The Pahranagat area lies in the Basin and Range Province of southern Nevada. Paleozoic rocks in the study area were folded and faulted during the Sevier orogeny and subsequently extended prior to deposition of Tertiary strata. Middle Oligocene strata overlie the Paleozoic rocks with pronounced angular unconformity and were deposited on rocks of Late Cambrian through Pennsylvanian age in the eastern part of the study area. Middle Oligocene and Miocene strata unconformably overlie lower Paleozoic and Precambrian strata in the western part of the study area.
In the eastern part of the study area, extension occurred prior to deposition of the middle Oligocene strata; the area was relatively stable between the middle Oligocene and latest Miocene, and there was renewed extension following the latest Miocene to present. There is a significant structural and stratigraphic break in Cenozoic rocks of the western part of the quadrangle where angular unconformities in the Tertiary section indicate extension continued intermittently during the late Oligocene and Miocene.
Faulting and folding that has formed the present Basin and Range topography of the study area is latest Miocene and/or younger in age. Fault scarps in alluvial deposits, active seismicity, and warm springs indicate the area is still tectonically active. The study area lies in a zone of northeast-southwest-trending structures characterized by structural, geophysical, and igneous trends that are referred to herein as the Escalante disrupted zone.
","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Basin and Range extensional tectonics near the latitude of Las Vegas, Nevada","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":15,"text":"Monograph"},"language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","doi":"10.1130/MEM176-p213","usgsCitation":"Jayko, A.S., 1990, Chapter 10: Shallow crustal deformation in the Pahranagat area, southern Nevada, chap. of Basin and Range extensional tectonics near the latitude of Las Vegas, Nevada, v. 176, p. 213-236, https://doi.org/10.1130/MEM176-p213.","productDescription":"24 p.","startPage":"213","endPage":"236","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":415285,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Nevada","otherGeospatial":"Pahranagat area","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -115.99398730715728,\n 37.61369299951804\n ],\n [\n -115.99398730715728,\n 37.00252475424658\n ],\n [\n -114.74808446309268,\n 37.00252475424658\n ],\n [\n -114.74808446309268,\n 37.61369299951804\n ],\n [\n -115.99398730715728,\n 37.61369299951804\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"176","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1990-01-01","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Wernicke, Brian P.","contributorId":204208,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Wernicke","given":"Brian","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[{"id":36877,"text":"Cal Tech","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":868708,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1}],"authors":[{"text":"Jayko, Angela S. 0000-0002-7378-0330 ajayko@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7378-0330","contributorId":2531,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jayko","given":"Angela","email":"ajayko@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":868707,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70006658,"text":"70006658 - 1990 - Kidney lesions associated with mortality in chickens inoculated with waterfowl influenza viruses","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-06-23T11:26:50","indexId":"70006658","displayToPublicDate":"1990-01-01T13:11:30","publicationYear":"1990","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":948,"text":"Avian Diseases","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Kidney lesions associated with mortality in chickens inoculated with waterfowl influenza viruses","docAbstract":"Seventy-six type A influenza viruses recovered from waterfowl in Wisconsin, California, South Dakota, Florida, Texas, Alabama, and Nebraska were tested for virulence in chickens. The challenge to chickens was intravenous inoculation of first-, second-, or third-egg-passage virus. Each of the virus strains was tested separately in three or four chickens. Eighteen of the 76 viruses caused the death of one or more chickens following inoculation. Postmortem lesions were similar in all dead birds. In decreasing order of frequency, gross lesions included: swollen kidneys evident as accentuated lobular patterns, urates in the pericardial sac, and urates on the surface of the liver. Microscopic lesions present in kidneys were consistent with visceral gout. Mortality was associated with inoculations having higher concentrations of infectious virus. These results indicate that the influenza A viruses circulating in duck populations may include strains potentially pathogenic for chickens.
","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Avian Diseases","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"American Association of Avian Pathologists","doi":"10.2307/1591342","usgsCitation":"Slemons, R., Locke, L.N., Sheerar, M.G., Duncan, R.M., Hinshaw, V.S., and Easterday, B., 1990, Kidney lesions associated with mortality in chickens inoculated with waterfowl influenza viruses: Avian Diseases, v. 34, no. 1, p. 120-128, https://doi.org/10.2307/1591342.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"120","endPage":"128","numberOfPages":"9","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":456,"text":"National Wildlife Health Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":288586,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":288585,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1591342"}],"country":"United 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\"}}]}","volume":"34","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53ae7758e4b0abf75cf2c103","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Slemons, R.D.","contributorId":75737,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Slemons","given":"R.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":354956,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Locke, L. N.","contributorId":73539,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Locke","given":"L.","email":"","middleInitial":"N.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":354955,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Sheerar, Martha G.","contributorId":43671,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sheerar","given":"Martha","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":354954,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Duncan, R. M.","contributorId":102828,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Duncan","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":354958,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Hinshaw, Virginia S.","contributorId":79404,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hinshaw","given":"Virginia","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":354957,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Easterday, B.C.","contributorId":31677,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Easterday","given":"B.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":354953,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70006796,"text":"70006796 - 1990 - The California Valley grassland","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-07-01T12:40:20","indexId":"70006796","displayToPublicDate":"1990-01-01T11:50:51","publicationYear":"1990","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"title":"The California Valley grassland","docAbstract":"Grasslands are distributed throughout California from Oregon to Baja California Norte and from the coast to the desert (Brown 1982) (Figure 1). This review will focus on the dominant formation in cismontane California, a community referred to as Valley Grassland (Munz 1959). Today, Valley Grassland is dominated by non-native annual grasses in genera such as Avena (wild oat), Bromus (brome grass), and Hordeum (barley), and is often referred to as the California annual grassland. On localized sites, native perennial bunchgrasses such as Stipa pultra (purple needle grass) may dominate and such sites are interpreted to be remnants of the pristine valley grassland.
\nIn northwestern California a floristically distinct formation of the Valley Grassland, known as Coast Prairie (Munz 1959) or Northern Coastal Grassland (Holland and Keil 1989) is recognized. The dominant grasses include many native perennial bunchgrasses in genera such as Agrostis, Calamagrostis, Danthonia, Deschampsia, Festuca, Koeleria and Poa (Heady et al. 1977). Non-native annuals do not dominate, but on some sites non-native perennials like Anthoxanthum odoratum may colonize the native grassland (Foin and Hektner 1986).
\nElevationally, California's grasslands extend from sea level to at leas 1500 m. The upper boundary is vague because montane grassland formations are commonly referred to as meadows; a community which Munz (1959) does not recognize. Holland and Keil (1989) describe the montane meadow as an azonal community; that is, a community restricted not so much to a particular climatic zone but rather controlled by substrate characteristics. They consider poor soil-drainage an over-riding factor in the development of montane meadows and, in contrast to grasslands, meadows often remain green through the summer drought. Floristically, meadows are composed of graminoids; Cyperaceae, Juncaceae, and rhizomatous grasses such as Agropyron (wheat grass). Some bunchgrasses, such as Muhlenbergia rigens, are found in both montane meadows and moister grasslands. Forbs when present, are typically perennials. East of the interior ranges, grasslands are uncommon although native perennial bunchgrasses in genera such as Stipa, Hilaria and Aristida are common in steppe and desert scrub.
\nToday, Valley Grassland covers nearly 7 million ha or 17% or the state (Huenneke 1989), although other sources list less than half this amount (Jones and Stokes 1987). There is some evidence that extent of the grassland region has not changed since pre-European conditions, although the spatial distribution of grasslands has likely changed substantially (Huenneke 1989). That is, many current grasslands previously may have been dominated by other vegetation types and vice versa. Without question, many former grasslands have been converted to agricultural and urban use (Barry 1972).
\nThe Valley Grassland community occurs in regions characterized by a broad range of climatic conditions. Average January temperatures may range from 5°C to 15°C and July temperatures from 15°C to 30°C (NOAA 1988). Annual precipitation ranges from approximately 12 cm to over 200 cm, although all sites are characterized by a summer drought of 4-8 months (Heady 1977). Grasslands are well developed on deep, fine-textured soils although they are not restricted to such conditions (Wells 1962, Adams 1964, Heady 1977).
","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Endangered Plant Communities of Southern California: Proceedings of the 15th Annual Symposium","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":4,"text":"Other Government Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"California State University","publisherLocation":"Fullerton, CA","usgsCitation":"Keeley, J., 1990, The California Valley grassland, chap. of Endangered Plant Communities of Southern California: Proceedings of the 15th Annual Symposium, p. 3-23.","productDescription":"p. 3-23","startPage":"3","endPage":"23","numberOfPages":"20","costCenters":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":289308,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -124.41,32.53 ], [ -124.41,42.01 ], [ -114.13,42.01 ], [ -114.13,32.53 ], [ -124.41,32.53 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53b3d871e4b07c5f79a7f35f","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Schoenherr, Allan A.","contributorId":112736,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schoenherr","given":"Allan","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":508392,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1}],"authors":[{"text":"Keeley, Jon E. 0000-0002-4564-6521","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4564-6521","contributorId":69082,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Keeley","given":"Jon E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":355244,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70242099,"text":"70242099 - 1990 - Paleogeographic setting of upper Paleozoic rocks in the northern Sierra and eastern Klamath terranes, northern California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-04-06T16:23:20.627048","indexId":"70242099","displayToPublicDate":"1990-01-01T11:13:22","publicationYear":"1990","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"seriesTitle":{"id":5614,"text":"Special Papers of the Geological Society of America","printIssn":"0072-1077","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":24}},"title":"Paleogeographic setting of upper Paleozoic rocks in the northern Sierra and eastern Klamath terranes, northern California","docAbstract":"Upper Paleozoic rocks of the northern Sierra and eastern Klamath terranes provide detailed stratigraphic records of ensimatic arc-related sedimentation and magmatism. Comparison of Paleozoic stratigraphic relations between the two terranes, however, suggests certain contrasts in depositional environments and the nature, volume, and timing of volcanism for given time intervals. Some lithologic and provenance ties indicate a paleogeographic relation. Variations in stratigraphy between the two terranes and within terranes imply differences in geodynamic setting. These and regional geologic relations indicate an early and persistent paleogeographic tie between the two areas, and they further suggest that the eastern Klamath terrane may have lain outboard and trenchward of the northern Sierra terrane during much of their late Paleozoic evolution. Stratigraphic ties for mid-Permian and lower Mesozoic rocks imply a closer relation and more similar geodynamic setting during subsequent evolution.
","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Paleozoic and early Mesozoic paleogeographic relations; Sierra Nevada, Klamath Mountains, and related terranes","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":15,"text":"Monograph"},"language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","doi":"10.1130/SPE255-p175","usgsCitation":"Harwood, D.S., and Miller, M., 1990, Paleogeographic setting of upper Paleozoic rocks in the northern Sierra and eastern Klamath terranes, northern California, chap. of Paleozoic and early Mesozoic paleogeographic relations; Sierra Nevada, Klamath Mountains, and related terranes: Special Papers of the Geological Society of America, v. 255, p. 175-192, https://doi.org/10.1130/SPE255-p175.","productDescription":"18 p.","startPage":"175","endPage":"192","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":415344,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -119.98772461990696,\n 39.26984407275643\n ],\n [\n -122.24972508521512,\n 41.76320879713796\n ],\n [\n -123.62193389829307,\n 41.07183903062355\n ],\n [\n -121.34921305163263,\n 38.52730851059437\n ],\n [\n -119.98772461990696,\n 39.26984407275643\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"255","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1990-01-01","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Harwood, David S.","contributorId":48153,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Harwood","given":"David","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":868895,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Miller, M. Meghan","contributorId":304008,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Miller","given":"M. Meghan","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":868896,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70242098,"text":"70242098 - 1990 - Age and depositional setting of siliceous sediments in the upper Paleozoic Havallah sequence near Battle Mountain, Nevada; Implications for the paleogeography and structural evolution of the western margin of North America","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-04-06T16:05:18.998977","indexId":"70242098","displayToPublicDate":"1990-01-01T10:58:24","publicationYear":"1990","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"seriesTitle":{"id":5614,"text":"Special Papers of the Geological Society of America","printIssn":"0072-1077","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":24}},"title":"Age and depositional setting of siliceous sediments in the upper Paleozoic Havallah sequence near Battle Mountain, Nevada; Implications for the paleogeography and structural evolution of the western margin of North America","docAbstract":"The upper Paleozoic Havallah sequence of central Nevada is a folded and thrust-faulted association of greenstone, siliceous marine sedimentary rocks, and deep-water clastic rocks. Microfossil assemblages (radiolarians, sponge spicules, and conodonts) are used as tools to unravel the stratigraphy and to interpret the paleoenvironments of the siliceous sedimentary rocks. Nine radiolarian assemblages (Osagean to Guadalupian) are described and used for delineation and correlation of fault-bounded lithotectonic units. The biostratigraphic zonation reveals that the oldest rocks in each lithotectonic unit are progressively younger from the structurally highest to the lowest units, suggesting progressive west-to-east upsection stepping of the Golconda sole thrust with accretion of each unit. Analyses of the radiolarian and sponge spicule faunas permit lateral and temporal comparisons of depositional environments. The lower structural units are coarsening-upward sequences of hemipelagic slope deposits overlain by sponge spicule-rich turbidites derived from a shallow source. The uppermost structural unit is a coarsening-upward basinal sequence. Permian sponge spicules in turbidites of the slope sequences and redeposited fusulinids in the basin sequence are similar to those in adjacent autochthonous (North American) regions. Permian radiolarians and sponge spicules in hemipelagic siliceous argillite of the slope sequences are similar to those in the Northern Sierra terrane to the west; the Havallah basin and the Northern Sierra arc terrane were overlain, therefore, by a similar water mass and may have been in proximity during the Permian. Clastic dikes and sills containing volcanic, metamorphic, and sedimentary rock clasts are Leonardian or younger.
","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Paleozoic and early Mesozoic paleogeographic relations; Sierra Nevada, Klamath Mountains, and related terranes","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":15,"text":"Monograph"},"language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","doi":"10.1130/SPE255-p137","usgsCitation":"Murchey, B.L., 1990, Age and depositional setting of siliceous sediments in the upper Paleozoic Havallah sequence near Battle Mountain, Nevada; Implications for the paleogeography and structural evolution of the western margin of North America, chap. of Paleozoic and early Mesozoic paleogeographic relations; Sierra Nevada, Klamath Mountains, and related terranes: Special Papers of the Geological Society of America, v. 255, p. 137-156, https://doi.org/10.1130/SPE255-p137.","productDescription":"20 p.","startPage":"137","endPage":"156","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":415343,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Nevada","otherGeospatial":"Havallah sequence","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -122.51903504169039,\n 42.00624512838411\n ],\n [\n -122.51903504169039,\n 37.4932697804677\n ],\n [\n -115.27177600227202,\n 37.4932697804677\n ],\n [\n -115.27177600227202,\n 42.00624512838411\n ],\n [\n -122.51903504169039,\n 42.00624512838411\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"255","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1990-01-01","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Harwood, David S.","contributorId":48153,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Harwood","given":"David","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":868893,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Miller, M. Meghan","contributorId":304008,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Miller","given":"M. Meghan","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":868894,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":2}],"authors":[{"text":"Murchey, Benita L. bmurchey@usgs.gov","contributorId":504,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Murchey","given":"Benita","email":"bmurchey@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":868892,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70242095,"text":"70242095 - 1990 - Stratigraphy and tectonics of Paleozoic arc-related rocks of the northernmost Sierra Nevada, California; The eastern Klamath and northern Sierra terranes","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-04-06T15:24:07.066814","indexId":"70242095","displayToPublicDate":"1990-01-01T10:11:34","publicationYear":"1990","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"seriesTitle":{"id":5614,"text":"Special Papers of the Geological Society of America","printIssn":"0072-1077","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":24}},"title":"Stratigraphy and tectonics of Paleozoic arc-related rocks of the northernmost Sierra Nevada, California; The eastern Klamath and northern Sierra terranes","docAbstract":"The Eastern Klamath and Northern Sierra terranes of northern California consist of Devonian to Jurassic arc-related rocks that structurally and/or stratigraphically overlie Devonian(?) or older complexes that consist of quartzite, quartzofeldspathic sandstone, chert, and mafic and ultramafic rocks. These terranes lie within a regional belt of Paleozoic arc-related rocks that can be recognized from the Sierra Nevada to British Columbia. The Eastern Klamath and Northern Sierra terranes are geographically separate and have paleontologic linkage, but lack direct stratigraphic ties in strata of Late Devonian to Early Permian age.
This chapter describes new stratigraphic correlations and structural interpretations of rocks that lie in the northernmost part of the Sierra Nevada. These rocks include the Butt Valley block of the Northern Sierra terrane, and rocks herein interpreted as dismembered Eastern Klamath terrane. The rocks of Eastern Klamath terrane affinity, Soda Ravine block, occur as a tectonic sliver that lies to the west of the Butt Valley block.
The Soda Ravine block is about 2 to 4 km by 20 km and includes limestone lenses equivalent to zone A of the McCloud Limestone of the Eastern Klamath terrane, and upper Middle and Upper Triassic limestone, slate, siltstone, and pebble conglomerate. Similar Permian limestone with McCloud faunal affinities and slate-bearing slivers have been noted by previous workers in this area and to the south.
The Butt Valley block had previously been interpreted as part of the west limb of a regional anticline, the Almanor anticline. New mapping suggests that the block is not contiguous with rocks that lie to the east. The Butt Valley block includes the Devonian and Mississippian Taylor Formation, which is unconformably overlain by an Upper Triassic (Carnian and Norian) basal conglomerate and sandstone, which in turn is overlain by Upper Triassic limestone. The Upper Triassic limestone is overlain by a sparsely fossiliferous, lithic-volcaniclastic sequence containing poorly preserved Triassic or Early Jurassic, and probable Early Jurassic, ammonites and clams. This sequence is similar to conglomerate, Triassic limestone, and volcaniclastic rocks of the Jurassic Sailor Canyon Formation, which overlie a regional Late Triassic unconformity west of Lake Tahoe, thus expanding the known distribution of the unconformity in the Sierra Nevada. The Triassic unconformity overlies Carboniferous and older rocks around the North Fork American River area to the south, and overlies Devonian and older rocks on the Butt Valley block, but overlies Permian rocks east and southeast of the Butt Valley block. These relations suggest that either the Butt Valley block was part of a highland or uplifted block along the western part of the northern Sierra terrane or that the Butt Valley block previously lay closer to the North Fork American River area and has been translated northward by right-slip displacement.
Northern Sierra terrane east of the Butt Valley block consists of the Hough and Genesse blocks, which are separated by the Grizzly Mountain fault zone. The Grizzly Mountain fault zone is here interpreted to be a transpressional right-slip fault.
","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Paleozoic and early Mesozoic paleogeographic relations; Sierra Nevada, Klamath Mountains, and related terranes","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":15,"text":"Monograph"},"language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","doi":"10.1130/SPE255-p307","usgsCitation":"Jayko, A.S., 1990, Stratigraphy and tectonics of Paleozoic arc-related rocks of the northernmost Sierra Nevada, California; The eastern Klamath and northern Sierra terranes, chap. of Paleozoic and early Mesozoic paleogeographic relations; Sierra Nevada, Klamath Mountains, and related terranes: Special Papers of the Geological Society of America, v. 255, p. 307-324, https://doi.org/10.1130/SPE255-p307.","productDescription":"18 p.","startPage":"307","endPage":"324","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":415340,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"Sierra Nevada","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -119.99625329087249,\n 41.284608835237066\n ],\n [\n -122.4285883719287,\n 41.284608835237066\n ],\n [\n -122.4285883719287,\n 39.674286191270824\n ],\n [\n -119.99625329087249,\n 39.674286191270824\n ],\n [\n -119.99625329087249,\n 41.284608835237066\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"255","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1990-01-01","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Harwood, David S.","contributorId":48153,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Harwood","given":"David","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":868883,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Miller, M. Meghan","contributorId":304008,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Miller","given":"M. Meghan","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":868884,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":2}],"authors":[{"text":"Jayko, Angela S. 0000-0002-7378-0330 ajayko@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7378-0330","contributorId":2531,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jayko","given":"Angela","email":"ajayko@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":868882,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70197159,"text":"70197159 - 1990 - Review of paleomagnetic data from the Klamath Mountains, Blue Mountains, and Sierra Nevada; Implications for paleogeographic reconstructions","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-05-18T13:47:16","indexId":"70197159","displayToPublicDate":"1990-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1990","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"title":"Review of paleomagnetic data from the Klamath Mountains, Blue Mountains, and Sierra Nevada; Implications for paleogeographic reconstructions","docAbstract":"Paleomagnetic studies of the Klamath Mountains, Blue Mountains, Sierra Nevada, and northwestern Nevada pertain mostly to Jurassic and Cretaceous rocks, but some data also are available for Permian and Triassic rocks of the region. Large vertical-axis rotations are indicated for rocks in many of the terranes, but few studies show statistically significant latitudinal displacements. The most complete paleomagnetic record is from the Eastern Klamath terrane, which shows large post-Triassic clockwise rotations and virtual cessation of rotation by Early Cretaceous time, when accretion to the continent was completed. Data from Permian strata of the Eastern Klamath terrane indicate no paleolatitude anomaly, in contrast to preliminary results from coeval strata of Hells Canyon in the Blue Mountains region, which are suggestive of some southward movement. If these Hells Canyon results are confirmed, some of the terranes in these two regions must have been traveling on separate plates during late Paleozoic time. Data from Triassic and younger strata in the Blue Mountains region indicate paleolatitudes that are concordant with North America. Results from Triassic rocks of the Koipato Formation in west-central Nevada also indicate southward transport, but when this movement ceased is unknown. The Nevadan orogeny may have occurred in the Sierra Nevada during Jurassic accretion of the ophiolitic and volcanic-arc terranes of that province to the continent, whereas what has been considered to be the same orogeny in the Klamath Mountains may have occurred before accretion. Using the concordance of observed and expected paleomagnetic directions as a guide, the allochthonous Sierra Nevada, Klamath Mountains, and Blue Mountains composite terranes seem to have accreted to the continent sequentially from south to north.
","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Paleozoic and Early Mesozoic Paleogeographic Relations; Sierra Nevada, Klamath Mountains, and Related Terranes: GSA Special Papers v. 255","language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","doi":"10.1130/SPE255-p397","usgsCitation":"Mankinen, E.A., and Irwin, W., 1990, Review of paleomagnetic data from the Klamath Mountains, Blue Mountains, and Sierra Nevada; Implications for paleogeographic reconstructions, chap. of Paleozoic and Early Mesozoic Paleogeographic Relations; Sierra Nevada, Klamath Mountains, and Related Terranes: GSA Special Papers v. 255, v. 255, p. 397-409, https://doi.org/10.1130/SPE255-p397.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"397","endPage":"409","costCenters":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":354326,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","otherGeospatial":"Blue Mountains, Klamath Mountains, Sierra Nevada","volume":"255","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1990-01-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5aff2dd8e4b0da30c1bfd855","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Mankinen, Edward A. 0000-0001-7496-2681 emank@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7496-2681","contributorId":1054,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mankinen","given":"Edward","email":"emank@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":735860,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Irwin, William P.","contributorId":12889,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Irwin","given":"William P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":735861,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70015815,"text":"70015815 - 1990 - Modern aerial gamma-ray spectrometry and regional potassium map of the conterminous United States","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-12-03T16:41:35","indexId":"70015815","displayToPublicDate":"1990-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1990","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2302,"text":"Journal of Geochemical Exploration","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Modern aerial gamma-ray spectrometry and regional potassium map of the conterminous United States","docAbstract":"Aerial gamma-ray surveys of the natural environment measure the flux of gamma rays produced by the radioactive decay of 40K, 214Bi, and 208Tl in the upper 10–20 cm of surface materials. 40K is a radioactive potassium isotope which can be used to estimate the total amount of potassium in the soils and rocks. 214Bi is a decay product of the 238U radioactive decay series and is used to estimate the uranium concentrations, and 208Tl, a decay product of the 232Th radioactive decay series, is used to estimate thorium concentrations. Aerial gamma-ray data covering the 48 contiguous states of the United States have been compiled to produce maps showing the distributions of equivalent uranium, equivalent thorium, and potassium. This compilation involved processing the aerial survey data from about 470 1° × 2° quadrangle maps.
\nThe aerial gamma-ray data were obtained as part of the National Uranium Resource Evaluation (NURE) Program sponsored by the U.S. Department of Energy during the period 1975-1983. References for the Open-File Reports that describe the surveys and data collection can be found in Bendix Field Engineering Corp. (1983). The aerial surveys were flown by contractors using fixed-wing and helicopter systems with 33-50 L (liters) of thallium-activated sodium iodide (NaI (TI)) crystals. The nominal survey altitude used is 122 m. The survey lines were generally east-west with line spacings of 1.6-10 km. Tie lines were flown perpendicular to the flight lines at intervals of 16- 30 km. The data were corrected for background from aircraft contamination and cosmic rays, altitude variations, airborne 214Bi, and Compton scattering. The gamma-ray systems were calibrated using the calibrations pads at Grand Junction, Colorado (Ward, 1978 ) and the dynamic test strip at Lake Mead, Arizona (Geodata International, Inc., 1977).
\n","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Geochemical Exploration","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","publisherLocation":"New York, NY","doi":"10.1016/0375-6742(90)90076-M","issn":"03756742","usgsCitation":"Duval, J.S., 1990, Modern aerial gamma-ray spectrometry and regional potassium map of the conterminous United States: Journal of Geochemical Exploration, v. 39, no. 1-2, p. 249-253, https://doi.org/10.1016/0375-6742(90)90076-M.","productDescription":"5 p.","startPage":"249","endPage":"253","numberOfPages":"5","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":223383,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": 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42.74701217318067\n ],\n [\n -124.3212890625,\n 43.866218006556394\n ],\n [\n -124.01367187499999,\n 45.336701909968106\n ],\n [\n -124.27734374999999,\n 46.98025235521883\n ],\n [\n -124.8046875,\n 47.98992166741417\n ],\n [\n -124.8046875,\n 48.40003249610685\n ],\n [\n -123.662109375,\n 48.3416461723746\n ],\n [\n -123.26660156249999,\n 48.40003249610685\n ],\n [\n -123.22265625000001,\n 48.777912755501845\n ],\n [\n -123.31054687499999,\n 49.03786794532644\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"39","issue":"1-2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a5c88e4b0c8380cd6fd7e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Duval, Joseph S.","contributorId":22314,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Duval","given":"Joseph","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":371837,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70015763,"text":"70015763 - 1990 - Chemistry and origin of minor and trace elements in selected vitrinite concentrates from bituminous and anthracitic coals","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-02-23T00:49:29.715162","indexId":"70015763","displayToPublicDate":"1990-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1990","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2033,"text":"International Journal of Coal Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Chemistry and origin of minor and trace elements in selected vitrinite concentrates from bituminous and anthracitic coals","docAbstract":"
Organic and inorganic affinities were determined by comparing the elemental concentrations in the vitrinite concentrates to the concentrations in the companion whole coals. The ratios of these concentrations for 33 selected elements are shown in Figure 1. Ratios greater than 1 indicate organic affinity, and ratios less than 1 indicate inorganic affinity.
Br and W generally showed organic affinity in all samples in this study. In the nine samples from the eastern United States (Fig. 1A-C) less than one-fourth of the trace elements show organic affinity compared to nearly one-half for the three English and Australian samples (Fig. 1D). The elements that generally show organic affinity in the non-U.S.A. samples studied include As, Cs, Hf, and Ni, which have generally inorganic affinities in the U.S.A. samples, and Cr, Sb, Se, and U, which have mixed (both organic and inorganic) affinities, in the U.S.A. coals studied, has an inorganic affinity in the English coals studied. B shows organic affinity in the samples from the Illinois basin (Fig. 1C). For the samples studied, Ba shows organic affinity in the Appalachian basin bituminous coals (Fig. 1B), inorganic affinity in the Illinois basin coals, and overall mixed affinities. In all the samples studied, Cu, Mn, Na, Sr, Ta, V, and Zn show mixed affinities, and A1, Co, Eu, Fe, Ga, K, La, Mg, Sc, Si, Th, Ti, and Ub have generally inorganic affinity.
The Lewis and Clark line is a prominent zone of strike-slip, dip-slip, and oblique-slip faults that extends from near Wallace, Idaho, to east of Helena, Montana. Faults of this zone have been intermittently active from Middle Proterozoic to Holocene time, and because of numerous tectonic overprints, controversy continues about displacement directions and times of displacement along specific faults. Geologic mapping shows evidence that many principal faults of the Lewis and Clark line, such as the St. Marys-Helena Valley, Bald Butte, Ninemile, and Osburn faults, had right separation or slip that ranged between 28 and 11 km, and this displacement probably occurred during Late Cretaceous time. Other faults, such as the Elevation Mountain, Placer Creek, and Ranch Creek faults, have Late Cretaceous right separations that range between 8 and 3.2 km, and the Mount Sentinel fault zone has between 6.5 and 3 km of right separation of probable Late Cretaceous age.
Subsidiary structures of the Lewis and Clark line postdate Paleozoic and Lower Cretaceous rocks and predate Late Cretaceous stocks at some places; subsidiary faults and folds that have age constraints have slip directions compatible with right slip along adjacent, principal faults.
Sedimentation patterns of Lower and Upper Cretaceous rocks indicate that faults of the Lewis and Clark line fragmented the foredeep region of the foreland basin into separate northern and southern basins in Late Cretaceous time. The Lower and Upper Cretaceous Blackleaf Formation (Albian and lower Cenomanian) was deposited in a continuous foredeep basin that extended across the Lewis and Clark line from north of the Canadian border to southwestern Montana, a distance of about 450 km. North of the Lewis and Clark line, middle and upper Cenomanian rocks are absent, and a thin sequence of uppermost Cenomanian to Campanian rocks was deposited in a marine environment that changed to a strand-line and continental environment in early Campanian time. South of the Lewis and Clark line, middle and upper Cenomanian deposits are also absent, but a thick sequence of Turonian-to-Campanian rocks was deposited in brackish water and strand-line environments, and during later Campanian time, in a continental environment. In the region between the St. Marys-Helena Valley and Bald Butte faults, a barrier may have formed that served as a local sediment source between foredeep regions in the northern and southern foreland basin during the period 91 to 75 Ma. South of the Bald Butte fault, an extensional tectonic regime contributed to a higher sediment-accumulation rate in the foredeep region along the north border of the southern basin (30 cm/1,000 yr), as compared to lower sediment-accumulation rates (6.9 and 7.8 cm/ 1,000 yr) in the foredeep region of the south part of the northern basin.
","language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","doi":"10.1130/0016-7606(1990)102<1021:FOTCPO>2.3.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Wallace, C.A., Lidke, D., and Schmidt, R.G., 1990, Faults of the central part of the Lewis and Clark line and fragmentation of the Late Cretaceous foreland basin in west-central Montana: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 102, no. 8, p. 1021-1037, https://doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1990)102<1021:FOTCPO>2.3.CO;2.","productDescription":"17 p.","startPage":"1021","endPage":"1037","numberOfPages":"17","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":223131,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Montana","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -113.93105489049955,\n 47.74152319336437\n ],\n [\n -113.93105489049955,\n 45.78512955401325\n ],\n [\n -109.9320314529997,\n 45.78512955401325\n ],\n [\n -109.9320314529997,\n 47.74152319336437\n ],\n [\n -113.93105489049955,\n 47.74152319336437\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"102","issue":"8","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0f27e4b0c8380cd537d2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wallace, C. A.","contributorId":15596,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wallace","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":371923,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Lidke, D. J.","contributorId":10857,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lidke","given":"D. J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":371922,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Schmidt, R. G.","contributorId":107690,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schmidt","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":371924,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70015909,"text":"70015909 - 1990 - Crustal structure of the northwestern Basin and Range Province from the 1986 Program for Array Seismic Studies of the Continental Lithosphere Seismic Experiment","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-05-07T14:33:02.99065","indexId":"70015909","displayToPublicDate":"1990-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1990","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2312,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Crustal structure of the northwestern Basin and Range Province from the 1986 Program for Array Seismic Studies of the Continental Lithosphere Seismic Experiment","docAbstract":"A portion of northwestern Nevada was imaged to determine the crustal structure and to assess reported differences between refraction versus reflection determinations of Moho depth and how the crustal composition and structure has been influenced by volcanic and extension mechanisms. Interpretation of the refraction/wide-angle reflection data suggests that the crust is fairly uniform in thickness and varies by less than 5 km over the 280 km east-west profile and 3 km over its 220 km north-south length. The velocity structure is characterized by five layers: 1) an uppermost crust, composed of sedimentary rocks and basement that has an average velocity of 5.7 km s-1; 2) a middle crust that extends to a depth of 18-22 with an average velocity of 6.1 km s-1; 3) a 10-12 km thick lower crust with an average velocity of 6.6 km s-1; 4) a 2-5 km thick transitional crust-mantle boundary defined by a 7.6 km s-1 velocity; and 5) an upper mantle with an average Pn velocity of 7.9-8.0 km s-1. A uniform upper mantle composition across the Basin and Range is suggested and the homogeneity of the velocity structure beneath the western Basin and Range argues for a youthful Moho and crust that has been reworked by province-wide late Cenozoic extension, episodic magmatism, and underplating. -from Authors","largerWorkTitle":"","language":"English","publisher":"AGU","doi":"10.1029/JB095iB13p21823","issn":"01480227","usgsCitation":"Benz, H.M., Smith, R.B., and Mooney, W.D., 1990, Crustal structure of the northwestern Basin and Range Province from the 1986 Program for Array Seismic Studies of the Continental Lithosphere Seismic Experiment: Journal of Geophysical Research, v. 95, no. B13, p. 21823-21842, https://doi.org/10.1029/JB095iB13p21823.","productDescription":"20 p.","startPage":"21823","endPage":"21842","costCenters":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":223184,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -122.51953124999999,\n 32.13840869677249\n ],\n [\n -104.150390625,\n 32.13840869677249\n ],\n [\n -104.150390625,\n 45.67548217560647\n ],\n [\n -122.51953124999999,\n 45.67548217560647\n ],\n [\n -122.51953124999999,\n 32.13840869677249\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"95","issue":"B13","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2012-09-20","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059fcf0e4b0c8380cd4e520","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Benz, Harley M. 0000-0002-6860-2134 benz@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6860-2134","contributorId":794,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Benz","given":"Harley","email":"benz@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":300,"text":"Geologic Hazards Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":372055,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Smith, R. B.","contributorId":64589,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smith","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":372056,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Mooney, Walter D. 0000-0002-5310-3631 mooney@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5310-3631","contributorId":3194,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mooney","given":"Walter","email":"mooney@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":372057,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70016040,"text":"70016040 - 1990 - Climate factor for small-basin flood frequency","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-02-19T14:18:18","indexId":"70016040","displayToPublicDate":"1990-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1990","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3718,"text":"Water Resources Bulletin","printIssn":"0043-1370","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Climate factor for small-basin flood frequency","docAbstract":"A climate factor, CT, (T = 2-, 25-, and 100-year recurrence intervals) that delineates regional trends in small-basin flood frequency was derived using data from 71 long-term rainfall record sites. Values of CT at these sites were developed by a regression analysis that related rainfall-runoff model estimates of T-year floods to a sample set of 50 model calibrations. CT was regionalized via kriging to develop maps depicting its geographic variation for a large part of the United States east of the 105th meridian. Kriged estimates of CT and basin-runoff characteristics were used to compute regionalized T-year floods for 200 small drainage basins. Observed T-year flood estimates also were developed for these sites. Regionalized floods are shown to account for a large percentage of the variability in observed flood estimates with coefficients of determination ranging from 0.89 for 2-year floods to 0.82 for 100-year floods. The relative importance of the factors comprising regionalized flood estimates is evaluated in terms of scale (size of drainage area), basin-runoff characteristics (rainfall-runoff model parameters), and climate (CT).","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Water Resources Bulletin","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"American Water Resources Association","doi":"10.1111/j.1752-1688.1990.tb01395.x","issn":"00431370","usgsCitation":"Lichty, R., and Karlinger, M., 1990, Climate factor for small-basin flood frequency: Water Resources Bulletin, v. 26, no. 4, p. 577-586, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-1688.1990.tb01395.x.","startPage":"577","endPage":"586","numberOfPages":"10","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":222988,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":267740,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-1688.1990.tb01395.x"}],"volume":"26","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2007-06-08","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f651e4b0c8380cd4c6b4","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lichty, R.W.","contributorId":46987,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lichty","given":"R.W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":372406,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Karlinger, M.R.","contributorId":95039,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Karlinger","given":"M.R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":372407,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70016090,"text":"70016090 - 1990 - Chronologic and isotopic framework for early Proterozoic crustal evolution in the eastern Mojave Desert region, SE California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-05-24T16:34:04.68862","indexId":"70016090","displayToPublicDate":"1990-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1990","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2312,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Chronologic and isotopic framework for early Proterozoic crustal evolution in the eastern Mojave Desert region, SE California","docAbstract":"The Early Proterozoic geologic evolution of the eastern Mojave Desert region, as defined by characteristics of its supracrustal rocks, granitoids, metamorphism, structural history, and Pb and Nd isotopic signature, contrasts sharply with other Proterozoic provinces of the southwestern United States. The oldest supracrustal rocks of the Mojave Desert region contain zircons over 2.0 Ga, corroborating Nd isotopic evidence for a much older crust here than elsewhere in the southwestern United States. Granitoids widely emplaced within these supracrustal rocks range from 1.76 to 1.64 Ga. The earlier plutons and surrounding supracrustal rocks were metamorphosed to granulite and high amphibolite facies throughout the province at about 1705 Ma in a migmatite-producing event that we term (informally) the Ivanpah orogeny. Subsequent granitoids, emplaced from 1.69 to 1.67 Ga, were voluminous along a north trending belt in the middle of the Mojave province. Younger plutons were emplaced at about 1.66 Ga in several places and at about 1.64 Ga along the extreme southern part of the province. Commonalities between the Proterozoic evolutions of the Mojave and Arizona crustal provinces do not conclusively establish the time that the provinces were juxtaposed; the data only suggest that the juxtaposition occurred between about 1.76 and 1.64 Ga.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/JB095iB12p20133","issn":"01480227","usgsCitation":"Wooden, J.L., and Miller, D., 1990, Chronologic and isotopic framework for early Proterozoic crustal evolution in the eastern Mojave Desert region, SE California: Journal of Geophysical Research, v. 95, no. B12, p. 20133-20146, https://doi.org/10.1029/JB095iB12p20133.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"20133","endPage":"20146","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":222938,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"95","issue":"B12","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2012-09-20","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f5f2e4b0c8380cd4c4dd","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wooden, J. L.","contributorId":58678,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wooden","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":372516,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Miller, D. M. 0000-0003-3711-0441","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3711-0441","contributorId":104422,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Miller","given":"D. M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":372517,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70016096,"text":"70016096 - 1990 - Near-surface velocities and attenuation at two boreholes near Anza, California, from logging data","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-10-26T11:06:51.429084","indexId":"70016096","displayToPublicDate":"1990-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1990","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1135,"text":"Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America","onlineIssn":"1943-3573","printIssn":"0037-1106","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Near-surface velocities and attenuation at two boreholes near Anza, California, from logging data","docAbstract":"To investigate near-surface site effects in granite rock, we drilled 300-m-deep boreholes at two sites which are collocated with stations from the digital array at Anza, California. The first borehole was sited at station KNW (Keenwild fire station), which is located along a ridge line about 8.7 km east of the San Jacinto Fault zone. Station PFO (Piñon Flat Observatory), chosen for the second site, is another 6 km further to the east of station KNW and is located on a gently sloping hillside. We logged each borehole for P- and S-wave velocities, as well as for crack density and orientation.
","language":"English","publisher":"Seismological Society of America","doi":"10.1785/BSSA0800040807","usgsCitation":"Fletcher, J.B., Fumal, T., Liu, H., and Carroll, L., 1990, Near-surface velocities and attenuation at two boreholes near Anza, California, from logging data: Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, v. 80, no. 4, p. 807-831, https://doi.org/10.1785/BSSA0800040807.","productDescription":"25 p.","startPage":"807","endPage":"831","numberOfPages":"25","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":222991,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -116.82306309081514,\n 33.64775282269589\n ],\n [\n -116.82306309081514,\n 33.47954708489645\n ],\n [\n -116.54979434156269,\n 33.47954708489645\n ],\n [\n -116.54979434156269,\n 33.64775282269589\n ],\n [\n -116.82306309081514,\n 33.64775282269589\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"80","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1990-08-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a640be4b0c8380cd72843","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Fletcher, Joe B.","contributorId":8850,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fletcher","given":"Joe","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":372538,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Fumal, T.","contributorId":46692,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fumal","given":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":372540,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Liu, Hsi-Ping","contributorId":59944,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Liu","given":"Hsi-Ping","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":372541,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Carroll, L.C.","contributorId":28373,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Carroll","given":"L.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":372539,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70016174,"text":"70016174 - 1990 - Variations in the styles of erosion along the Florida Escarpment, eastern Gulf of Mexico","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-10-04T19:14:53","indexId":"70016174","displayToPublicDate":"1990-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1990","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2682,"text":"Marine and Petroleum Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Variations in the styles of erosion along the Florida Escarpment, eastern Gulf of Mexico","docAbstract":"GLORIA sidescan sonographs and Seabeam bathymetric data show morphological differences along the Florida Escarpment which reflect that different erosional styles have been active along different parts of this carbonate platform edge. The northern half of the escarpment is cut by numerous small ravines spaced 1-5 km apart. Its southern half is deeply incised by large box canyons that have flat floors and steep headwalls. The northern half of the escarpment is covered by Cenozoic-aged sediments, and erosion appears to be limited to this Cenozoic cover. An apron of this eroded material is accumulating along the base of this half of the escarpment, extending as much as 30 km from its base. South of 27??N, active erosion of older strata of the escarpment is shown by talus deposits of Lower Cretaceous limestone that occur at the heads of box canyons. The box canyons are not evenly distributed, but instead are most abundant where two basins that underlie the Florida Platform intersect the escarpment. Pleistocene-aged sediments eroded from the slope above the escarpment are funnelled through small valleys into the heads of the box canyons. The smooth headwalls of the box canyons suggest that downslope transport of the material from the slope above the escarpment does little to erode the escarpment. Instead, erosion triggered by dissolution of the carbonate rocks by acidic brines that seep out of the escarpment is the proposed mechanism of escarpment retreat. The concentration of the erosion at the heads of the box canyons may indicate sites where the platform rocks are more intensely fractured, thus enhancing permeability and flow of brines. The concentration of box canyons in the escarpment sections adjacent to sedimentary basins beneath the platform may reflect regional differences in the geology and hydrology of the platform. ?? 1990.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Marine and Petroleum Geology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0264-8172(90)90003-Y","issn":"02648172","usgsCitation":"Twichell, D., Parson, L., and Paull, C.K., 1990, Variations in the styles of erosion along the Florida Escarpment, eastern Gulf of Mexico: Marine and Petroleum Geology, v. 7, no. 3, p. 253-266, https://doi.org/10.1016/0264-8172(90)90003-Y.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"253","endPage":"266","costCenters":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":223408,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","otherGeospatial":"Florida Escarpment, Gulf of Mexico","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -94.9658203125,\n 23.079731762449878\n ],\n [\n -81.5185546875,\n 23.079731762449878\n ],\n [\n -81.5185546875,\n 31.16580958786196\n ],\n [\n -94.9658203125,\n 31.16580958786196\n ],\n [\n -94.9658203125,\n 23.079731762449878\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"7","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bc190e4b08c986b32a64d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Twichell, D.C.","contributorId":84304,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Twichell","given":"D.C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":372736,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Parson, L.M.","contributorId":69156,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Parson","given":"L.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":372735,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Paull, C. K.","contributorId":86845,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Paull","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":372737,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70016373,"text":"70016373 - 1990 - Sediment movement along the U.S. east coast continental shelf-I. Estimates of bottom stress using the Grant-Madsen model and near-bottom wave and current measurements","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-11-30T00:45:28.676271","indexId":"70016373","displayToPublicDate":"1990-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1990","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1333,"text":"Continental Shelf Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Sediment movement along the U.S. east coast continental shelf-I. Estimates of bottom stress using the Grant-Madsen model and near-bottom wave and current measurements","docAbstract":"Bottom stress is calculated for several long-term time-series observations, made on the U.S. east coast continental shelf during winter, using the wave-current interaction and moveable bed models of Grant and Madsen (1979, Journal of Geophysical Research, 84, 1797-1808; 1982, Journal of Geophysical Research, 87, 469-482). The wave and current measurements were obtained by means of a bottom tripod system which measured current using a Savonius rotor and vane and waves by means of a pressure sensor. The variables were burst sampled about 10% of the time. Wave energy was reasonably resolved, although aliased by wave groupiness, and wave period was accurate to 1-2 s during large storms. Errors in current speed and direction depend on the speed of the mean current relative to the wave current. In general, errors in bottom stress caused by uncertainties in measured current speed and wave characteristics were 10-20%.
During storms, the bottom stress calculated using the Grant-Madsen models exceeded stress computed from conventional drag laws by a factor of about 1.5 on average and 3 or more during storm peaks. Thus, even in water as deep as 80 m, oscillatory near-bottom currents associated with surface gravity waves of period 12 s or longer will contribute substantially to bottom stress. Given that the Grant-Madsen model is correct, parameterizations of bottom stress that do not incorporate wave effects will substantially underestimate stress and sediment transport in this region of the continental shelf.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0278-4343(90)90048-Q","issn":"02784343","usgsCitation":"Lyne, V., Butman, B., and Grant, W., 1990, Sediment movement along the U.S. east coast continental shelf-I. Estimates of bottom stress using the Grant-Madsen model and near-bottom wave and current measurements: Continental Shelf Research, v. 10, no. 5, p. 397-428, https://doi.org/10.1016/0278-4343(90)90048-Q.","productDescription":"32 p.","startPage":"397","endPage":"428","costCenters":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":223566,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","otherGeospatial":"Georges Bank, Mid-Atlantic Bight","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -76,\n 36\n ],\n [\n -59.58984374999999,\n 36\n ],\n [\n -59.58984374999999,\n 43\n ],\n [\n -76,\n 43\n ],\n [\n -76,\n 36\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"10","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b899ce4b08c986b316e40","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lyne, V.D.","contributorId":78473,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lyne","given":"V.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":373312,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Butman, B.","contributorId":85580,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Butman","given":"B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":373313,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Grant, W.D.","contributorId":11764,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Grant","given":"W.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":373311,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70137865,"text":"70137865 - 1990 - Major off-axis hydrothermal activity on the northern Gorda Ridge","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-12-10T13:39:05","indexId":"70137865","displayToPublicDate":"1990-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1990","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1796,"text":"Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Major off-axis hydrothermal activity on the northern Gorda Ridge","docAbstract":"The first hydrothermal field on the northern Gorda Ridge, the Sea Cliff hydrothermal field, was discovered and geologic controls of hydrothermal activity in the rift valley were investigated on a dive series using the DSV Sea Cliff. The Sea Cliff hydrothermal field was discovered where predicted at the intersection of axis-oblique and axis-parallel faults at the south end of a linear ridge at mid-depth (2700 m) on the east wall. Preliminary mapping and sampling of the field reveal: a setting nested on nearly sediment-free fault blocks 300 m above the rift valley floor 2.6 km from the axis; a spectrum of venting types from seeps to black smokers; high conductive heat flow estimated to be equivalent to the convective flux of multiple black smokers through areas of the sea floor sealed by a caprock of elastic breccia primarily derived from basalt with siliceous cement and barite pore fillings; and a vent biota with Juan de Fuca Ridge affinites. These findings demonstrate the importance of off-axis hydrothermal activity and the role of the intersection of tectonic lineations in controlling hydrothermal sites at sea-floor spreading centers.
A sequence of three great earthquakes struck the Central United States during the winter of 1811-1812 in the area of New Madrid, Missouri. they are considered to be the greatest earthquakes in the conterminous U.S because they were felt and caused damage at far greater distances than any other earthquakes in U.S history. The large population currently living within the damage area of these earthquakes means that widespread destruction and loss of life is likely if the sequence were repeated. In contrast to California, where the earthquakes are felt frequently, the damaging earthquakes that have occurred in the Easter U.S-in 155 (Cape Ann, Mass.), 1811-12 (New Madrid, Mo.), 1886 (Charleston S.C) ,and 1897 (Giles County, Va.- are generally regarded as only historical phenomena (fig. 1). The social memory of these earthquakes no longer exists. A fundamental problem in the Eastern U.S, therefore, is that the earthquake hazard is not generally considered today in land-use and civic planning. This article offers perspectives on the earthquake hazard of the New Madrid seismic zone through discussions of the geology of the Mississippi Embayment, the historical earthquakes that have occurred there, the earthquake risk, and the \"tools\" that geoscientists have to study the region. The so-called earthquake hazard is defined by the characterization of the physical attributes of the geological structures that cause earthquakes, the estimation of the recurrence times of the earthquakes, the estimation of the recurrence times of the earthquakes, their potential size, and the expected ground motions. the term \"earthquake risk,\" on the other hand, refers to aspects of the expected damage to manmade strctures and to lifelines as a result of the earthquake hazard.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S Geological Survey","usgsCitation":"Thenhaus, P., 1990, Perspectives on earthquake hazards in the New Madrid seismic zone, Missouri: Earthquakes & Volcanoes (USGS), v. 22, no. 1, p. 4-21.","productDescription":"18 p.","startPage":"4","endPage":"21","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":318795,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","otherGeospatial":"New Madrid seismic zone","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -90.0164794921875,\n 36.00022956178002\n ],\n [\n -89.2364501953125,\n 36.00911716117325\n ],\n [\n -89.132080078125,\n 36.99816565700228\n ],\n [\n -89.8626708984375,\n 36.98500309285596\n ],\n [\n -90.0164794921875,\n 36.00022956178002\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"22","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"56e2a8c9e4b0f59b85d391a3","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Thenhaus, P.C.","contributorId":46089,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thenhaus","given":"P.C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":622543,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70016126,"text":"70016126 - 1990 - Precious metals of Wyoming","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:18:47","indexId":"70016126","displayToPublicDate":"1990-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1990","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Precious metals of Wyoming","docAbstract":"Within the State boundaries are numerous gold deposits and anomalies scattered throughout the geological record. Many examples occur in rocks ranging in age from Archean to Tertiary, and in Quaternary to Recent unconsolidated gravels and sands. Yet relatively few of these deposits and anomalies have been explored and only a handful have been drilled. Since much of Wyoming is underlain by an Archean craton similar to the Superior Province of Canada, the eastern and southern African craton, and the Pilbara and Yilgarn blocks of Western Australia, one would expect Wyoming to also have significant mineralization.","conferenceTitle":"Proceedings of the Gold '90 Symposium - Gold '90","conferenceDate":"26 February 1990 through 1 March 1990","conferenceLocation":"Salt Lake City, UT, USA","language":"English","publisher":"Publ by Soc of Mining Engineers of AIME","publisherLocation":"Littleton, CO, United States","isbn":"087335091X","usgsCitation":"Hausel, W., 1990, Precious metals of Wyoming, Proceedings of the Gold '90 Symposium - Gold '90, Salt Lake City, UT, USA, 26 February 1990 through 1 March 1990, p. 53-63.","startPage":"53","endPage":"63","numberOfPages":"11","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":223406,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a810be4b0c8380cd7b337","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Hausen, Donald M.","contributorId":113109,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hausen","given":"Donald","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":508546,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Halbe, Douglas N.","contributorId":111774,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Halbe","given":"Douglas","email":"","middleInitial":"N.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":508544,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Petersen, Erich U.","contributorId":112088,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Petersen","given":"Erich","email":"","middleInitial":"U.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":508545,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Tafuri, William J.","contributorId":114054,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tafuri","given":"William","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":508547,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":4}],"authors":[{"text":"Hausel, W. Dan","contributorId":13299,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hausel","given":"W. Dan","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":372609,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70186211,"text":"70186211 - 1990 - Seasonal movements of adult female polar bears in the Bering and Chukchi seas","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-05-06T11:03:59","indexId":"70186211","displayToPublicDate":"1990-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1990","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":978,"text":"Bears: Their Biology and Management","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Seasonal movements of adult female polar bears in the Bering and Chukchi seas","docAbstract":"Ten adult female polar bears (Ursus maritimus) were fitted with satellite telemetry collars during March 1986 in the Kotzebue Sound area of the Chukchi Sea. During March-April 1987, 2 of these bears were refitted with satellite telemetry collars and an additional 10 adult females were collared in the northern Bering and eastern Chukchi seas. Data for 1,560 point locations recorded through May 1988 indicated that female polar bears in the Bering and Chukchi seas were resident in western Alaskan waters from November through March, then moved northward with the receding pack ice during April and May. They remained in the northern and northwestern Chukchi Sea during June through September, often adjacent to the Soviet coastline. Satellite telemetry data indicated that 4 females marked in Alaskan waters of the Chukchi Sea apparently denned in the vicinity of Wrangel Island during winter 1987/1988. Denning in American territory of bears marked in the Chukchi and Bering seas has not been documented using satellite telemetry data. Some polar bears moved from the Chukchi Sea into the western Beaufort Sea during summer and fall, then returned to the Chukchi and Bering seas the following winter. Movements of bears from the Chukchi Sea into the central or eastern Beaufort Sea were not documented through spring 1988. These data document that polar bears occuring in the Bering and Chukchi seas are shared internationally between the United States and the Soviet Union.
","largerWorkType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"largerWorkTitle":"A selection of papers from the eighth international conference on bear research and management","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"conferenceTitle":"Eighth International Conference on Bear Research and Management","conferenceDate":"February 1989","conferenceLocation":"Victoria, BC","language":"English","publisher":"International Association for Bear Research and Management","doi":"10.2307/3872922","usgsCitation":"Garner, G.W., Knick, S.T., and Douglas, D., 1990, Seasonal movements of adult female polar bears in the Bering and Chukchi seas: Bears: Their Biology and Management, v. 8, p. 219-226, https://doi.org/10.2307/3872922.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"219","endPage":"226","costCenters":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":338975,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Russia, United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"Bering sea, Chukchi sea","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -183.603515625,\n 58.26328705248601\n ],\n [\n -152.9296875,\n 58.26328705248601\n ],\n [\n -152.9296875,\n 72.65958846878621\n ],\n [\n -183.603515625,\n 72.65958846878621\n ],\n [\n -183.603515625,\n 58.26328705248601\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"8","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58df6acbe4b02ff32c6aeaa1","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Garner, Gerald W.","contributorId":149918,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Garner","given":"Gerald","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":13117,"text":"Institute of Arctic Biology, University of Alaska Fairbanks","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":687885,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Knick, Steven T. 0000-0003-4025-1704 steve_knick@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4025-1704","contributorId":159,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Knick","given":"Steven","email":"steve_knick@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[{"id":290,"text":"Forest and Rangeland Ecosystem Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":289,"text":"Forest and Rangeland Ecosys Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":687886,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Douglas, David C. 0000-0003-0186-1104 ddouglas@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0186-1104","contributorId":150115,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Douglas","given":"David C.","email":"ddouglas@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":116,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology MFEB","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":117,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology WTEB","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":687887,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70137855,"text":"70137855 - 1990 - High-energy carbonate-sand accumulation, the Quicksands, southwest Florida Keys","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-12-14T17:12:36","indexId":"70137855","displayToPublicDate":"1990-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1990","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2451,"text":"Journal of Sedimentary Research","onlineIssn":"1938-3681","printIssn":"1527-1404","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"High-energy carbonate-sand accumulation, the Quicksands, southwest Florida Keys","docAbstract":"High-resolution seismic-reflection profiles of the Quicksands, located along a broad ridge on the platform shelf west of Key West, Florida, indicate a significant deposit of non-oolitic carbonate sand occurs in a belt 47 km long by 28 km wide. The surface of the belt is ornamented by large (5 m), migrating tidal bars, oriented in a north-south direction, on which sand waves, oriented in an east-west direction, are superimposed. Some of the sand waves are awash at low tide. The sand waves are formed by strong reversing tidal currents flowing between the Gulf of Mexico and the Straits of Florida. The waves migrate directly over Pleistocene bedrock to the east, but the deposit thickens to the west and sand waves there overlie non-oolitic Holocene accumulations as thick as 12 m. Westward-dipping accretionary bedding indicates that net migration of the sands is to the west, despite north-south movement of tidal currents. The westward edge of the accumulation has accreted over deeper, muddier deposits. Although tidal currents and resultant bedforms appear identical to those of active ooid deposits in the Bahamas and elsewhere, no oolitically coated grains were found in this study. Thin-section analyses show the principal component (average 48%) of the sands is fragmented plates of species of the green alga Halimeda , followed by particulate coral (average 17%), which increases off the flanks of the main sand body. Short vibracores confirm the presence of cross-bedding.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geological Institute","doi":"10.1306/D4267654-2B26-11D7-8648000102C1865D","usgsCitation":"Shinn, E., Lidz, B.H., and Holmes, C.W., 1990, High-energy carbonate-sand accumulation, the Quicksands, southwest Florida Keys: Journal of Sedimentary Research, v. 60, no. 6, p. 952-967, https://doi.org/10.1306/D4267654-2B26-11D7-8648000102C1865D.","productDescription":"16 p.","startPage":"952","endPage":"967","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":186,"text":"Coastal and Marine Geology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":297189,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Florida","otherGeospatial":"Florida Keys","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -83.375244140625,\n 25.334096684794456\n ],\n [\n -79.969482421875,\n 25.334096684794456\n ],\n [\n -80.04638671875,\n 24.427145340082046\n ],\n [\n -83.21044921875,\n 24.387127324604496\n ],\n [\n -83.375244140625,\n 25.334096684794456\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"60","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"54dd2bc1e4b08de9379b34ae","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Shinn, Eugene A.","contributorId":86708,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Shinn","given":"Eugene A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":538194,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Lidz, Barbara H. blidz@usgs.gov","contributorId":2475,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lidz","given":"Barbara","email":"blidz@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":538195,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Holmes, Charles W.","contributorId":31071,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Holmes","given":"Charles","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":218,"text":"Denver Federal Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":538196,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70016527,"text":"70016527 - 1990 - Thermal history of rocks in southern San Joaquin Valley, California: evidence from fission-track analysis","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-01-19T15:41:06.80496","indexId":"70016527","displayToPublicDate":"1990-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1990","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":701,"text":"American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Thermal history of rocks in southern San Joaquin Valley, California: evidence from fission-track analysis","docAbstract":"The theory of the fission-track method and its application to sedimentary basin analysis is illustrated by a case study in the southern San Joaquin Valley, California. Fission tracks provide a powerful tool for studying the thermal history of sedimentary basins because the two minerals most commonly used in fission-track studies, apatite and zircon, occur as detrital constituents in many sedimentary rocks, and their annealing temperatures span the main temperature range for oil generation. Fission tracks also provide information on the sedimentation record and provenance of rocks in a basin.
We have used fission-track analysis to study the thermal and depositional history of the subsurface Tertiary sedimentary rocks on both sides of the active White Wolf reverse fault in the southern San Joaquin Valley. The distinctly different thermal histories of the rocks in the two structural blocks are clearly reflected in the apatite fission-track data, which suggest that rocks in the rapidly subsiding basin northwest of the fault have been near their present temperature for only about 1 m.y. compared with about 10 m.y. for rocks southeast of the fault. These estimates of heating time agree with previous estimates for these rocks.
Zircon fission-track data indicate that the Tertiary sediments were derived from parent rocks of more than one age. However, from at least the Eocene to late Miocene or Pliocene, the major sediment source was rocks related to the youngest Sierra Nevada Mesozoic intrusive complexes, which are presently exposed east and south of the southern San Joaquin Valley.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Association of Petroleum Geologists","doi":"10.1306/0C9B21F5-1710-11D7-8645000102C1865D","usgsCitation":"Naeser, N.D., Naeser, C.W., and McCulloh, T.H., 1990, Thermal history of rocks in southern San Joaquin Valley, California: evidence from fission-track analysis: American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin, v. 74, no. 1, p. 13-29, https://doi.org/10.1306/0C9B21F5-1710-11D7-8645000102C1865D.","productDescription":"17 p.","startPage":"13","endPage":"29","numberOfPages":"17","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":223528,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"southern San Joaquin Valley","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -119.25,\n 35.25\n ],\n [\n -119.25,\n 34.875\n ],\n [\n -118.875,\n 34.875\n ],\n [\n -118.875,\n 35.25\n ],\n [\n -119.25,\n 35.25\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"74","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bb223e4b08c986b32560c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Naeser, Nancy D.","contributorId":82753,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Naeser","given":"Nancy","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":373812,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Naeser, Charles W.","contributorId":76281,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Naeser","given":"Charles","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":373811,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"McCulloh, Thane H.","contributorId":100450,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McCulloh","given":"Thane","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":373813,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70015819,"text":"70015819 - 1990 - Rhyolitic calderas of the Yukon-Tanana Terrane, east central Alaska: volcanic remnants of a mid-Cretaceous magmatic arc","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-10-24T12:27:10","indexId":"70015819","displayToPublicDate":"1990-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1990","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2312,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Rhyolitic calderas of the Yukon-Tanana Terrane, east central Alaska: volcanic remnants of a mid-Cretaceous magmatic arc","docAbstract":"Four large but poorly exposed rhyolitic calderas are present in the Yukon-Tanana terrane (YTT) in east central Alaska. At least two are mid-Cretaceous in age (~93 Ma). Similar volcanic rocks, the South Fork Volcanics, occur northeast of the Tintina fault in Yukon Territory. Evidence for the calderas consists of thick deposits of devitrified crystal- and lithic-rich densely welded tuff, interpreted as caldera fill, associated with lava domes or shallow intrusive rocks. Coeval outflow sheets have been largely stripped by erosion. The calderas are preserved within a northeast trending depression extending across the axis of the elongate mid-Cretaceous plutonic province. Trace element abundances in andesites and rhyolites associated with the caldera structures are similar to those of volcanic and plutonic rocks of subduction-related magmatic arcs developed on continental crust and thus are suggestive of formation in such an environment. Late Cretaceous and early Tertiary igneous rocks in the YTT near the calderas are interpreted to have been emplaced in a more extensional setting when the subduction-related magmatic front was farther oceanward.
","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Geophysical Research","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1029/JB095iB13p21451","issn":"01480227","usgsCitation":"Bacon, C., Foster, H., and Smith, J., 1990, Rhyolitic calderas of the Yukon-Tanana Terrane, east central Alaska: volcanic remnants of a mid-Cretaceous magmatic arc: Journal of Geophysical Research, v. 95, no. B13, p. 21451-21461, https://doi.org/10.1029/JB095iB13p21451.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"21451","endPage":"21461","costCenters":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":223432,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","volume":"95","issue":"B13","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2012-09-20","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505aad4ee4b0c8380cd86e9b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bacon, C. R. 0000-0002-2165-5618","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2165-5618","contributorId":21522,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bacon","given":"C. R.","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":371844,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Foster, H.L.","contributorId":34894,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Foster","given":"H.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":371845,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Smith, James G.","contributorId":44534,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smith","given":"James G.","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":371846,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":1007566,"text":"1007566 - 1990 - Growth and equilibrium in sea otter populations","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-03-01T16:16:22.270247","indexId":"1007566","displayToPublicDate":"1990-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1990","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2158,"text":"Journal of Animal Ecology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Growth and equilibrium in sea otter populations","docAbstract":"(1) Counts through time were compiled for five sea otter (Enhydra lutris) populations in the north-east Pacific Ocean that were below equilibrium density: Attu Island, south-east Alaska, British Columbia, Washington State, and central California. Similar data were obtained from the equilibrium density population at Amchitka Island in 1971 and 1986.
(2) Shorelines of Attu and Amchitka islands each were divided into forty-five segments, within which lineal (length of shore at mean higher high water) and areal (mean higher high water to the 10-fathom (18.3-m) depth contour) measures were made of the amount of habitat.
(3) Rate of increase for the four northern populations was 17-20% year-1. Density- or size-dependent changes in rate of increase could not be demonstrated for any of these populations. The California population, in contrast, has undergone three apparent growth phases: the early 1900s to the mid-1970s when it increased about 5% year-1; the mid-1970s to the mid-1980s when it declined about 5% year-1; and the mid-1980s to 1988 when it increased about 7% year-1. An exponential growth model accounted for 92-98% of the variation in counts through time in all cases.
(4) Population increase at Attu Island was achieved largely by range expansion as opposed to increased density. Range expansion in lineal and areal habitat occurred at 11% and 13% year-1, respectively; neither rate was lower (P > 0.25) than the observed rate of increase in numbers of animals counted.
(5) Despite similarities in island size and physical environment, the most conservative estimates of population density at Amchitka Island were > 3 X greater than maximum density estimates for Attu Island.
(6) Surveys of Amchitka Island from the mid-1930s through the mid-1980s indicate that the population increased to a peak in the 1940s; declined abruptly thereafter; and subsequently increased to a new and higher equilibrium in the 1960s, where it has since remained.
(7) These population data, together with information on sea otter foraging and benthic community structure at Attu and Amchitka islands, suggest that multiple population equilibria exist in this system, emanating from complex trophic interactions low in the food web. I hypothesize that the lower population equilibrium is achieved largely or exclusively on an invertebrate diet consisting principally of herbivorous sea urchins. When unregulated by sea otter predation, the rocky benthos is deforested by sea urchin grazing. As growing otter populations compete increasingly for food, grazing intensity declines and the system shifts to one dominated by kelp beds, in turn leading to increased production, a shift in habitat structure, and population increases of kelp bed fishes. Apparently this new food resource elevates the sea otter population to a higher and more stable equilibrium.
","language":"English","publisher":"British Ecological Society","doi":"10.2307/4870","usgsCitation":"Estes, J.A., 1990, Growth and equilibrium in sea otter populations: Journal of Animal Ecology, v. 59, p. 385-400, https://doi.org/10.2307/4870.","productDescription":"16 p.","startPage":"385","endPage":"400","numberOfPages":"16","costCenters":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":129970,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"59","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a8fe4b07f02db654b75","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Estes, J. A.","contributorId":53319,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Estes","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":315638,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70016035,"text":"70016035 - 1990 - Sources and fractionation processes influencing the isotopic distribution of H, O and C in the Long Valley hydrothermal system, California, U.S.A.","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-03-01T12:27:01.75232","indexId":"70016035","displayToPublicDate":"1990-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1990","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":835,"text":"Applied Geochemistry","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Sources and fractionation processes influencing the isotopic distribution of H, O and C in the Long Valley hydrothermal system, California, U.S.A.","docAbstract":"The isotopic ratios of H, O and C in water within the Long Valley caldera, California reflect input from sources external to the hydrothermal reservoir. A decrease in δD in precipitation of 0.5‰ km−1, from west to east across Long Valley, is caused by the introduction of less fractionated marine moisture through a low elevation embayment in the Sierra Nevada Mountain Range. Relative to seasonal fluctuations in precipitation (−158 to −35‰.), δD ranges in hot and cold surface and groundwaters are much less variable (−135 to −105‰.). Only winter and spring moisture, reflecting higher precipitation rates with lighter isotopic signatures, recharge the hydrological system. The hydrothermal fluids are mixtures of isotopically heavy recharge (δD = − 115‰, δ18O = − 15‰) derived from the Mammoth embayment, and isotopically lighter cold water (δD = −135‰, δ18O = −18‰). This cold water is not representative of current local recharge. The δ13C values for dissolved carbon in hot water are significantly heavier (− 7 to − 3‰) than in cold water (−18 to −10‰) denoting a separate hydrothermal origin. These δ13C values overlie the range generally attributed to magmatic degassing of CO2. However, δ13C values of metamorphosed Paleozoic basement carbonates surrounding Long Valley fall in a similar range, indicating that hydrothermal decarbonization reactions are a probable source of CO2. The δ13C and δ18O values of secondary travertime and vein calcite indicate respective fractionation with CO2 and H2O at temperatures approximating current hydrothermal conditions.