No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/fs05102","usgsCitation":"Krabbenhoft, D.P., and Schuster, P.F., 2002, Glacial ice cores reveal a record of natural and anthropogenic atmospheric mercury deposition for the last 270 years: U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet 051-02, 2 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/fs05102.","productDescription":"2 p.","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":60657,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2002/0051/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":123169,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2002/0051/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Wyoming","geographicExtents":"{\"type\":\"FeatureCollection\",\"features\":[{\"type\":\"Feature\",\"geometry\":{\"type\":\"Polygon\",\"coordinates\":[[[-110.048476,40.997555],[-110.121639,40.997101],[-110.125709,40.99655],[-110.237848,40.995427],[-110.250709,40.996089],[-110.375714,40.994947],[-110.500718,40.994746],[-110.539819,40.996346],[-110.715026,40.996347],[-110.750727,40.996847],[-111.046723,40.997959],[-111.046551,41.251716],[-111.0466,41.360692],[-111.046264,41.377731],[-111.045789,41.565571],[-111.045818,41.579845],[-111.046689,42.001567],[-111.047109,42.142497],[-111.047107,42.148971],[-111.047058,42.182672],[-111.047097,42.194773],[-111.047074,42.280787],[-111.04708,42.34942],[-111.046801,42.504946],[-111.046719,42.513118],[-111.046017,42.582723],[-111.043564,42.722624],[-111.044135,42.874924],[-111.043959,42.96445],[-111.043957,42.969482],[-111.043924,42.975063],[-111.044129,43.018702],[-111.044156,43.020052],[-111.044206,43.022614],[-111.044034,43.024581],[-111.044034,43.024844],[-111.044033,43.026411],[-111.044094,43.02927],[-111.043997,43.041415],[-111.044058,43.04464],[-111.044063,43.046302],[-111.044086,43.054819],[-111.044117,43.060309],[-111.04415,43.066172],[-111.044162,43.068222],[-111.044143,43.072364],[-111.044235,43.177121],[-111.044266,43.177236],[-111.044232,43.18444],[-111.044168,43.189244],[-111.044229,43.195579],[-111.044617,43.31572],[-111.045205,43.501136],[-111.045706,43.659112],[-111.04588,43.681033],[-111.046118,43.684902],[-111.046051,43.685812],[-111.04611,43.687848],[-111.046421,43.722059],[-111.046435,43.726545],[-111.04634,43.726957],[-111.046715,43.815832],[-111.046515,43.908376],[-111.046917,43.974978],[-111.047064,43.983467],[-111.047349,43.999921],[-111.049077,44.020072],[-111.048751,44.060403],[-111.048751,44.060838],[-111.048633,44.062903],[-111.048452,44.114831],[-111.049119,44.124923],[-111.049695,44.353626],[-111.049148,44.374925],[-111.049216,44.435811],[-111.049194,44.438058],[-111.048974,44.474072],[-111.055208,44.624927],[-111.055333,44.666263],[-111.055511,44.725343],[-111.056416,44.749928],[-111.056888,44.866658],[-111.055629,44.933578],[-111.056207,44.935901],[-111.055199,45.001321],[-111.044275,45.001345],[-110.785008,45.002952],[-110.761554,44.999934],[-110.750767,44.997948],[-110.705272,44.992324],[-110.552433,44.992237],[-110.547165,44.992459],[-110.48807,44.992361],[-110.402927,44.99381],[-110.362698,45.000593],[-110.342131,44.999053],[-110.324441,44.999156],[-110.28677,44.99685],[-110.199503,44.996188],[-110.110103,45.003905],[-110.026347,45.003665],[-110.025544,45.003602],[-109.99505,45.003174],[-109.875735,45.003275],[-109.798687,45.002188],[-109.75073,45.001605],[-109.663673,45.002536],[-109.574321,45.002631],[-109.386432,45.004887],[-109.375713,45.00461],[-109.269294,45.005283],[-109.263431,45.005345],[-109.103445,45.005904],[-109.08301,44.99961],[-109.062262,44.999623],[-108.621313,45.000408],[-108.578484,45.000484],[-108.565921,45.000578],[-108.500679,44.999691],[-108.271201,45.000251],[-108.249345,44.999458],[-108.238139,45.000206],[-108.218479,45.000541],[-108.14939,45.001062],[-108.000663,45.001223],[-107.997353,45.001565],[-107.911743,45.001292],[-107.750654,45.000778],[-107.608854,45.00086],[-107.607824,45.000929],[-107.49205,45.00148],[-107.351441,45.001407],[-107.13418,45.000109],[-107.125633,44.999388],[-107.105685,44.998734],[-107.084939,44.996599],[-107.074996,44.997004],[-107.050801,44.996424],[-106.892875,44.995947],[-106.888773,44.995885],[-106.263586,44.993788],[-106.024814,44.993688],[-105.928184,44.993647],[-105.914258,44.999986],[-105.913382,45.000941],[-105.848065,45.000396],[-105.076607,45.000347],[-105.038405,45.000345],[-105.025266,45.00029],[-105.019284,45.000329],[-105.01824,45.000437],[-104.765063,44.999183],[-104.759855,44.999066],[-104.72637,44.999518],[-104.665171,44.998618],[-104.663882,44.998869],[-104.470422,44.998453],[-104.470117,44.998453],[-104.250145,44.99822],[-104.057698,44.997431],[-104.055914,44.874986],[-104.056496,44.867034],[-104.055963,44.768236],[-104.055963,44.767962],[-104.055934,44.72372],[-104.05587,44.723422],[-104.055777,44.700466],[-104.055938,44.693881],[-104.05581,44.691343],[-104.055877,44.571016],[-104.055892,44.543341],[-104.055927,44.51773],[-104.055389,44.249983],[-104.054487,44.180381],[-104.054562,44.141081],[-104.05495,43.93809],[-104.055077,43.936535],[-104.055488,43.853477],[-104.055488,43.853476],[-104.055138,43.750421],[-104.055133,43.747105],[-104.054902,43.583852],[-104.054885,43.583512],[-104.05484,43.579368],[-104.055032,43.558603],[-104.054787,43.503328],[-104.054786,43.503072],[-104.054779,43.477815],[-104.054766,43.428914],[-104.054614,43.390949],[-104.054403,43.325914],[-104.054218,43.30437],[-104.053884,43.297047],[-104.053876,43.289801],[-104.053127,43.000585],[-104.052863,42.754569],[-104.052809,42.749966],[-104.052583,42.650062],[-104.052741,42.633982],[-104.052586,42.630917],[-104.052773,42.611766],[-104.052775,42.61159],[-104.052775,42.610813],[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\"}}]}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ac6e4b07f02db67a720","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Krabbenhoft, David P. 0000-0003-1964-5020 dpkrabbe@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1964-5020","contributorId":1658,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Krabbenhoft","given":"David","email":"dpkrabbe@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[{"id":677,"text":"Wisconsin Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":37464,"text":"WMA - Laboratory & Analytical Services Division","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":5044,"text":"National Research Program - Central Branch","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":37947,"text":"Upper Midwest Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":209068,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Schuster, Paul F. 0000-0002-8314-1372 pschuste@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8314-1372","contributorId":1360,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schuster","given":"Paul","email":"pschuste@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[{"id":5044,"text":"National Research Program - Central Branch","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":209067,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":69614,"text":"i2756 - 2002 - Northern Everglades, Florida, satellite image map","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-08-18T20:48:40.608266","indexId":"i2756","displayToPublicDate":"2004-09-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":320,"text":"IMAP","code":"I","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2756","title":"Northern Everglades, Florida, satellite image map","docAbstract":"These satellite image maps are one product of the USGS Land Characteristics from Remote Sensing project, funded through the USGS Place-Based Studies Program with support from the Everglades National Park. The objective of this project is to develop and apply innovative remote sensing and geographic information system techniques to map the distribution of vegetation, vegetation characteristics, and related hydrologic variables through space and over time. The mapping and description of vegetation characteristics and their variations are necessary to accurately simulate surface hydrology and other surface processes in South Florida and to monitor land surface changes. As part of this research, data from many airborne and satellite imaging systems have been georeferenced and processed to facilitate data fusion and analysis. These image maps were created using image fusion techniques developed as part of this project.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/i2756","usgsCitation":"Thomas, J., and Jones, J., 2002, Northern Everglades, Florida, satellite image map: U.S. Geological Survey IMAP 2756, 1 Plate: 52.43 x 39.95 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/i2756.","productDescription":"1 Plate: 52.43 x 39.95 inches","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":187528,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/imap/2756/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":6253,"rank":2,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/imap/2756/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"scale":"100000","country":"United States","state":"Florida","otherGeospatial":"Northern Everglades","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -80.13333333333334,25.916666666666668 ], [ -80.13333333333334,26.716666666666665 ], [ -80.01666666666667,26.716666666666665 ], [ -80.01666666666667,25.916666666666668 ], [ -80.13333333333334,25.916666666666668 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4afde4b07f02db696cb6","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Thomas, Jean-Claude","contributorId":58307,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thomas","given":"Jean-Claude","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":280732,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Jones, John 0000-0001-6117-3691 jwjones@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6117-3691","contributorId":2220,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jones","given":"John","email":"jwjones@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":242,"text":"Eastern Geographic Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":37786,"text":"WMA - Observing Systems Division","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":280731,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":44609,"text":"wri20024200 - 2002 - Simulation of Ground-Water Flow in the Middle Rio Grande Basin Between Cochiti and San Acacia, New Mexico","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-08T17:16:16","indexId":"wri20024200","displayToPublicDate":"2003-05-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2002-4200","title":"Simulation of Ground-Water Flow in the Middle Rio Grande Basin Between Cochiti and San Acacia, New Mexico","docAbstract":"This report describes a three-dimensional, finite difference, ground-water-flow model of the Santa Fe Group aquifer system within the Middle Rio Grande Basin between Cochiti and San Acacia, New Mexico. The aquifer system is composed of the Santa Fe Group of middle Tertiary to Quaternary age and post-Santa Fe Group valley and basin-fill deposits of Quaternary age.\r\n\r\nPopulation increases in the basin since the 1940's have caused dramatic increases in ground-water withdrawals from the aquifer system, resulting in large ground-water-level declines. Because the Rio Grande is hydraulically connected to the aquifer system, these ground-water withdrawals have also decreased flow in the Rio Grande. Concern about water resources in the basin led to the development of a research plan for the basin focused on the hydrologic interaction of ground water and surface water (McAda, D.P., 1996, Plan of study to quantify the hydrologic relation between the Rio Grande and the Santa Fe Group aquifer system near Albuquerque, central New Mexico: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 96-4006, 58 p.). A multiyear research effort followed, funded and conducted by the U.S. Geological Survey and other agencies (Bartolino, J.R., and Cole, J.C., 2002, Ground-water resources of the Middle Rio Grande Basin, New Mexico: U.S. Geological Survey Circular 1222, 132 p.). The modeling work described in this report incorporates the results of much of this work and is the culmination of this multiyear study. \r\n\r\nThe purpose of the model is (1) to integrate the components of the ground-water-flow system, including the hydrologic interaction between the surface-water systems in the basin, to better understand the geohydrology of the basin and (2) to provide a tool to help water managers plan for and administer the use of basin water resources. The aquifer system is represented by nine model layers extending from the water table to the pre-Santa Fe Group basement rocks, as much as 9,000 feet below the NGVD 29. The horizontal grid contains 156 rows and 80 columns, each spaced 3,281 feet (1 kilometer) apart. The model simulates predevelopment steady-state conditions and historical transient conditions from 1900 to March 2000 in 1 steady-state and 52 historical stress periods. Average annual conditions are simulated prior to 1990, and seasonal (winter and irrigation season) conditions are simulated from 1990 to March 2000. The model simulates mountain-front, tributary, and subsurface recharge; canal, irrigation, and septic-field seepage; and ground-water withdrawal as specified-flow boundaries. The model simulates the Rio Grande, riverside drains, Jemez River, Jemez Canyon Reservoir, Cochiti Lake, riparian evapotranspiration, and interior drains as head-dependent flow boundaries. \r\n\r\nHydrologic properties representing the Santa Fe Group aquifer system in the ground-water-flow model are horizontal hydraulic conductivity, vertical hydraulic conductivity, specific storage, and specific yield. Variable horizontal anisotropy is applied to the model so that hydraulic conductivity in the north-south direction (along model columns) is greater than hydraulic conductivity in the east-west direction (along model rows) over much of the model. This pattern of horizontal anisotropy was simulated to reflect the generally north-south orientation of faulting over much of the modeled area. With variable horizontal anisotropy, horizontal hydraulic conductivities in the model range from 0.05 to 60 feet per day. Vertical hydraulic conductivity is specified in the model as a horizontal to vertical anisotropy ratio (calculated to be 150:1 in the model) multiplied by the horizontal hydraulic conductivity along rows. Specific storage was estimated to be 2 x 10-6 per foot in the model. Specific yield was estimated to be 0.2 (dimensionless). \r\n\r\nA ground-water-flow model is a tool that can integrate the complex interactions of hydrologic boundary conditions, aquifer materials","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"Geological Survey (U.S.)","doi":"10.3133/wri20024200","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the New Mexico Office of the State Engineer and the City of Albuquerque Public Work Department","usgsCitation":"McAda, D.P., and Barroll, P., 2002, Simulation of Ground-Water Flow in the Middle Rio Grande Basin Between Cochiti and San Acacia, New Mexico: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 2002-4200, Report: v, 81 p.; Data: Zip File, https://doi.org/10.3133/wri20024200.","productDescription":"Report: v, 81 p.; Data: Zip File","costCenters":[{"id":472,"text":"New Mexico Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":167971,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":10815,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/wri02-4200/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -110,31 ], [ -110,40 ], [ -101,40 ], [ -101,31 ], [ -110,31 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a7fe4b07f02db649192","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"McAda, Douglas P. dpmcada@usgs.gov","contributorId":2763,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McAda","given":"Douglas","email":"dpmcada@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":230097,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Barroll, Peggy","contributorId":16077,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Barroll","given":"Peggy","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":230098,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":47755,"text":"wri20024245 - 2002 - Trends in Streamflow, River Ice, and Snowpack for Coastal River Basins in Maine During the 20th Century","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-08T17:16:16","indexId":"wri20024245","displayToPublicDate":"2003-05-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2002-4245","title":"Trends in Streamflow, River Ice, and Snowpack for Coastal River Basins in Maine During the 20th Century","docAbstract":"Trends over the 20th Century were examined in streamflow, river ice, and snowpack for coastal river basins in Maine. Trends over time were tested in the timing and magnitude of seasonal river flows, the occurrence and duration of river ice, and changes in snowpack depth, equivalent water content, and density. Significant trends toward earlier spring peak flow and earlier center-of-volume runoff dates were found in the extended streamflow record spanning 1906-21 and 1929-2000. Only one of the six coastal rivers in the study analyzed for trends in cumulative runoff had a significant change in total annual runoff volume. Last spring river-ice-off dates at most coastal streamflow-gaging stations examined are trending to earlier dates. Trends in later fall initial onset of ice also are evident, although these trends are significant at fewer stations than that observed for ice-off dates. Later ice-on dates in the fall and (or) earlier ice-off dates in the spring contribute to a statistically significant decrease over time in the total number of days of ice occurrence at most gaging stations on coastal rivers in Maine. The longest, most complete snow records in coastal Maine indicate an increase in snow density for the March 1 snow-survey date during the last 60 years. The historical\r\ntrends in streamflow, ice, and snow are all consistent with an earlier onset of hydrologic spring conditions in coastal Maine.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"Geological Survey (U.S.)","doi":"10.3133/wri20024245","collaboration":"In cooperation with the Maine Atlantic Salmon Commission","usgsCitation":"Dudley, R.W., and Hodgkins, G.A., 2002, Trends in Streamflow, River Ice, and Snowpack for Coastal River Basins in Maine During the 20th Century: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 2002-4245, vi, 26 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri20024245.","productDescription":"vi, 26 p.","costCenters":[{"id":371,"text":"Maine Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":9911,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://me.water.usgs.gov/reports/wrir02-4245.pdf","size":"2728","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":100054,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/2002/4245/report.pdf","size":"3546","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":170494,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/2002/4245/report-thumb.jpg"}],"geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -71,43.5 ], [ -71,45.5 ], [ -67,45.5 ], [ -67,43.5 ], [ -71,43.5 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4affe4b07f02db697c78","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Dudley, Robert W. 0000-0002-0934-0568 rwdudley@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0934-0568","contributorId":2223,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dudley","given":"Robert","email":"rwdudley@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":466,"text":"New England Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":371,"text":"Maine Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":236163,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hodgkins, Glenn A. 0000-0002-4916-5565 gahodgki@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4916-5565","contributorId":2020,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hodgkins","given":"Glenn","email":"gahodgki@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":371,"text":"Maine Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":466,"text":"New England Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":236162,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":50826,"text":"wri024015 - 2002 - Geologic framework of the regional ground-water flow system in the Upper Deschutes Basin, Oregon","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-02-07T09:14:04","indexId":"wri024015","displayToPublicDate":"2003-04-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2002-4015","title":"Geologic framework of the regional ground-water flow system in the Upper Deschutes Basin, Oregon","docAbstract":"Ground water is increasingly relied upon to satisfy the needs of a growing population in the upper Deschutes Basin, Oregon. Hydrogeologic studies are being undertaken to aid in management of the ground-water resource. An understanding of the geologic factors influencing ground-water flow is basic to those investigations. The geology of the area has a direct effect on the occurrence and movement of ground water. The permeability and storage properties of rock material are influenced by the proportion, size, and degree of interconnection of open spaces the rocks contain. These properties are the result of primary geologic processes such as volcanism and sedimentation, as well as subsequent processes such as faulting, weathering, or hydrothermal alteration. The geologic landscape in the study area evolved during about 30 million years of volcanic activity related to a north-south trending volcanic arc, the current manifestation of which are today’s Cascade Range volcanoes.
\nThe oldest rock unit in the upper Deschutes Basin study area, the John Day Formation, is a sequence of upper Eocene to lower Miocene volcanic and sedimentary rocks. Weathering and alteration of the rocks has resulted in very low permeability; consequently, the unit forms the hydrologic basement for the regional ground- water flow system throughout much of the area. The Deschutes Formation and age-equivalent deposits that overlie the John Day Formation, in contrast, are highly permeable and are the most widely used ground-water-bearing units in the study area. The Deschutes Formation consists of a variety of volcanic and sedimentary deposits ranging in age from late Miocene to Pliocene (approximately 7.5 to 4.0 million years). Three distinct depositional environments previously described for the formation provide useful hydrogeologic subdivisions. The ancestral Deschutes River deposits and some units within the arc- adjacent alluvial-plain region are among the highest yielding units within the Deschutes Formation, with some wells producing up to a few thousand gallons per minute. Opal Springs basalt, Pelton basalt, and the rhyodacite dome complex near Steelhead Falls are particularly productive subunits within the Deschutes Formation and provide tens to hundreds of cubic feet per second of ground-water discharge to the Deschutes and Crooked Rivers, upstream of Round Butte Dam.
\nMost ground-water recharge in the upper Deschutes Basin occurs in Quaternary deposits of the Cascade Range and Newberry Volcano. These deposits are highly permeable, and the fractured character of the lava flows facilitates rapid infiltration of precipitation and snowmelt, as well as movement of ground water to lower elevations. Additional recharge from canal leakage occurs along sections of unlined canals near Bend, constructed on lava flows from Newberry Volcano. Hydrothermal alteration and secondary mineralization at depth beneath the Cascade Range and Newberry Volcano has drastically reduced the permeability of the material in those regions, effectively restricting most ground water to the strata above the altered rocks. The top of the hydrothermally altered region is considered the base of the regional ground-water system beneath the Cascade Range and Newberry Volcano.
\nStructural features influence ground-water flow within the upper Deschutes Basin mainly by juxtaposing materials with contrasting permeability. This juxtaposition can be caused by fault movement or by the influence of a fault on subsequent deposition. Several depositional centers have formed along the base of fault-line scarps or in grabens within the study area, and the infilling sedimentary deposits have permeability that differs from the surrounding rocks. The effects of faults on ground-water flow may be masked in some areas. For example, the water-table gradient changes slope in the vicinity of the Sisters fault zone, but the slope change also corresponds with a major precipitation gradient change; therefore, any influence of the fault zone is unclear.
\nGeologic units in the Deschutes Basin were divided into several distinct hydrogeologic units. In some instances the units correspond to existing stratigraphic divisions. In other instances, hydrogeologic units correspond to different facies within a single stratigraphic unit or formation. The hydrogeologic units include Quaternary sediment, deposits of the Cascade Range and Newberry Volcano, four zones within the Deschutes Formation and age-equivalent rocks that roughly correspond with depositional environments, and pre-Deschutes-age strata.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri024015","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with Oregon Water Resources Department; Cities of Bend, Redmond, and Sisters; Deschutes and Jefferson Counties; The Confederated Tribes of the Warm Springs Reservation of Oregon; and U.S. Environmental Protection Agency","usgsCitation":"Lite, K.E., Jr., and Gannett, M.W., 2002, Geologic framework of the regional ground-water\nflow system in the upper Deschutes Basin, Oregon: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations\nReport 02–4015, p. 44.","productDescription":"vi, 44 p. : col. ill., col. maps ; 28 cm. +e 1 map (folded)","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":518,"text":"Oregon Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":298297,"rank":3,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/2002/4015/wri02-4015_plate1.jpg","text":"Plate 1","size":"9 MB","description":"Map and Cross Sections showing the Generalized Geology of the Upper Deschutes Basin and Locations of Selected Wells"},{"id":86355,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/2002/4015/wri02-4015.pdf","text":"Report","size":"5.2 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"PDF of report"},{"id":120568,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/2002/4015/coverthb.jpg"}],"contact":"Director, Oregon Water Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
2130 SW 5th Avenue
Portland, Oregon 97201
http://or.water.usgs.gov
An analytical method for the determination of 7 triazine and phenylurea herbicides and 12 of their degradation products in natural water samples using solid-phase extraction and liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry is presented in this report. Special consideration was given during the development of the method to prevent the formation of degradation products during the analysis. Filtered water samples were analyzed using 0.5 gram graphitized carbon as the solid-phase extraction media followed by liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry. Three different water-sample matrices ground-water, surface-water, and reagent-water samples?spiked at 0.2 and 2.0 micrograms per liter were analyzed. Method detection limits ranged from 0.013 to 0.168 microgram per liter for the parent triazine herbicides and the triazine degradation products. Method detection limits ranged from 0.042 to 0.141 microgram per liter for the parent phenylurea herbicides and their degradation products. Mean recoveries for the triazine compounds in the ground- and surface-water samples generally ranged from 72.6 to 117.5 percent, but deethyl-cyanazine amide was recovered at 140.5 percent. Mean recoveries from the ground- and surface-water samples for the phenylurea compounds spiked at the 2.0-micrograms-per-liter level ranged from 82.1 to 114.4 percent. The mean recoveries for the phenylureas spiked at 0.2-microgram per liter were less consistent, ranging from 87.0 to 136.0 percent. Mean recoveries from reagent-water samples ranged from 87.0 to 109.5 percent for all compounds. The triazine compounds and their degradation products are reported in concentrations ranging from 0.05 to 2.0 micrograms per liter, with the exception of deethylcyanazine and deethylcyanazine amide which are reported at 0.20 to 2.0 micrograms per liter. The phenylurea compounds and their degradation products are reported in concentrations ranging from 0.20 to 2.0 micrograms per liter. The upper concentration limit was 2.0 micrograms per liter for all compounds without dilution.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr02436","usgsCitation":"Lee, E.A., Strahan, A.P., and Thurman, E., 2002, Methods of analysis by the U.S. Geological Survey Organic Geochemistry Research Group: Determination of triazine and phenylurea herbicides and their degradation products in water using solid-phase extraction and liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2002-436, vi, 19 p. , https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr02436.","productDescription":"vi, 19 p. ","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":3955,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://ks.water.usgs.gov/pubs/reports/of.02-436.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":135181,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a54e4b07f02db62bc51","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lee, Edward Alan","contributorId":23519,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lee","given":"Edward","email":"","middleInitial":"Alan","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":235572,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Strahan, Alex P.","contributorId":84331,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Strahan","given":"Alex","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":235574,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Thurman, Earl Michael","contributorId":43323,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thurman","given":"Earl Michael","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":235573,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":44568,"text":"wri024241 - 2002 - Simulation of runoff and recharge and estimation of constituent loads in runoff, Edwards aquifer recharge zone (outcrop) and catchment area, Bexar County, Texas, 1997-2000","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-02-15T11:25:49","indexId":"wri024241","displayToPublicDate":"2003-03-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2002-4241","title":"Simulation of runoff and recharge and estimation of constituent loads in runoff, Edwards aquifer recharge zone (outcrop) and catchment area, Bexar County, Texas, 1997-2000","docAbstract":"The U.S. Geological Survey developed a watershed model (Hydrological Simulation Program—FORTRAN) to simulate runoff and recharge and to estimate constituent loads in surface-water runoff in the Edwards aquifer recharge zone (outcrop) and catchment area in Bexar County, Texas. Rainfall and runoff data collected during 1970–98 from four gaged basins in the outcrop and catchment area were used to calibrate and test the model. The calibration parameters were applied in simulations of the four calibration basins and six ungaged basins that compose the study area to obtain runoff and recharge volumes for 4 years, 1997–2000. In 1997, simulated runoff from the study area was 5.62 inches. Simulated recharge in the study area was 7.85 inches (20 percent of rainfall). In 1998, simulated runoff was 11.05 inches; simulated recharge was 10.99 inches (25 percent of rainfall). In 1999, simulated runoff was 0.66 inch; simulated recharge was 3.03 inches (19 percent of rainfall). In 2000, simulated runoff was 5.29 inches; simulated recharge was 7.19 inches (21 percent of rainfall). During 1997– 2000, direct infiltration of rainfall accounted for about 56 percent of the total Edwards aquifer recharge in Bexar County. Streamflow losses contributed about 37 percent of the recharge; flood impoundment contributed 7 percent. The simulated runoff volumes were used with event-mean-concentration data from basins in the study area and from other Bexar County basins to compute constituent loads and yields for various land uses. Annual loads for suspended solids, dissolved solids, dissolved nitrite plus nitrate nitrogen, and total lead were consistently largest from undeveloped land and smallest from commercial land or transportation corridors. Annual loads and yields varied with rainfall, with the maximum loads produced in the wettest year (1998) and the minimum loads produced in the driest year (1999).
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri024241","collaboration":"In cooperation with the San Antonio Water System","usgsCitation":"Ockerman, D.J., 2002, Simulation of runoff and recharge and estimation of constituent loads in runoff, Edwards aquifer recharge zone (outcrop) and catchment area, Bexar County, Texas, 1997-2000: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 2002-4241, HTML Document; Report: iv, 31 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri024241.","productDescription":"HTML Document; Report: iv, 31 p.","costCenters":[{"id":583,"text":"Texas Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":168761,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":3691,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.water.usgs.gov/wri02-4241/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":335490,"rank":3,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/wri02-4241/pdf/wri02-4241.pdf","text":"Report","size":"18.7 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Report"}],"country":"United States","state":"Texas","county":"Bexar County","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -98.37570190429688,\n 29.725626031458884\n ],\n [\n -98.37982177734375,\n 29.73397374010606\n ],\n [\n -98.39492797851562,\n 29.735762444449076\n ],\n [\n -98.40660095214844,\n 29.746494000631543\n ],\n [\n -98.41690063476561,\n 29.74589783319499\n ],\n [\n -98.41896057128906,\n 29.738743547471547\n ],\n [\n -98.42582702636719,\n 29.729799972602226\n ],\n [\n -98.44024658203124,\n 29.723837146389066\n ],\n [\n 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],\n [\n -98.34754943847656,\n 29.648078443962888\n ],\n [\n -98.34548950195312,\n 29.657625990731777\n ],\n [\n -98.3551025390625,\n 29.663592747483726\n ],\n [\n -98.36402893066406,\n 29.66717263167429\n ],\n [\n -98.37364196777344,\n 29.66836589809227\n ],\n [\n -98.37638854980469,\n 29.68685971706881\n ],\n [\n -98.37501525878906,\n 29.695807117753418\n ],\n [\n -98.37089538574219,\n 29.702368038541767\n ],\n [\n -98.35304260253906,\n 29.70296446463708\n ],\n [\n -98.34274291992188,\n 29.708928530789358\n ],\n [\n -98.33793640136719,\n 29.719662957215228\n ],\n [\n -98.34274291992188,\n 29.731588751366708\n ],\n [\n -98.35853576660156,\n 29.73397374010606\n ],\n [\n -98.36883544921875,\n 29.727414884638474\n ],\n [\n -98.37570190429688,\n 29.725626031458884\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4930e4b07f02db5810b6","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ockerman, Darwin J. 0000-0003-1958-1688 ockerman@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1958-1688","contributorId":1579,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ockerman","given":"Darwin","email":"ockerman@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":583,"text":"Texas Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":230010,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":47456,"text":"pp1590 - 2002 - Habitat and environment of islands: primary and supplemental island sets","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:10:38","indexId":"pp1590","displayToPublicDate":"2003-03-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":331,"text":"Professional Paper","code":"PP","onlineIssn":"2330-7102","printIssn":"1044-9612","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1590","title":"Habitat and environment of islands: primary and supplemental island sets","docAbstract":"The original intent of the study was to develop a first-order synopsis of island hydrology with an integrated geologic basis on a global scale. As the study progressed, the aim was broadened to provide a framework for subsequent assessments on large regional or global scales of island resources and impacts on those resources that are derived from global changes.\r\n\r\nFundamental to the study was the development of a comprehensive framework?a wide range of parameters that describe a set of 'saltwater' islands sufficiently large to\r\n\r\nCharacterize the spatial distribution of the world?s islands; \r\nAccount for all major archipelagos; \r\nAccount for almost all oceanically isolated islands, and \r\nAccount collectively for a very large proportion of the total area of the world?s islands whereby additional islands would only marginally contribute to the representativeness and accountability of the island set. \r\nThe comprehensive framework, which is referred to as the ?Primary Island Set,? is built on 122 parameters that describe 1,000 islands. To complement the investigations based on the Primary Island Set, two supplemental island sets, Set A?Other Islands (not in the Primary Island Set) and Set B?Lagoonal\r\nAtolls, are included in the study. \r\n\r\nThe Primary Island Set, together with the Supplemental Island Sets A and B, provides a framework that can be used in various scientific disciplines for their island-based studies on broad regional or global scales.\r\n\r\nThe study uses an informal, coherent, geophysical organization of the islands that belong to the three island sets. The organization is in the form of a global island chain, which is a particular sequential ordering of the islands referred to as the 'Alisida.'\r\n\r\nThe Alisida was developed through a trial-and-error procedure by seeking to strike a balance between 'minimizing the length of the global chain' and 'maximizing the chain?s geophysical coherence.' The fact that an objective function cannot be minimized and maximized simultaneously indicates that the Alisida is not unique. Global island chains other than the Alisida may better serve disciplines other than those of hydrology and geology.","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/pp1590","isbn":"0607995084","usgsCitation":"Matalas, N.C., and Grossling, B.F., 2002, Habitat and environment of islands: primary and supplemental island sets: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1590, 112 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/pp1590.","productDescription":"112 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":3983,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.water.usgs.gov/pp1590/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":124991,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/pp_1590.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a80e4b07f02db649693","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Matalas, Nicholas C.","contributorId":34535,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Matalas","given":"Nicholas","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":235418,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Grossling, Bernardo F.","contributorId":61797,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Grossling","given":"Bernardo","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":235419,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":44643,"text":"cir1224 - 2002 - Assessing ground-water vulnerability to contamination: Providing scientifically defensible information for decision makers","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2026-03-13T18:52:19.077015","indexId":"cir1224","displayToPublicDate":"2003-03-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":307,"text":"Circular","code":"CIR","onlineIssn":"2330-5703","printIssn":"1067-084X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1224","title":"Assessing ground-water vulnerability to contamination: Providing scientifically defensible information for decision makers","docAbstract":"Throughout the United States increasing demands for safe drinking water and requirements to maintain healthy ecosystems are leading policy makers to ask complex social and scientific questions about how to assess and manage our water resources. This challenge becomes particularly difficult as policy and management objectives require scientific assessments of the potential for ground-water resources to become contaminated from anthropogenic, as well as natural sources of contamination. Assessments of the vulnerability of ground water to contamination range in scope and complexity from simple, qualitative, and relatively inexpensive approaches to rigorous, quantitative, and costly assessments. Tradeoffs must be carefully considered among the competing influences of the cost of an assessment, the scientific defensibility, and the amount of acceptable uncertainty in meeting the objectives of the water-resource decision maker.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/cir1224","isbn":"0607890258","usgsCitation":"Focazio, M.J., Reilly, T.E., Rupert, M.G., and Helsel, D., 2002, Assessing ground-water vulnerability to contamination: Providing scientifically defensible information for decision makers: U.S. Geological Survey Circular 1224, 33 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/cir1224.","productDescription":"33 p.","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":81960,"rank":3,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/2002/1224/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":120543,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/2002/1224/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":8444,"rank":5,"type":{"id":14,"text":"Image"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/2002/circ1224/pdf/C1224PG17.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":8443,"rank":4,"type":{"id":12,"text":"Errata"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/2002/circ1224/errata/errata_v1.01.html","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":3733,"rank":2,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/2002/circ1224/index.html","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4abbe4b07f02db672af5","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Focazio, Michael J. 0000-0003-0967-5576 mfocazio@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0967-5576","contributorId":1276,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Focazio","given":"Michael","email":"mfocazio@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":38175,"text":"Toxics Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":5056,"text":"Office of the AD Energy and Minerals, and Environmental Health","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":230179,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Reilly, Thomas E. tereilly@usgs.gov","contributorId":1660,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Reilly","given":"Thomas","email":"tereilly@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":493,"text":"Office of Ground Water","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":230180,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Rupert, Michael G. mgrupert@usgs.gov","contributorId":1194,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rupert","given":"Michael","email":"mgrupert@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[{"id":191,"text":"Colorado Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":230178,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Helsel, Dennis R.","contributorId":85569,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Helsel","given":"Dennis R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":230181,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":47455,"text":"pp1419 - 2002 - Geology and hydrogeology of the Caribbean Islands aquifer system of the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico and the U.S. Virgin Islands","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2026-01-13T17:06:37.181925","indexId":"pp1419","displayToPublicDate":"2003-03-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":331,"text":"Professional Paper","code":"PP","onlineIssn":"2330-7102","printIssn":"1044-9612","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1419","title":"Geology and hydrogeology of the Caribbean Islands aquifer system of the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico and the U.S. Virgin Islands","docAbstract":"Poorly lithified to unconsolidated carbonate and clastic sedimentary rocks of Tertiary (Oligocene to Pliocene) and Quaternary (Pleistocene to Holocene) age compose the South Coast aquifer and the North Coast limestone aquifer system of Puerto Rico; poorly lithified to unlithified carbonate rocks of late Tertiary (early Miocene to Pliocene) age make up the Kingshill aquifer of St. Croix, U.S. Virgin Islands. The South Coast aquifer, North Coast limestone aquifer system, and Kingshill aquifer are the most areally extensive and function as the major sources of ground water in the U.S. Caribbean Islands Regional Aquifer-System Analysis (CI-RASA) study area.
In Puerto Rico's South Coast ground-water province, more than 1,000 meters of clastic and carbonate rocks of Oligocene to Pliocene age infill the South Coast Tertiary Basin. The pattern of lithofacies within this basin appears to have been controlled by changes in base level that were, at times, dominated by tectonic movement (uplift and subsidence), but were also influenced by eustasy. Deposition of the 70-kilometer long and 3- to 8-kilometer wide fan-delta plain that covers much of the South Coast ground-water province occurred largely in response to glacially-induced changes in sea level and climate during the Quaternary period. Tectonic movement played a much less important role during the Quaternary.
The North Coast ground-water province of Puerto Rico is underlain by homoclinal coastal plain wedge of carbonate and siliciclastic rocks that infill the North Coast Tertiary Basin and thicken to more than 1,700 meters. A thin basal siliciclastic sequence of late Oligocene age is overlain by a thick section of mostly carbonate rocks of Oligocene to middle Miocene age. Globigerinid limestone of late Miocene to Pliocene age crops out and lies in the shallow subsurface areas of northwestern Puerto Rico. Oligocene to middle Miocene age rocks tentatively can be divided into five depositional sequences and associated systems tracts; these rocks record carbonate and minor siliciclastic deposition that occurred in response to changes in relative sea level. The Cibao Formation represents the most complex of these sequences and contains a varied facies of carbonate, mixed carbonate-siliciclastic, and siliciclastic rocks that reflect differential uplift, subsidence, and transgression of the sea.
Uplift, graben formation, and gradual shallowing of the sea are reflected within the bathyal-dominated sedimentary facies of the Kingshill Limestone in St. Croix, U.S. Virgin Islands. Reef-tract limestone beds of Pliocene age were subject to exposure, resubmergence, and meteoric leaching of aragonitic skeletal debris; these beds contain patchy lenses of dolomite that are restricted to a small, structurally-controlled embayment.
The South Coast aquifer, the principal water-bearing unit of Puerto Rico's South Coast ground-water province, consists of boulder- to silt-size detritus formed by large and small coalescing fan deltas of Pleistocene to Holocene age. Deep well data indicates that it is possible to vertically separate and group a highly complex and irregular-bedded detrital sequence that underlies distal parts of the fan-delta plain into discrete water-bearing units if correlated with 30- to 40-meter thick, eustatically-controlled depositional cycles. Lithofacies maps show that greatest hydraulic conductivity within the fan-delta plain is generally associated with proximal fan and midfan areas. Distal and interfan areas are least permeable. Alluvial valley aquifers located in the western part of the South Coast ground-water province are important local sources of water supply and appear to contain some of the same physical and hydraulic characteristics as the South Coast aquifer. Older sedimentary rocks within the basin are poor aquifers; conglomeratic beds are well-cemented, and carbonate beds do not contain well-developed solution features, except locally where the beds are overlain by alluvium. Ground-water occurs under unconfined conditions in proximal and midfan areas. Confined conditions within deeper parts of the system and in interfan and some midfan areas are created largely by the intercalated nature of discontinuous fine-grained beds that retard vertical ground-water movement.
The development of water resources in southern Puerto Rico has modified the hydrologic system of the South Coast aquifer considerably. Under predevelopment conditions, the South Coast aquifer was recharged in the unconfined, proximal fan and some midfan areas by infrequent rainfall and seepage from streams near the fan apex. Discharge occurred as seabed seepage, baseflow discharge along the lower coastal reach of streams, seepage to coastal wetlands, or evapotranspiration in areas underlain by a shallow water table. Under development conditions, seepage from irrigation canals and areal recharge from furrow irrigation represented a principal mechanism for recharge to the aquifer. Increased ground-water withdrawals in the 1960's and 1970's resulted in declines in the water table to below sea level in some places and intrusion of salt water into the aquifer. By the middle 1980's, a reduction in ground-water withdrawals and a shift from furrow irrigation to drip-irrigation techniques resulted in the recovery of water levels. Under present-day (1986) conditions, regional ground-water flow is coastward but with local movement to some well fields. In addition to the discharge mechanisms described above, ground-water discharges also to coastal canals.
The North Coast limestone aquifer system consists of limestone, lesser amounts of dolomite, and minor clastic detritus of Oligocene to Pliocene age that form an unconfined upper aquifer and a confined lower aquifer; these aquifers are separated by a clay, mudstone, and marl confining unit. Topographic relief and incision of carbonate coastal plain rocks by streams are the principal factors controlling the direction of ground-water flow. The North Coast limestone aquifer system is recharged principally by precipitation that enters the upper and lower aquifers where they crop out. Regional groundwater movement from the upper aquifer is to the major rivers, wells, coastal wetlands, coastal, nearshore, and offshore springs, or as seabed seepage. Regional discharge from the lower aquifer is to the major rivers along its unconfined parts or where the confining unit has been breached by streams. Discharge from the lower aquifer also occurs in the San Juan area where the Mucarabones Sand provides an avenue for diffuse upward ground-water flow. Transmissivity within the upper limestone aquifer appears to be largely regulated by the thickness of the freshwater lens. The lens is thickest and transmissivity is greatest in interstream areas that lie in a zone that closely corresponds to the landwardmost extent of the underlying saltwater wedge. Hydraulic conductivity of the upper aquifer generally increases in a coastward direction and reflects lithologic control, karstification in the upper 30 to 100 meters of the section, and enhanced permeability in a zone of freshwater and saltwater mixing. Transmissivity of the lower aquifer is an order of magnitude smaller than that of the upper aquifer; highest transmissivities in the lower aquifer largely correspond to a coarse grainstone-packstone and coral-patch-reef depositional facies contained within the outcropping parts of the Montebello Limestone Member and its subsurface equivalents. Porosity within the North Coast limestone aquifer system is high in grainstone-packstones and low in wackestone and marl. Dolomitized zones and moldic grainstone-packstone strata are the most porous carbonate rocks, but occur in thin beds that usually are only a few meters thick. Processes of karstification that include the development of caverous zones and large vugs, and dissolution along possible regional fracture sets has enhanced permeability within the upper part of the aquifer system. Stratigraphic and lithologic control play an important role controlling permeability within the lower part of the system.
The Kingshill aquifer of St. Croix, in large part, is composed of deepwater limestone that contains only microscopic pores and is poorly permeable; however, the upper part of the aquifer, a shallow-water skeletal and reef limestone, is fairly permeable, but restricted in areal extent. Permeability within these uppermost beds of the aquifer has been enhanced by meteoric leaching, dissolution within a mixing zone of saltwater and fresh water, and dolomitization. However, most large-yield wells completed in the Kingshill aquifer are also screened in alluvium that overlies or infills incised channels. The alluvial deposits serve as a temporary storage zone for rainfall, runoff, and ground water slowly entering the Kingshill aquifer.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/pp1419","usgsCitation":"Renken, R.A., Ward, W.C., Gill, I.P., Gómez-Gómez, F., and Rodríguez-Martínez, J., 2002, Geology and hydrogeology of the Caribbean Islands aquifer system of the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico and the U.S. Virgin Islands: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1419, Report: ix, 139 p.; 5 Plates: 42.00 × 50.00 inches or smaller, https://doi.org/10.3133/pp1419.","productDescription":"Report: ix, 139 p.; 5 Plates: 42.00 × 50.00 inches or smaller","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":405228,"rank":2,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_54502.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":3982,"rank":3,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/pp1419/index.html","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":120562,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/thumbnails/pp_1419.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Puerto Rico","otherGeospatial":"U.S. Virgin Islands","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -64.55429077148438,\n 17.748686651728807\n ],\n [\n -64.67926025390625,\n 18.320633115866578\n ],\n [\n -64.70809936523438,\n 18.394927021680232\n ],\n [\n -64.918212890625,\n 18.428804841695072\n ],\n [\n -65.40435791015625,\n 18.375379094031825\n ],\n [\n -65.79025268554688,\n 18.432713391700858\n ],\n [\n -66.016845703125,\n 18.47960905583197\n ],\n [\n -67.15255737304688,\n 18.539512627214105\n ],\n [\n -67.29949951171875,\n 18.367559302479318\n ],\n [\n -67.22396850585936,\n 17.947380678685217\n ],\n [\n -66.64581298828125,\n 17.901648443590073\n ],\n [\n -64.96902465820312,\n 17.679353156672477\n ],\n [\n -64.77951049804688,\n 17.647948051340578\n ],\n [\n -64.55429077148438,\n 17.748686651728807\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ad9e4b07f02db685294","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Renken, Robert A. rarenken@usgs.gov","contributorId":269,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Renken","given":"Robert","email":"rarenken@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":235412,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Ward, W. C.","contributorId":8925,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Ward","given":"W.","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":235413,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Gill, I. P.","contributorId":68064,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gill","given":"I.","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":235417,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Gómez-Gómez, Fernando","contributorId":31366,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gómez-Gómez","given":"Fernando","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":235415,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Rodríguez-Martínez, Jesús","contributorId":48149,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rodríguez-Martínez","given":"Jesús","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":235416,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":47754,"text":"wri024207 - 2002 - Hydrogeology and simulated effects of ground-water withdrawals from the Floridan aquifer system in Lake County and in the Ocala National Forest and vicinity, north-central Florida","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:10:21","indexId":"wri024207","displayToPublicDate":"2003-03-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2002-4207","title":"Hydrogeology and simulated effects of ground-water withdrawals from the Floridan aquifer system in Lake County and in the Ocala National Forest and vicinity, north-central Florida","docAbstract":"The hydrogeology of Lake County and the Ocala National Forest in north-central Florida was evaluated (1995-2000), and a ground-water flow model was developed and calibrated to simulate the effects of both present day and future ground-water withdrawals in these areas and the surrounding vicinity. A predictive model simulation was performed to determine the effects of projected 2020 ground-water withdrawals on the water levels and flows in the surficial and Floridan aquifer systems. \r\n\r\nThe principal water-bearing units in Lake County and the Ocala National Forest are the surficial and Floridan aquifer systems. The two aquifer systems generally are separated by the intermediate confining unit, which contains beds of lower permeability sediments that confine the water in the Florida aquifer system. The Floridan aquifer system has two major water-bearing zones (the Upper Floridan aquifer and the Lower Floridan aquifer), which generally are separated by one or two less-permeable confining units. \r\n\r\nThe Floridan aquifer system is the major source of ground water in the study area. In 1998, ground-water withdrawals totaled about 115 million gallons per day in Lake County and 5.7 million gallons per day in the Ocala National Forest. Of the total ground water pumped in Lake County in 1998, nearly 50 percent was used for agricultural purposes, more than 40 percent for municipal, domestic, and recreation supplies, and less than 10 percent for commercial and industrial purposes. \r\n\r\nFluctuations of lake stages, surficial and Floridan aquifer system water levels, and Upper Floridan aquifer springflows in the study area are highly related to cycles and distribution of rainfall. Long-term hydrographs for 9 lakes, 8 surficial aquifer system and Upper Floridan aquifer wells, and 23 Upper Floridan aquifer springs show the most significant increases in water levels and springflows following consecutive years with above-average rainfall, and significant decreases following consecutive years with below-average rainfall. Long-term (1940-2000) hydrographs of lake and ground-water levels and springflow show a slight downward trend; however, after the early 1960's, this downward trend generally is more pronounced, which corresponds with accumulating rainfall deficits and increased development. \r\n\r\nThe U.S. Geological Survey three-dimensional ground-water flow model MODFLOW-2000 was used to simulate ground-water flow in the surficial and Floridan aquifer systems in Lake County, the Ocala National Forest, and adjacent areas. A steady-state calibration to average 1998 conditions was facilitated by using the inverse modeling capabilities of MODFLOW-2000. Values of hydrologic properties from the calibrated model were in reasonably close agreement with independently estimated values and results from previous modeling studies. The calibrated model generally produced simulated water levels and flows in reasonably close agreement with measured values and was used to simulate the hydrologic effects of projected 2020 conditions. \r\n\r\nGround-water withdrawals in the model area have been projected to increase from 470 million gallons per day in 1998 to 704 million gallons per day in 2020. Significant drawdowns were simulated in Lake County from average 1998 to projected 2020 conditions: the average and maximum drawdowns, respectively, were 0.5 and 5.7 feet in the surficial aquifer system, 1.1 and 7.6 feet in the Upper Floridan aquifer, and 1.4 and 4.3 feet in the Lower Floridan aquifer. The largest drawdowns in Lake County were simulated in the southeastern corner of the County and in the vicinities of Clermont and Mount Dora. Closed-basin lakes and wetlands are more likely to be affected by future pumping in these large drawdown areas, as opposed to other areas of Lake County. However, within the Ocala National Forest, drawdowns were relatively small: the average and maximum drawdowns, respectively, were 0.1 and 1.0 feet in the surficial aquifer system, 0.2 and ","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/wri024207","usgsCitation":"Knowles, L., O’Reilly, A.M., and Adamski, J.C., 2002, Hydrogeology and simulated effects of ground-water withdrawals from the Floridan aquifer system in Lake County and in the Ocala National Forest and vicinity, north-central Florida: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 2002-4207, x, 140 p. :col. ill., col. maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri024207.","productDescription":"x, 140 p. :col. ill., col. maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":4082,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.water.usgs.gov/wri024207/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":170429,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4af4e4b07f02db691dad","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Knowles, Leel Jr.","contributorId":14857,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Knowles","given":"Leel","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":236160,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"O’Reilly, Andrew M. 0000-0003-3220-1248 aoreilly@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3220-1248","contributorId":2184,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"O’Reilly","given":"Andrew","email":"aoreilly@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":5051,"text":"FLWSC-Orlando","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":236159,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Adamski, James C.","contributorId":20316,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Adamski","given":"James","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":236161,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":50116,"text":"pp1656A - 2002 - Hydrology, vegetation, and soils of riverine and tidal floodplain forests of the lower Suwannee River, Florida, and potential impacts of flow reductions","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-01-05T21:03:44.087185","indexId":"pp1656A","displayToPublicDate":"2003-03-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":331,"text":"Professional Paper","code":"PP","onlineIssn":"2330-7102","printIssn":"1044-9612","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1656","chapter":"A","title":"Hydrology, vegetation, and soils of riverine and tidal floodplain forests of the lower Suwannee River, Florida, and potential impacts of flow reductions","docAbstract":"A study relating hydrologic conditions, soils, and vegetation of floodplain forests to river flow was conducted in the lower Suwannee River, Florida, from 1996 to 2000. The study was done by the U.S. Geological Survey in cooperation with the Suwannee River Water Management District to help determine the minimum flows and levels required for wetlands protection. The study area included forests within the 10-year floodplain of the Suwannee River from its confluence with the Santa Fe River to the tree line (lower limit of forests) near the Gulf of Mexico, and covered 18,600 hectares (ha) of forests, 75 percent of which were wetlands and 25 percent uplands. The floodplain was divided into three reaches, riverine, upper tidal, and lower tidal, based on changes in hydrology, vegetation, and soils with proximity to the coast.
The Suwannee River is the second largest river in Florida in terms of average discharge. Median flow at the confluence of the Suwannee and Santa Fe Rivers is approximately 181 cubic meters per second (m3/s) or 6,480 cubic feet per second (ft3/s) (1933-99). At the upper end of the riverine reach, river stages are unaffected by tides and have a typical annual range of 4.1 meters (m). Tides affect river stages at low and medium flows in the upper tidal reach, and at all flows in the lower tidal reach. Median tidal range at the mouth of the Suwannee River is about 1 m. Salinity of river water in the lower tidal reach increases with decreasing flow and proximity to the Gulf of Mexico. Vertically averaged salinity in the river near the tree line is typically about 5 parts per thousand at medium flow.
Land-surface elevation and topographic relief in the floodplain decrease with proximity to the coast. Elevations range from 4.1 to 7.3 m above sea level at the most upstream riverine transect and from 0.3 to 1.3 m above sea level on lower tidal transects. Surface soils in the riverine reach are predominantly mineral and dry soon after floods recede except in swamps. Surface soils in upper and lower tidal reaches are predominantly organic, saturated mucks. In the downstream part of the lower tidal reach, conductivities of surface soils are high enough (greater than 4 milli-mhos per centimeter) to exclude many tree species that are intolerant of salinity.
Species richness of canopy and subcanopy plants in wetland forests in the lower Suwannee River is high compared to other river floodplains in North America. A total of 77 tree, shrub, and woody vine species were identified in the canopy and subcanopy of floodplain wetland forests (n = 8,376). Fourteen specific forest types were mapped using digitized aerial photographs, defined from vegetative sampling, and described in terms of plant species composition. For discussion purposes, some specific wetland types were combined, resulting in three general wetland forest types for each reach.
Riverine high bottomland hardwoods have higher canopy species richness than all other forest types (40-42 species), with Quercus virginiana the most important canopy tree by basal area. The canopy composition of riverine low bottomland hardwoods is dominated by five species with Quercus laurifolia the most important by basal area. Riverine swamps occur in the lowest and wettest areas with Taxodium distichum the most important canopy species by basal area. Upper tidal bottomland hardwoods are differentiated from riverine forests by the presence of Sabal palmetto in the canopy. Upper tidal mixed forests and swamps are differentiated from riverine forests, in part, by the presence of Fraxinus profunda in the canopy. Nyssa aquatica, the most important canopy species by basal area in upper tidal swamps, is absent from most forests in the lower tidal reach where its distribution is probably restricted by salinity. Hydric hammocks, a wetland type that is rare outside of Florida, are found in the lower tidal reach and are flooded every 1-2 years by either storm surge or river floods. Lower tidal mixed forests and swamps have continuously saturated muck soils and are differentiated from upper tidal forests, in part, by the presence of Magnolia virginiana in the canopy. Lower tidal swamps have the highest density of canopy trees (about 1,200 trees per hectare) of all floodplain forest types, with Nyssa biflora the most important canopy species by basal area.
Water use in the Suwannee River basin in Florida and Georgia is expected to increase over time because of anticipated growth and development in the region and adjacent areas. If increased water consumption reduced river flow, river stage would decrease and salinity would increase, resulting in a variety of impacts on forest composition, wetland biogeochemical processes, and fish and wildlife habitat.
Forest composition in the floodplain is primarily determined by duration of inundation and saturation, depth and frequency of floods, and salinity. Long-term flow reductions would result in shallower flood depths, allowing drier and more tidal species to invade wetland forests of the riverine and upper tidal reaches. If flows were reduced 2.8-56 m3/s (100-2,000 ft3/s), an estimated 52-1,140 ha, respectively, would change to a drier forest type, and 36-788 ha, respectively, would change to a more tidal forest type. The greatest impacts would occur in swamps, where important swamp species such as Taxodium distichum and Nyssa aquatica could have increased competition not only from drier or more tidal species, but also from opportunistic bottomland hardwoods or invasive exotic species. Reduced flows could also result in a conversion of some wetland forests to uplands, increasing vulnerability to human disturbance, and decreasing tree basal area, species richness, and diversity of wildlife habitat.
Salt-intolerant species would move upstream if flow reductions increased salinity in the lower tidal reach. If flows were reduced 2.8-56 m3/s (100-2,000 ft3/s), the area of forests along the tree line that would convert to marshes is estimated to be 72-618 ha, respectively. Loss of forests at the tree line would result in a loss of complex vertical structural diversity and woody micro-habitats that are used by many animals. These changes are already occurring due to sea level rise, but changes would occur more quickly if salinities increased as a result of flow reductions.
The amount of inundated and saturated area in the floodplain forest of the riverine reach would decrease if flows were reduced. The greatest impacts would result from flow reductions that occurred at low flows, when inundated and saturated areas in the floodplain are limited. Drier conditions would result in oxidation of organic matter in swamp soils, which would reduce the soil's water-holding capacity and ability to retain water during droughts. Drier soils would increase vulnerability of the floodplain to fire and could also reduce the ability of riverine forests to remove nitrates and other pollutants from river water. Loss of inundated areas resulting from flow reductions at low flow would eliminate aquatic habitats that are critical to the survival of floodplain fishes and aquatic invertebrates, and are important to many other animals that use the floodplain. If flow reductions occurred during high flows, main channel fishes could decrease in diversity and abundance because they are seasonally dependent on flooded forests for food, shelter, and reproduction. In addition, aquatic organisms in the river and estuary could be adversely affected because they depend on particulate organic detritus and other floodplain exports as food sources.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/pp1656A","usgsCitation":"Light, H.M., Darst, M.R., Lewis, L.J., and Howell, D.A., 2002, Hydrology, vegetation, and soils of riverine and tidal floodplain forests of the lower Suwannee River, Florida, and potential impacts of flow reductions: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1656, xiii, 124 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/pp1656A.","productDescription":"xiii, 124 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":120671,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/pp_1656_a.jpg"},{"id":411451,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_54469.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":4302,"rank":2,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.water.usgs.gov/pp1656A/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Florida","otherGeospatial":"lower Suwannee River","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -83.1667,\n 29.885\n ],\n [\n -83.1667,\n 29.4697\n ],\n [\n -82.8736,\n 29.4697\n ],\n [\n -82.8736,\n 29.885\n ],\n [\n -83.1667,\n 29.885\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b23e4b07f02db6ae076","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Light, Helen M.","contributorId":18355,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Light","given":"Helen","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":240786,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Darst, Melanie R.","contributorId":93042,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Darst","given":"Melanie","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":240789,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Lewis, Lori J.","contributorId":73655,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lewis","given":"Lori","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":240788,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Howell, David A.","contributorId":55275,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Howell","given":"David","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":240787,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":44917,"text":"wri024215 - 2002 - Streamflow and nutrient data for the Yazoo River below Steele Bayou near Long Lake, Mississippi, 1996-2000","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-04-29T12:45:04","indexId":"wri024215","displayToPublicDate":"2003-03-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2002-4215","title":"Streamflow and nutrient data for the Yazoo River below Steele Bayou near Long Lake, Mississippi, 1996-2000","docAbstract":"Increased nutrient loading to the Gulf of Mexico from off-continent flux has been identified as contributing to the increase in the areal extent of the low dissolved-oxygen zone that develops annually off the Louisiana and Texas coast. The proximity of the Yazoo River Basin in northwestern Mississippi to the Gulf of Mexico, and the intensive agricultural activities in the basin have led to speculation that the Yazoo River Basin contributes a disproportionate amount of nitrogen and phosphorus to the Mississippi River and ultimately to the Gulf of Mexico. An empirical measurement of the flux of nitrogen and phosphorus from the Yazoo Basin has not been possible due to the hydrology of the lower Yazoo River Basin. \r\n\r\nStreamflow for the Yazoo River below Steele Bayou is affected by backwater from the Mississippi River. Flow at the gage is non-uniform and varying, with bi-directional and reverse flows possible. Streamflow was computed by using remote sensing and acoustic and conventional discharge and velocity measurement techniques. Streamflow from the Yazoo River for the 1996-2000 period accounted for 2.8 percent of the flow of the Mississippi River for the same period.\r\n\r\nWater samples from the Yazoo River were collected from February 1996 through December 2000 and were analyzed for total nitrogen, nitrate, total phosphorus, and orthophosphorus as part of the U.S. Geological Survey National Water-Quality Assessment Program. These data were used to compute annual loads of nitrogen and phosphorus discharged from the Yazoo River for the period 1996-2000. \r\n\r\nAnnual loads of nitrogen and phosphorus were calculated by two methods. The first method used multivariate regression and the second method multiplied the mean annual concentration by the total annual flow. Load estimates based on the product of the mean annual concentration and the total annual flow were within the 95 percent confidence interval for the load calculated by multivariate regression in 10 of 20 cases. The Yazoo River loads, compared to average annual loads in the Mississippi River, indicated that the Yazoo River was contributing 1.4 percent of the total nitrogen load, 0.7 percent of the nitrate load, 3.4 percent of the total phosphorus load, and 1.6 percent of the orthophosphorus load during 1996 - 2000. The total nitrogen, nitrate, and orthophosphorus loads in the Yazoo River Basin were less than expected, whereas the total phosphorus load was slightly higher than expected based on discharge.","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/wri024215","usgsCitation":"Runner, M.S., Turnipseed, D.P., and Coupe, R.H., 2002, Streamflow and nutrient data for the Yazoo River below Steele Bayou near Long Lake, Mississippi, 1996-2000: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 2002-4215, viii, 35 p. : ill., maps ; 28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri024215.","productDescription":"viii, 35 p. : ill., maps ; 28 cm.","costCenters":[{"id":455,"text":"National Wetlands Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":17705,"text":"Wetland and Aquatic Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":161517,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":3796,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://ms.water.usgs.gov/publications/WRIR_02_4215.html","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b25e4b07f02db6aee2a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Runner, Michael S. msrunner@usgs.gov","contributorId":3497,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Runner","given":"Michael","email":"msrunner@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":230676,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Turnipseed, D. Phil 0000-0002-9737-3203 pturnip@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9737-3203","contributorId":298,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Turnipseed","given":"D.","email":"pturnip@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"Phil","affiliations":[{"id":455,"text":"National Wetlands Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":230674,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Coupe, Richard H. 0000-0001-8679-1015 rhcoupe@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8679-1015","contributorId":551,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Coupe","given":"Richard","email":"rhcoupe@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[{"id":394,"text":"Mississippi Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":230675,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":50501,"text":"ofr02265 - 2002 - Hydrogeologic data for the Coconino Plateau and adjacent areas, Coconino and Yavapai counties, Arizona","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-11-25T09:54:46","indexId":"ofr02265","displayToPublicDate":"2003-03-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2002-265","title":"Hydrogeologic data for the Coconino Plateau and adjacent areas, Coconino and Yavapai counties, Arizona","docAbstract":"Data on geology, topography, hydrology, climate, land use, and vegetation were compiled between October 2000 and September 2001 and assembled into a database for use by local and regional waterresource managers and for future water-resource investigations. The hydrologic data include information on wells, springs, streamflow, water chemistry, and water use. Limitations of the data and additional data needs also were prepared. The roughly 5,000-square-mile Coconino Plateau contains a complex regional aquifer that has become increasingly important as a source of water supply for domestic, municipal, and in-stream uses owing to population growth and development. The flow characteristics of the regional aquifer are poorly understood because the aquifer is deeply buried, which limits exploratory drilling and testing, and because the geologic structure, which controls the occurrence and movement of ground water, is complex. The study area is about 10,300 square miles and, besides containing the entire Coconino Plateau, includes parts of adjacent areas where ground water from the Coconino Plateau discharges. Selected data are presented in tabular or graphical form. All data are available in electronic form.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Tucson, AZ","doi":"10.3133/ofr02265","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the City of Williams","usgsCitation":"Bills, D., and Flynn, M., 2002, Hydrogeologic data for the Coconino Plateau and adjacent areas, Coconino and Yavapai counties, Arizona: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2002-265, Report: vi, 29 p.; Tables, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr02265.","productDescription":"Report: vi, 29 p.; Tables","numberOfPages":"38","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":128,"text":"Arizona Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":287825,"rank":4,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr02265.gif"},{"id":287824,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2002/0265/report.pdf"},{"id":296283,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2002/0265/","size":"6.4 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":296284,"rank":3,"type":{"id":7,"text":"Companion Files"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2002/0265/ofr02-265_Tables1-7.xls","size":"5.1 MB","linkFileType":{"id":3,"text":"xlsx"}}],"scale":"100000","projection":"Lambert Conformal Conic projection","country":"United States","state":"Arizona","county":"Coconino County, Yavapai County","otherGeospatial":"Coconino Plateau","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -113.0,35.0 ], [ -113.0,36.5 ], [ -111.0,36.5 ], [ -111.0,35.0 ], [ -113.0,35.0 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b23e4b07f02db6ae11c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bills, Donald J. djbills@usgs.gov","contributorId":4180,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bills","given":"Donald J.","email":"djbills@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":128,"text":"Arizona Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":241624,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Flynn, Marilyn E. meflynn@usgs.gov","contributorId":1039,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Flynn","given":"Marilyn E.","email":"meflynn@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":128,"text":"Arizona Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":241623,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":47756,"text":"wri024234 - 2002 - Simulation of ground-water flow and evaluation of water-management alternatives in the upper Charles River basin, eastern Massachusetts","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-09-11T13:37:32.812392","indexId":"wri024234","displayToPublicDate":"2003-03-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2002-4234","title":"Simulation of ground-water flow and evaluation of water-management alternatives in the upper Charles River basin, eastern Massachusetts","docAbstract":"Ground water is the primary source of drinking water for towns in the upper Charles River Basin, an area of 105 square miles in eastern Massachusetts that is undergoing rapid growth. The stratified-glacial aquifers in the basin are high yield, but also are thin, discontinuous, and in close hydraulic connection with streams, ponds, and wetlands. Water withdrawals averaged 10.1 million gallons per day in 1989?98 and are likely to increase in response to rapid growth. These withdrawals deplete streamflow and lower pond levels. A study was conducted to develop tools for evaluating water-management alternatives at the regional scale in the basin. Geologic and hydrologic data were compiled and collected to characterize the ground- and surface-water systems. Numerical flow modeling techniques were applied to evaluate the effects of increased withdrawals and altered recharge on ground-water levels, pond levels, and stream base flow. Simulation-optimization methods also were applied to test their efficacy for management of multiple water-supply and water-resource needs. \r\n\r\nSteady-state and transient ground-water-flow models were developed using the numerical modeling code MODFLOW-2000. The models were calibrated to 1989?98 average annual conditions of water withdrawals, water levels, and stream base flow. Model recharge rates were varied spatially, by land use, surficial geology, and septic-tank return flow. Recharge was changed during model calibration by means of parameter-estimation techniques to better match the estimated average annual base flow; area-weighted rates averaged 22.5 inches per year for the basin. Water withdrawals accounted for about 7 percent of total simulated flows through the stream-aquifer system and were about equal in magnitude to model-calculated rates of ground-water evapotranspiration from wetlands and ponds in aquifer areas. Water withdrawals as percentages of total flow varied spatially and temporally within an average year; maximum values were 12 to 13 percent of total annual flow in some subbasins and of total monthly flow throughout the basin in summer and early fall. \r\n\r\nWater-management alternatives were evaluated by simulating hypothetical scenarios of increased withdrawals and altered recharge for average 1989?98 conditions with the flow models. Increased withdrawals to maximum State-permitted levels would result in withdrawals of about 15 million gallons per day, or about 50 percent more than current withdrawals. Model-calculated effects of these increased withdrawals included reductions in stream base flow that were greatest (as a percentage of total flow) in late summer and early fall. These reductions ranged from less than 5 percent to more than 60 percent of model-calculated 1989?98 base flow along reaches of the Charles River and major tributaries during low-flow periods. Reductions in base flow generally were comparable to upstream increases in withdrawals, but were slightly less than upstream withdrawals in areas where septic-system return flow was simulated. Increased withdrawals also increased the proportion of wastewater in the Charles River downstream of treatment facilities. The wastewater component increased downstream from a treatment facility in Milford from 80 percent of September base flow under 1989?98 conditions to 90 percent of base flow, and from 18 to 27 percent of September base flow downstream of a treatment facility in Medway. In another set of hypothetical scenarios, additional recharge equal to the transfer of water out of a typical subbasin by sewers was found to increase model-calculated base flows by about 12 percent of model-calculated base flows. Addition of recharge equal to that available from artificial recharge of residential rooftop runoff had smaller effects, augmenting simulated September base flow by about 3 percent. \r\n\r\nSimulation-optimization methods were applied to an area near Populatic Pond and the confluence of the Mill and Charles Rivers in Franklin,","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri024234","usgsCitation":"DeSimone, L., Walter, D.A., Eggleston, J.R., and Nimiroski, M.T., 2002, Simulation of ground-water flow and evaluation of water-management alternatives in the upper Charles River basin, eastern Massachusetts: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 2002-4234, vii, 94 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri024234.","productDescription":"vii, 94 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":170495,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":4083,"rank":2,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/wri024234/index.html","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Massachusetts","otherGeospatial":"upper Charles River basin","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -71.667,\n 42.25\n ],\n [\n -71.667,\n 41.9\n ],\n [\n -71.1958,\n 41.9\n ],\n [\n -71.1958,\n 42.25\n ],\n [\n -71.667,\n 42.25\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49f8e4b07f02db5f2e4d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"DeSimone, Leslie A. 0000-0003-0774-9607 ldesimon@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0774-9607","contributorId":176711,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"DeSimone","given":"Leslie A.","email":"ldesimon@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":376,"text":"Massachusetts Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":466,"text":"New England Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":236165,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Walter, Donald A. 0000-0003-0879-4477 dawalter@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0879-4477","contributorId":1101,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Walter","given":"Donald","email":"dawalter@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":466,"text":"New England Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":236164,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Eggleston, John R. 0000-0001-6633-3041 jegglest@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6633-3041","contributorId":3068,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Eggleston","given":"John","email":"jegglest@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":614,"text":"Virginia Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":236166,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Nimiroski, Mark T.","contributorId":65898,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nimiroski","given":"Mark","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":236167,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":44565,"text":"wri024227 - 2002 - Water-quality and ground-water hydrology of the Columbia/Eagle Bluffs Wetland Complex, Columbia, Missouri— 1992-99","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-11-23T20:31:25.215836","indexId":"wri024227","displayToPublicDate":"2003-02-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2002-4227","displayTitle":"Water-Quality and Ground-Water Hydrology of the Columbia/Eagle Bluffs Wetland Complex, Columbia, Missouri— 1992–99","title":"Water-quality and ground-water hydrology of the Columbia/Eagle Bluffs Wetland Complex, Columbia, Missouri— 1992-99","docAbstract":"In an effort to restore riverine wetlands along the Missouri River, the Missouri Department of Conservation constructed the 2,700-acre Eagle Bluffs Conservation Area. The primary water source for managing 1,200 wetland acres on the Eagle Bluffs Conservation Area is treated effluent received from a 91-acre constructed wastewater-treatment wetland operated by the city of Columbia, Missouri. The combined areas of the Eagle Bluffs Conservation Area and the wastewater-treatment wetland are termed the Columbia/Eagle Bluffs Wetland Complex. The U.S. Geological Survey, in cooperation with the Missouri Department of Conservation and the city of Columbia, Missouri, collected samples quarterly from August 1992 to March 1999 from a monitoring network that included 33 ground-water sites and 4 surface-water sites to establish a baseline pre-effluent data set and to provide post-effluent data for trend analysis.
Changes in major chemical constituent concentrations have been observed at several sampling locations between pre- and post-effluent data. Analysis of post-effluent time-series water-quality data indicates changes occurred in sodium, potassium, calcium, sulfate, and chloride concentrations at 13 sites. These changes can be correlated to the beginning of the operation of the wastewater-treatment wetland. The concentrations of these major chemical constituents plot on the mixing continuum between pre-effluent ground water as one end member and the treated effluent as the other end member. At ground water sites that had changes in concentrations, the relative percentage of treated effluent in the ground water, assuming chloride is conservative, ranged from 11 to more than 100 percent.
At ground-water sites, few changes were noted in fecal indicator bacteria, nutrients, trace constituents, total and dissolved organic carbon, and organic constituents. Other than changes in boron concentrations at one ground-water site, these changes could not be directly correlated to the operation of the treatment wetland or the management of the Eagle Bluffs Conservation Area. After the treatment wetland began operation, improvement in the water quality in Perche Creek was observed. With respect to fecal indicator bacteria and nutrient concentrations, the water quality of water discharging from the Eagle Bluffs Conservation Area was improved relative to the water entering the area.
Persistent ground-water highs have been observed beneath the Eagle Bluffs Conservation Area and wastewater-treatment unit 1 following the flooding of the wetland areas. These ground-water highs occur during the fall and winter months when ground- and surface-water levels are high and during the spring and summer months when the water levels are lower. The Missouri River stage had a strong effect on the water levels in the aquifer during pre-effluent conditions, but the effect has been lessened by the ground-water high.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/wri024227","usgsCitation":"Richards, J.M., 2002, Water-quality and ground-water hydrology of the Columbia/Eagle Bluffs Wetland Complex, Columbia, Missouri— 1992-99: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 2002-4227, v, 63 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri024227.","productDescription":"v, 63 p.","numberOfPages":"68","costCenters":[{"id":396,"text":"Missouri Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":134989,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/2002/4227/coverthb.jpg"},{"id":360389,"rank":3,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/2002/4227/wrir20024227.pdf","text":"Report","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"WRIR 2002–4227"},{"id":392066,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_54265.htm"}],"country":"United States","state":"Missouri","otherGeospatial":"Columbia/Eagle Bluffs wetland complex","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -92.4667,\n 38.8194\n ],\n [\n -92.3844,\n 38.8194\n ],\n [\n -92.3844,\n 38.9056\n ],\n [\n -92.4667,\n 38.9056\n ],\n [\n -92.4667,\n 38.8194\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","contact":"Director, Central Midwest Water Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
1400 Independence Road
Rolla, MO 65401
Flow zones in a fractured shale in and near a plume of volatile organic compounds at the Watervliet Arsenal in Albany County, N. Y. were characterized through the integrated analysis of geophysical logs and single- and cross-hole flow tests. Information on the fracture-flow network at the site was needed to design an effective groundwater monitoring system, estimate offsite contaminant migration, and evaluate potential containment and remedial actions.
Four newly drilled coreholes and four older monitoring wells were logged and tested to define the distribution and orientation of fractures that intersected a combined total of 500 feet of open hole. Analysis of borehole-wall image logs obtained with acoustic and optical televiewers indicated 79 subhorizontal to steeply dipping fractures with a wide range of dip directions. Analysis of fluid resistivity, temperature, and heat-pulse and electromagnetic flowmeter logs obtained under ambient and short-term stressed conditions identified 14 flow zones, which consist of one to several fractures and whose estimated transmissivity values range from 0.1 to more than 250 feet squared per day.
Cross-hole flow tests, which were used to characterize the hydraulic connection between fracture-flow zones intersected by the boreholes, entailed (1) injection into or extraction from boreholes that penetrated a single fracture-flow zone or whose zones were isolated by an inflatable packer, and (2) measurement of the transient response of water levels and flow in surrounding boreholes. Results indicate a wellconnected fracture network with an estimated transmissivity of 80 to 250 feet squared per day that extends for at least 200 feet across the site. This interconnected fracture-flow network greatly affects the hydrology of the site and has important implications for contaminant monitoring and remedial actions.
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U.S. Geological Survey
425 Jordan Rd
Troy, NY 12180-8349
(518) 285-5695
http://ny.water.usgs.gov/
The Volcano Hazards Program of the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) is part of the Geologic Hazards Assessments subactivity as funded by Congressional appropriation. Investigations are carried out in the Geology and Hydrology Disciplines of the USGS and with cooperators at the Alaska Division of Geological and Geophysical Surveys, University of Alaska Fairbanks Geophysical Institute, University of Hawaii Hilo, University of Utah, and University of Washington Geophysics Program. This report lists publications from all these institutions.
\nThis report contains only published papers and maps; numerous abstracts produced for presentations at scientific meetings have not been included. Publications are included based on date of publication with no attempt to assign them to Fiscal Year.
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These regression equations are used to transfer flood characteristics from gaged to ungaged sites through the use of watershed and climatic characteristics as explanatory or predictor variables. Generally, these equations have been developed on a Statewide or metropolitan-area basis as part of cooperative study programs with specific State Departments of Transportation. \r\n\r\nIn 1994, the USGS released a computer program titled the National Flood Frequency Program (NFF), which compiled all the USGS available regression equations for estimating the magnitude and frequency of floods in the United States and Puerto Rico. NFF was developed in cooperation with the Federal Highway Administration and the Federal Emergency Management Agency. Since the initial release of NFF, the USGS has produced new equations for many areas of the Nation. A new version of NFF has been developed that incorporates these new equations and provides additional functionality and ease of use. \r\n\r\nNFF version 3 provides regression-equation estimates of flood-peak discharges for unregulated rural and urban watersheds, flood-frequency plots, and plots of typical flood hydrographs for selected recurrence intervals. The Program also provides weighting techniques to improve estimates of flood-peak discharges for gaging stations and ungaged sites. The information provided by NFF should be useful to engineers and hydrologists for planning and design applications. \r\n\r\nThis report describes the flood-regionalization techniques used in NFF and provides guidance on the applicability and limitations of the techniques. The NFF software and the documentation for the regression equations included in NFF are available at http://water.usgs.gov/software/nff.html.","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/wri024168","usgsCitation":"Ries, K., and Crouse, M.Y., 2002, The National Flood Frequency Program, version 3 : a computer program for estimating magnitude and frequency of floods for ungaged sites: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 2002-4168, 53 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri024168.","productDescription":"53 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":3830,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.water.usgs.gov/wri024168/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":162264,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ac7e4b07f02db67b1ab","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ries, Kernell G. III kries@usgs.gov","contributorId":1913,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ries","given":"Kernell G.","suffix":"III","email":"kries@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":502,"text":"Office of Surface Water","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":230766,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Crouse, Michele Y.","contributorId":93540,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Crouse","given":"Michele","email":"","middleInitial":"Y.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":230767,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ]}