The U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) conducts scientific investigations in south Florida to improve society’s understanding of the environment and assist in the sustainable use, protection, and restoration of the Everglades and other ecosystems within the region. The investigations summarized in this document have been carried out under the Greater Everglades Science Program (previously known as the South Florida Ecosystem Program), which is part of the USGS Place-Based Studies initiative.
The USGS Placed-Based Studies initiative is a nationwide program that concentrates on areas with severe environmental problems. Through interdisciplinary investigations the Program provides sound scientific information on which to base informed resource management decisions. Individuals from all the USGS programs (hydrology, geology, biology, mapping) work together with other scientists to cover the diverse scientific disciplines involved in this complex and challenging task. The Greater Everglades Science Program began in 1995 as one of the initial Place-Based Studies programs and serves as a model for similar future collaborative studies. Placed-Based Studies are also being conducted in the San Francisco Bay area, Chesapeake Bay, the Platte River, Greater Yellowstone, Salton Sea, and the Mojave Desert.
The South Florida Ecosystem Program is part of a coordinated federal effort, under the South Florida Ecosystem Restoration Task Force. The Task Force was started in 1993, through interagency agreement, to coordinate the efforts of the agencies within six federal departments. In 1996, statutory authority formalized the Task Force and expanded it to include tribal, state, and local governments. The Task Force conducts its activities through the South Florida Ecosystem Working Group and teams, such as the Science Coordination Team. A Science Plan and Integrated Financial Plans are established to focus efforts and prevent duplicative efforts by the agencies.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr0354","usgsCitation":"Torres, A.E., Higer, A.L., Henkel, H., Mixson, P.R., Eggleston, J., Embry, T.L., and Clement, G., 2003, U.S. Geological Survey Greater Everglades Science Program: 2002 Biennial Report: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 03-54, 291 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr0354.","productDescription":"291 p.","costCenters":[{"id":27821,"text":"Caribbean-Florida Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":4503,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2003/0054/ofr03-54.pdf","text":"Report","size":"78.5 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"OFR 03-54"},{"id":179089,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2003/0054/coverthb.jpg"}],"contact":"Caribbean-Florida Water Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
3321 College Avenue
Davie, FL 33314
Many rivers in the Western United States have diurnal variations exceeding 10% of their mean flow in the spring and summer months. The shape and timing of the diurnal cycle is influenced by an interplay of the snow, topography, vegetation, and meteorology in a basin, and the measured result differs between wet and dry years. The largest interannual differences occur during the latter half of the melt season, as the snowline retreats to the highest elevations and most shaded slopes in a basin. In most basins, during this period, the hour of peak discharge shifts to later in the day, and the relative amplitude of the diurnal cycle decreases. The magnitude and rate of these changes in the diurnal cycle vary between years and may provide clues about how long- term hydroclimatic variations affect short-term basin dynamics.
","largerWorkType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"largerWorkTitle":"17th Conference on Hydrology - 2003 AMS Annual Meeting","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"conferenceTitle":"83rd Meeting of the American Meteorological Society, 17th Conference","conferenceDate":"February 9, 2003","conferenceLocation":"Long Beach, CA","language":"English","publisher":"American Meteorological Society","publisherLocation":"Lowell, MA","usgsCitation":"Lundquist, J., and Dettinger, M., 2003, Linking diurnal cycles of river flow to interannual variations in climate, in 17th Conference on Hydrology - 2003 AMS Annual Meeting, Long Beach, CA, February 9, 2003, p. 1-5.","productDescription":"5 p.","startPage":"1","endPage":"5","numberOfPages":"5","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":552,"text":"San Francisco Bay-Delta","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":5079,"text":"Pacific Regional Director's Office","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":325835,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","otherGeospatial":"Western United States","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -126.5625,\n 31.653381399664\n ],\n [\n -103.35937499999999,\n 31.653381399664\n ],\n [\n -103.35937499999999,\n 49.26780455063753\n ],\n [\n -126.5625,\n 49.26780455063753\n ],\n [\n -126.5625,\n 31.653381399664\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"579c7e2be4b0589fa1ca1204","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lundquist, Jessica D.","contributorId":12792,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lundquist","given":"Jessica D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":643729,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Dettinger, Michael D. 0000-0002-7509-7332 mddettin@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7509-7332","contributorId":146383,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dettinger","given":"Michael D.","email":"mddettin@usgs.gov","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":643730,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":51982,"text":"wri034045 - 2003 - Comprehensive water quality of the Boulder Creek Watershed, Colorado, during high-flow and low-flow conditions, 2000","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-11-20T22:28:43.026829","indexId":"wri034045","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-08T12:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"03-4045","title":"Comprehensive water quality of the Boulder Creek Watershed, Colorado, during high-flow and low-flow conditions, 2000","docAbstract":"The Boulder Creek Watershed, Colorado, is 1160 square kilometers in area and ranges in elevation from 1480 to 4120 meters above sea level. Streamflow originates primarily as snowmelt near the Continental Divide, and thus discharge varies seasonally and annually (Chapter 1). Most of the water in Boulder Creek is diverted for domestic, agricultural, and industrial use. Some diverted water is returned to the creek as wastewater effluent and by ditch returns, and additional water enters as groundwater and by transbasin diversions. These diversions and returns lead to complex temporal and spatial variations in discharge. The variations in discharge, along with natural factors such as geology and climate, and anthropogenic factors such as wastewater treatment, agriculture, mining, and urbanization, can affect water chemistry. As with many watersheds in the American West, dependable water quality and sufficient water supply are issues facing local water managers and users.
Detailed water-quality and sediment sampling allows the identification of sources and sinks of chemical constituents and an understanding of the processes at work in a river system. This study, the most comprehensive water-quality analysis performed for Boulder Creek to date, was a cooperative effort of the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) and the city of Boulder. Geographic information systems and modeling programs were used to delineate watershed boundaries, land cover, and geology (Chapter 2). During high-flow (June 2000) and low-flow (October 2000) conditions, researchers evaluated 226 water-quality variables, including basic water-quality indicators (Chapter 3), major ions and trace elements (Chapter 4), wastewater-derived organic compounds (Chapter 5), and pesticides (Chapter 6). Discharge (Chapter 1) and bed-sediment particle size and mineralogy (Chapter 7) were also evaluated. This cooperative study was facilitated by the Boulder Area Sustainability Information Network (BASIN), which provides public access to environmental information about the Boulder Creek Watershed on a website, www.basin.org. In addition to the USGS and city of Boulder data, researchers at the Institute of Arctic and Alpine Research at the University of Colorado provided water chemistry data for the headwaters of North Boulder Creek, upstream of the reach of the USGS/city of Boulder sampling sites (Chapter 8).
Snowmelt produces high flows in Boulder Creek in late spring to early summer (Chapter 1). Because precipitation falling in the headwaters is very dilute (specific conductance about 5 microsiemens per centimeter), most chemical constituents are present in lower concentrations during high flows (Chapters 3, 4, 5, 6, and 8). However, concentrations of some constituents, such as total suspended solids (Chapter 3) and organic carbon (Chapter 5), increase during the spring snowmelt flush.
The upper basin, which consists of alpine, subalpine, montane, and foothills regions west of the mouth of Boulder Canyon, is underlain by Precambrian igneous and metamorphic rocks (Chapter 1). Major dissolved inorganic constituents in headwater sites were found to be enriched by factors of 10 to 20 relative to precipitation; this is consistent with minor weathering of the local crystalline bedrock (Chapter 4). Some anthropogenic input is observed in the headwaters; precipitation introduces nitrogen derived from fossil fuel combustion and agricultural activities (Chapter 8).
The lower basin, which consists of the plains region east of the mouth of Boulder Canyon, is underlain by Mesozoic sedimentary rock and Quaternary alluvium, and has substantially more anthropogenic sources. Concentrations of most dissolved inorganic constituents increased in the lower basin. Differentiation between natural and anthropogenic sources of some dissolved constituents is difficult because both sources contribute to the water composition in this region. The increase of most major constituents (bicarbonate, calcium, chloride, magnesium, sodium, and sulfate) is consistent with weathering of the underlying sedimentary bedrock (Chapter 4). It is likely that anthropogenic loading of constituents in this reach occurs during storm events. Fecal coliform concentrations were variable and in some cases exceeded state standards, primarily during low-flow conditions (Chapter 3).
Effluent from Boulder’s 75th Street Wastewater Treatment Plant (WWTP) has a substantial impact on the water chemistry of lower Boulder Creek. The WWTP increases the concentrations of nutrients such as nitrogen and phosphorus (Chapter 3), major ions and trace metals (Chapter 4), and organic carbon (Chapter 5) in Boulder Creek. The effluent contained a spike in gadolinium, a rare earth element that is ingested for magnetic resonance imaging as a contrasting agent and then excreted to the urban wastewater system. The effluent also contained trace organic compounds such as surfactants, pharmaceuticals, hormones (Chapter 5), and pesticides (Chapter 6), which also were detected at downstream Boulder Creek sites. Water chemistry of Boulder Creek downstream of the WWTP is largely controlled by the degree of dilution of the wastewater effluent, which varies depending on the baseflow of Boulder Creek, the volume of wastewater effluent, and depletion by agricultural diversions. Coal Creek, a tributary of Boulder Creek, contains wastewater effluent from four additional WWTPs, and increases the load of many constituents in Boulder Creek. In addition to the impact from wastewater effluent, lower Boulder Creek is affected by agricultural land use. Eleven of 84 analyzed pesticides were detected in Boulder Creek or its inflows, primarily in the eastern section of the watershed (Chapter 6).
This collaborative study provides an in-depth evaluation of the hydrology, water chemistry, and sediment mineralogy of North Boulder Creek, Middle Boulder Creek, Boulder Creek, and major inflows. The detailed sampling and analysis in this report provide a baseline for future reference, as well as information on the effect of land use and geology on water chemistry.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/wri034045","usgsCitation":"Murphy, S.F., Verplanck, P.L., and Barber, L.B., 2003, Comprehensive Water Quality of the Boulder Creek Watershed, Colorado, During High-Flow and Low-Flow Conditions, 2000: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 03-4045, 198 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri034045.","productDescription":"xiii, 198 p.","onlineOnly":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":171,"text":"Central Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":366653,"rank":10,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/2003/4045/wri20034025_Chapter6.pdf","text":"Report Chapter 6","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"WRIR 2003-4025 Chapter 6"},{"id":366651,"rank":8,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/2003/4045/wri20034025_Chapter4.pdf","text":"Report Chapter 4","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"WRIR 2003-4025 Chapter 4"},{"id":366649,"rank":6,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/2003/4045/wri20034025_Chapter2.pdf","text":"Report Chapter 2","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"WRIR 2003-4025 Chapter 2"},{"id":366648,"rank":5,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/2003/4045/wri20034025_Chapter1.pdf","text":"Report Chapter 1","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"WRIR 2003-4025 Chapter 1"},{"id":422749,"rank":14,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_62004.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":366647,"rank":4,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/2003/4045/wri20034025_ExecSummary.pdf","text":"Executive Summary","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"WRIR 2003-4025 Executive Summary"},{"id":366655,"rank":12,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/2003/4045/wri20034025_Chapter8.pdf","text":"Report Chapter 8","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"WRIR 2003-4025 Chapter 8"},{"id":366654,"rank":11,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/2003/4045/wri20034025_Chapter7.pdf","text":"Report Chapter 7","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"WRIR 2003-4025 Chapter 7"},{"id":366656,"rank":13,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/2003/4045/wri20034025_Errata.pdf","text":"Errata","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"WRIR 2003-4025 Errata"},{"id":366652,"rank":9,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/2003/4045/wri20034025_Chapter5.pdf","text":"Report Chapter 5","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"WRIR 2003-4025 Chapter 5"},{"id":366650,"rank":7,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/2003/4045/wri20034025_Chapter3.pdf","text":"Report Chapter 3","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"WRIR 2003-4025 Chapter 3"},{"id":179190,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/2003/4045/coverthb.jpg"},{"id":366644,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/2003/4045/wri20034025.pdf","text":"Entire Report","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"WRIR 2003-4025"},{"id":366646,"rank":3,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/2003/4045/wri20034025_Foreword.pdf","text":"Report Foreword","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"WRIR 2003-4025 Foreword"}],"country":"United States","state":"Colorado","otherGeospatial":"Boulder Creek Watershed","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -106.029052734375,\n 39.806426117299374\n ],\n [\n -104.1888427734375,\n 39.806426117299374\n ],\n [\n -104.1888427734375,\n 40.29419163838167\n ],\n [\n -106.029052734375,\n 40.29419163838167\n ],\n [\n -106.029052734375,\n 39.806426117299374\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","contact":"Director, Earth System Processes Division, Water Resources Mission Area
U.S. Geological Survey
3215 Marine St., Suite E-127
Boulder, CO 80303
Saipan has an area of 48 mi2 and is the largest of the 14 islands in the Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (CNMI). The island is formed by volcanic rocks overlain by younger limestones. The island is situated in the western Pacific Ocean at latitude 15o12'N and longitude 145o45'E, about 3,740 mi west-southwest of Honolulu and midway between Japan and New Guinea (fig. 1). The climate on Saipan is classified as tropical marine with an average temperature of 80oF. The natural beauty of the island and surrounding waters are the basis for a growing tourist-based economy. The resulting rapid development and increases in resident and tourist populations have added stresses to the island's limited water supplies.
Freshwater resources on Saipan are not readily observable because, aside from the abundant rainfall, most freshwater occurs as ground water. Fresh ground water is found in aquifers composed mainly of fragmental limestones. About 90 percent of the municipal water supply comes from 140 shallow wells that withdraw about 11 Mgal/d. The chloride concentration of water withdrawn from production wells ranges from less than 100 mg/L for wells in the Akgak and Capital Hill well fields, to over 2,000 mg/L from wells in the Puerto Rico, Maui IV, and Marpi Quarry well fields.
The chloride concentrations and rates of ground-water production are not currently adequate for providing island residents with a potable 24-hour water supply and future demands are expected to be higher. To better understand the ground-water resources of the island, and water resources on tropical islands in general, the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) entered into a cooperative program with the Commonwealth Utilities Corporation (CUC). The objective of the program, initiated in 1989, is to assess the ground-water resources of Saipan and to make hydrologic information available to the CUC in support of their ongoing efforts to improve the quality and quantity of the municipal water supply.
This report presents some of the results of the program including descriptions of (1) the geography and geology, (2) the occurrence of fresh ground water in permeable limestones that extend to some distance below sea level where water-level elevation is affected by ocean tides (coastal aquifers) and in limestones that overlie volcanic basement rocks above sea level (high-level aquifers), (3) the water-table configuration and directions of ground-water flow, and (4) the rainfall, ground-water withdrawal, and chloride concentrations in well water. Also described is the relation of the changes in water-table elevations to changes in sea level, rainfall, and ground-water withdrawal.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri20034178","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Commonwealth Utilities Corporation, Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands","usgsCitation":"Carruth, R., 2003, Ground-water resources of Saipan, Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 2003-4178, 3 Plates: 34 x 44 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/wri20034178.","productDescription":"3 Plates: 34 x 44 inches","costCenters":[{"id":525,"text":"Pacific Islands Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":5149,"rank":2,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/wri034178/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":178872,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands","otherGeospatial":"Saipan","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n 145.8401269414237,\n 15.296588874330752\n ],\n [\n 145.66986380439243,\n 15.296588874330752\n ],\n [\n 145.66986380439243,\n 15.078841195911565\n ],\n [\n 145.8401269414237,\n 15.078841195911565\n ],\n [\n 145.8401269414237,\n 15.296588874330752\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ab0e4b07f02db66d4b4","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Carruth, Rob 0000-0001-7008-2927 rlcarr@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7008-2927","contributorId":1162,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Carruth","given":"Rob","email":"rlcarr@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":128,"text":"Arizona Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":248296,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":54277,"text":"wdrUT021 - 2003 - Water resources data, Utah, water year 2002","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-02-03T15:09:02","indexId":"wdrUT021","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":340,"text":"Water Data Report","code":"WDR","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"UT-02-1","title":"Water resources data, Utah, water year 2002","docAbstract":"Water-resources data for the 2002 water year for Utah consist of records of stage, discharge, and water quality of\r\nstreams; stage and contents of lakes and reservoirs; and water levels and water quality of ground water. This report\r\ncontains discharge records for 163 gaging stations; stage and contents for 10 lakes and reservoirs; water quality for\r\n24 hydrologic stations, and 64 wells; water levels for 66 observation wells; and precipitation for 2 stations. Additional\r\nwater data were collected at various sites not involved in the systematic data-collection program and are published\r\nas miscellaneous measurements. These data represent that part of the National Water Data System collected\r\nby the U.S. Geological Survey and cooperating State and Federal agencies in Utah.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Salt Lake City, UT","doi":"10.3133/wdrUT021","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the State of Utah and other cooperators and agencies","usgsCitation":"Wilberg, D., Tibbetts, J., and Enright, M., 2003, Water resources data, Utah, water year 2002: U.S. Geological Survey Water Data Report UT-02-1, xlii, 391 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wdrUT021.","productDescription":"xlii, 391 p.","numberOfPages":"437","costCenters":[{"id":610,"text":"Utah Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":182047,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":5391,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.water.usgs.gov/WDRUT02","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":334742,"rank":3,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wdr/WDRUT02/PDF/ADRUT02.pdf","size":"18 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Utah","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a09e4b07f02db5fa7c4","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wilberg, Dale E.","contributorId":60215,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wilberg","given":"Dale E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":249735,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Tibbetts, J.R.","contributorId":63470,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tibbetts","given":"J.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":249736,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Enright, Michael","contributorId":99979,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Enright","given":"Michael","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":249737,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":54272,"text":"wdrNJ022 - 2003 - Water Resources Data, New Jersey, Water Year 2002--Volume 2. Ground-Water Data","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:11:36","indexId":"wdrNJ022","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":340,"text":"Water Data Report","code":"WDR","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"NJ-02-2","title":"Water Resources Data, New Jersey, Water Year 2002--Volume 2. Ground-Water Data","docAbstract":"Water-resources data for the 2002 water year for New Jersey are presented in three volumes, and consists of records of stage, discharge, and quality of streams; stage and contents of lakes and reservoirs; and levels and quality of ground water. Volume 3 contains a summary of surface- and ground-water hydrologic conditions for the 2002 water year, a listing of current water-resources projects in New Jersey, a bibliography of water-related reports, articles, and fact sheets for New Jersey completed by the Geological Survey in recent years, water-quality records of chemical analyses from 118 continuing-record surface-water stations, 15 miscellaneous ground-water sites, and records of daily statistics of temperature and other physical measurements from 6 continuous-recording stations. Locations of water-quality stations are shown in figures 12-14. Locations of miscellaneous water-quality sites are shown in figures 40-41. These data represent that part of the National Water Data System operated by the U.S. Geological Survey and cooperating federal, state, and local agencies in New Jersey.","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/wdrNJ022","usgsCitation":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey, 2003, Water Resources Data, New Jersey, Water Year 2002--Volume 2. Ground-Water Data: U.S. Geological Survey Water Data Report NJ-02-2, 238 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wdrNJ022.","productDescription":"238 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":5384,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.water.usgs.gov/wdrnj022/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":178106,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a0ae4b07f02db5fb26a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","contributorId":128075,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","id":532224,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":53954,"text":"ofr0326 - 2003 - Tree islands of the Florida Everglades - A disappearing resource","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-04-18T15:31:13.141547","indexId":"ofr0326","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2003-26","title":"Tree islands of the Florida Everglades - A disappearing resource","docAbstract":"Until recently, the timing and cause of tree island formation have been poorly understood, with estimates of initial tree-island development as early as thousands of years ago to as recently as the last few decades. To increase our knowledge about the origins of these features, sediment cores were collected on and around tree islands. These cores were dated using radioisotopic techniques, including carbon-14 dating, which provides reliable dates from ~40,000 to ~300 years ago, and lead-210 dating, which provides age models for the last century. These age models were paired with vegetational reconstruction based on pollen analysis from cores to identify the timing of tree-island formation and assess past tree-island response to hydrologic changes in the 20th century.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr0326","usgsCitation":"Tree Islands of the Florida Everglades - A Disappearing Resource; 2003; OFR; 2003-26; Geological Survey (U.S.)","productDescription":"2 p.","costCenters":[{"id":27821,"text":"Caribbean-Florida Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":173857,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2003/0026/coverthb.jpg"},{"id":4867,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2003/0026/ofr03-26.pdf","text":"Report","size":"14.4 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"OFR 2003-0026"}],"country":"United States","state":"Florida","otherGeospatial":"Everglades","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -80.21989956095884,\n 26.52881121594524\n ],\n [\n -81.18597868368488,\n 26.52881121594524\n ],\n [\n -81.18597868368488,\n 25.150575418214927\n ],\n [\n -80.21989956095884,\n 25.150575418214927\n ],\n [\n -80.21989956095884,\n 26.52881121594524\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","contact":"Caribbean-Florida Water Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
3321 College Avenue
Davie, FL 33314
A computer model of hydrologic and water-quality processes of the Irondequoit Creek basin in Monroe and Ontario Counties, N.Y., was developed during 2000-02 to enable water-resources managers to simulate the effects of future development and stormwater-detention basins on peak flows and water quality of Irondequoit Creek and its tributaries. The model was developed with the program Hydrological Simulation Program-Fortran (HSPF) such that proposed or hypothetical land-use changes and instream stormwater-detention basins could be simulated, and their effects on peak flows and loads of total suspended solids, total phosphorus, ammonia-plus-organic nitrogen, and nitrate-plus-nitrite nitrogen could be analyzed, through an interactive computer program known as Generation and Analysis of Model Simulation Scenarios for Watersheds (GenScn). This report is a user's manual written to guide the Irondequoit Creek Watershed Collaborative in (1) the creation of land-use and flow-detention scenarios for simulation by the HSPF model, and (2) the use of GenScn to analyze the results of these simulations. These analyses can, in turn, aid the group in making basin-wide water-resources-management decisions.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr03136","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with Irondequoit Creek Watershed Collaborative","usgsCitation":"Coon, W.F., 2003, Simulating land-use changes and stormwater-detention basins and evaluating their effect on peak streamflows and stream-water quality in Irondequoit Creek basin, New York—A user's manual for HSPF and GenScn: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2003-136, iv, 23 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr03136.","productDescription":"iv, 23 p.","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":474,"text":"New York Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":4451,"rank":100,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2003/0136/ofr20030136.pdf","text":"Report","size":"356 KB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"OFR 2003-0136"},{"id":179084,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2003/0136/coverthb.jpg"}],"contact":"Director, New York Water Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
425 Jordan Rd
Troy, NY 12180
(518) 285-5695
http://ny.water.usgs.gov/
The presence and approximate rates of deep percolation beneath areas of native vegetation, irrigated fields, and the Amargosa-River channel in the Amargosa Desert of southern Nevada were evaluated using the chloride mass-balance method and inferred downward velocities of chloride and nitrate peaks. Estimates of deep-percolation rates in the Amargosa Desert are needed for the analysis of regional ground-water flow and transport. An understanding of regional flow patterns is important because ground water originating on the Nevada Test Site may pass through the area before discharging from springs at lower elevations in the Amargosa Desert and in Death Valley. Nine boreholes 10 to 16 meters deep were cored nearly continuously using a hollow-stem auger designed for gravelly sediments. Two boreholes were drilled in each of three irrigated fields in the Amargosa-Farms area, two in the Amargosa-River channel, and one in an undisturbed area of native vegetation. Data from previously cored boreholes beneath undisturbed, native vegetation were compared with the new data to further assess deep percolation under current climatic conditions and provide information on spatial variability.
The profiles beneath native vegetation were characterized by large amounts of accumulated chloride just below the root zone with almost no further accumulation at greater depths. This pattern is typical of profiles beneath interfluvial areas in arid alluvial basins of the southwestern United States, where salts have been accumulating since the end of the Pleistocene. The profiles beneath irrigated fields and the Amargosa-River channel contained more than twice the volume of water compared to profiles beneath native vegetation, consistent with active deep percolation beneath these sites. Chloride profiles beneath two older fields (cultivated since the 1960’s) as well as the upstream Amargosa-River site were indicative of long-term, quasi-steady deep percolation. Chloride profiles beneath the newest field (cultivated since 1993), the downstream Amargosa-River site, and the edge of an older field were indicative of recently active deep percolation moving previously accumulated salts from the upper profile to greater depths.
Results clearly indicate that deep percolation and ground-water recharge occur not only beneath areas of irrigation but also beneath ephemeral stream channels, despite the arid climate and infrequency of runoff. Rates of deep percolation beneath irrigated fields ranged from 0.1 to 0.5 m/yr. Estimated rates of deep percolation beneath the Amargosa-River channel ranged from 0.02 to 0.15 m/yr. Only a few decades are needed for excess irrigation water to move through the unsaturated zone and recharge ground water. Assuming vertical, one-dimensional flow, the estimated time for irrigation-return flow to reach the water table beneath the irrigated fields ranged from about 10 to 70 years. In contrast, infiltration from present-day runoff takes centuries to move through the unsaturated zone and reach the water table. The estimated time for water to reach the water table beneath the channel ranged from 140 to 1000 years. These values represent minimum times, as they do not take lateral flow into account. The estimated fraction of irrigation water becoming deep percolation averaged 8 to 16 percent. Similar fractions of infiltration from ephemeral flow events were estimated to become deep percolation beneath the normally dry Amargosa-River channel. In areas where flood-induced channel migration occurs at sub-centennial frequencies, residence times in the unsaturated zone beneath the Amargosa channel could be longer. Estimates of deep percolation presented herein provide a basis for evaluating the importance of recharge from irrigation and channel infiltration in models of ground-water flow from the Nevada Test Site.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Denver, CO","doi":"10.3133/ofr03104","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Nevada Operations Office, U.S. Department of Energy, under Interagency Agreement DE - AI08 - 96NV11967 ","usgsCitation":"Stonestrom, D.A., Prudic, D.E., Laczniak, R.J., Akstin, K.C., Boyd, R., and Henkelman, K.K., 2003, Estimates of deep percolation beneath native vegetation, irrigated fields, and the Amargosa-River Channel, Amargosa Desert, Nye County, Nevada: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2003-104, 88 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr03104.","productDescription":"88 p.","costCenters":[{"id":465,"text":"Nevada Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":179304,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":4464,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.water.usgs.gov/ofr03-104/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Nevada","county":"Nye County","otherGeospatial":"Amargosa Desert","geographicExtents":"{\"type\":\"FeatureCollection\",\"features\":[{\"type\":\"Feature\",\"geometry\":{\"type\":\"Polygon\",\"coordinates\":[[[-115.9082,39.1615],[-115.5191,38.9578],[-115.4725,38.9325],[-115.4433,38.9162],[-115.3694,38.8769],[-115.363,38.874],[-115.242,38.8093],[-115.0969,38.7309],[-115.0777,38.721],[-115.0604,38.7107],[-115.0291,38.6937],[-114.999,38.6777],[-114.9996,38.592],[-114.9997,38.4315],[-114.9994,38.3894],[-115.0004,38.0507],[-115.1185,38.0508],[-115.1436,38.0508],[-115.326,38.0515],[-115.3453,38.0514],[-115.4003,38.051],[-115.4587,38.0506],[-115.6394,38.0512],[-115.6581,38.051],[-115.8404,38.0504],[-115.8931,38.0507],[-115.8938,37.723],[-115.8969,37.5498],[-115.8975,37.2796],[-115.8982,37.1926],[-115.8942,36.8425],[-115.8941,36.686],[-115.8945,36.6702],[-115.8949,36.598],[-115.8949,36.5962],[-115.8946,36.5858],[-115.8947,36.5005],[-115.8945,36.4806],[-115.8949,36.462],[-115.8944,36.457],[-115.8948,36.3087],[-115.8945,36.2923],[-115.8943,36.1957],[-115.8945,36.1608],[-115.8948,36.1163],[-115.8948,36.0927],[-115.895,36.0015],[-115.9178,36.0192],[-115.9518,36.0457],[-115.9925,36.0773],[-116.049,36.1211],[-116.0624,36.1314],[-116.1039,36.1636],[-116.1287,36.1829],[-116.1702,36.2152],[-116.173,36.2174],[-116.2311,36.2626],[-116.2834,36.3028],[-116.2954,36.3122],[-116.3752,36.373],[-116.5107,36.4764],[-116.5247,36.4871],[-116.5589,36.5131],[-116.574,36.5245],[-116.5946,36.54],[-116.6556,36.5867],[-116.6583,36.5888],[-116.6764,36.6024],[-116.706,36.6248],[-116.7895,36.6877],[-116.8424,36.7276],[-116.8453,36.7298],[-116.8806,36.7568],[-116.8912,36.7648],[-116.9237,36.7891],[-116.9641,36.8193],[-116.9783,36.8299],[-116.981,36.8319],[-117.0046,36.8495],[-117.164,36.9688],[-117.1639,36.9698],[-117.1637,37.0182],[-117.164,37.0894],[-117.1642,37.171],[-117.1641,37.1909],[-117.1641,37.1936],[-117.1665,37.6995],[-117.1664,37.714],[-117.1663,37.7285],[-117.1663,37.7435],[-117.1662,37.7585],[-117.1657,38.0019],[-117.2198,38.0482],[-117.2397,38.0483],[-117.239,38.0641],[-117.2408,38.0705],[-117.2653,38.0932],[-117.6896,38.4731],[-118.0197,38.7599],[-118.197,38.9154],[-118.1972,38.9993],[-117.8559,39.0746],[-117.7748,39.092],[-117.7008,39.1058],[-117.6409,39.1149],[-117.5946,39.1231],[-117.4742,39.1431],[-117.3823,39.1562],[-117.3609,39.1585],[-117.3318,39.1629],[-117.3063,39.1634],[-117.2849,39.1633],[-117.1995,39.1632],[-117.0856,39.1628],[-117.0322,39.1626],[-117.0144,39.1626],[-116.9871,39.1625],[-116.9158,39.1631],[-116.7562,39.1622],[-116.7301,39.1625],[-116.5996,39.1616],[-116.5859,39.162],[-116.4815,39.1616],[-116.3497,39.1618],[-116.2358,39.1616],[-116.0548,39.1624],[-115.9082,39.1615]]]},\"properties\":{\"name\":\"Nye\",\"state\":\"NV\"}}]}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a0ce4b07f02db5fcb37","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Stonestrom, David A. 0000-0001-7883-3385 dastones@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7883-3385","contributorId":2280,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stonestrom","given":"David","email":"dastones@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":243632,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Prudic, David E. deprudic@usgs.gov","contributorId":3430,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Prudic","given":"David","email":"deprudic@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":465,"text":"Nevada Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":243633,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Laczniak, Randell J.","contributorId":90687,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Laczniak","given":"Randell","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":243637,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Akstin, Katherine C.","contributorId":88023,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Akstin","given":"Katherine","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":243636,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Boyd, Robert A.","contributorId":16491,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Boyd","given":"Robert A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":243634,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Henkelman, Katherine K.","contributorId":26751,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Henkelman","given":"Katherine","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":243635,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":53974,"text":"wri034129 - 2003 - Organic and trace element contaminants in water, biota, sediments, and semi-permeable membrane devices at the Tres Rios Demonstration Wetlands, Phoenix, Arizona","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-02-10T19:03:13","indexId":"wri034129","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2003-4129","title":"Organic and trace element contaminants in water, biota, sediments, and semi-permeable membrane devices at the Tres Rios Demonstration Wetlands, Phoenix, Arizona","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri034129","usgsCitation":"Barber, L.B., Keefe, S.H., Brown, G.K., Taylor, H.E., Antweiler, R.C., Peart, D.B., Plowman, T.I., Roth, D.A., and Wass, R.D., 2003, Organic and trace element contaminants in water, biota, sediments, and semi-permeable membrane devices at the Tres Rios Demonstration Wetlands, Phoenix, Arizona: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 2003-4129, 88 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri034129.","productDescription":"88 p.","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":4916,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/2003/4129/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":87812,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/2003/4129/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":122037,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/2003/4129/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Arizona","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -112.25083333333333,33.38388888888889 ], [ -112.25083333333333,33.38388888888889 ], [ -112.25083333333333,33.38388888888889 ], [ -112.25083333333333,33.38388888888889 ], [ -112.25083333333333,33.38388888888889 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4aeee4b07f02db69113a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Barber, Larry B. 0000-0002-0561-0831 lbbarber@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0561-0831","contributorId":921,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Barber","given":"Larry","email":"lbbarber@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[{"id":5044,"text":"National Research Program - Central Branch","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":248818,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Keefe, Steffanie H. 0000-0002-3805-6101 shkeefe@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3805-6101","contributorId":2843,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Keefe","given":"Steffanie","email":"shkeefe@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[{"id":5044,"text":"National Research Program - Central Branch","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":37277,"text":"WMA - Earth System Processes Division","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":248822,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Brown, Greg K.","contributorId":8554,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brown","given":"Greg","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":248824,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Taylor, Howard E. hetaylor@usgs.gov","contributorId":1551,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Taylor","given":"Howard","email":"hetaylor@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":5044,"text":"National Research Program - Central Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":248820,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Antweiler, Ronald C. 0000-0001-5652-6034 antweil@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5652-6034","contributorId":1481,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Antweiler","given":"Ronald","email":"antweil@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":5044,"text":"National Research Program - Central Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":248819,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Peart, Dale B.","contributorId":86384,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Peart","given":"Dale","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":248826,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Plowman, Terry I. tplowman@usgs.gov","contributorId":3727,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Plowman","given":"Terry","email":"tplowman@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"I.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":248823,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Roth, David A. 0000-0002-7515-3533 daroth@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7515-3533","contributorId":2340,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Roth","given":"David","email":"daroth@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":191,"text":"Colorado Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":5044,"text":"National Research Program - Central Branch","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":37464,"text":"WMA - Laboratory & Analytical Services Division","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":248821,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Wass, Roland D.","contributorId":72858,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wass","given":"Roland","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":248825,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9}]}} ,{"id":53129,"text":"wri034277 - 2003 - Evaluation of tracer tests completed in 1999 and 2000 on the upper Santa Clara River, Los Angeles and Ventura Counties, California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-02-11T07:22:04","indexId":"wri034277","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2003-4277","title":"Evaluation of tracer tests completed in 1999 and 2000 on the upper Santa Clara River, Los Angeles and Ventura Counties, California","docAbstract":"The interaction of surface water and hyporheic water along the Santa Clara River in Los Angeles and Ventura Counties, California, was evaluated by conducting tracer tests and analyzing water-quality data under different flow conditions in October 1999 and May 2000. Tracer and water-quality samples were collected at multiple river and hyporheic sites as well as at the Los Angeles County Sanitation Districts Saugus and Valencia Water Reclamation Plants. These water reclamation plants provide the main source of base flow in the river. Rhodamine WT dye was injected into the river to determine river traveltimes and to indicate when Lagrangian water-quality sampling could be performed at each site. Sodium bromide was injected into the river at a constant rate at the water reclamation plants to evaluate the surface-water and shallow ground-water interactions in the hyporheic zone.\r\n\r\n In the upper reach of the study area, which extends 2.9 river miles downstream from the Saugus Water Reclamation Plant, traveltime was 3.2 hours during May 2000. In the lower reach, which extends 14.1 river miles downstream from the Valencia Water Reclamation Plant, traveltime was 9.6 hours during October 1999 and 7.1 hours during May 2000. The sodium bromide tracer was detected at both hyporheic locations sampled during October 1999, and at two of the three hyporheic locations sampled during May 2000. On the basis of Rhodamine dye tests, flow curves were constructed from the discharge measurements in the Valencia reach. Flow-curve results indicate net gains in flow throughout most, but not all, of the upper parts of the reach and net losses in flow at the lower part of the reach.\r\n\r\nLagrangian water-quality sampling provides information on the changes in chemistry as the water flows downstream from the water reclamation plants. Along both reaches there is an increase in sulfate (40-60 mg/L in the Saugus reach and 160 mg/L in the Valencia reach) and a decrease in chloride (about 45 mg/L in the Saugus reach and about 10 mg/L in the Valencia reach). The increasing sulfate concentrations are consistent with discharge of higher sulfate ground water into the river. Along both reaches there is a trend of decreasing ammonia and slightly increasing nitrate concentrations. This trend is consistent with nitrification. \r\n\r\nSamples were also analyzed for numerous compounds associated with wastewater, but analysis focused on four indicators. Concentrations of wastewater indicators in the Santa Clara River were low and decreased downstream from the reclamation plants.\r\n\r\nThere is general consistency between the chemical and tracer data collected from the hyporheic and the river-aquifer flow regime within a reach. The water quality at the hyporheic site in a gaining reach of the river resembled that of the local ground water and no wastewater indicators or injected tracers were observed; whereas, the water quality at the hyporheic sites in a losing reach of the river resembled the water quality of the river at the corresponding river site, and injected tracers were observed.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri034277","usgsCitation":"Cox, M.H., Mendez, G.O., Kratzer, C.R., and Reichard, E.G., 2003, Evaluation of tracer tests completed in 1999 and 2000 on the upper Santa Clara River, Los Angeles and Ventura Counties, California: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 2003-4277, 99 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri034277.","productDescription":"99 p.","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":177859,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":4708,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.water.usgs.gov/wri034277/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"California","county":"Los Angeles County, Ventura County","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -119.30603027343749,\n 33.6283419913718\n ],\n [\n -117.3175048828125,\n 33.6283419913718\n ],\n [\n -117.3175048828125,\n 34.46127728843705\n ],\n [\n -119.30603027343749,\n 34.46127728843705\n ],\n [\n -119.30603027343749,\n 33.6283419913718\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a29e4b07f02db611a2d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Cox, Marisa H.","contributorId":52146,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cox","given":"Marisa","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":246718,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Mendez, Gregory O. 0000-0002-9955-3726 gomendez@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9955-3726","contributorId":1489,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mendez","given":"Gregory","email":"gomendez@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"O.","affiliations":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":246716,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Kratzer, Charles R.","contributorId":30619,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kratzer","given":"Charles","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":246717,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Reichard, Eric G. 0000-0002-7310-3866 egreich@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7310-3866","contributorId":1207,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Reichard","given":"Eric","email":"egreich@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":246715,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":53976,"text":"wri034117 - 2003 - Metal interferences and their removal prior to the determination of As(T) and As(III) in acid mine waters by hydride generation atomic absorption spectrometry","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-02-16T11:10:19","indexId":"wri034117","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2003-4117","title":"Metal interferences and their removal prior to the determination of As(T) and As(III) in acid mine waters by hydride generation atomic absorption spectrometry","docAbstract":"Hydride generation atomic absorption\r\nspectrometry (HGAAS) is a sensitive and\r\nselective method for the determination of total\r\narsenic (arsenic(III) plus arsenic(V)) and\r\narsenic(III); however, it is subject to metal\r\ninterferences for acid mine waters. Sodium\r\nborohydride is used to produce arsine gas, but\r\nhigh metal concentrations can suppress arsine\r\nproduction.\r\n\r\nThis report investigates interferences of\r\nsixteen metal species including aluminum,\r\nantimony(III), antimony(V), cadmium,\r\nchromium(III), chromium(IV), cobalt,\r\ncopper(II), iron(III), iron(II), lead,\r\nmanganese, nickel, selenium(IV),\r\nselenium(VI), and zinc ranging in\r\nconcentration from 0 to 1,000 milligrams per\r\nliter and offers a method for removing\r\ninterfering metal cations with cation exchange\r\nresin. The degree of interference for each\r\nmetal without cation-exchange on the\r\ndetermination of total arsenic and arsenic(III)\r\nwas evaluated by spiking synthetic samples\r\ncontaining arsenic(III) and arsenic(V) with\r\nthe potential interfering metal. Total arsenic\r\nrecoveries ranged from 92 to 102 percent for\r\nall metals tested except antimony(III) and\r\nantimony(V) which suppressed arsine\r\nformation when the antimony(III)/total\r\narsenic molar ratio exceeded 4 or the\r\nantimony(V)/total arsenic molar ratio\r\nexceeded 2. Arsenic(III) recoveries for\r\nsamples spiked with aluminum,\r\nchromium(III), cobalt, iron(II), lead,\r\nmanganese, nickel, selenium(VI), and zinc ranged from 84 to 107 percent over the entire\r\nconcentration range tested. Low arsenic(III)\r\nrecoveries occurred when the molar ratios of\r\nmetals to arsenic(III) were copper greater than\r\n120, iron(III) greater than 70, chromium(VI)\r\ngreater than 2, cadmium greater than 800,\r\nantimony(III) greater than 3, antimony(V)\r\ngreater than 12, or selenium(IV) greater than\r\n1. Low recoveries result when interfering\r\nmetals compete for available sodium\r\nborohydride, causing incomplete arsine\r\nproduction, or when the interfering metal\r\noxidizes arsenic(III).\r\nSeparation of interfering metal cations\r\nusing cation-exchange prior to hydridegeneration\r\npermits accurate arsenic(III)\r\ndeterminations in acid mine waters containing\r\nhigh concentrations of interfering metals.\r\nStabilization of the arsenic redox species for\r\nas many as 15 months is demonstrated for\r\nsamples that have been properly filtered and\r\nacidified with HCl in the field. The detection\r\nlimits for the method described in this report\r\nare 0.1 micrograms per liter for total arsenic\r\nand 0.8 micrograms per liter for arsenic(III).","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri034117","usgsCitation":"McCleskey, R.B., Nordstrom, D.K., and Ball, J.W., 2003, Metal interferences and their removal prior to the determination of As(T) and As(III) in acid mine waters by hydride generation atomic absorption spectrometry: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 2003-4117, 20 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri034117.","productDescription":"20 p.","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":177323,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":4917,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.water.usgs.gov/wri03-4117/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a4be4b07f02db625ada","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"McCleskey, R. Blaine 0000-0002-2521-8052 rbmccles@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2521-8052","contributorId":147399,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McCleskey","given":"R.","email":"rbmccles@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"Blaine","affiliations":[{"id":503,"text":"Office of Water Quality","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":5044,"text":"National Research Program - Central Branch","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":248830,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Nordstrom, D. Kirk 0000-0003-3283-5136 dkn@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3283-5136","contributorId":749,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nordstrom","given":"D.","email":"dkn@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"Kirk","affiliations":[{"id":37277,"text":"WMA - Earth System Processes Division","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":5044,"text":"National Research Program - Central Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":248832,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Ball, James W.","contributorId":38946,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ball","given":"James","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":248831,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":53137,"text":"wri034113 - 2003 - Relations between precipitation and daily and monthly mean flows in gaged, unmined and valley-filled watersheds, Ballard Fork, West Virginia, 1999-2001","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:11:44","indexId":"wri034113","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2003-4113","title":"Relations between precipitation and daily and monthly mean flows in gaged, unmined and valley-filled watersheds, Ballard Fork, West Virginia, 1999-2001","docAbstract":"Large-scale surface mining using valley fills has changed hydrologic storage and processes in the Ballard Fork Watershed in West Virginia. Total unit flow for the 2-year study period (November 15, 1999?November 14, 2001) on the Unnamed Tributary (extensively mined) (11,700 cubic feet per second per square mile) was almost twice that on Spring Branch (unmined) (6,260 cubic feet per second per square mile), and about 1.75 times that on Ballard Fork (downstream, partly mined) (6,690 cubic feet per second per square mile). Unit flow from the Unnamed Tributary exceeded that from the other two streams for all flows analyzed (5?95 percent duration). Unit flow from Ballard Fork exceeded unit flow from Spring Branch about 80 percent of the time, but was about the same for high flows (less than 20 percent duration). The proportional differences among sites were greatest at low flows. Spring Branch was dry for several days in October and November 2000 and for most of October 2001, and the Unnamed Tributary had flow throughout the study period.\r\n\r\nThe increase in flows from mined parts of the Ballard Fork Watershed appears to result from decreases in evapotranspiration caused by removal of trees and soil during mining. During both years, evapotranspiration from the Spring Branch Watershed greatly exceeded that from the Unnamed Tributary Watershed during May through October, when leaves were open. Evapotranspiration from the Unnamed Tributary Watershed slightly exceeded that from the Spring Branch Watershed in February and March during both years. Evapotranspiration, as a percentage of total rainfall, decreased from the first to the second, drier, year from the Unnamed Tributary Watershed (from 61 percent to 49 percent) but changed little from the Spring Branch (from 77 to 76 percent) and Ballard Fork (73 to 76 percent) Watersheds. \r\n\r\nPrecipitation and flow during the study period at three nearby long-term sites, the U.S. Geological Survey stream-gaging station East Fork Twelvepole Creek near Dunlow, West Virginia, and two National Oceanic Atmospheric Administration rain gages at Madison and Dunlow, West Virginia, were less than long-term annual averages. Relations observed among the three streams in the Ballard Fork Watershed during this study may not represent those in years when annual precipitation and flow are closer to long-term averages.","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/wri034113","usgsCitation":"Messinger, T., and Paybins, K.S., 2003, Relations between precipitation and daily and monthly mean flows in gaged, unmined and valley-filled watersheds, Ballard Fork, West Virginia, 1999-2001: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 2003-4113, iv, 51 p. : ill., maps ; 28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri034113.","productDescription":"iv, 51 p. : ill., maps ; 28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":4716,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.water.usgs.gov/wri034113/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":177147,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a2ee4b07f02db6153df","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Messinger, Terence 0000-0003-4084-9298 tmessing@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4084-9298","contributorId":2717,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Messinger","given":"Terence","email":"tmessing@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":642,"text":"West Virginia Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":246732,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Paybins, Katherine S. 0000-0002-3967-5043 kpaybins@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3967-5043","contributorId":2805,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Paybins","given":"Katherine","email":"kpaybins@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":642,"text":"West Virginia Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":246733,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":51515,"text":"ofr03339 - 2003 - Near field receiving water monitoring of trace metals in clams (Macoma balthica) and sediments near the Palo Alto water quality control plant in south San Francisco Bay, California: 2002","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-02-10T18:42:09","indexId":"ofr03339","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2003-339","title":"Near field receiving water monitoring of trace metals in clams (Macoma balthica) and sediments near the Palo Alto water quality control plant in south San Francisco Bay, California: 2002","docAbstract":"This report presents trace element concentrations analyzed on samples of fine-grained sediments and clams (Macoma balthica) collected from a mudflat one kilometer south of the discharge of the Palo Alto Regional Water Quality Control Plant in South San Francisco Bay. This report serves as a continuation of the Near Field Receiving Water Monitoring Study, which was started in 1994. The data for 2002, herein, are interpreted within that context. Metal concentrations in both sediments and clam tissue samples have been within the range of values produced by seasonal variability. However, copper and zinc, display continued decreases. Copper in sediment was observed to drop below the ERL (Effects Range-Low) concentration for the third consecutive year and zinc concentrations never exceeded the ERL. Yearly average concentrations of copper, zinc and silver in Macoma balthica for 2002 are some of the lowest recorded since monitoring began in 1975. Mercury and selenium concentrations in sediments and clams at Palo Alto were similar concentrations observed elsewhere in the San Francisco Bay.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr03339","usgsCitation":"Moon, E., David, C.P., Luoma, S.N., Cain, D.J., Hornberger, M.I., and Lavigne, I.R., 2003, Near field receiving water monitoring of trace metals in clams (Macoma balthica) and sediments near the Palo Alto water quality control plant in south San Francisco Bay, California: 2002: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2003-339, HTML, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr03339.","productDescription":"HTML","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":178559,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":4520,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.water.usgs.gov/ofr03-339/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"California","city":"Palo Alto","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -122.22908020019531,\n 37.39607337878013\n ],\n [\n -122.07939147949217,\n 37.39607337878013\n ],\n [\n -122.07939147949217,\n 37.51299386065851\n ],\n [\n -122.22908020019531,\n 37.51299386065851\n ],\n [\n -122.22908020019531,\n 37.39607337878013\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b00e4b07f02db697f90","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Moon, Edward","contributorId":60309,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Moon","given":"Edward","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":243789,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"David, Carlos Primo C.","contributorId":27907,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"David","given":"Carlos","email":"","middleInitial":"Primo C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":243788,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Luoma, Samuel N. 0000-0001-5443-5091 snluoma@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5443-5091","contributorId":2287,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Luoma","given":"Samuel","email":"snluoma@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"N.","affiliations":[{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":243786,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Cain, Daniel J. 0000-0002-3443-0493 djcain@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3443-0493","contributorId":1784,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cain","given":"Daniel","email":"djcain@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":37277,"text":"WMA - Earth System Processes Division","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":243785,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Hornberger, Michelle I. 0000-0002-7787-3446 mhornber@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7787-3446","contributorId":1037,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hornberger","given":"Michelle","email":"mhornber@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"I.","affiliations":[{"id":37277,"text":"WMA - Earth System Processes Division","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":243784,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Lavigne, Irene R.","contributorId":17683,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lavigne","given":"Irene","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":243787,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":53445,"text":"ofr0240 - 2003 - ERF1_2 -- Enhanced River Reach File 2.0","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-06-04T13:54:08","indexId":"ofr0240","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2002-40","title":"ERF1_2 -- Enhanced River Reach File 2.0","docAbstract":"The digital segmented network based on watershed boundaries, ERF1_2, includes enhancements to the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's River Reach File 1 (RF1) (USEPA, 1996; DeWald and others, 1985) to support national and regional-scale surface water-quality modeling. Alexander and others (1999) developed ERF1, which assessed the hydrologic integrity of the digital reach traces and calculated the mean water time-of-travel in river reaches and reservoirs. ERF1_2 serves as the foundation for SPARROW (Spatially Referenced Regressions (of nutrient transport) on Watershed) modeling. Within the context of a Geographic Information System, SPARROW estimates the proportion of watersheds in the conterminous U.S. with outflow concentrations of several nutrients, including total nitrogen and total phosphorus, (Smith, R.A., Schwarz, G.E., and Alexander, R.B., 1997). This version of the network expands on ERF1 (Version 1.2; Alexander, et al., 1999) and includes the incremental and total drainage area derived from 1-kilometer (km) elevation data for North America. Previous estimates of the water time-of-travel were recomputed for reaches with water-quality monitoring sites that included two reaches. The mean flow and velocity estimates for these split reaches are based on previous estimation methods (Alexander et al., 1999) and are unchanged in ERF1_2. Drainage area calculations provide data used to estimate the contribution of a given nutrient to the outflow. Data estimates depend on the accuracy of node connectivity. Reaches split at water-quality or pesticide-monitoring sites indicate the source point for estimating the contribution and transport of nutrients and their loads throughout the watersheds. The ERF1_2 coverage extends the earlier drainage area founded on the 1-kilometer data for North America (Verdin, 1996; Verdin and Jenson, 1996). A 1-kilometer raster grid of ERF1_2 projected to Lambert Azimuthal Equal Area, NAD 27 Datum (Snyder, 1987), was merged with the HYDRO1K flow direction data set (Verdin and Jenson, 1996) to generate a DEM-based watershed grid, ERF1_2WS_LG. The watershed boundaries are maintained in a raster (grid cell) format as well as a vector (polygon) format for subsequent model analysis. Both the coverage, ERF1_2, and the grid, ERF1_2WS_LG, are available at: URL:http://water.usgs.gov/lookup/getspatial?erf1_2","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr0240","usgsCitation":"Nolan, J.V., Brakebill, J.W., Alexander, R.B., and Schwarz, G., 2003, ERF1_2 -- Enhanced River Reach File 2.0 (Version 2.0, November 10, 2003): U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2002-40, Dataset, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr0240.","productDescription":"Dataset","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":175238,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":5267,"rank":800,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://water.usgs.gov/GIS/metadata/usgswrd/XML/erf1_2.xml"}],"edition":"Version 2.0, November 10, 2003","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a54e4b07f02db62c32a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Nolan, Jacqueline V.","contributorId":97185,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nolan","given":"Jacqueline","email":"","middleInitial":"V.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":247614,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Brakebill, John W. 0000-0001-9235-6810 jwbrakeb@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9235-6810","contributorId":1061,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brakebill","given":"John","email":"jwbrakeb@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":374,"text":"Maryland Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":247613,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Alexander, Richard B. 0000-0001-9166-0626 ralex@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9166-0626","contributorId":541,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Alexander","given":"Richard","email":"ralex@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[{"id":503,"text":"Office of Water Quality","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":451,"text":"National Water Quality Assessment Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":247611,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Schwarz, Gregory E. 0000-0002-9239-4566 gschwarz@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9239-4566","contributorId":543,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schwarz","given":"Gregory E.","email":"gschwarz@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":5067,"text":"Northeast Regional Director's Office","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":451,"text":"National Water Quality Assessment Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":247612,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ]}