Four alpine streams were monitored to continuously collect stream temperature and streamflow for periods ranging from a week to a year. In a small stream in the Colorado Rockies, diurnal variations in both stream temperature and streamflow were significantly greater in losing reaches than in gaining reaches, with minimum streamflow losses occurring early in the day and maximum losses occurring early in the evening. Using measured stream temperature changes, diurnal streambed infiltration rates were predicted to increase as much as 35% during the day (based on a heat and water transport groundwater model), while the measured increase in streamflow loss was 40%. For two large streams in the Sierra Nevada Mountains, annual stream temperature variations ranged from 0° to 25°C. In summer months, diurnal stream temperature variations were 30–40% of annual stream temperature variations, owing to reduced streamflows and increased atmospheric heating. Previous reports document that one Sierra stream site generally gains groundwater during low flows, while the second Sierra stream site may lose water during low flows. For August the diurnal streamflow variation was 11% at the gaining stream site and 30% at the losing stream site. On the basis of measured diurnal stream temperature variations, streambed infiltration rates were predicted to vary diurnally as much as 20% at the losing stream site. Analysis of results suggests that evapotranspiration losses determined diurnal streamflow variations in the gaining reaches, while in the losing reaches, evapotranspiration losses were compounded by diurnal variations in streambed infiltration. Diurnal variations in stream temperature were reduced in the gaining reaches as a result of discharging groundwater of relatively constant temperature. For the Sierra sites, comparison of results with those from a small tributary demonstrated that stream temperature patterns were useful in delineating discharges of bank storage following dam releases. Direct coupling may have occurred between streamflow and stream temperature for losing stream reaches, such that reduced streamflows facilitated increased afternoon stream temperatures and increased afternoon stream temperatures induced increased streambed losses, leading to even greater increases in both stream temperature and streamflow losses.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/98WR00998","usgsCitation":"Constantz, J., 1998, Interaction between stream temperature, streamflow, and groundwater exchanges in alpine streams: Water Resources Research, v. 34, no. 7, p. 1609-1615, https://doi.org/10.1029/98WR00998.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"1609","endPage":"1615","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":230276,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"34","issue":"7","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a3cace4b0c8380cd62f38","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Constantz, James E. 0000-0002-4062-2096 jconstan@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4062-2096","contributorId":1962,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Constantz","given":"James E.","email":"jconstan@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":387797,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70020668,"text":"70020668 - 1998 - Paleoseismic investigations in the Santa Cruz mountains, California: Implications for recurrence of large-magnitude earthquakes on the San Andreas fault","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-07-17T16:48:55.410176","indexId":"70020668","displayToPublicDate":"1998-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2314,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Paleoseismic investigations in the Santa Cruz mountains, California: Implications for recurrence of large-magnitude earthquakes on the San Andreas fault","docAbstract":"Trenching, microgeomorphic mapping, and tree ring analysis provide information on timing of paleoearthquakes and behavior of the San Andreas fault in the Santa Cruz mountains. At the Grizzly Flat site alluvial units dated at 1640–1659 A.D., 1679–1894 A.D., 1668–1893 A.D., and the present ground surface are displaced by a single event. This was the 1906 surface rupture. Combined trench dates and tree ring analysis suggest that the penultimate event occurred in the mid-1600 s, possibly in an interval as narrow as 1632–1659 A.D. There is no direct evidence in the trenches for the 1838 or 1865 earthquakes, which have been proposed as occurring on this part of the fault zone. In a minimum time of about 340 years only one large surface faulting event (1906) occurred at Grizzly Flat, in contrast to previous recurrence estimates of 95–110 years for the Santa Cruz mountains segment. Comparison with dates of the penultimate San Andreas earthquake at sites north of San Francisco suggests that the San Andreas fault between Point Arena and the Santa Cruz mountains may have failed either as a sequence of closely timed earthquakes on adjacent segments or as a single long rupture similar in length to the 1906 rupture around the mid-1600 s. The 1906 coseismic geodetic slip and the late Holocene geologic slip rate on the San Francisco peninsula and southward are about 50–70% and 70% of their values north of San Francisco, respectively. The slip gradient along the 1906 rupture section of the San Andreas reflects partitioning of plate boundary slip onto the San Gregorio, Sargent, and other faults south of the Golden Gate. If a mid-1600 s event ruptured the same section of the fault that failed in 1906, it supports the concept that long strike-slip faults can contain master rupture segments that repeat in both length and slip distribution. Recognition of a persistent slip rate gradient along the northern San Andreas fault and the concept of a master segment remove the requirement that lower slip sections of large events such as 1906 must fill in on a periodic basis with smaller and more frequent earthquakes.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/98JB00701","issn":"01480227","usgsCitation":"Schwartz, D.P., Pantosti, D., Okumura, K., Powers, T.J., and Hamilton, J.C., 1998, Paleoseismic investigations in the Santa Cruz mountains, California: Implications for recurrence of large-magnitude earthquakes on the San Andreas fault: Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth, v. 103, no. 8, p. 17985-18001, https://doi.org/10.1029/98JB00701.","productDescription":"17 p.","startPage":"17985","endPage":"18001","numberOfPages":"17","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":489093,"rank":2,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1029/98jb00701","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":231423,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"103","issue":"8","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1998-08-10","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a7444e4b0c8380cd77554","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Schwartz, David P. 0000-0001-5193-9200","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5193-9200","contributorId":52968,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schwartz","given":"David","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":387066,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Pantosti, D.","contributorId":66013,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pantosti","given":"D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":387068,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Okumura, K.","contributorId":90060,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Okumura","given":"K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":387069,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Powers, T. J.","contributorId":18391,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Powers","given":"T.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":387065,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Hamilton, J. C.","contributorId":61837,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hamilton","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":387067,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70020656,"text":"70020656 - 1998 - Review of magnetic field monitoring near active faults and volcanic calderas in California: 1974-1995","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-01-22T15:36:53","indexId":"70020656","displayToPublicDate":"1998-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3071,"text":"Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Review of magnetic field monitoring near active faults and volcanic calderas in California: 1974-1995","docAbstract":"Differential magnetic fields have been monitored along the San Andreas fault and the Long Valley caldera since 1974. At each monitoring location, proton precession magnetometers sample total magnetic field intensity at a resolution of 0.1 nT or 0.25 nT. Every 10 min, data samples are transmitted via satellite telemetry to Menlo Park, CA for processing and analysis. The number of active magnetometer sites has varied during the past 21 years from 6 to 25, with 12 sites currently operational. We use this network to identify magnetic field changes generated by earthquake and volcanic processes. During the two decades of monitoring, five moderate earthquakes (M5.9 to M7.3) have occurred within 20 km of magnetometer sites located along the San Andreas fault and only one preseismic signal of 1.5 nT has been observed. During moderate earthquakes, coseismic magnetic signals, with amplitudes from 0.7 nT to 1.3 nT, have been identified for 3 of the 5 events. These observations are generally consistent with those calculated from simple seismomagnetic models of these earthquakes and near-fault coseismic magnetic field disturbances rarely exceed one nanotesla. These data are consistent with the concept of low shear stress and relatively uniform displacement of the San Andreas fault system as expected due to high pore fluid pressure on the fault. A systematic decrease of 0.8-1 nT/year in magnetic field has occurred in the Long Valley caldera since 1989. These magnetic field data are similar in form to observed geodetically measured displacements from inflation of the resurgent dome. A simple volcanomagnetic model involving pressure increase of 50 MPa/a at a depth of 7 km under the resurgent dome can replicate these magnetic field observations. This model is derived from the intrusion model that best fits the surface deformation data. ?? 1998 Elsevier Science B.V.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","publisherLocation":"Amsterdam, Netherlands","doi":"10.1016/S0031-9201(97)00086-1","issn":"00319201","usgsCitation":"Mueller, R., and Johnston, M., 1998, Review of magnetic field monitoring near active faults and volcanic calderas in California: 1974-1995: Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors, v. 105, no. 3-4, p. 131-144, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9201(97)00086-1.","startPage":"131","endPage":"144","numberOfPages":"14","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":231232,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":266260,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9201(97)00086-1"}],"volume":"105","issue":"3-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505aac76e4b0c8380cd86d46","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Mueller, R.J.","contributorId":77135,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mueller","given":"R.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":387028,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Johnston, M.J.S. 0000-0003-4326-8368","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4326-8368","contributorId":104889,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Johnston","given":"M.J.S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":387029,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70020704,"text":"70020704 - 1998 - Detrital zircon U-Pb geochronology of Cambrian to Triassic miogeoclinal and eugeoclinal strata of Sonora, Mexico","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-07-17T16:00:58.023596","indexId":"70020704","displayToPublicDate":"1998-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2314,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Detrital zircon U-Pb geochronology of Cambrian to Triassic miogeoclinal and eugeoclinal strata of Sonora, Mexico","docAbstract":"One hundred and eighty two individual detrital zircon grains from Cambrian through Permian miogeoclinal strata, Ordovician eugeoclinal rocks, and Triassic post-orogenic sediments in northwestern Sonora have been analyzed. During Cambrian, Devonian, Permian, and Triassic time, most zircons accumulating along this part of the Cordilleran margin were shed from 1.40–1.45 and 1.62–1.78 Ga igneous rocks that are widespread in the southwestern United States and northwestern Mexico. Zircons with ages of approximately 1.11 Ga are common in Cambrian strata and were apparently shed from granite bodies near the sample site. The sources of 225–280 Ma zircons in our Triassic sample are more problematic, as few igneous rocks of these ages are recognized in northwestern Mexico. Such sources may be present but unrecognized, or the grains could have been derived from igneous rocks of the appropriate ages to the northwest in the Mojave Desert region, to the east in Chihuahua and Coahuila, or to the south in accreted(?) arc-type terranes. Because the zircon grains in our Cambrian and Devonian to Triassic samples could have accumulated in proximity to basement rocks near their present position or in the Death Valley region of southern California, our data do not support or refute the existence of the Mojave-Sonora megashear. Ordovician strata of both miogeoclinal and eugeoclinal affinity are dominated by >1.77 Ga detrital zircons, which are considerably older than most basement rocks in the region. Zircon grains in the miogeoclinal sample were apparently derived from the Peace River arch area of northwestern Canada and transported southward by longshore currents. The eugeoclinal grains may also have come from the Peace River arch region, with southward transport by either sedimentary or tectonic processes, or they may have been shed from off-shelf slivers of continents (perhaps Antarctica?) removed from the Cordilleran margin during Neoproterozoic rifting. It is also possible that the Ordovician eugeoclinal strata are far traveled and exotic to North America.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/97JB03251","issn":"01480227","usgsCitation":"Gehrels, G.E., and Stewart, J., 1998, Detrital zircon U-Pb geochronology of Cambrian to Triassic miogeoclinal and eugeoclinal strata of Sonora, Mexico: Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth, v. 103, no. B2, p. 2471-2487, https://doi.org/10.1029/97JB03251.","productDescription":"17 p.","startPage":"2471","endPage":"2487","numberOfPages":"17","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":489099,"rank":2,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1029/97jb03251","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":231424,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"103","issue":"B2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1998-02-10","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059fffde4b0c8380cd4f500","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Gehrels, G. E.","contributorId":9660,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gehrels","given":"G.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":387196,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Stewart, John H.","contributorId":14383,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stewart","given":"John H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":387197,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70020722,"text":"70020722 - 1998 - Episodic plate separation and fracture infill on the surface of Europa","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:15","indexId":"70020722","displayToPublicDate":"1998-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2840,"text":"Nature","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Episodic plate separation and fracture infill on the surface of Europa","docAbstract":"Images obtained by the Voyager spacecraft revealed dark, wedge-shaped bands on Europa that were interpreted as evidence that surface plates, 50- 100 km across, moved and rotated relative to each other. This implied that they may be mechanically decoupled from the interior by a layer of warm ice or liquid water. Here we report similar features seen in higher resolution images (420 metres per pixel) obtained by the Galileo spacecraft that reveal new details of wedge-band formation. In particular, the interior of one dark band shows bilateral symmetry of parallel lineaments and pit complexes which indicates that plate separation occurred in discrete episodes from a central axis. The images also show that this style of tectonic activity involved plates < 10 km across. Although this tectonic style superficially resembles aspects of similar activity on Earth, such as sea-floor spreading and the formation of ice leads in polar seas, there are significant differences in the underlying physical mechanisms: the wedge-shaped bands on Europa most probably formed when lower material (ice or water) rose to fill the fractures that widened in response to regional surface stresses.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Nature","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1038/34874","issn":"00280836","usgsCitation":"Sullivan, R., Greeley, R., Homan, K., Klemaszewski, J., Belton, M.J., Carr, M.H., Chapman, C.R., Tufts, R., Head, J.W., Pappalardo, R., Moore, J., and Thomas, P., 1998, Episodic plate separation and fracture infill on the surface of Europa: Nature, v. 391, no. 6665, p. 371-373, https://doi.org/10.1038/34874.","startPage":"371","endPage":"373","numberOfPages":"3","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":206879,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1038/34874"},{"id":231079,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"391","issue":"6665","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0a13e4b0c8380cd521b9","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Sullivan, R.","contributorId":63134,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sullivan","given":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":387269,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Greeley, R.","contributorId":6538,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Greeley","given":"R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":387263,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Homan, K.","contributorId":83700,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Homan","given":"K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":387271,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Klemaszewski, J.","contributorId":53556,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Klemaszewski","given":"J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":387267,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Belton, M. J. S.","contributorId":79223,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Belton","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"J. S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":387270,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Carr, M. H.","contributorId":84727,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Carr","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[{"id":131,"text":"Astrogeology Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":387272,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Chapman, C. R.","contributorId":12984,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chapman","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":387264,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Tufts, R.","contributorId":34681,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tufts","given":"R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":387265,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Head, J. W. III","contributorId":106267,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Head","given":"J.","suffix":"III","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":387274,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9},{"text":"Pappalardo, R.","contributorId":84924,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pappalardo","given":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":387273,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":10},{"text":"Moore, Jeff","contributorId":49059,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Moore","given":"Jeff","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":387266,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":11},{"text":"Thomas, P.","contributorId":59185,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thomas","given":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":387268,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":12}]}} ,{"id":70020748,"text":"70020748 - 1998 - Reductive dissolution and reactive solute transport in a sewage-contaminated glacial outwash aquifer","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-02-04T10:16:50","indexId":"70020748","displayToPublicDate":"1998-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1861,"text":"Ground Water","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Reductive dissolution and reactive solute transport in a sewage-contaminated glacial outwash aquifer","docAbstract":"Contamination of shallow ground water by sewage effluent typically contains reduced chemical species that consume dissolved oxygen, developing either a low oxygen geochemical environment or an anaerobic geochemical environment. Based on the load of reduced chemical species discharged to shallow ground water and the amounts of reactants in the aquifer matrix, it should be possible to determine chemical processes in the aquifer and compare observed results to predicted ones. At the Otis Air Base research site (Cape Cod, Massachusetts) where sewage effluent has infiltrated the shallow aquifer since 1936, bacterially mediated processes such as nitrification, denitrification, manganese reduction, and iron reduction have been observed in the contaminant plume. In specific areas of the plume, dissolved manganese and iron have increased significantly where local geochemical conditions are favorable for reduction and transport of these constituents from the aquifer matrix. Dissolved manganese and iron concentrations ranged from 0.02 to 7.3 mg/L, and 0.001 to 13.0 mg/L, respectively, for 21 samples collected from 1988 to 1989. Reduction of manganese and iron is linked to microbial oxidation of sewage carbon, producing bicarbonate and the dissolved metal ions as by-products. Calculated production and flux of CO2 through the unsaturated zone from manganese reduction in the aquifer was 0.035 g/m2/d (12% of measured CO2 flux during winter). Manganese is limited in the aquifer, however. A one-dimensional, reaction-coupled transport model developed for the mildly reducing conditions in the sewage plume nearest the source beds showed that reduction, transport, and removal of manganese from the aquifer sediments should result in iron reduction where manganese has been depleted.","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1111/j.1745-6584.1998.tb02832.x","issn":"0017467X","usgsCitation":"Lee, R.W., and Bennett, P., 1998, Reductive dissolution and reactive solute transport in a sewage-contaminated glacial outwash aquifer: Ground Water, v. 36, no. 4, p. 583-595, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6584.1998.tb02832.x.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"583","endPage":"595","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":230921,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"36","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2005-12-23","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"50e4a3e9e4b0e8fec6cdba1f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lee, R. W.","contributorId":86757,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lee","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":387364,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bennett, P.C.","contributorId":24357,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bennett","given":"P.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":387363,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70020767,"text":"70020767 - 1998 - Aryl hydrocarbon receptor function in early vertebrates:Inducibility of cytochrome P450 1A in agnathan and elasmobranch fish","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-05-06T15:19:17","indexId":"70020767","displayToPublicDate":"1998-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3820,"text":"Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology, Part C: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Endocrinology","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Aryl hydrocarbon receptor function in early vertebrates:Inducibility of cytochrome P450 1A in agnathan and elasmobranch fish","docAbstract":"The mammalian aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR) is a ligand-activated transcription factor that controls the expression of cytochrome P450 1A (CYP1A) genes in response to halogenated aromatic hydrocarbons such as 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD). The natural ligand and normal physiologic function of this protein are as yet unknown. One approach to understanding AHR function and significance is to determine the evolutionary history of this receptor and of processes such as CYP1A induction that are controlled by the AHR in mammals. In these studies, AHR function was evaluated in representative cartilaginous fish (little skate, Raja erinacea) and jawless fish (sea lamprey, Petromyzon marinus and Atlantic hagfish, Myxine glutinosa), using CYP1A induction as a model AHR-dependent response. Treatment of skate with β-naphthoflavone (BNF) caused an 8-fold increase in hepatic ethoxyresorufin O-deethylase (EROD) activity as well as a 37-fold increase in the content of immunodetectable CYP1A protein. Evidence of CYP1A inducibility was also obtained for another cartilaginous fish, the smooth dogfish Mustelus canis. In contrast, hepatic EROD activity was not detected in untreated lamprey nor in lamprey treated with 3,3′,4,4′-tetrachlorobiphenyl (TCB), a potent AHR agonist in teleosts. A possible CYP1A homolog was detected in lamprey hepatic microsomes by one of three antibodies to teleost CYP1A, but expression of this protein was not altered by TCB treatment. CYP1A protein and catalytic activity were measurable in hagfish, but neither was induced after treatment with TCB. These results suggest that the AHR-CYP1A signal transduction pathway is highly conserved in gnathostomes, but that there may be fundamental differences in AHR signaling or AHR-CYP1A coupling in agnathan fish. Agnathan fish such as hagfish and lamprey may be interesting model species for examining possible ancestral AHR functions not related to CYP1A regulation.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/S0742-8413(98)00007-3","issn":"07428413","usgsCitation":"Hahn, M.E., Woodin, B.R., Stegeman, J.J., and Tillitt, D.E., 1998, Aryl hydrocarbon receptor function in early vertebrates:Inducibility of cytochrome P450 1A in agnathan and elasmobranch fish: Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology, Part C: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Endocrinology, v. 120, no. 1, p. 67-75, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0742-8413(98)00007-3.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"67","endPage":"75","costCenters":[{"id":192,"text":"Columbia Environmental Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":231159,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"120","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059edb3e4b0c8380cd4995e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hahn, Mark E.","contributorId":175338,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Hahn","given":"Mark","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":387426,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Woodin, Bruce R.","contributorId":96632,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Woodin","given":"Bruce","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":6706,"text":"Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution,","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":387428,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Stegeman, John J.","contributorId":55102,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Stegeman","given":"John","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":6706,"text":"Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution,","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":387425,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Tillitt, Donald E. 0000-0002-8278-3955 dtillitt@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8278-3955","contributorId":1875,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tillitt","given":"Donald","email":"dtillitt@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":192,"text":"Columbia Environmental Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":387427,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70020803,"text":"70020803 - 1998 - The role of olfaction in homing and estuarine migratory behavior of yellow-phase American eels","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:51","indexId":"70020803","displayToPublicDate":"1998-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1169,"text":"Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The role of olfaction in homing and estuarine migratory behavior of yellow-phase American eels","docAbstract":"The role of olfaction in homing migrations of American eels (Anguilla rostrata) was examined in the Penobscot Estuary, Maine, U.S.A. Ultrasonic telemetry was used to track continuously (65 ?? 12 h) 16 yellow eels displaced from a capture site. Four eels were not treated, eight rendered anosmic, and four rendered partially anosmic. All normal, only three anosmic, and two partially anosmic eels homed. Normal eels expressed a singular behavioral pattern, selective tidal stream transport (STST). STST was also displayed by three anosmic eels and one partially anosmic eel. Three alternative behavioral patterns ('sporadic vertical excursions,' 'sloshing,' and 'directed swimming') were displayed by the remainder of the anosmic and partially anosmic eels. Eels that displayed STST used the water column differently (moving at depths shallower than the thermocline, halocline, and pycnocline) from those that displayed other behaviors. Olfaction seems to be important for discrimination of the appropriate tide for transport and location of a home site but is not the only orientational mechanism used in estuaries. Mechanisms used to detect rates of change of water mass characteristics are probably important for guidance of estuarine migrations.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","issn":"0706652X","usgsCitation":"Barbin, G., 1998, The role of olfaction in homing and estuarine migratory behavior of yellow-phase American eels: Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, v. 55, no. 3, p. 564-575.","startPage":"564","endPage":"575","numberOfPages":"12","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":229955,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"55","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505baf8ae4b08c986b324894","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Barbin, G.P.","contributorId":17948,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Barbin","given":"G.P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":387585,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70020807,"text":"70020807 - 1998 - Coseismic temporal changes of slip direction: The effect of absolute stress on dynamic rupture","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-10-22T14:28:49.620362","indexId":"70020807","displayToPublicDate":"1998-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1135,"text":"Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America","onlineIssn":"1943-3573","printIssn":"0037-1106","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Coseismic temporal changes of slip direction: The effect of absolute stress on dynamic rupture","docAbstract":"We investigate the dynamics of rupture at low-stress level. We show that one main difference between the dynamics of high- and low-stress events is the amount of coseismic temporal rake rotation occurring at given points on the fault. Curved striations on exposed fault surfaces and earthquake dislocation models derived from ground-motion inversion indicate that the slip direction may change with time at a point on the fault during dynamic rupture. We use a 3D boundary integral method to model temporal rake variations during dynamic rupture propagation assuming a slip-weakening friction law and isotropic friction. The points at which the slip rotates most are characterized by an initial shear stress direction substantially different from the average stress direction over the fault plane. We show that for a given value of stress drop, the level of initial shear stress (i.e., the fractional stress drop) determines the amount of rotation in slip direction. We infer that seismic events that show evidence of temporal rake rotations are characterized by a low initial shear-stress level with spatially variable direction on the fault (possibly due to changes in fault surface geometry) and an almost complete stress drop.
Our models motivate a new interpretation of curved and cross-cutting striations and put new constraints on their analysis. The initial rake is in general collinear with the initial stress at the hypocentral zone, supporting the assumptions made in stress-tensor inversion from first-motion analysis. At other points on the fault, especially away from the hypocenter, the initial slip rake may not be collinear with the initial shear stress, contradicting a common assumption of structural geology. On the other hand, the later part of slip in our models is systematically more aligned with the average stress direction than the early slip. Our modeling suggests that the length of the straight part of curved striations is usually an upper bound of the slip-weakening distance if this parameter is uniform over the fault plane, and the direction of the late part of slip of curved striations should have more weight in the estimate of initial stress direction.
","language":"English","publisher":"Seismological Society of America","doi":"10.1785/BSSA0880030777","issn":"00371106","usgsCitation":"Guatteri, M., and Spudich, P., 1998, Coseismic temporal changes of slip direction: The effect of absolute stress on dynamic rupture: Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, v. 88, no. 3, p. 777-789, https://doi.org/10.1785/BSSA0880030777.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"777","endPage":"789","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":229995,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"88","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1998-06-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059fc5de4b0c8380cd4e252","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Guatteri, Mariagiovanna","contributorId":29979,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Guatteri","given":"Mariagiovanna","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":387594,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Spudich, P.","contributorId":85700,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Spudich","given":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":387595,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70020186,"text":"70020186 - 1998 - History and status of introduced mammals and impacts to breeding seabirds on the California channel and Northwestern Baja California Islands","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:20","indexId":"70020186","displayToPublicDate":"1998-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3731,"text":"Waterbirds","onlineIssn":"19385390","printIssn":"15244695","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"History and status of introduced mammals and impacts to breeding seabirds on the California channel and Northwestern Baja California Islands","docAbstract":"The California Channel Islands, U.S.A., and Northwestern Baja California Islands, Mexico, host important breeding populations of several seabird species, including the endemic Black-vented Shearwater (Puffinus opisthomelas) and Xantus' Murrelet (Synthliboramphus hypoleucus). Mammals introduced to nearly all of the islands beginning in the late 1800s to early 1900s include: cats (Felis catus), dogs (Canis familiaris), Black Rats (Rattus rattus), rabbits and hares (Leporidae), goats (Capra hirca), sheep (Ovis ones), and other grazers. Cats, dogs and rats are seabird predators, grazers such as goats and sheep cause habitat degredation, and rabbits destroy habitat and compete with hole-nesting seabirds. Cats, which were introduced to at least 19 islands and currently occur on ten islands, have had the greatest impacts on seabirds, including the extinction of the endemic Guadalupe Storm-Petrel (Oceanodroma macrodactyla). Cats are known to have eliminated or severely reduced colonies of Black-vented Shearwaters, Cassin's Auklets (Ptychoramphus aleuticus) and Xantus' Murrelets. Black Rats have occurred on a minimum of seven islands and have reduced numbers of small, hole-nesting alcids on at least one island. At many islands, defoliation and erosion caused by rabbits and large grazing mammals has been severe. Their effects on seabirds are not well documented but potentially are serious. Impacts from introduced mammals have been most severe on islands with no native mammalian predators. On the Northwestern Baja California Islands, temporary and permanent human settlements have led to a greater diversity and source of introductions. Programs to remove introduced mammals and to reduce the possibility of future introductions are needed to restore seabird populations and to preserve the biodiversity of the region. Surveys are needed particularly on the Northwestern Baja California Islands to update the status and distribution of seabirds and to further assess impacts from introduced mammals.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Waterbirds","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","issn":"07386028","usgsCitation":"McChesney, G., and Tershy, B., 1998, History and status of introduced mammals and impacts to breeding seabirds on the California channel and Northwestern Baja California Islands: Waterbirds, v. 21, no. 3, p. 335-347.","startPage":"335","endPage":"347","numberOfPages":"13","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":231283,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"21","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a31b3e4b0c8380cd5e15d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"McChesney, G.J.","contributorId":20936,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McChesney","given":"G.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":385308,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Tershy, B.R.","contributorId":45585,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tershy","given":"B.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":385309,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70021359,"text":"70021359 - 1998 - Spawning ecology of flannelmouth sucker, Catostomus lattipinnis (Catostomidae), in two small tributaries of the lower Colorado river","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:51","indexId":"70021359","displayToPublicDate":"1998-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1528,"text":"Environmental Biology of Fishes","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Spawning ecology of flannelmouth sucker, Catostomus lattipinnis (Catostomidae), in two small tributaries of the lower Colorado river","docAbstract":"We report the first published accounts of spawning behavior and spawning site selection of the flannelmouth sucker in two small tributaries of the lower Colorado River in the Grand Canyon, Arizona. Spawning was observed on 20 March 1992 and from 28 March to 10 April 1993 in the Paria River, and from 16 to 19 March 1993 in Bright Angel Creek. Flannelmouth suckers exhibited promiscuous spawning behavior-individual females were typically paired with two or more males for a given event and sometimes changed partners between events. Multiple egg deposits by different females sometimes occurred at one spawning site. Flannelmouth sucker selected substrates from 16 to 32 mm diameter in both streams. Spawning occurred at depths of 10 to 25 cm in the Paria River and 19 to 41 cm in Bright Angel Creek. Mean column water velocities at spawning locations ranged from 0.15 to 1.0 m sec-1 in the Paria River and from 0.23 to 0.89 m sec-1 in Bright Angel Creek. Water temperatures recorded during spawning ranged from 9 to 18??C in the Paria River and 13 to 15??C in Bright Angel Creek. Spawning flannelmouth sucker ascended 9.8 km upstream in the Paria River and 1.25 km in Bright Angel Creek. Spawning females (410-580 mm) were significantly larger than spawning males (385-530 mm) in the Paria River. The mean size of spawning fish in the Paria River was significantly smaller than the entire stock, averaged throughout the study period (380-620 mm). However, fish spawning in 1992-1993 averaged 53 mm larger than fish spawning in the same reach of the Paria River in 1981, indicating a shift in the size structure of this stock.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Environmental Biology of Fishes","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1023/A:1007497513762","issn":"03781909","usgsCitation":"Weiss, S., Otis, E., and Maughan, O., 1998, Spawning ecology of flannelmouth sucker, Catostomus lattipinnis (Catostomidae), in two small tributaries of the lower Colorado river: Environmental Biology of Fishes, v. 52, no. 4, p. 419-433, https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1007497513762.","startPage":"419","endPage":"433","numberOfPages":"15","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":206467,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1007497513762"},{"id":229868,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"52","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b94d5e4b08c986b31ac79","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Weiss, S.J.","contributorId":72550,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Weiss","given":"S.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":389593,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Otis, E.O.","contributorId":80028,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Otis","given":"E.O.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":389594,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Maughan, O.E.","contributorId":70520,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Maughan","given":"O.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":389592,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70020323,"text":"70020323 - 1998 - Bacterial oxidation of dibromomethane and methyl bromide in natural waters and enrichment cultures","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-01-12T21:26:07.811315","indexId":"70020323","displayToPublicDate":"1998-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":850,"text":"Applied and Environmental Microbiology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Bacterial oxidation of dibromomethane and methyl bromide in natural waters and enrichment cultures","docAbstract":"Bacterial oxidation of14CH2Br2 and14CH3Br was measured in freshwater, estuarine, seawater, and hypersaline-alkaline samples. In general, bacteria from the various sites oxidized similar amounts of14CH2Br2 and comparatively less 14CH3Br. Bacterial oxidation of14CH3Br was rapid in freshwater samples compared to bacterial oxidation of 14CH3Br in more saline waters. Freshwater was also the only site in which methyl fluoride-sensitive bacteria (e.g., methanotrophs or nitrifiers) governed brominated methane oxidation. Half-life calculations indicated that bacterial oxidation of CH2Br2 was potentially significant in all of the waters tested. In contrast, only in freshwater was bacterial oxidation of CH3Br as fast as chemical removal. The values calculated for more saline sites suggested that bacterial oxidation of CH3Br was relatively slow compared to chemical and physical loss mechanisms. However, enrichment cultures demonstrated that bacteria in seawater can rapidly oxidize brominated methanes. Two distinct cultures of nonmethanotrophic methylotrophs were recovered; one of these cultures was able to utilize CH2Br2 as a sole carbon source, and the other was able to utilize CH3Br as a sole carbon source.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","doi":"10.1128/AEM.64.12.4629-4636.1998","issn":"00992240","usgsCitation":"Goodwin, K., Schaefer, J., and Oremland, R., 1998, Bacterial oxidation of dibromomethane and methyl bromide in natural waters and enrichment cultures: Applied and Environmental Microbiology, v. 64, no. 12, p. 4629-4636, https://doi.org/10.1128/AEM.64.12.4629-4636.1998.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"4629","endPage":"4636","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":479724,"rank":2,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1128/aem.64.12.4629-4636.1998","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":231400,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"Mono Lake, Monterey Bay, San Francisco Bay, Searsville 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Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-06-20T19:55:50","indexId":"70020354","displayToPublicDate":"1998-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2468,"text":"Journal of Structural Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Late Cretaceous to early Tertiary transtension and strain partitioning in the Chugach Accretionary Complex, SE Alaska","docAbstract":"Shear zones in the Late Cretaceous Sitka Graywacke of the Chugach accretionary complex in southeast Alaska record constrictional finite strains, with maximum principal s tretches plunging shallowly subparallel to strike of the shear zones. Macrostructural analysis indicates the finite strain formed during one deformation event. Microstructural analysis of the shear zones shows that this deformation is ductile, promoted mostly through deformation of low-strength lithic clasts and pressure solution. Kinematic indicators from some of the shear zones indicate dominantly dextral motion. Although multiple scenarios can explain constrictional finite strains in a shear zone, these dextral strike-slip shear zones must have experienced a component of extension across them in order to generate constrictional finite strains. Therefore, the shear zones are dextral transtensional shear zones, an uncommon tectinic regime in an accretionary complex. The transtensional shear zones reflect strike-slip motion related to partitioning of Late Cretaceous to Early Tertiary right-oblique convergence between North America and the Farallon plate. The extensional component that was superposed on the strike-slip shear zones to generate transtension resulted from contemporaneous collapse of the forearc following thickening related to underplating.Shear zones in the Late Cretaceous Sitka Graywacke of the Chugach accretionary complex in southeast Alaska record constrictional finite strains, with maximum principal stretches plunging shallowy sub-parallel to strike of the shear zones. Macrostructural analysis indicates the finite strain formed during one deformation event. Microstructural analysis of the shear zones shows that this deformation is ductile, promoted mostly through deformation of low-strength lithic clasts and pressure solution. Kinematic indicators from some of the shear zones indicate dominantly dextral motion. Although multiple scenarios can explain constrictional finite strains in a shear zone, these dextral strike-slip shear zones must have experienced a component of extension across them in order to generate constrictional finite strains. Therefore, the shear zones are dextral transtensional shear zones, an uncommon tectonic regime in an accretionary complex. The transtensional shear zones reflect strike-slip motion related to partitioning of Late Cretaceous to Early Tertiary right-oblique convergence between North America and the Farallon plate. The extensional component that was superposed on the strike-slip shear zones to generate transtension resulted from contemporaneous collapse of the forearc following thickening related to underplating.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Structural Geology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier Sci Ltd","publisherLocation":"Exeter, United Kingdom","doi":"10.1016/S0191-8141(98)00001-7","issn":"01918141","usgsCitation":"Davis, J., Roeske, S.M., and Karl, S.M., 1998, Late Cretaceous to early Tertiary transtension and strain partitioning in the Chugach Accretionary Complex, SE Alaska: Journal of Structural Geology, v. 20, no. 5, p. 639-654, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0191-8141(98)00001-7.","startPage":"639","endPage":"654","numberOfPages":"16","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":231253,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":206924,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0191-8141(98)00001-7"}],"volume":"20","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a44dce4b0c8380cd66e57","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Davis, J.S.","contributorId":47426,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Davis","given":"J.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":385928,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Roeske, Sarah M.","contributorId":141228,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Roeske","given":"Sarah","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":13721,"text":"Department of Geology, University of Califorina Davis","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":385929,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Karl, Susan M. 0000-0003-1559-7826 skarl@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1559-7826","contributorId":502,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Karl","given":"Susan","email":"skarl@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":119,"text":"Alaska Science Center Geology Minerals","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":385927,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70020355,"text":"70020355 - 1998 - Degradation of chloroacetanilide herbicides: The prevalence of sulfonic and oxanilic acid metabolites in Iowa groundwaters and surface waters","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-01-06T06:44:08","indexId":"70020355","displayToPublicDate":"1998-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1565,"text":"Environmental Science & Technology","onlineIssn":"1520-5851","printIssn":"0013-936X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Degradation of chloroacetanilide herbicides: The prevalence of sulfonic and oxanilic acid metabolites in Iowa groundwaters and surface waters","docAbstract":"Water samples were collected from 88 municipal wells throughout Iowa during the summer and were collected monthly at 12 stream sites in eastern Iowa from March to December 1996 to study the occurrence of the sulfonic and oxanilic metabolites of acetochlor, alachlor, and metolachlor. The sulfonic and oxanilic metabolites were present in almost 75% of the groundwater samples and were generally present from 3 to 45 times more frequently than their parent compounds. In groundwater, the median value of the summed concentrations of acetochlor, alachlor, and metolachlor was less than 0.05 μg/L, and the median value of the summed concentrations of the six metabolites was 1.2 μg/L. All surface water samples contained at least one detectable metabolite compound. Individual metabolites were detected from 2 to over 100 times more frequently than the parent compounds. In surface water, the median value of the summed concentrations of the three parent compounds was 0.13 μg/L, and the median value of the summed concentrations of the six metabolites was 6.4 μg/L. These data demonstrate the importance of analyzing both parent compounds and metabolites to more fully understand the environmental fate and transport of herbicides in the hydrologic system.
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dwkolpin@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3529-6505","contributorId":1239,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kolpin","given":"Dana","email":"dwkolpin@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":351,"text":"Iowa Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":778908,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Thurman, E.M.","contributorId":102864,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thurman","given":"E.M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":385934,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Ferrer, I.","contributorId":97260,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ferrer","given":"I.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":385933,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Barcelo, D.","contributorId":24107,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Barcelo","given":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":385930,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70020361,"text":"70020361 - 1998 - Solute changes during aquifer storage recovery testing in a limestone/clastic aquifer","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-03-07T12:21:46.416548","indexId":"70020361","displayToPublicDate":"1998-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3825,"text":"Groundwater","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Solute changes during aquifer storage recovery testing in a limestone/clastic aquifer","docAbstract":"Aquifer storage recovery (ASR) was tested in the Santee Limestone/Black Mingo Aquifer near Charleston, South Carolina, to assess the feasibility for subsurface storage of treated drinking water. Water quality data obtained during two representative ASR tests were interpreted to show three things: (1) recovery efficiency of ASR in this geological setting; (2) possible changes in physical characteristics of the aquifer during ASR testing; and (3) water quality changes and potability of recovered water during short (one- and six-day) storage durations in the predominantly carbonate aquifer.
Recovery efficiency for both ASR tests reported here was 54%. Successive ASR tests increased aquifer permeability of the Santee Limestone/Black Mingo Aquifer. It is likely that aquifer permeability increased during short storage periods due to dissolution of carbonate minerals and amorphous silica in aquifer material by treated drinking water. Dissolution resulted in an estimated 0.3% increase in pore volume of the permeable zones. Ground water composition generally evolved from a sodium-calcium bicarbonate water to a sodium chloride water during storage and recovery. After short duration, stored water can exceed the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency maximum contaminant level (MCL) for chloride (250 mg/L). However, sulfate, fluoride, and tri-halomethane concentrations remained below MCLs during storage and recovery.
Carbon dioxide and helium with isotopic compositions indicative of a magmatic source ( δ13C = −4.5 to −5‰, 3He/ 4He = 4.5 to 6.7 RA) are discharging at anomalous rates from Mammoth Mountain, on the southwestern rim of the Long Valley caldera in eastern California. The gas is released mainly as diffuse emissions from normal‐temperature soils, but some gas issues from steam vents or leaves the mountain dissolved in cold groundwater. The rate of gas discharge increased significantly in 1989 following a 6‐month period of persistent earthquake swarms and associated strain and ground deformation that has been attributed to dike emplacement beneath the mountain. An increase in the magmatic component of helium discharging in a steam vent on the north side of Mammoth Mountain, which also began in 1989, has persisted until the present time. Anomalous CO2 discharge from soils first occurred during the winter of 1990 and was followed by observations of several areas of tree kill and/or heavier than normal needlecast the following summer. Subsequent measurements have confirmed that the tree kills are associated with CO2 concentrations of 30–90% in soil gas and gas flow rates of up to 31,000 g m−2 d−1 at the soil surface. Each of the tree‐kill areas and one area of CO2 discharge above tree line occurs in close proximity to one or more normal faults, which may provide conduits for gas flow from depth. We estimate that the total diffuse CO2 flux from the mountain is approximately 520 t/d, and that 30–50 t/d of CO2 are dissolved in cold groundwater flowing off the flanks of the mountain. Isotopic and chemical analyses of soil and fumarolic gas demonstrate a remarkable homogeneity in composition, suggesting that the CO2 and associated helium and excess nitrogen may be derived from a common gas reservoir whose source is associated with some combination of magmatic degassing and thermal metamorphism of metasedimentary rocks. Furthermore, N2/Ar ratios and nitrogen isotopic values indicate that the Mammoth Mountain gases are derived from sources separate from those that supply gas to the hydrothermal system within the Long Valley caldera. Various data suggest that the Mammoth Mountain gas reservoir is a large, low‐temperature cap over an isolated hydrothermal system, that it predates the 1989 intrusion, and that it could remain a source of gas discharge for some time.
","language":"English","publisher":"AGU","doi":"10.1029/98JB01389","issn":"01480227","usgsCitation":"Sorey, M., Evans, W.C., Kennedy, B.M., Farrar, C.D., Hainsworth, L., and Hausback, B., 1998, Carbon dioxide and helium emissions from a reservoir of magmatic gas beneath Mammoth Mountain, California: Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth, v. 103, no. 7, p. 15303-15323, https://doi.org/10.1029/98JB01389.","productDescription":"21 p.","startPage":"15303","endPage":"15323","costCenters":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":489109,"rank":1,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1029/98jb01389","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":229681,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"103","issue":"7","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1998-07-10","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f35de4b0c8380cd4b75a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Sorey, M.L.","contributorId":73185,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sorey","given":"M.L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":387817,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Evans, William C.","contributorId":104903,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Evans","given":"William","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":387820,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Kennedy, B. M.","contributorId":97638,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kennedy","given":"B.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":387818,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Farrar, C. D.","contributorId":71978,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Farrar","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":387816,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Hainsworth, L.J.","contributorId":98486,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hainsworth","given":"L.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":387819,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Hausback, B.","contributorId":68912,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hausback","given":"B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":387815,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70020164,"text":"70020164 - 1998 - Mountains and Calderas on Io: Possible Implications for Lithosphere Structure and Magma Generation","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:20","indexId":"70020164","displayToPublicDate":"1998-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1963,"text":"Icarus","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Mountains and Calderas on Io: Possible Implications for Lithosphere Structure and Magma Generation","docAbstract":"The combination of Voyager images and newly acquired Galileo images with low illumination and resolutions ranging from 2 to 6 km/pixel now allows determination of the global distribution of mountains and volcanic centers on Io. The mountains generally do not have characteristics typical of terrestrial volcanic landforms, they are evenly distributed across the surface and show no obvious correlation with known hot spots or plumes. Relative elevations, determined by shadow measurements and stereoscopy, indicate that mountains in the newly imaged area range in elevation up to at least 7.6 km. The origin of the mountains remains uncertain. Some appear to be multitiered volcanic constructs; others enclosing the partial remains of large circular depressions appear to be remnants of old volcanoes; yet others show extensive tectonic disruption. Volcanic centers also appear to be distributed evenly across the surface except for an apparently somewhat lower density at high latitudes. The low latitudes have one volcanic center per 7 ?? 104km2, and, on average, the centers are spaced roughly 250 km apart. The global distribution of high mountains suggests that the lithosphere over most of Io is thick. Although the thickness cannot be calculated, the previously suggested 30 km appears reasonable as a lower limit. The high rates of resurfacing combined with the likely dissipation of most of the tidal energy in the asthenosphere and underlying mantle implies a very low temperature gradient in the upper part of the lithosphere and steep gradients in the lower lithosphere. The slow rate of separation of melt from host rock in the magma source regions as a consequence of the low gravity on Io, coupled with the high rate of magma production, will likely result in larger melt fractions than is typical for source regions on Earth. The variety of volcanic landforms suggests that volcanic products with a range of compositions are deposited on the surface. This mixture will be carried downward through the lithosphere as a consequence of the 0.5-1.5 cm/yr resurfacing rates. During descent, the more volatile components will tend to be driven off early, but complete or near-complete melting at the base of the lithosphere may result in rehomogenization of the silicate mixture that remains. ?? 1998 Academic Press.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Icarus","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1006/icar.1998.5979","issn":"00191035","usgsCitation":"Carr, M.H., McEwen, A.S., Howard, K.A., Chuang, F.C., Thomas, P., Schuster, P., Oberst, J., Neukum, G., and Schubert, G., 1998, Mountains and Calderas on Io: Possible Implications for Lithosphere Structure and Magma Generation: Icarus, v. 135, no. 1, p. 146-165, https://doi.org/10.1006/icar.1998.5979.","startPage":"146","endPage":"165","numberOfPages":"20","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":479799,"rank":10000,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1006/icar.1998.5979","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":205982,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1006/icar.1998.5979"},{"id":227753,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"135","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a5eb9e4b0c8380cd70c2a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Carr, M. H.","contributorId":84727,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Carr","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[{"id":131,"text":"Astrogeology Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":385256,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"McEwen, A. S.","contributorId":11317,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McEwen","given":"A.","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":385251,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Howard, K. A.","contributorId":48938,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Howard","given":"K.","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":385252,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Chuang, F. C.","contributorId":105452,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Chuang","given":"F.","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":385259,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Thomas, P.","contributorId":59185,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thomas","given":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":385254,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Schuster, Peter","contributorId":61607,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schuster","given":"Peter","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":385255,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Oberst, J.","contributorId":103427,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Oberst","given":"J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":385257,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Neukum, G.","contributorId":105443,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Neukum","given":"G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":385258,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Schubert, G.","contributorId":51679,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schubert","given":"G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":385253,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9}]}} ,{"id":70020389,"text":"70020389 - 1998 - Regional land cover characterization using Landsat thematic mapper data and ancillary data sources","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-04-07T15:09:19","indexId":"70020389","displayToPublicDate":"1998-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1552,"text":"Environmental Monitoring and Assessment","onlineIssn":"1573-2959","printIssn":"0167-6369","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Regional land cover characterization using Landsat thematic mapper data and ancillary data sources","docAbstract":"As part of the activities of the Multi-Resolution Land Characteristics (MRLC) Interagency Consortium, an intermediate-scale land cover data set is being generated for the conterminous United States. This effort is being conducted on a region-by-region basis using U.S. Standard Federal Regions. To date, land cover data sets have been generated for Federal Regions 3 (Pennsylvania, West Virginia, Virginia, Maryland, and Delaware) and 2 (New York and New Jersey). Classification work is currently under way in Federal Region 4 (the southeastern United States), and land cover mapping activities have been started in Federal Regions 5 (the Great Lakes region) and 1 (New England). It is anticipated that a land cover data set for the conterminous United States will be completed by the end of 1999. A standard land cover classification legend is used, which is analogous to and compatible with other classification schemes. The primary MRLC regional classification scheme contains 23 land cover classes.
The primary source of data for the project is the Landsat thematic mapper (TM) sensor. For each region, TM scenes representing both leaf-on and leaf-off conditions are acquired, preprocessed, and georeferenced to MRLC specifications. Mosaicked data are clustered using unsupervised classification, and individual clusters are labeled using aerial photographs. Individual clusters that represent more than one land cover unit are split using spatial modeling with multiple ancillary spatial data layers (most notably, digital elevation model, population, land use and land cover, and wetlands information). This approach yields regional land cover information suitable for a wide array of applications, including landscape metric analyses, land management, land cover change studies, and nutrient and pesticide runoff modeling.
","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1023/A:1005996900217","issn":"01676369","usgsCitation":"Vogelmann, J., Sohl, T.L., Campbell, P., and Shaw, D., 1998, Regional land cover characterization using Landsat thematic mapper data and ancillary data sources: Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, v. 51, no. 1-2, p. 415-428, https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1005996900217.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"415","endPage":"428","numberOfPages":"14","costCenters":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":231136,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":206893,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1005996900217"}],"volume":"51","issue":"1-2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"50e4a535e4b0e8fec6cdbd83","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Veith G.","contributorId":128423,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"Veith G.","id":536464,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1}],"authors":[{"text":"Vogelmann, James E. 0000-0002-0804-5823","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0804-5823","contributorId":16604,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Vogelmann","given":"James E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":386058,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Sohl, Terry L. 0000-0002-9771-4231","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9771-4231","contributorId":76419,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sohl","given":"Terry","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":386061,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Campbell, P.V.","contributorId":29985,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Campbell","given":"P.V.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":386059,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Shaw, D.M.","contributorId":46716,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Shaw","given":"D.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":386060,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":50180,"text":"ofr98273 - 1998 - Level II scour analysis for Bridge 28 (ROCHTH00370028) on Town Highway 37, crossing Brandon Brook, Rochester, Vermont","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-08-25T16:15:35","indexId":"ofr98273","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"98-273","title":"Level II scour analysis for Bridge 28 (ROCHTH00370028) on Town Highway 37, crossing Brandon Brook, Rochester, Vermont","docAbstract":"This report provides the results of a detailed Level II analysis of scour potential at structure ROCHTH00370028 on Town Highway 37 crossing Brandon Brook, Rochester, Vermont (figures 1–8). A Level II study is a basic engineering analysis of the site, including a quantitative analysis of stream stability and scour (FHWA, 1993). Results of a Level I scour investigation also are included in appendix E of this report. A Level I investigation provides a qualitative geomorphic characterization of the study site. Information on the bridge, gleaned from VTAOT files, was compiled prior to conducting Level I and Level II analyses and is found in appendix D.
The site is in the Green Mountain section of the New England physiographic province in central Vermont. The 8.0-mi2 drainage area is in a predominantly rural and forested basin. In the vicinity of the study site, the surface cover is pasture on the upstream left overbank although the immediate banks have dense woody vegetation. The upstream right overbank and downstream left and right overbanks are forested.
In the study area, the Brandon Brook has an incised, sinuous channel with a slope of approximately 0.01 ft/ft, an average channel top width of 44 ft and an average bank height of 7 ft. The channel bed material ranges from gravel to cobbles with a median grain size (D50) of 84.2 mm (0.276 ft). The geomorphic assessment at the time of the Level I site visit on April 12, 1995 and Level II site visit on July 8, 1996, indicated that the reach was stable.
The Town Highway 37 crossing of the Brandon Brook is a 33-ft-long, one-lane bridge consisting of a 31-foot timber-stringer span (Vermont Agency of Transportation, written communication, March 22, 1995). The opening length of the structure parallel to the bridge face is 29.6 ft. The bridge is supported by vertical, timber log cribbing abutments with wingwalls. The channel is skewed approximately 5 degrees to the opening while the computed opening-skew-to-roadway is zero degrees.
A scour hole 1.0 ft deeper than the mean thalweg depth was observed along the upstream left wingwall and the left abutment during the Level I assessment. The only scour protection measure at the site was type-5 protection, an artificial levee, extending along the upstream right bank to the end of the upstream right wingwall. Additional details describing conditions at the site are included in the Level II Summary and appendices D and E.
Scour depths and recommended rock rip-rap sizes were computed using the general guidelines described in Hydraulic Engineering Circular 18 (Richardson and others, 1995) for the 100- and 500-year discharges. Total scour at a highway crossing is comprised of three components: 1) long-term streambed degradation; 2) contraction scour (due to accelerated flow caused by a reduction in flow area at a bridge) and; 3) local scour (caused by accelerated flow around piers and abutments). Total scour is the sum of the three components. Equations are available to compute depths for contraction and local scour and a summary of the results of these computations follows.
Contraction scour for all modelled flows was zero ft. Left abutment scour ranged from 7.1 to 9.9 ft where the worst-case scour occurred at the 500-year discharge. Right abutment scour ranged from 4.4 to 5.1 ft where the worst-case scour occurred at the 500-year discharge. Additional information on scour depths and depths to armoring are included in the section titled “Scour Results.” Scoured-streambed elevations, based on the calculated scour depths, are presented in tables 1 and 2. A cross-section of the scour computed at the bridge is presented in figure 8. Scour depths were calculated assuming an infinite depth of erosive material and a homogeneous particle-size distribution.
It is generally accepted that the Froehlich equation (abutment scour) gives “excessively conservative estimates of scour depths” (Richardson and Davis, 1995, p. 46). Usually, computed scour depths are evaluated in combination with other information including (but not limited to) historical performance during flood events, the geomorphic stability assessment, existing scour protection measures, and the results of the hydraulic analyses. Therefore, scour depths adopted by VTAOT may differ from the computed values documented herein
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Pembroke, NH","doi":"10.3133/ofr98273","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with Vermont Agency of Transportation and Federal Highway Administration","usgsCitation":"Wild, E.C., and Weber, M.A., 1998, Level II scour analysis for Bridge 28 (ROCHTH00370028) on Town Highway 37, crossing Brandon Brook, Rochester, Vermont: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 98-273, iv, 51 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr98273.","productDescription":"iv, 51 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":179102,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr98273.JPG"},{"id":280071,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1998/0273/report.pdf"}],"country":"United States","state":"Vermont","city":"Rochester","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b19e4b07f02db6a7f60","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wild, Emily C. 0000-0001-6157-7629 ecwild@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6157-7629","contributorId":1810,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wild","given":"Emily","email":"ecwild@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":5081,"text":"Libraries","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":240908,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Weber, Matthew A.","contributorId":41483,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Weber","given":"Matthew","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":240907,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ]}