagery acquired by the Airborne Visible Infrared Imaging Spectrometer (AVIRIS) systems operated by NASA JPL.
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","language":"English","publisher":"Paleontological Society","doi":"10.1666/0022-3360(2000)074<1184:PAMRFM>2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Quiroz-Barroso, S., Pojeta, J., Sour-Tovar, F., and Morales-Soto, S., 2000, Pseudomulceodens: A Mississippian Rostroconch from Mexico: Journal of Paleontology, v. 74, no. 6, p. 1184-1186, https://doi.org/10.1666/0022-3360(2000)074<1184:PAMRFM>2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"3 p.","startPage":"1184","endPage":"1186","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":368972,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"74","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Quiroz-Barroso, S.A.","contributorId":220325,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Quiroz-Barroso","given":"S.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":774765,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Pojeta, John Jr.","contributorId":8507,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pojeta","given":"John","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":774766,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Sour-Tovar, Francisco","contributorId":220326,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Sour-Tovar","given":"Francisco","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":774767,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Morales-Soto, Salvador","contributorId":220327,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Morales-Soto","given":"Salvador","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":774768,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70260454,"text":"70260454 - 2000 - Holocene relative sea level changes along the Seattle Fault at Restoration Point, Washington","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-11-01T16:58:13.872077","indexId":"70260454","displayToPublicDate":"2000-11-01T11:54:35","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3218,"text":"Quaternary Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Holocene relative sea level changes along the Seattle Fault at Restoration Point, Washington","docAbstract":"At a marsh on the hanging wall of the Seattle fault, fossil brackish water diatom and plant seed assemblages show that the marsh lay near sea level between ∼7500 and 1000 cal yr B.P. This marsh is uniquely situated for recording environmental changes associated with past earthquakes on the Seattle fault. Since 7500 cal yr B.P., changes in fossil diatoms and seeds record several rapid environmental changes. In the earliest of these, brackish conditions changed to freshwater ∼6900 cal yr B.P., possibly because of coseismic uplift or beach berm accretion. If coseismic uplift produced the freshening ∼6900 cal yr B.P., that uplift probably did not exceed 2 m. During another event about 1700 cal yr B.P., brackish plant and diatom assemblages changed rapidly to a tidal flat assemblage because of either tectonic subsidence or berm erosion. The site then remained a tideflat until the most recent event, when an abrupt shift from tideflat diatoms to freshwater taxa resulted from ∼7 m of uplift during an earthquake on the Seattle fault ∼1000 cal yr B.P. Regardless of the earlier events, no Seattle fault earthquake similar to the one ∼1000 cal yr B.P. occurred at any other time in the past 7500 years.
","language":"English","publisher":"Cambridge University Press","doi":"10.1006/qres.2000.2180","usgsCitation":"Sherrod, B.L., Bucknam, R.C., and Leopold, E.B., 2000, Holocene relative sea level changes along the Seattle Fault at Restoration Point, Washington: Quaternary Research, v. 54, no. 3, p. 384-393, https://doi.org/10.1006/qres.2000.2180.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"384","endPage":"393","costCenters":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":463552,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"54","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2017-01-20","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Sherrod, Brian L. 0000-0002-4492-8631 bsherrod@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4492-8631","contributorId":2834,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sherrod","given":"Brian","email":"bsherrod@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":917726,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bucknam, Robert C.","contributorId":104490,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bucknam","given":"Robert","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":917727,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Leopold, Estella B.","contributorId":30979,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Leopold","given":"Estella","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":917728,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":24603,"text":"ofr00154 - 2000 - Locations and ages of middle Tertiary volcanic centers in coastal California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-06-22T13:22:43.804539","indexId":"ofr00154","displayToPublicDate":"2000-11-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2000-154","title":"Locations and ages of middle Tertiary volcanic centers in coastal California","docAbstract":"This report includes a map and three tables that summarize available information on the locations and ages of late Oligocene to middle Miocene volcanic centers in coastal California. 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