The hypothesis that migratory birds accumulate persistent organochlorine pesticides (POPs) during the winter in Latin America has been prevalent for many years, particularly since 1,1,1-trichloro-2,2–bis(p-chlorophenyl)ethane (DDT) was banned in the United States in 1972. It has been suggested that peregrine falcons (Falco peregrinus), black-crowned night herons (Nycticorax nycticorax), white-faced ibises (Plegadis chihi), various migratory waterfowl and shorebirds, and other avian species accumulate higher concentrations of POPs while on migration or on their wintering grounds in Latin America. Nonetheless, the data obtained thus far are limited, and there is no clear pattern to suggest that such accumulation occurs on a widespread basis. In this review wildlife contaminant studies conducted along the U.S.-Mexico border and throughout Mexico are discussed. The results for the most part seem to indicate that no major accumulation of 2,2-bis(p-chlorophenyl)-1,1-dichloroethylene) (DDE), the most persistent organochlorine compound, has occurred or been reported for most parts of Mexico. The majority of the DDE values in birds from Mexico were similar to those reported in birds from the southwestern United States during the same years. More work needs to be done, particularly in those cotton-producing areas of Mexico where DDT was applied heavily in the past (e.g., Chiapas and Michoacan). Because DDT is still used for malaria control and may still be used in agriculture in Chiapas, this state is probably the one where most migrant species would still be at a significant risk of increased accumulation of DDE and DDT.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1002/etc.5620160102","usgsCitation":"Mora, M.A., 1997, Transboundary pollution: Persistent organochlorine pesticides in migrant birds of the Southwestern United States and Mexico: Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, v. 16, no. 1, p. 3-11, https://doi.org/10.1002/etc.5620160102.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"3","endPage":"11","costCenters":[{"id":192,"text":"Columbia Environmental Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":479886,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1002/etc.5620160102","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":332638,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Mexico, United States","volume":"16","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1997-01-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58662f1ee4b0cd2dabe7c4e9","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Mora, Miguel A. 0000-0002-8393-0216","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8393-0216","contributorId":46643,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mora","given":"Miguel","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":656906,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70019541,"text":"70019541 - 1997 - Delineating paleochannels using shallow seismic reflection","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-05-06T15:42:05.772381","indexId":"70019541","displayToPublicDate":"2012-02-07T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2610,"text":"Leading Edge (Tulsa, OK)","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Delineating paleochannels using shallow seismic reflection","docAbstract":"Discontinuous confining units beneath industrialized areas provide effective pathways for contaminants to move from one aquifer to another within Atlantic Coastal Plain sediments. Shallow seismic reflection can provide coherent high resolution images of thin, alternating sand and clay sequences in many shallow water table environments — useful, cost‐effective information which can significantly enhance environmental investigations.
","language":"English","publisher":"Society of Exploration Geophysicists","doi":"10.1190/1.1437555","issn":"1070485X","usgsCitation":"Miller, R., and Xia, J., 1997, Delineating paleochannels using shallow seismic reflection: Leading Edge (Tulsa, OK), v. 16, no. 11, p. 1671-1674, https://doi.org/10.1190/1.1437555.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"1671","endPage":"1674","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":228120,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"16","issue":"11","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059fe61e4b0c8380cd4eceb","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Miller, R. D.","contributorId":92693,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Miller","given":"R. D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":383109,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Xia, J.","contributorId":63513,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Xia","given":"J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":383108,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":5223344,"text":"5223344 - 1997 - Reproduction of black-crowned night-herons related to predation and contaminants in Oregon and Washington, USA","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-04-06T14:36:58.57445","indexId":"5223344","displayToPublicDate":"2010-06-16T12:17:47","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1272,"text":"Colonial Waterbirds","printIssn":"07386028","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Reproduction of black-crowned night-herons related to predation and contaminants in Oregon and Washington, USA","docAbstract":"We studied reproductive characteristics of Black-crowned Night-Herons (Nycticorax nycticorax) at four colonies in south central Washington and one colony in north central Oregon in 1991. Nest success, adjusted using the Mayfield method, was significantly different between colonies and ranged from 12-84% to hatching and 12-73% to 14 days post-hatching. The mean number of young surviving to 14 days of age in each colony ranged from 0.47-1.94 per nesting female (includes recycling efforts that involve laying more than one clutch). They were marked intercolony differences in clutch size and incidence of recycling. Predation (primarily avian) was a major factor that adversely affected nest success in three colonies and was relatively unimportant in two colonies. Residues of DDE, total polychlorinated biphenyls, 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin, and other compounds in eggs were generally low and apparently had little influence on reproductive success at any of the colonies. Mean eggshell thinning ranged from 7-1 1 % in comparison to a pre-1947 norm for eggs measured in museum collections. Cytochrome P450 enzyme (EROD, PROD, and BROD) induction in livers of pipped embryos by colony ranged from low to average in comparison with other colonies throughout the U.S. Average EROD and BROD activities were highest at Sand Dune Island and were lowest at Potholes Reservoir which was designated the reference colony. In relation to our study of three of the five colonies in the early 1980s, residues of DDE and several related compounds appeared to decline, nest predation rates increased, and nest success decreased at all three colonies.
","language":"English","publisher":"Waterbrd Society","doi":"10.2307/1521685","usgsCitation":"Blus, L.J., Rattner, B., Melancon, M.J., and Henny, C.J., 1997, Reproduction of black-crowned night-herons related to predation and contaminants in Oregon and Washington, USA: Colonial Waterbirds, v. 20, no. 2, p. 185-197, https://doi.org/10.2307/1521685.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"185","endPage":"197","costCenters":[{"id":290,"text":"Forest and Rangeland Ecosystem Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":199340,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Oregon, Washington","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -124.1015625,\n 41.95131994679697\n ],\n [\n -117.04833984375001,\n 41.983994270935625\n ],\n [\n -116.8505859375,\n 44.11914151643737\n ],\n [\n -117.158203125,\n 44.402391829093915\n ],\n [\n -116.45507812500001,\n 45.72152152227954\n ],\n [\n -116.98242187499999,\n 46.027481852486645\n ],\n [\n -117.02636718749999,\n 48.951366470947725\n ],\n [\n -123.28857421875,\n 49.05227025601607\n ],\n [\n -123.15673828124999,\n 48.56024979174329\n ],\n [\n -123.11279296875001,\n 48.268569112964336\n ],\n [\n -124.73876953125,\n 48.4146186174932\n ],\n [\n -124.8046875,\n 48.06339653776211\n ],\n [\n -124.21142578125,\n 47.11499982620772\n ],\n [\n -124.07958984375001,\n 45.93587062119052\n ],\n [\n -124.21142578125,\n 44.05601169578525\n ],\n [\n -124.5849609375,\n 42.779275360241904\n ],\n [\n -124.4091796875,\n 42.08191667830631\n ],\n [\n -124.1015625,\n 41.95131994679697\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"20","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a55e4b07f02db62ca1e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Blus, L. J.","contributorId":38116,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Blus","given":"L.","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":338489,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Rattner, Barnett A. 0000-0003-3676-2843","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3676-2843","contributorId":95843,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rattner","given":"Barnett A.","affiliations":[{"id":50464,"text":"Eastern Ecological Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":338490,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Melancon, M. J.","contributorId":96206,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Melancon","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":338491,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Henny, Charles J.","contributorId":12578,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Henny","given":"Charles","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":338488,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":5223330,"text":"5223330 - 1997 - Forty-first supplement to the American Ornithologists' Union Check-list of North American birds","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-05-10T09:35:57","indexId":"5223330","displayToPublicDate":"2010-06-16T12:17:47","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3544,"text":"The Auk","onlineIssn":"1938-4254","printIssn":"0004-8038","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Forty-first supplement to the American Ornithologists' Union Check-list of North American birds","docAbstract":"This seventh supplement after the publication of the 6th edition (1983) of the AOU Check-list of North American Birds includes taxonomic and nomenclatural changes adopted by the Committee on Classification and Nomenclature between 15 March 1995 and 15 March 1997. Because this will be the last supplement before the publication of the 7th edition of the Check-list, it also summarizes other decisions made by the Committee since 1983 that were not intended to affect the 6th edition but rather were to lay the foundation for its successor. Most of those decisions relate to sequence or rank of certain taxonomic categories. The Committee believes that compendia such as the Check-list are not appropriate places for the first appearance of novel taxonomic treatments or rearrangements. Therefore, we take the opportunity of this supplement to inform you of the ways in which the 7th edition will differ from the 6th. The style of this supplement differs from that of the previous six because they were designed to provide detailed changes to the text in the 6th edition; this one also is to provide information on how the 7th edition will differ from the 6th. Many details on reasons for the change will be discussed in the Preface or text of the new volume.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Ornithological Society","doi":"10.2307/4089270","usgsCitation":"Banks, R., Fitzpatrick, J., Howell, T., Johnson, N., Monroe, B., Ouellet, H., Remsen, J., and Storer, R., 1997, Forty-first supplement to the American Ornithologists' Union Check-list of North American birds: The Auk, v. 114, no. 3, p. 542-552, https://doi.org/10.2307/4089270.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"542","endPage":"552","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":479902,"rank":1,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.2307/4089270","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":199970,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"114","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e499fe4b07f02db5bd0d7","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Banks, R.C.","contributorId":20440,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Banks","given":"R.C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":338439,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Fitzpatrick, J.W.","contributorId":33012,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fitzpatrick","given":"J.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":338442,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Howell, T.R.","contributorId":36656,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Howell","given":"T.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":338443,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Johnson, N.K.","contributorId":22068,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Johnson","given":"N.K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":338440,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Monroe, B.L. Jr.","contributorId":85294,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Monroe","given":"B.L.","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":338446,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Ouellet, H.","contributorId":29091,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ouellet","given":"H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":338441,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Remsen, J.V. Jr.","contributorId":82258,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Remsen","given":"J.V.","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":338445,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Storer, R.W.","contributorId":79588,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Storer","given":"R.W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":338444,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8}]}} ,{"id":5223332,"text":"5223332 - 1997 - Diagnostic criteria for selenium toxicosis in aquatic birds: Histologic lesions","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-07-03T11:07:13.296257","indexId":"5223332","displayToPublicDate":"2010-06-16T12:17:47","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2507,"text":"Journal of Wildlife Diseases","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Diagnostic criteria for selenium toxicosis in aquatic birds: Histologic lesions","docAbstract":"Chronic selenium toxicosis was induced in 1-yr-old male mallard ducks (Anas platyrhynchos) by feeding selenium, as seleno-DL-methionine, in amounts of 0, 10, 20, 40, and 80 parts per million (ppm) to five groups of 21 ducks each for 16 wk during March to July 1988. All mallards in the 80 ppm group, three in the 40 ppm group, and one in the 20 ppm group died. Histologic lesions in mallards that died of selenosis were hepatocellular vacuolar degeneration progressing to centrolobular and panlobular necrosis, nephrosis, apoptosis of pancreatic exocrine cells, hypermaturity and avascularity of contour feathers of the head with atrophy of feather follicles, lymphocytic necrosis and atrophy of lymphoid organs (spleen, gut-associated lymphoid tissue, and lumbar lymph nodes), and severe atrophy and degeneration of fat. Histologic lesions in surviving mallards in the 40 ppm group, which had tissue residues of selenium comparable to mallards that died, were fewer and much milder than mallards that died; lesions consisted of atrophy of lymphoid tissue, hyalinogranular swelling of hepatoeytes, atrophy of seminiferous tubules, and senescence of feathers. No significant histologic lesions were detected in euthanized mallards in the 0, 10 and 20 ppm groups. Based on tissue residues and histologic findings, primarily in the liver, there was a threshold of selenium accumulation above which pathophysiologic changes were rapid and fatal. Pathognomonic histologic lesions of fatal and nonfatal selenosis were not detected. Criteria for diagnosis of fatal selenosis in aquatic birds include consistent histologic lesions in the liver, kidneys, and organs of the immune system. Although histologic changes were present in cases of chronic non-fatal selenosis, these were inconsistent. Consistent features of fatal and non-fatal chronic selenosis were marked weight loss and elevated concentrations of selenium in organs.
We investigated the dynamics of a wintering population of Black-capped Chickadees (Parus atricapillus) using data from a long-term capture-recapture study. Goodness-of-fit and likelihood-ratio tests indicated that the standard Jolly-Seber model was inadequate for the data, so we explored different parameterizations of a model in which survival probability for new captures differed from that of previously marked birds. One possible explanation for the lower local survival rate of new captures is that some of the birds were transients that had no chance of being recaptured. Average survival probability over the entire period was 0.62, and the estimated fraction of transients among unmarked birds was 0.27. We found evidence that chickadee survival rates were lower in years immediately following establishment of the Tufted Titmouse (Parus bicolor) as a territorial species (after 1967) than during years immediately preceding this event. We found no evidence that chickadee survival rates were lower in the years immediately following establishment of territorial raptors (after 1984) than during preceding years. Evidence suggested a long-term decline in survival probability from 1959 to 1991.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Ornithological Society","doi":"10.2307/4089244","usgsCitation":"Loery, G., Nichols, J., and Hines, J., 1997, Capture-recapture analysis of a wintering black-capped chickadee population in Connecticut, 1958-1993: The Auk, v. 114, no. 3, p. 431-442, https://doi.org/10.2307/4089244.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"431","endPage":"442","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":479905,"rank":1,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.2307/4089244","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":199764,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"114","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49e5e4b07f02db5e6de3","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Loery, G.","contributorId":46182,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Loery","given":"G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":338537,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Nichols, James D. jnichols@usgs.gov","contributorId":139082,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nichols","given":"James D.","email":"jnichols@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":338535,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Hines, James E. jhines@usgs.gov","contributorId":3506,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hines","given":"James E.","email":"jhines@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":338536,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70221633,"text":"70221633 - 1997 - Late Paleocene and early Eocene calcareous nannofossils from three boreholes in an onshore-offshore transect from New Jersey to the Atlantic Continental Rise","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-06-25T20:33:30.058413","indexId":"70221633","displayToPublicDate":"1998-08-01T15:01:01","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":5905,"text":"Proceedings of the Ocean Drilling Program: Scientific Results","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Late Paleocene and early Eocene calcareous nannofossils from three boreholes in an onshore-offshore transect from New Jersey to the Atlantic Continental Rise","docAbstract":"Closely spaced, upper Paleocene and lower Eocene samples from three boreholes near Clayton, NJ, at Island Beach, NJ, and at Site 605 on the Atlantic Ocean continental rise were examined for their calcareous nannofossil content. This study documents calcareous nannofossil occurrences in Zones NP9 and NP10 and identifies biostratigraphically useful species, presents unexpected upbasin-downbasin distributional patterns of calcareous nannofossils, discusses the gradual evolutionary transition between two calcareous nannofossil species, and clarifies the relationship between the genera Rhomboaster and Tribrachiatus. One new species, Rhomboaster weii, is described, and two new combinations, Blackites herculesii and Rhomboaster digitalis, are established.
","language":"English","publisher":"Ocean Drilling Program","doi":"10.2973/odp.proc.sr.150X.307.1997","usgsCitation":"Bybell, L.M., and Self-Trail, J., 1997, Late Paleocene and early Eocene calcareous nannofossils from three boreholes in an onshore-offshore transect from New Jersey to the Atlantic Continental Rise: Proceedings of the Ocean Drilling Program: Scientific Results, v. 150X, p. 91-110, https://doi.org/10.2973/odp.proc.sr.150X.307.1997.","productDescription":"20 p.","startPage":"91","endPage":"110","costCenters":[{"id":243,"text":"Eastern Geology and Paleoclimate Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":489076,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"http://doi.org/10.2973/odp.proc.sr.150x.307.1997","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":386754,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"New Jersey","city":"Clayton","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -73.9874267578125,\n 40.07386810509482\n ],\n [\n -74.75372314453125,\n 39.96238554917605\n ],\n [\n -75.24261474609375,\n 39.74732195489861\n ],\n [\n -72.7679443359375,\n 38.06539235133249\n ],\n [\n -71.9549560546875,\n 38.71551876930462\n ],\n [\n -73.9874267578125,\n 40.07386810509482\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"150X","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bybell, Laurel M. 0000-0002-4760-7542 lbybell@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4760-7542","contributorId":1760,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bybell","given":"Laurel","email":"lbybell@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":243,"text":"Eastern Geology and Paleoclimate Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":818288,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Self-Trail, Jean 0000-0002-3018-4985 jstrail@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3018-4985","contributorId":147370,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Self-Trail","given":"Jean","email":"jstrail@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":243,"text":"Eastern Geology and Paleoclimate Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":40020,"text":"Florence Bascom Geoscience Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":818289,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70019456,"text":"70019456 - 1997 - Dynamic deformations and the M6.7, Northridge, California earthquake","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-08-15T16:23:23.977686","indexId":"70019456","displayToPublicDate":"1998-05-17T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3418,"text":"Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Dynamic deformations and the M6.7, Northridge, California earthquake","docAbstract":"A method of estimating the complete time-varying dynamic formation field from commonly available three-component single station seismic data has been developed and applied to study the relationship between dynamic deformation and ground failures and structural damage using observations from the 1994 Northridge, California earthquake. Estimates from throughout the epicentral region indicate that the horizontal strains exceed the vertical ones by more than a factor of two. The largest strains (exceeding ∼100 pstrain) correlate with regions of greatest ground failure. There is a poor correlation between structural damage and peak strain amplitudes. The smallest strains,∼35 pstrain, are estimated in regions of no damage or ground failure. Estimates in the two regions with most severe and well mapped permanent deformation, Potrero Canyon and the Granada-Mission Hills regions, exhibit the largest strains; peak horizontal strains estimates in these regions equal ∼1351 and ∼229 μstrain respectively. Of note, the dynamic principal strain axes have strikers consistent with the permanent failure features suggesting that, while gravity, sub-surface materials, and hydrologic conditions undoubtedly played fundamental roles in determining where and what types of failures occurred, the dynamic deformation field may have been favorably sized and oriented to initiate failure processes. These results support other studies that conclude that the permanent deformation resulted from ground shaking, rather than from static strains associated with primary or secondary faulting. They also suggest that such an analysis, either using data or theoretical calculations, may enable observations of paleo-ground failure to be used as quantitative constraints on the size and geometry of previous earthquakes.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/S0267-7261(97)00011-0","issn":"02677261","usgsCitation":"Gomberg, J.S., 1997, Dynamic deformations and the M6.7, Northridge, California earthquake: Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering, v. 16, no. 7-8, p. 471-494, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0267-7261(97)00011-0.","productDescription":"24 p.","startPage":"471","endPage":"494","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":226836,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","city":"Northridge","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -118.63912192273753,\n 34.31335236387632\n ],\n [\n -118.63912192273753,\n 34.158572942513956\n ],\n [\n -118.46109137594402,\n 34.158572942513956\n ],\n [\n -118.46109137594402,\n 34.31335236387632\n ],\n [\n -118.63912192273753,\n 34.31335236387632\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"16","issue":"7-8","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0424e4b0c8380cd507e7","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Gomberg, Joan S. 0000-0002-0134-2606 gomberg@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0134-2606","contributorId":1269,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gomberg","given":"Joan","email":"gomberg@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":382794,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70205786,"text":"70205786 - 1997 - Comparison of Landsat Thematic Mapper and high resolution photography to Identify change in complex coastal wetlands","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-10-04T07:18:30","indexId":"70205786","displayToPublicDate":"1997-12-31T11:03:43","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2220,"text":"Journal of Coastal Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Comparison of Landsat Thematic Mapper and high resolution photography to Identify change in complex coastal wetlands","docAbstract":"Landsat Thematic Mapper (TM) images were used to generate pre- and post- hurricane classifications of a complex wetland environment in southern Louisiana. Accuracies were estimated as 77% and 81.5% for the pre- and post- classifications that included water, emergent vegetation, floating vegetation, and mud flats. From the two classifications, areas of emergent vegetation loss were identified. The classifications and change map were compared to similar output generated from high resolution color infrared photography. The comparison showed spatial scale of the sensor was the most important factor in separation of classes in this type of wetland environment. Classifications derived by using the TM images provided good class separation when one class dominated more extensive areas (>30 m), but not when mixtures of wetland types were on the same order as the TM sensor spatial resolution. Boundary pixel mixtures were problematic, however problems also occurred in areas of fairly continuous canopies containing small pockets of water and floating vegetation, and in areas of degrading marsh. Both areas were predominately misclassified as emergent vegetation. In the case of change detection, loss of emergent vegetation occurring as small pockets was not identified, whereas loss of degraded marsh was identified but the spatial continuity and extent overemphasized. In combination, these misclassifications resulted in the TM change analysis overpredicting emergent vegetation loss by about 40%.
","language":"English","publisher":"Coastal Education and Research Foundation","usgsCitation":"Ramsey III, E., and Laine, S., 1997, Comparison of Landsat Thematic Mapper and high resolution photography to Identify change in complex coastal wetlands: Journal of Coastal Research, v. 13, no. 2, p. 281-292.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"281","endPage":"292","costCenters":[{"id":455,"text":"National Wetlands Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":17705,"text":"Wetland and Aquatic Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":367958,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":367957,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/4298625"}],"country":"United States","state":"Louisiana","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -94.5703125,\n 28.729130483430154\n ],\n [\n -88.72558593749999,\n 28.729130483430154\n ],\n [\n -88.72558593749999,\n 33.54139466898275\n ],\n [\n -94.5703125,\n 33.54139466898275\n ],\n [\n -94.5703125,\n 28.729130483430154\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"13","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ramsey III, Elijah 0000-0002-4518-5796","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4518-5796","contributorId":212009,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ramsey III","given":"Elijah","affiliations":[{"id":17705,"text":"Wetland and Aquatic Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":772341,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Laine, S.C.","contributorId":91651,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Laine","given":"S.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":772342,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70178418,"text":"70178418 - 1997 - An evaluation of the rust fungus Gymnoconia nitensas a potential biological control agent for alien Rubus species in Hawaii ","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-01-04T13:11:37","indexId":"70178418","displayToPublicDate":"1997-11-26T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1016,"text":"Biological Control","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"An evaluation of the rust fungus Gymnoconia nitensas a potential biological control agent for alien Rubus species in Hawaii ","docAbstract":"The rust fungus Gymnoconia nitens infects blackberry (Rubus argutus) systemically in regions of the continental United States, producing bright yellow–orange masses of spores on newly developing floricanes during springtime. In tests to determine the suitability of this rust as a biological control agent for R. penetransin Hawaii, a species now thought to be conspecific with R. argutus,rooted cuttings of the Hawaiian plants were grown at North Carolina State University, inoculated, and observed. Other introduced weedy Rubus spp. in Hawaii, including R. ellipticus, R. rosifolius, and R. glaucus,as well as the two endemic species R. hawaiensis and R. macraei,also were inoculated. No species of Rubusare of commercial importance in Hawaii, but the protection of the native species, of which R. macraei is rare, was of utmost concern. The native Hawaiian species did not survive well in North Carolina in this study, however. Later availability of a plant pathogen containment laboratory in Hawaii enabled similar tests to be conducted at that facility. In addition to the above species, R. spectabilis (salmonberry), a species native to the Pacific Northwest with which the Hawaiian Rubus spp. are thought to share a common ancestor, was inoculated in Hawaii. Infection with G. nitens under natural field conditions becomes apparent only when sporulation occurs on floricanes the second year following infection. However, experimental inoculation led to early responses of chlorotic leaf flecking and puckering, leaf and stem contortion, and stem gall formation, indicating the sensitivity of R. penetrans (=R. argutus), R. hawaiensis, and R. macraei to this rust. Apparent systemic infection also resulted in sporulation on one plant of R. macraei. Ability to attack the endemic species suggests that G. nitens would not be suitable for release in Hawaii as a biological control agent, at least on the islands with populations of the native species.
","language":"English","publisher":"Academic Press","publisherLocation":"Orlando, FL","doi":"10.1006/bcon.1997.0554","usgsCitation":"Gardner, D., Hodges, C., Killgore, E., and Anderson, R.C., 1997, An evaluation of the rust fungus Gymnoconia nitensas a potential biological control agent for alien Rubus species in Hawaii : Biological Control, v. 10, no. 3, p. 151-158, https://doi.org/10.1006/bcon.1997.0554.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"151","endPage":"158","costCenters":[{"id":521,"text":"Pacific Island Ecosystems Research Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":331110,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United 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\"}}]}","volume":"10","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"582ecff5e4b04d580bd43552","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Gardner, D.E.","contributorId":38742,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gardner","given":"D.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":654042,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hodges, C.S. Jr.","contributorId":176945,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Hodges","given":"C.S.","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":654043,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Killgore, E.","contributorId":176946,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Killgore","given":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":654044,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Anderson, R. C.","contributorId":9755,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Anderson","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":654045,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":30593,"text":"wri974012 - 1997 - Geohydrology and water chemistry in the Rialto-Colton Basin, San Bernardino County, California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:09:12","indexId":"wri974012","displayToPublicDate":"1997-11-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"97-4012","title":"Geohydrology and water chemistry in the Rialto-Colton Basin, San Bernardino County, California","docAbstract":"The 40-square-mile Rialto-Colton ground- water basin is in western San Bernardino County, California, about 60 miles east of Los Angeles.This basin was chosen for storage of imported water because of the good quality of native ground water, the known capacity for additional ground-water storage in the basin, and the availability of imported water. Because the movement and mixing of imported water needed to be determined, the San Bernardino Valley Municipal Water District entered into a cooperative program with the U.S.Geological Survey in 1991 to study the geohydrology and water chemistry in the Rialto- Colton basin. Ground-water flow and chemistry were investigated using existing data, borehole- geophysical and lithologic logs from newly drilled test holes, measurement of water levels, and chemical analyses of water samples. The Rialto-Colton basin is bounded on the northwest and southeast by the San Gabriel Mountains and the Badlands, respectively. The San Jacinto Fault and Barrier E form the northeastern boundary, and the Rialto-Colton Fault forms the southwestern boundary. Except in the southeastern part of the basin, the San Jacinto and Rialto-Colton Faults act as groundwater barriers that impede ground- water flow into and out of the basin.Barrier E generally does not impede ground- water flow into the basin. The ground-water system consists primarily of gravel, sand, silt, and clay. The maximum thickness is greater than 1,000 feet. The ground- water system is divided into four water-bearing units: river-channel deposits, and upper, middle, and lower water-bearing units. Relatively impermeable consolidated deposits underlie the lower water- bearing unit and form the lower boundary of the ground- water system. Ground water moves from east to west in the river-channel deposits and upper water-bearing unit in the southeastern part of the basin, and from northwest to southeast in the middle and lower water-bearing units. Two major internal faults, Barrier J and an unnamed fault, affect ground-water movement. Ground water moves across Barrier J in the unfaulted part of the ground-water system. The unnamed fault is a partial barrier to ground-water movement in the middle water- bearing unit and an effective barrier in the lower water-bearing unit.Imported water flows laterally across the unnamed fault above the saturated zone. Major sources of recharge to the ground- water system are underflow; precipitation that collects in small streams that drain the San Gabriel Mountains and the Badlands or runs off the mountain front as sheet flow, and sub-surface inflow; imported water; seepage loss from the Santa Ana River and Warm Creek; infiltration of rainfall; and irrigation return flow. The main component of discharge is pumpage. Long-term water levels in production wells reflect precipitation cycles. During a 194777 dry period, water levels in three wells declined almost continuously?as much as 100 feet in one well.Water levels in a well north of Barrier J are not affected by stresses on the groundwater system south of the barrier, indicating that these two parts of the ground-water system are not well connected. Water levels in cluster wells east of the unnamed fault north and south of the Linden Ponds artificial-recharge site rose as much as 70 feet during 1992-95. The rise in water levels in wells near the recharge ponds was observed within 2 months after the beginning of recharge. Water levels in most wells west of the unnamed fault changed very little during 1992-95. Water-chemistry data indicate that chemical characteristics vary within the groundwater system, and that dissolvedsolids concentrations are generally higher in the river-channel deposits, upper water- bearing unit, and the consolidated deposits than in the middle and lower water-bearing units. The chemical characteristics in water from the middle water-bearing unit were similar for most wells sampled west of the unnamed fault. In water from well","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Dept. of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nInformation Services [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/wri974012","usgsCitation":"Woolfenden, L.R., and Kadhim, D., 1997, Geohydrology and water chemistry in the Rialto-Colton Basin, San Bernardino County, California: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 97-4012, vi, 101 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri974012.","productDescription":"vi, 101 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":122487,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1997/4012/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":59351,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1997/4012/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b1be4b07f02db6a8be6","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Woolfenden, Linda R. 0000-0003-3500-4709 lrwoolfe@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3500-4709","contributorId":1476,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Woolfenden","given":"Linda","email":"lrwoolfe@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":203508,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Kadhim, Dina","contributorId":16876,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kadhim","given":"Dina","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":203509,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70129360,"text":"70129360 - 1997 - Characteristics of and corrections for core shortening in unconsolidated sediments","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-10-21T10:34:42","indexId":"70129360","displayToPublicDate":"1997-10-21T10:30:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2220,"text":"Journal of Coastal Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Characteristics of and corrections for core shortening in unconsolidated sediments","docAbstract":"Thinning, bypassing, and compaction of shallow unconsolidated sediments during manual coring or vibracoring operations probably cause more sediment deformation and greater stratigraphic displacement than is commonly reported in the wetland literature. We measured core shortening in open-barrel cores from fluvial wetlands, lagoonal flats, and marshes to document the magnitude and characteristics of shortening where sediments may be stiff and require extra mechanical effort to recover a sufficient length of sample for analysis. Results of those measurements indicate that thinning or non- recovery of discrete sediment intervals can range from 0 to 67 percent and cumulative core shortening can be as much as 30 percent even for cores less than one meter long. Detailed open-barrel measurements also show that core shortening is not uniformly distributed throughout the depth of penetration as is often assumed. Analytical data derived from shortened cores can only be properly interpreted if patterns of shortening are established and incorporated into the analysis. Minor artificial displacement of sediment depths can alter plots of physico-chemical parameters and can significantly influence calculated rates of sedimentation and other depth-dependent statistical relationships. This study (1) demonstrates how plots of interval shortening and cumulative shortening can be used to characterize the distribution of shortening at depth and (2) presents a simple equation for stratigraphic restoration so that core observations and analyses are corrected to their original depths.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Coastal Research","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Coastal Education and Research Foundation","usgsCitation":"Morton, R.A., and White, W.A., 1997, Characteristics of and corrections for core shortening in unconsolidated sediments: Journal of Coastal Research, v. 13, no. 3, p. 761-769.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"761","endPage":"769","costCenters":[{"id":186,"text":"Coastal and Marine Geology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":295534,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":295533,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/4298671"}],"volume":"13","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"544775a7e4b0f888a81b82fd","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Morton, Robert A.","contributorId":28184,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Morton","given":"Robert","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":503607,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"White, William A.","contributorId":18293,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"White","given":"William","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":503606,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70209167,"text":"70209167 - 1997 - One minute after: Strong-motion map, effective epicenter, and effective magnitude","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-10-22T13:30:29.811964","indexId":"70209167","displayToPublicDate":"1997-10-20T07:53:09","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1135,"text":"Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America","onlineIssn":"1943-3573","printIssn":"0037-1106","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"One minute after: Strong-motion map, effective epicenter, and effective magnitude","docAbstract":"This article reports the recent progress on real-time seismic monitoring in Taiwan, particularly the real-time strong-motion monitoring by the Taiwan Central Weather Bureau's telemetered seismic network (CWBSN), which is presently aiming at rapid reporting immediately after a large earthquake occurrence. If rapid reporting can be achieved before the arrival of the strong shaking, earthquake early warning will become possible. CWBSN has achieved the generation of the intensity map, epicenter, and magnitude within 1 min of the occurrence of a large earthquake. Both rapid reporting and early warning are principally applied to large (M ≫ 5) events; the requirement of on-scale waveform recording prompted CWBSN in 1995 to integrate strong-motion sensors (e.g., force-balance accelerometers) into its telemetered seismic monitoring system. Time-domain recursive processing is applied to the multi-channel incoming seismic signals by a group of networked personal computers to generate the intensity map. From the isoseismal contours, an effective epicenter is immediately identified that resides in the middle of the largest (usually the 100-gal) contour curve of the intensity map. An effective magnitude is also defined that can be derived immediately from the surface area covered by the largest (usually the 100-gal) contour curve. For a large event with a finite rupture surface, the epicenter and magnitude so derived are more adequate estimates of the source location and of the strength of destruction. The effective epicenter gives the center of the damage area; it stands in contrast with the conventional epicenter location, which only gives the initial point of rupture nucleation. The effective magnitude reflects more closely the earthquake damage potential, instead of the classical magnitude definition that emphasizes the total energy release. The CWBSN has achieved in obtaining the above crucial source information well within 1 min. This time can further be reduced to better than 30 sec, as illustrated by the example in this article, showing that earthquake early warning is indeed an achievable goal. The rapid reporting and early warning information is electronically transmitted to users to allow rapid response actions, with or without further human intervention.
The NE vergent Chocolate Mountains fault of south-eastern California has been interpreted as either a subduction thrust responsible for burial and prograde metamorphism of the ensimatic Orocopia Schist or as a normal fault involved in the exhumation of the schist. Our detailed structural analysis in the Gavilan Hills area provides new evidence to confirm the latter view. A zone of deformation is present at the top of the Orocopia Schist in which lineations are parallel to those in the upper plate of the Chocolate Mountains fault but oblique to ones at relatively deep levels in the schist. Both the Orocopia Schist and upper plate contain several generations of shear zones that show a transition from crystalloblastic through mylonitic to cataclastic textures. These structures formed during retrograde metamorphism and are considered to record the exhumation of the Orocopia Schist during early Tertiary time as a result of subduction return flow. The Gatuna fault, which places low-grade, supracrustal metasediments of the Winterhaven Formation above the gneisses of the upper plate, also seems to have been active at this time. Final unroofing of the Orocopia Schist occurred during early to middle Miocene regional extension and may have involved a second phase of movement on the Gatuna fault. Formation of the Chocolate Mountains fault during exhumation indicates that its top-to-the-NE sense of movement provides no constraint on the polarity of the Orocopia Schist subduction zone. This weakens the case for a previous model involving SW dipping subduction, while providing support for the view that the Orocopia Schist is a correlative of the Franciscan Complex.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/97TC01415","issn":"02787407","usgsCitation":"Oyarzabal, F., Jacobson, C., and Haxel, G.B., 1997, Extensional reactivation of the Chocolate Mountains subduction thrust in the Gavilan Hills of southeastern California: Tectonics, v. 16, no. 4, p. 650-661, https://doi.org/10.1029/97TC01415.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"650","endPage":"661","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":495386,"rank":2,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1029/97tc01415","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":227837,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"southern California","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -120.43316262079014,\n 35.380649853336976\n ],\n [\n -120.43316262079014,\n 32.79760076456954\n ],\n [\n -115.12226961941393,\n 32.79760076456954\n ],\n [\n -115.12226961941393,\n 35.380649853336976\n ],\n [\n -120.43316262079014,\n 35.380649853336976\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"16","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0e45e4b0c8380cd53398","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Oyarzabal, F.R.","contributorId":77306,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Oyarzabal","given":"F.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":383436,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Jacobson, C.E.","contributorId":46234,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jacobson","given":"C.E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":383434,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Haxel, Gordon B. 0000-0002-6722-7803 gbhaxel@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6722-7803","contributorId":261783,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Haxel","given":"Gordon","email":"gbhaxel@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":383435,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70019864,"text":"70019864 - 1997 - Proterozoic sequences and their implications for Precambrian and Cambrian geologic evolution of western Kentucky: Evidence from seismic-reflection data","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-07-29T15:32:17.659832","indexId":"70019864","displayToPublicDate":"1997-07-31T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3372,"text":"Seismological Research Letters","onlineIssn":"1938-2057","printIssn":"0895-0695","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Proterozoic sequences and their implications for Precambrian and Cambrian geologic evolution of western Kentucky: Evidence from seismic-reflection data","docAbstract":"Analyses of two seismic-reflection lines in western Kentucky indicate the presence of two Proterozoic, unconformity-bounded sequences. One is autochthonous and of probable Late Proterozoic age; the other is allochthonous and of probable Middle Proterozoic age. Reflector patterns and apparent relationships to similar sequences elsewhere in the region suggest that the two sequences are of continental-rift origin. The two Proterozoic sequences lie beneath and adjacent to rocks of the Cambrian rift sequence in the Rough Creek Graben. The oldest sequence, the pre-Grenville sequence, was apparently folded and thrust faulted by the Grenville compressional event, implying that it is older than ???0.975 Ga (Middle Proterozoic). Two seismic-reflection pattern types are present in the western Kentucky data that may relate to the Middle Run (lithic arenite) and volcanic sequences defined farther east near the Grenville Front. The presence of imbricate, thrust-belt geometries in the pre-Grenville sequence extends the known westward limit of Grenville compressional structures into western Kentucky. The younger, post-Grenville sequence is less deformed and was apparently formed after the Grenville compressional event; several lines of evidence indicate that it is Late Proterozoic (0.7 to 0.6 Ga) in age. This probable siliciclastic and volcanic-rift sequence is represented by only thin remnants in western Kentucky and has no equivalent near the Grenville Front in southwestern Ohio and central Kentucky. Rocks of the better documented Cambrian rifting event belong to the thick, pre-Knox sequence in the Rough Creek Graben of western Kentucky and lie unconformably above these earlier sequences. A previously undocumented, northward-thickening interval within the lower part of the Cambrian pre-Knox sequence is recognized north of the Rough Creek Graben.","language":"English","publisher":"GeoScienceWorld","doi":"10.1785/gssrl.68.4.553","issn":"00128287","usgsCitation":"Drahovzal, J.A., 1997, Proterozoic sequences and their implications for Precambrian and Cambrian geologic evolution of western Kentucky: Evidence from seismic-reflection data: Seismological Research Letters, v. 68, no. 4, p. 553-566, https://doi.org/10.1785/gssrl.68.4.553.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"553","endPage":"566","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":228101,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Kentucky","otherGeospatial":"western Kentucky","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -88.35472872141455,\n 37.745064510655624\n ],\n [\n -89.18132292227347,\n 36.61709127153813\n ],\n [\n -83.66907845195124,\n 36.5906724521372\n ],\n [\n -83.34074263376083,\n 38.55981030192171\n ],\n [\n -84.46781373522816,\n 39.07571757086501\n ],\n [\n -86.14243241382523,\n 38.1953768619407\n ],\n [\n -88.35472872141455,\n 37.745064510655624\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"68","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a8f7be4b0c8380cd7f7b4","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Drahovzal, James A.","contributorId":74772,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Drahovzal","given":"James","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":384207,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70019988,"text":"70019988 - 1997 - Proterozoic structure, Cambrian rifting, and younger faulting as revealed by a regional seismic reflection network in the southern Illinois Basin","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-07-28T16:39:58.188286","indexId":"70019988","displayToPublicDate":"1997-07-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3372,"text":"Seismological Research Letters","onlineIssn":"1938-2057","printIssn":"0895-0695","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Proterozoic structure, Cambrian rifting, and younger faulting as revealed by a regional seismic reflection network in the southern Illinois Basin","docAbstract":"Four high-quality seismic reflection profiles through the southern Illinois Basin, totaling 245 km in length, provide an excellent regional subsurface stratigraphic and structural framework for evaluation of seismic risk, hydrocarbon occurrence, and other regional geologic studies. These data provide extensive subsurface information on the geometry of the intersection of the Cambrian Reelfoot and Rough Creek rifts, on extensive Proterozoic reflection sequences, and on structures (including the Fluorspar Area Fault Complex and Hicks Dome) that underlie a transitional area between the well-defined New Madrid seismic zone (to the southwest) and a more diffuse area of seismicity in the southern Illinois Basin.
Our principal interpretations from these data are listed here in order of geologic age, from oldest to youngest:
Prominent Proterozoic layering, possibly equivalent to Proterozoic (∼1 Ga) Middle Run Formation clastic strata and underlying (1.3–1.5 Ga) volcanic rocks of the East Continent rift basin, has been strongly deformed, probably as part of the Grenville foreland fold and thrust belt.
A well-defined angular unconformity is seen in many places between Proterozoic and Cambrian strata; a post-Grenville Proterozoic sequence is also apparent locally, directly beneath the base of the Cambrian.
We infer a major reversal in Cambrian rift polarity (accommodation zone) in the Rough Creek Graben in western Kentucky.
Seismic facies analysis suggests the presence of basin-floor fan complexes at and near the base of the Cambrian interval and within parts of a Proterozoic post-Grenville sequence in several parts of the Rough Creek Graben.
There is an abrupt pinchout of the Mount Simon Sandstone against crystalline basement beneath the Dale Dome (near the Texaco no. 1 Cuppy well, Hamilton County) in southeastern Illinois, and a more gradual Mount Simon pinchout to the southeast.
Where crossed by the seismic reflection line in southeast Illinois, some faults in the Wabash Valley Fault System produce discrete offset in Ordovician and younger strata only; one of the Wabash Valley faults cuts the top of the Precambrian on this seismic profile.
The data show clear evidence of late Paleozoic reverse faulting along both boundaries of the Rough Creek Graben in western Kentucky, although significant unreactivated Cambrian rift-bounding faults are also preserved.
Chaotic reflection patterns in the lower and middle Paleozoic strata near Hicks Dome, southern Illinois, are related to a combination of intrusive brecciation, intense faulting, and alteration of carbonate strata by acidic mineralizing fluids, all of which occurred in the Permian.
Late Paleozoic(?) reverse faulting is interpreted on one flank of the Rock Creek Graben, southern Illinois.
Permian and Mesozoic(?) extensional faulting is clearly imaged in the Fluorspar Area Fault Complex; neotectonic studies suggest that these structures were reactivated in the Quaternary.
","language":"English","publisher":"GeoScienceWorld","doi":"10.1785/gssrl.68.4.537","issn":"00128287","usgsCitation":"Potter, C.J., Drahovzal, J.A., Sargent, M.L., and McBride, J., 1997, Proterozoic structure, Cambrian rifting, and younger faulting as revealed by a regional seismic reflection network in the southern Illinois Basin: Seismological Research Letters, v. 68, no. 4, p. 537-552, https://doi.org/10.1785/gssrl.68.4.537.","productDescription":"16 p.","startPage":"537","endPage":"552","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":228148,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Illinois, Indiana, Kentucky, Missouri","otherGeospatial":"southern Illinois Basin","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -89.91922726387797,\n 38.04728376539296\n ],\n [\n -89.91922726387797,\n 36.988273588841736\n ],\n [\n -87.54631803824927,\n 36.988273588841736\n ],\n [\n -87.54631803824927,\n 38.04728376539296\n ],\n [\n -89.91922726387797,\n 38.04728376539296\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"68","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a8f7ce4b0c8380cd7f7ba","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Potter, Christopher J. 0000-0002-2300-6670 cpotter@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2300-6670","contributorId":1026,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Potter","given":"Christopher","email":"cpotter@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":164,"text":"Central Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":384612,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Drahovzal, James A.","contributorId":74772,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Drahovzal","given":"James","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":384611,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Sargent, M. L.","contributorId":27146,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sargent","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":384610,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"McBride, J.H.","contributorId":99712,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McBride","given":"J.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":384613,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70019841,"text":"70019841 - 1997 - Boundary separating the seismically active reelfoot rift from the sparsely seismic Rough Creek graben, Kentucky and Illinois","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-07-29T15:38:40.386345","indexId":"70019841","displayToPublicDate":"1997-07-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3372,"text":"Seismological Research Letters","onlineIssn":"1938-2057","printIssn":"0895-0695","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Boundary separating the seismically active reelfoot rift from the sparsely seismic Rough Creek graben, Kentucky and Illinois","docAbstract":"The Reelfoot rift is the most active of six Iapetan rifts and grabens in central and eastern North America. In contrast, the Rough Creek graben is one of the least active, being seismically indistinguishable from the central craton of North America. Yet the rift and graben adjoin. Hazard assessment in the rift and graben would be aided by identification of a boundary between them. Changes in the strikes of single large faults, the location of a Cambrian transfer zone, and the geographic extent of alkaline igneous rocks provide three independent estimates of the location of a structural boundary between the rift and the graben. The boundary trends north-northwest through the northeastern part of the Fluorspar Area Fault Complex of Kentucky and Illinois, and has no obvious surface expression. The boundary involves the largest faults, which are the most likely to penetrate to hypocentral depths, and the boundary coincides with the geographic change from abundant seismicity in the rift to sparse seismicity in the graben. Because the structural boundary was defined by geologic variables that are expected to be causally associated with seismicity, it may continue to bound the Reelfoot rift seismicity in the future.","language":"English","publisher":"GeoScienceWorld","doi":"10.1785/gssrl.68.4.586","issn":"00128287","usgsCitation":"Wheeler, R.L., 1997, Boundary separating the seismically active reelfoot rift from the sparsely seismic Rough Creek graben, Kentucky and Illinois: Seismological Research Letters, v. 68, no. 4, p. 586-598, https://doi.org/10.1785/gssrl.68.4.586.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"586","endPage":"598","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":227770,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Illinois, Kentucky","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -89.50008431065332,\n 37.863532549410365\n ],\n [\n -89.50008431065332,\n 36.51929109809217\n ],\n [\n -87.66286729239454,\n 36.51929109809217\n ],\n [\n -87.66286729239454,\n 37.863532549410365\n ],\n [\n -89.50008431065332,\n 37.863532549410365\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"68","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f247e4b0c8380cd4b0c9","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wheeler, R. L.","contributorId":34916,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wheeler","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":384129,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70019838,"text":"70019838 - 1997 - Investigating possible earthquake-related structure beneath the southern Illinois Basin from seismic reflection","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-07-29T15:45:20.369324","indexId":"70019838","displayToPublicDate":"1997-07-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3372,"text":"Seismological Research Letters","onlineIssn":"1938-2057","printIssn":"0895-0695","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Investigating possible earthquake-related structure beneath the southern Illinois Basin from seismic reflection","docAbstract":"
The relationship between seismicity and faults observed on seismic reflection profiles from the New Madrid Seismic Zone (NMSZ) in the central Mississippi Valley has been intensively studied for the past 15 years. However, comparable studies relating reflector sequences and earthquakes in the southern Illinois Basin, located northeast of the NMSZ, have not been undertaken. This study investigates the possible relationship between the source parameters of the November 9, 1968, magnitude (mbLg) 5.5 earthquake (a NNE-trending, previously interpreted west-dipping reverse fault at 21.2 ± 5.4 km depth) in southern Illinois, and a zone of moderately dipping reflectors in crystalline (?) basement observed on a nearby high-quality seismic reflection profile. The 1968 event was the twentieth century's largest magnitude earthquake in the southern Illinois region. The zone of dipping basement reflectors is part of a broad prominent sequence, in which reflectors are subhorizontal or inclined with a strong west-dipping component, that appears beneath the Wabash Valley Fault System and extends to the west beneath the Illinois Basin where it steepens and plunges deeper into the crust over the 1968 hypocenter. More than one interpretation of the dipping reflector zone is admissible, including intrusion of igneous sills or thrust faults or both within a localized shear zone. The dipping reflector zone cannot be traced from the basement into the overlying Phanerozoic sedimentary section or associated directly with any particular previously mapped fault. If a tectonic interpretation is correct, the correlation between the 1968 reverse fault event and the reflector zone may mean that such quakes are nucleating along a blind compressional structure in the crystalline basement of southern Illinois, possibly analogous to the recent destructive southern California earthquakes.
","language":"English","publisher":"GeoScienceWorld","doi":"10.1785/gssrl.68.4.641","issn":"00128287","usgsCitation":"McBride, J., Sargent, M.L., and Potter, C.J., 1997, Investigating possible earthquake-related structure beneath the southern Illinois Basin from seismic reflection: Seismological Research Letters, v. 68, no. 4, p. 641-649, https://doi.org/10.1785/gssrl.68.4.641.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"641","endPage":"649","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":227729,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Illinois","otherGeospatial":"southern Illinois Basin","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -90.41686766066587,\n 39.05576680944441\n ],\n [\n -90.40097102718397,\n 38.12884797929877\n ],\n [\n -89.58723655223915,\n 37.653196818110345\n ],\n [\n -89.30708249634165,\n 36.94087200066067\n ],\n [\n -88.63840152413286,\n 37.07721802208964\n ],\n [\n -87.90529981365495,\n 37.520230275212654\n ],\n [\n -87.90097222394972,\n 38.17558688842931\n ],\n [\n -87.47946104160714,\n 38.73177062134352\n ],\n [\n -87.67795830794927,\n 39.05576680944441\n ],\n [\n -90.41686766066587,\n 39.05576680944441\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"68","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a3e6ce4b0c8380cd63d8f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"McBride, J.H.","contributorId":99712,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McBride","given":"J.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":384125,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Sargent, M. L.","contributorId":27146,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sargent","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":384123,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Potter, Christopher J. 0000-0002-2300-6670 cpotter@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2300-6670","contributorId":1026,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Potter","given":"Christopher","email":"cpotter@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":164,"text":"Central Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":384124,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70019698,"text":"70019698 - 1997 - Seismic evidence of Quaternary faulting in the Benton Hills area, southeast Missouri","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-07-29T16:10:14.76311","indexId":"70019698","displayToPublicDate":"1997-07-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3372,"text":"Seismological Research Letters","onlineIssn":"1938-2057","printIssn":"0895-0695","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Seismic evidence of Quaternary faulting in the Benton Hills area, southeast Missouri","docAbstract":"Two reflection seismic profiles at English Hill, across the southern edge of the Benton Hills escarpment, southeast Missouri, establish that geologic structures at English Hill are of tectonic origin. The lowland area to the south of the escarpment is relatively undisturbed. The geology at English Hill is structurally complex, and reflection seismic and geologic data indicate extensive and episodic faulting of Paleozoic, Cretaceous, Tertiary, and Quaternary strata. The individual faults have near-vertical fault surfaces with maximum vertical separations on the order of 15 m. They appear to be clustered in north-northeast trending zones that essentially parallel one of the dominant Benton Hills structural trends. These observations suggest that previously mapped Quaternary faults at English Hill are deep-seated and tectonic in origin. This paper documents recent faulting at English Hill and is the first time late Quaternary, surface-rupture faulting has been recognized in the middle Mississippi River Valley region outside of the New Madrid seismic zone. This has important implications for earthquake assessment in the midcontinent.
","language":"English","publisher":"GeoScienceWorld","doi":"10.1785/gssrl.68.4.650","issn":"00128287","usgsCitation":"Palmer, J.R., Shoemaker, M., Hoffman, D., Anderson, N., Vaughn, J., and Harrison, R., 1997, Seismic evidence of Quaternary faulting in the Benton Hills area, southeast Missouri: Seismological Research Letters, v. 68, no. 4, p. 650-661, https://doi.org/10.1785/gssrl.68.4.650.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"650","endPage":"661","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":228015,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Missouri","otherGeospatial":"Benton Hills","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -90.81298828125,\n 35.38904996691167\n ],\n [\n -88.87939453125,\n 35.38904996691167\n ],\n [\n -88.87939453125,\n 37.78808138412046\n ],\n [\n -90.81298828125,\n 37.78808138412046\n ],\n [\n -90.81298828125,\n 35.38904996691167\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"68","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b8b11e4b08c986b317576","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Palmer, J. R.","contributorId":83559,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Palmer","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":383629,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Shoemaker, M.","contributorId":101034,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Shoemaker","given":"M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":383630,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Hoffman, D.","contributorId":72895,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hoffman","given":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":383628,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Anderson, N.L.","contributorId":55129,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Anderson","given":"N.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":383627,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Vaughn, J.D.","contributorId":49821,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Vaughn","given":"J.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":383626,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Harrison, R.W.","contributorId":32188,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Harrison","given":"R.W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":383625,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70207765,"text":"70207765 - 1997 - Effect of hydrologic management on marsh surface sediment deposition in coastal Louisiana","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-01-09T15:24:46","indexId":"70207765","displayToPublicDate":"1997-06-01T15:04:25","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1583,"text":"Estuaries","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Effect of hydrologic management on marsh surface sediment deposition in coastal Louisiana","docAbstract":"High rates of coastal land loss in Louisiana have prompted efforts to maintain or restore coastal wetland habitats, and structural management of marsh hydrology is one of a number of approaches that has been adopted. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of hydrologic management measures on marsh-surface sediment deposition in the Mississippi deltaic plain. Four impoundments, ranging in size from 50 ha to 177 ha and similarly sized control sites were included in the study. At each site, marsh-surface sediment traps were collected approximately biweekly for 3.5 yr to measure changes in sediment deposition. There was no significant difference in sediment deposition between any of the impoundment and control sites during the premanagement period. The results show no significant difference in marsh-surface sediment deposition between management year 1992–1993 and management year 1994–1995, but management year 1993–1994 had significantly lower sediment deposition than either the first or the last year of the study. Management year 1992–1993 showed the highest sediment deposition when it was assessed across all basins, areas, and sites, and this high rate of deposition is accounted for by the impact of Hurricane Andrew. For all management years there were significant differences between impoundment and control sites, with control sites showing higher rates of marsh surface sediment deposition than impoundments. No clear pattern was identified concerning the influence of various types of hydrologic management on rates of sediment deposition. This reduction in sediment deposition indicated that the areas under management in this study are receiving insufficient inorganic sediment deposition to keep pace with sea-level rise.
","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.2307/1352345","usgsCitation":"Reed, D., De Luca, N., and Foote, A.L., 1997, Effect of hydrologic management on marsh surface sediment deposition in coastal Louisiana: Estuaries, v. 20, no. 2, p. 301-311, https://doi.org/10.2307/1352345.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"301","endPage":"311","costCenters":[{"id":455,"text":"National Wetlands Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":17705,"text":"Wetland and Aquatic Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":371124,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Louisiana","otherGeospatial":"Barataria Basin, Terrebonne Basin","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -89.14306640625,\n 29.964452850852005\n ],\n [\n -90.615234375,\n 30.32547125932808\n ],\n [\n -91.60400390625,\n 30.90222470517144\n ],\n [\n -92.362060546875,\n 31.924192605327708\n ],\n [\n -92.64770507812499,\n 32.11980111179328\n ],\n [\n -92.98828125,\n 31.774877618507386\n ],\n [\n -92.28515625,\n 30.230594564932193\n ],\n [\n -92.26318359375,\n 29.76437737516313\n ],\n [\n -91.12060546875,\n 29.200123477644983\n ],\n [\n -90.15380859375,\n 29.065772888415406\n ],\n [\n -89.05517578125,\n 29.0273547804184\n ],\n [\n -89.14306640625,\n 29.964452850852005\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"20","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Reed, D.J.","contributorId":40949,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Reed","given":"D.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":779235,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"De Luca, Nina","contributorId":221627,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"De Luca","given":"Nina","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":779236,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Foote, A. Lee","contributorId":216145,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Foote","given":"A.","email":"","middleInitial":"Lee","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":779237,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70019120,"text":"70019120 - 1997 - Episodic nature of earthquake activity in stable continental regions revealed by palaeoseismicity studies of Australian and North American Quaternary faults","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-03-02T17:41:32.969565","indexId":"70019120","displayToPublicDate":"1997-05-09T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":941,"text":"Australian Journal of Earth Sciences","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Episodic nature of earthquake activity in stable continental regions revealed by palaeoseismicity studies of Australian and North American Quaternary faults","docAbstract":"Palaeoseismic investigations of recent faulting in stable continental regions of Australia, North America and India show that these faults typically have a long-term behaviour characterised by episodes of activity separated by quiescent intervals of at least 10 000 and commonly 100 000 years or more. Long recurrence intervals such as these are well documented by detailed studies of the faults that ruptured during the 1986 Marryat Creek, South Australia and 1988 Tennant Creek, Northern Territory earthquakes. Thus, neotectonic features associated with stable continental region faults such as scarps and grabens commonly have subtle geomorphic expression and may be poorly preserved. Many potentially hazardous faults in stable continental regions are aseismic, which is one reason why the inventory of these faults is incomplete. Although they may be currently aseismic, faults in stable continental regions that are favourably oriented for movement in the current stress field could produce damaging earthquakes, often in unexpected places. Comprehensive palaeoseismic investigations of modern and prehistoric faulting events in stable continental regions are needed to understand the long-term behaviour of these faults, and thereby, improve seismic-hazard assessments.","language":"English","publisher":"Taylor & Francis","doi":"10.1080/08120099708728304","usgsCitation":"Crone, A.J., Machette, M.N., and Bowman, J.R., 1997, Episodic nature of earthquake activity in stable continental regions revealed by palaeoseismicity studies of Australian and North American Quaternary faults: Australian Journal of Earth Sciences, v. 44, no. 2, p. 203-214, https://doi.org/10.1080/08120099708728304.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"203","endPage":"214","numberOfPages":"12","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":226816,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"44","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0a12e4b0c8380cd521b6","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Crone, A. J.","contributorId":84363,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Crone","given":"A.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":381730,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Machette, M. N.","contributorId":19561,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Machette","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"N.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":381728,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Bowman, J. R.","contributorId":29496,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Bowman","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":381729,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70019543,"text":"70019543 - 1997 - Neural network-based nonlinear model predictive control vs. linear quadratic gaussian control","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-05-15T15:18:50.188214","indexId":"70019543","displayToPublicDate":"1997-05-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":9961,"text":"Mining, Metallurgy & Exploration (MME)","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Neural network-based nonlinear model predictive control vs. linear quadratic gaussian control","docAbstract":"One problem with the application of neural networks to the multivariable control of mineral and extractive processes is determining whether and how to use them. The objective of this investigation was to compare neural network control to more conventional strategies and to determine if there are any advantages in using neural network control in terms of set-point tracking, rise time, settling time, disturbance rejection and other criteria.
The procedure involved developing neural network controllers using both historical plant data and simulation models. Various control patterns were tried, including both inverse and direct neural network plant models. These were compared to state space controllers that are, by nature, linear. For grinding and leaching circuits, a nonlinear neural network-based model predictive control strategy was superior to a state space-based linear quadratic gaussian controller.
The investigation pointed out the importance of incorporating state space into neural networks by making them recurrent, i.e., feeding certain output state variables into input nodes in the neural network. It was concluded that neural network controllers can have better disturbance rejection, set-point tracking, rise time, settling time and lower set-point overshoot, and it was also concluded that neural network controllers can be more reliable and easy to implement in complex, multivariable plants.
","language":"English","publisher":"Springer Nature","doi":"10.1007/BF03402758","issn":"07479182","usgsCitation":"Cho, C., Vance, R., Mardi, N., Qian, Z., and Prisbrey, K., 1997, Neural network-based nonlinear model predictive control vs. linear quadratic gaussian control: Mining, Metallurgy & Exploration (MME), v. 14, no. 2, p. 43-46, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03402758.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"43","endPage":"46","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":228122,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"14","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1997-05-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a64fae4b0c8380cd72ac1","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Cho, C.","contributorId":56400,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cho","given":"C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":383117,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Vance, R.","contributorId":38724,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Vance","given":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":383115,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Mardi, N.","contributorId":48332,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mardi","given":"N.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":383116,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Qian, Z.","contributorId":87312,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Qian","given":"Z.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":383118,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Prisbrey, K.","contributorId":23694,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Prisbrey","given":"K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":383114,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ]}