We have measured the boron isotope composition and boron and chloride concentrations of 27 Icelandic geothermal fluids from both high- and low-temperature systems. The δ11B values range from −6.7‰ in the Krafla system, to +25.0‰ in a warm spring from the Southern Lowlands. In addition, we have also determined the δ11B values of basaltic glass from Nesjavellir (−5.3 ± 1.4‰) and travertine from Snaefellsnes (−22 ± 0.5‰). The B isotope and Cl/B systematics of the high-temperature systems are dominated by the composition of the local basalts. The lower temperature systems show evidence for mixing with B and Cl of a marine origin, together with some uptake of B into secondary mineral phases. The data from the Snaefellsnes geothermal system indicate that the fluids have undergone interaction with basalts that have undergone significant low-temperature alteration by seawater.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/S0016-7037(99)00300-2","usgsCitation":"Aggarwal, J.K., Palmer, M.R., Bullen, T.D., Arnorsson, S., and Ragnarsdottir, K.V., 2000, The boron isotope systematics of Icelandic geothermal waters: 1. Meteoric water charged systems: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 64, no. 4, p. 579-585, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0016-7037(99)00300-2.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"579","endPage":"585","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":416971,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Iceland","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -25.33,\n 66.55\n ],\n [\n -25.33,\n 63.35374644647999\n ],\n [\n -13.299930891772647,\n 63.35374644647999\n ],\n [\n -13.299930891772647,\n 66.55\n ],\n [\n -25.33,\n 66.55\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"64","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Aggarwal, J. K.","contributorId":305329,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Aggarwal","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":872347,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Palmer, M. R.","contributorId":81256,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Palmer","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":872348,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Bullen, Thomas D. 0000-0003-2281-1691 tdbullen@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2281-1691","contributorId":1969,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bullen","given":"Thomas","email":"tdbullen@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":872349,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Arnorsson, S.","contributorId":96828,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Arnorsson","given":"S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":872350,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Ragnarsdottir, K. V.","contributorId":305330,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Ragnarsdottir","given":"K.","email":"","middleInitial":"V.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":872351,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70179221,"text":"70179221 - 2000 - Notes on status and ecology of the endangered Hawaiian annual Awiwi, Centaurium sebaeoides (Gentianaceae)","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-08-17T14:40:26.194831","indexId":"70179221","displayToPublicDate":"2000-02-15T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2990,"text":"Pacific Science","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"displayTitle":"Notes on status and ecology of the endangered Hawaiian annual 'Āwiwi, Centaurium sebaeoides (Gentianaceae)","title":"Notes on status and ecology of the endangered Hawaiian annual Awiwi, Centaurium sebaeoides (Gentianaceae)","docAbstract":"The annual, endemic, coastal herb Centaurium sebaeoides is the only native Hawaiian species in the gentian family. The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service listed it as Endangered under the Endangered Species Act on 29 October 1991. Before surveys reported here, the total population of this species statewide was estimated at 80-110 individuals in eight populations. During counts made in April and May 1997, following ample winter rains, 12 populations of C. sebaeoides with a total of 6300-6600 plants were noted on five islands (Kaua'i, O'ahu, Lana'i, Moloka'i, and Maui). Five populations were mapped with a global positioning system and counted; in the remaining seven populations, the numbers of individuals were estimated. More recent surveys in 1998-1999 estimated a total of only 60-80 individuals at all sites. Such dramatic population fluctuations are believed to be related to the sporadic occurrence of winter rains. Threats that further contribute to the rarity of the species include (1) displacement and overtopping by salt-tolerant nonnative woody species, especially Casuarina spp., (2) trampling and erosion of habitat by ungulates, and (3) damage caused by off-road vehicles.
","language":"English","publisher":"Pacific Science Association","publisherLocation":"Honolulu, HI","usgsCitation":"Medeiros, A.C., Chimera, C.G., Loope, L.L., Joe, S.M., and Krushelnycky, P.D., 2000, Notes on status and ecology of the endangered Hawaiian annual Awiwi, Centaurium sebaeoides (Gentianaceae): Pacific Science, v. 54, no. 4, p. 517-522.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"517","endPage":"522","costCenters":[{"id":521,"text":"Pacific Island Ecosystems Research Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":332460,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":405255,"rank":2,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://hdl.handle.net/10125/1666"}],"country":"United 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\"}}]}","volume":"54","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"585cf4ffe4b01224f329bccc","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Medeiros, Arthur C. 0000-0002-8090-8451 amedeiros@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8090-8451","contributorId":2152,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Medeiros","given":"Arthur","email":"amedeiros@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":5049,"text":"Pacific Islands Ecosys Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":656442,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Chimera, Charles G.","contributorId":177629,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Chimera","given":"Charles","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":656443,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Loope, Lloyd L.","contributorId":107848,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Loope","given":"Lloyd","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":521,"text":"Pacific Island Ecosystems Research Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":656444,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Joe, Stephanie M.","contributorId":177093,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Joe","given":"Stephanie","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":656445,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Krushelnycky, Paul D.","contributorId":24252,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Krushelnycky","given":"Paul","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":656446,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70074748,"text":"70074748 - 2000 - Mineralogic and compositional properties of Martian soil and dust: results from Mars Pathfinder","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-01-11T15:56:36","indexId":"70074748","displayToPublicDate":"2000-02-01T13:39:53","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2317,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research E: Planets","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Mineralogic and compositional properties of Martian soil and dust: results from Mars Pathfinder","docAbstract":"Mars Pathfinder obtained multispectral, elemental, magnetic, and physical measurements of soil and dust at the Sagan Memorial Station during the course of its 83 sol mission. We describe initial results from these measurements, concentrating on multispectral and elemental data, and use these data, along with previous Viking, SNC meteorite, and telescopic results, to help constrain the origin and evolution of Martian soil and dust. We find that soils and dust can be divided into at least eight distinct spectral units, based on parameterization of Imager for Mars Pathfinder (IMP) 400 to 1000 nm multispectral images. The most distinctive spectral parameters for soils and dust are the reflectivity in the red, the red/blue reflectivity ratio, the near-IR spectral slope, and the strength of the 800 to 1000 nm absorption feature. Most of the Pathfinder spectra are consistent with the presence of poorly crystalline or nanophase ferric oxide(s), sometimes mixed with small but varying degrees of well-crystalline ferric and ferrous phases. Darker soil units appear to be coarser-grained, compacted, and/or mixed with a larger amount of dark ferrous materials relative to bright soils. Nanophase goethite, akaganeite, schwertmannite, and maghemite are leading candidates for the origin of the absorption centered near 900 nm in IMP spectra. The ferrous component in the soil cannot be well-constrained based on IMP data. Alpha proton X-ray spectrometer (APXS) measurements of six soil units show little variability within the landing site and show remarkable overall similarity to the average Viking-derived soil elemental composition. Differences exist between Viking and Pathfinder soils, however, including significantly higher S and Cl abundances and lower Si abundances in Viking soils and the lack of a correlation between Ti and Fe in Pathfinder soils. No significant linear correlations were observed between IMP spectral properties and APXS elemental chemistry. Attempts at constraining the mineralogy of soils and dust using normative calculations involving mixtures of smectites and silicate and oxide minerals did not yield physically acceptable solutions. We attempted to use the Pathfinder results to constrain a number of putative soil and dust formation scenarios, including palagonitization and acid-fog weathering. While the Pathfinder soils cannot be chemically linked to the Pathfinder rocks by palagonitization, this study and McSween et al. [1999] suggest that palagonitic alteration of a Martian basaltic rock, plus mixture with a minor component of locally derived andesitic rock fragments, could be consistent with the observed soil APXS and IMP properties.","language":"English","publisher":"AGU Publications","doi":"10.1029/1999JE001060","usgsCitation":"Bell, J., McSween, H., Crisp, J., Morris, R., Murchie, S., Bridges, N., Johnson, J.R., Britt, D., Golombek, M., Moore, H., Ghosh, A., Bishop, J., Anderson, R.C., Bruckner, J., Economou, T., Greenwood, J., Gunnlaugsson, H., Hargraves, R., Hviid, S., Knudsen, J.M., Madsen, M., Reid, R., Rieder, R., and Soderblom, L., 2000, Mineralogic and compositional properties of Martian soil and dust: results from Mars Pathfinder: Journal of Geophysical Research E: Planets, v. 105, no. 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The models vary primarily by the ground motion descriptor used to correlate with Newmark displacement. The first uses peak ground-acceleration (PGA). The second uses PGA but normalizes displacements by predominant period and equivalent cycles. The third uses Arias intensity. The fourth calculates cumulative displacements from double-integrating simulated earthquake accelerograms. The models are implemented in a GIS to characterize seismic slope-performance for the Oakland East quadrangle near San Francisco, California. The resulting slope-performance maps are compared visually and through statistical analysis to expose potential differences and assess the effects of using a particular approach within a decision-making context. These maps were created for the purpose of comparison and are not suitable for use as critical decision-making tools. The models forecast notably different levels of slope-performance, with the PGA-based models predicting the greatest Newmark displacement on average. Thus, considering the variety of slope-performance models, it is suggested that practitioners avoid reliance on a single model. Instead, multiple models can be implemented in a GIS framework to gain a better perspective of the potential hazard and make a more informed decision.
","language":"English","publisher":"Association of Environmental & Engineering Geologists","doi":"10.2113/gseegeosci.6.1.25","usgsCitation":"Miles, S.B., and Keefer, D.K., 2000, Evaluation of seismic slope-performance models using a regional case study: Environmental and Engineering Geoscience, v. 6, no. 1, p. 25-39, https://doi.org/10.2113/gseegeosci.6.1.25.","productDescription":"15 p.","startPage":"25","endPage":"39","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":463548,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"Oakland East quadrangle","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -122.65411806022144,\n 38.04518653599146\n ],\n [\n -122.65411806022144,\n 37.330806715923316\n ],\n [\n -121.59715228156782,\n 37.330806715923316\n ],\n [\n -121.59715228156782,\n 38.04518653599146\n ],\n [\n -122.65411806022144,\n 38.04518653599146\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"6","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2000-02-01","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Miles, Scott B.","contributorId":38600,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Miles","given":"Scott","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":917718,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Keefer, David K.","contributorId":77930,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Keefer","given":"David","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":917719,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70230879,"text":"70230879 - 2000 - National land-cover pattern data","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-04-27T16:01:12.849711","indexId":"70230879","displayToPublicDate":"2000-02-01T10:56:24","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1465,"text":"Ecology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"National land-cover pattern data","docAbstract":"Land cover and its spatial patterns are key ingredients in ecological studies that consider large regions and the impacts of human activities. Because land-cover maps show only cover types and their locations, further processing is needed to extract pattern information and to characterize its spatial variability. We are producing a nationally consistent spatial database of six land-cover pattern indices: forest area density, forest connectivity, the U index (a measure of general land-use pressure by humans), land-cover connectivity, land-cover diversity, and landscape pattern types. We use the land-cover maps produced by the Multi-resolution Land Characteristics Consortium for the conterminous United States at 30-m resolution. The goal of this paper is to encourage use of the pattern data as: contextual information and independent variables for studies involving a set of field sites; indicators of landscape conditions for ecological assessments; and dependent variables in biogeographic and socioeconomic models. The new maps will be most useful in studies that require consistent and comparable land-cover pattern measurements over large regions and can be combined with the original land-cover maps and other data.
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D.","contributorId":72278,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Wickham","given":"James","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":6914,"text":"U.S. Environmental Protection Agency","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":841545,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Vogelmann, James 0000-0002-0804-5823 vogel@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0804-5823","contributorId":192352,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Vogelmann","given":"James","email":"vogel@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":5055,"text":"Land Change Science","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":223,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center (Geography)","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":841546,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Jones, K. Bruce","contributorId":66105,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jones","given":"K.","email":"","middleInitial":"Bruce","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":841547,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70234113,"text":"70234113 - 2000 - [Book Review] Earthquakes","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-07-29T14:25:33.324636","indexId":"70234113","displayToPublicDate":"2000-02-01T09:20:53","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1436,"text":"Earthquake Spectra","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"[Book Review] Earthquakes","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"SAGE Publishing","doi":"10.1193/1.1586113","usgsCitation":"Borcherdt, R.D., 2000, [Book Review] Earthquakes: Earthquake Spectra, v. 16, no. 1, p. 309-310, https://doi.org/10.1193/1.1586113.","productDescription":"2 p.","startPage":"309","endPage":"310","costCenters":[{"id":234,"text":"Earthquake Hazards Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":404559,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"16","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2000-02-01","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Borcherdt, Roger D. 0000-0002-8668-0849 borcherdt@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8668-0849","contributorId":2373,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Borcherdt","given":"Roger","email":"borcherdt@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":847852,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70093914,"text":"70093914 - 2000 - Transport, behavior, and fate of volatile organic compounds in streams","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-02-14T09:34:57","indexId":"70093914","displayToPublicDate":"2000-02-01T09:20:33","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1345,"text":"Critical Reviews in Environmental Science and Technology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Transport, behavior, and fate of volatile organic compounds in streams","docAbstract":"Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are compounds with chemical and physical properties that allow the compounds to move freely between the water and air phases of the environment. VOCs are widespread in the environment because of this mobility. Many VOCs have properties that make them suspected or known hazards to the health of humans and aquatic organisms. Consequently, understanding the processes affecting the concentration and distribution of VOCs in the environment is necessary. The transport, behavior, and fate of VOCs in streams are determined by combinations of chemical, physical, and biological processes. These processes are volatilization, absorption, wet and dry deposition, microbial degradation, sorption, hydrolysis, aquatic photolysis, oxidation, chemical reaction, biocon-centration, advection, and dispersion. The relative importance of each of these processes depends on the characteristics of the VOC and the stream. The U.S. Geological Survey National Water-Quality Assessment Program selected 55 VOCs for study. This article reviews the characteristics of the various processes that could affect the transport, behavior, and fate of these VOCs in streams.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Critical Reviews in Environmental Science and Technology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"CRC Press","publisherLocation":"Boca Raton, FL","doi":"10.1080/10643380091184183","usgsCitation":"Rathbun, R.E., 2000, Transport, behavior, and fate of volatile organic compounds in streams: Critical Reviews in Environmental Science and Technology, v. 30, no. 2, p. 129-295, https://doi.org/10.1080/10643380091184183.","productDescription":"167 p.","startPage":"129","endPage":"295","numberOfPages":"167","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":282377,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":282375,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10643380091184183"}],"volume":"30","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53cd798be4b0b2908510ce66","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Rathbun, R. E.","contributorId":61796,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rathbun","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":490283,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70185231,"text":"70185231 - 2000 - Enrichment of Geobacter species in response to stimulation of Fe(III) reduction in sandy aquifer sediments","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-03-16T12:49:46","indexId":"70185231","displayToPublicDate":"2000-02-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2729,"text":"Microbial Ecology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Enrichment of Geobacter species in response to stimulation of Fe(III) reduction in sandy aquifer sediments","docAbstract":"Engineered stimulation of Fe(III) has been proposed as a strategy to enhance the immobilization of radioactive and toxic metals in metal-contaminated subsurface environments. Therefore, laboratory and field studies were conducted to determine which microbial populations would respond to stimulation of Fe(III) reduction in the sediments of sandy aquifers. In laboratory studies, the addition of either various organic electron donors or electron shuttle compounds stimulated Fe(III) reduction and resulted in Geobacter sequences becoming important constituents of the Bacterial 16S rDNA sequences that could be detected with PCR amplification and denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE). Quantification of Geobacteraceae sequences with a PCR most-probable-number technique indicated that the extent to which numbers of Geobacter increased was related to the degree of stimulation of Fe(III) reduction. Geothrix species were also enriched in some instances, but were orders of magnitude less numerous than Geobacter species. Shewanella species were not detected, even when organic compounds known to be electron donors for Shewanella species were used to stimulate Fe(III) reduction in the sediments. Geobacter species were also enriched in two field experiments in which Fe(III) reduction was stimulated with the addition of benzoate or aromatic hydrocarbons. The apparent growth of Geobacter species concurrent with increased Fe(III) reduction suggests that Geobacter species were responsible for much of the Fe(III) reduction in all of the stimulation approaches evaluated in three geographically distinct aquifers. Therefore, strategies for subsurface remediation that involve enhancing the activity of indigenous Fe(III)-reducing populations in aquifers should consider the physiological properties of Geobacter species in their treatment design.
","language":"English","publisher":"Springer-Verlag ","doi":"10.1007/s002480000018","usgsCitation":"Snoeyenbos-West, O., Nevin, K., Anderson, R.T., and Lovely, D., 2000, Enrichment of Geobacter species in response to stimulation of Fe(III) reduction in sandy aquifer sediments: Microbial Ecology, v. 39, no. 2, p. 153-167, https://doi.org/10.1007/s002480000018.","productDescription":"15 p.","startPage":"153","endPage":"167","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":337751,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"39","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58cba422e4b0849ce97dc78c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Snoeyenbos-West, O.L.","contributorId":189427,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Snoeyenbos-West","given":"O.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":684811,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Nevin, K.P.","contributorId":189428,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Nevin","given":"K.P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":684812,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Anderson, R. T.","contributorId":17614,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Anderson","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":684813,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Lovely, D.R.","contributorId":189429,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Lovely","given":"D.R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":684814,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":5026,"text":"fs18199 - 2000 - Recycled Aggregates--Profitable Resource Conservation","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:05:32","indexId":"fs18199","displayToPublicDate":"2000-02-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":313,"text":"Fact Sheet","code":"FS","onlineIssn":"2327-6932","printIssn":"2327-6916","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"181-99","title":"Recycled Aggregates--Profitable Resource Conservation","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/fs18199","usgsCitation":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey, 2000, Recycled Aggregates--Profitable Resource Conservation: U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet 181-99, 1 sheet : col. ill. ; 28 cm. col. ill. ;, https://doi.org/10.3133/fs18199.","productDescription":"1 sheet : col. ill. ; 28 cm. col. ill. ;","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":304,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://geology.cr.usgs.gov/pub/fact-sheets/fs-0181-99/index.html","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":118412,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/fs_181_99.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a60e4b07f02db6353a7","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","contributorId":128075,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","id":528408,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70185213,"text":"70185213 - 2000 - Development of a pore network simulation model to study nonaqueous phase liquid dissolution","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-03-27T17:18:24","indexId":"70185213","displayToPublicDate":"2000-02-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3722,"text":"Water Resources Research","onlineIssn":"1944-7973","printIssn":"0043-1397","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Development of a pore network simulation model to study nonaqueous phase liquid dissolution","docAbstract":"A pore network simulation model was developed to investigate the fundamental physics of nonequilibrium nonaqueous phase liquid (NAPL) dissolution. The network model is a lattice of cubic chambers and rectangular tubes that represent pore bodies and pore throats, respectively. Experimental data obtained by Powers [1992] were used to develop and validate the model. To ensure the network model was representative of a real porous medium, the pore size distribution of the network was calibrated by matching simulated and experimental drainage and imbibition capillary pressure‐saturation curves. The predicted network residual styrene blob‐size distribution was nearly identical to the observed distribution. The network model reproduced the observed hydraulic conductivity and produced relative permeability curves that were representative of a poorly consolidated sand. Aqueous‐phase transport was represented by applying the equation for solute flux to the network tubes and solving for solute concentrations in the network chambers. Complete mixing was found to be an appropriate approximation for calculation of chamber concentrations. Mass transfer from NAPL blobs was represented using a corner diffusion model. Predicted results of solute concentration versus Peclet number and of modified Sherwood number versus Peclet number for the network model compare favorably with experimental data for the case in which NAPL blob dissolution was negligible. Predicted results of normalized effluent concentration versus pore volume for the network were similar to the experimental data for the case in which NAPL blob dissolution occurred with time.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/1999WR900301","usgsCitation":"Dillard, L.A., and Blunt, M.J., 2000, Development of a pore network simulation model to study nonaqueous phase liquid dissolution: Water Resources Research, v. 36, no. 2, p. 439-454, https://doi.org/10.1029/1999WR900301.","productDescription":"16 p. ","startPage":"439","endPage":"454","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":479143,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1029/1999wr900301","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":337728,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"36","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58cba422e4b0849ce97dc78e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Dillard, Leslie A.","contributorId":189405,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Dillard","given":"Leslie","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":684740,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Blunt, Martin J.","contributorId":189406,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Blunt","given":"Martin","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":684741,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":4315,"text":"cir1193 - 2000 - Implications for earthquake risk reduction in the United States from the Kocaeli, Turkey, earthquake of August 17, 1999","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-02-23T13:54:31","indexId":"cir1193","displayToPublicDate":"2000-02-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":307,"text":"Circular","code":"CIR","onlineIssn":"2330-5703","printIssn":"1067-084X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1193","title":"Implications for earthquake risk reduction in the United States from the Kocaeli, Turkey, earthquake of August 17, 1999","docAbstract":"This report documents implications for earthquake risk reduction in the U.S. The magnitude 7.4 earthquake caused 17,127 deaths, 43,953 injuries, and displaced more than 250,000 people from their homes. The report warns that similar disasters are possible in the United States where earthquakes of comparable size strike the heart of American urban areas. Another concern described in the report is the delayed emergency response that was caused by the inadequate seismic monitoring system in Turkey, a problem that contrasts sharply with rapid assessment and response to the September Chi-Chi earthquake in Taiwan. Additionally, the experience in Turkey suggests that techniques for forecasting earthquakes may be improving.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/cir1193","usgsCitation":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey, 2000, Implications for earthquake risk reduction in the United States from the Kocaeli, Turkey, earthquake of August 17, 1999: U.S. Geological Survey Circular 1193, 64 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/cir1193.","productDescription":"64 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":31425,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/2000/1193/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":46,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/2000/c1193/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":122507,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/2000/1193/report-thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a04e4b07f02db5f8518","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","contributorId":128075,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","id":528177,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":68169,"text":"ha732B - 2000 - Hydrogeology and hydrogeologic terranes of the Blue Ridge and Piedmont Physiographic Provinces in the eastern United States","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-07-26T13:24:28","indexId":"ha732B","displayToPublicDate":"2000-02-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":318,"text":"Hydrologic Atlas","code":"HA","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"732","chapter":"B","title":"Hydrogeology and hydrogeologic terranes of the Blue Ridge and Piedmont Physiographic Provinces in the eastern United States","docAbstract":"Severe and prolonged droughts between 1961 and 1988, combined with increased demands for freshwater supplies in the United States, have resulted in a critical need to assess the potential for development of ground- and surface-water supplies. Rapid industrial growth and urban expansion have caused existing freshwater supplies to be used at or near maximum capacity. Begun in 1978, the Regional Aquifer-System Analysis (RASA) Program of the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) is a systematic effort to study a number of the Nation's most important aquifer systems, which, in aggregate, underlie much of the country and represent an important component of the Nation's total water supply. The broad objective for each of the 28 studies in the program is to assemble geologic, hydrologic, and geochemical information, to analyze and develop an understanding of the system, and to develop predictive capabilities that will contribute to the effective management of the system.
In 1988, as part of the RASA Program, the USGS began a 6-year study of the ground-water resources of parts of 11 States in the Eastern United States (Swain and others, 1991). The study was designated the Appalachian Valley and Piedmont Regional Aquifer-System Analysis (APRASA). The APRASA team investigated ground-water resources primarily in the unglaciated part of the Valley and Ridge, the Blue Ridge, the New England, and the Piedmont Physiographic Provinces (fig. 1). For the purposes of this report, the small area in the New England Physiographic Province that is within the study area in New Jersey and Pennsylvania was considered part of the Piedmont Physiographic Province. The results of the APRASA are contained in about 50 reports and abstracts, including reports on simulation of ground-water flow in three type areas, this atlas, and chapters in Professional Paper 1422. These chapters include the summary (Chapter A), descriptions of recharge rates and surface- and ground-water relations (Chapter B), hydrogeologic terranes in the Valley and Ridge Physiographic Province (Chapter C), and ground-water geochemistry (Chapter D).
The purposes of this atlas are to summarize the hydrogeology, to describe an analysis of maps and well records, and to present a classification and map of the hydrogeologic terranes of the Blue Ridge and Piedmont Physiographic Provinces within the APRASA study area. Hydrogeologic terranes are defined for this atlas as regionally mappable areas characterized by similar water-yielding properties of a grouping of selected rock types. The hydrogeologic terranes represent areas of distinct hydrologic character. The terranes are intended to help water users locate and develop adequate water supplies and to help hydrologists interpret the regional hydrogeology.
Previous investigations provide maps and descriptions of the geologic units, describe the local quantity and quality of ground water within these units, and establish the statistical methods for comparing the water-yielding properties of these units. State geologic maps show the distribution of geologic units at a scale of 1:500,000 for Alabama (Osborne and others, 1989), Georgia (Lawton and others, 1976), North Carolina (Brown and Parker, 1985), and Virginia (Calver and Hobbs, 1963). State maps show geologic units at a scale of 1:250,000 for Maryland (Cleaves and others, 1968), New Jersey (Lewis and Kummel, 1912), Pennsylvania (Berg and others, 1980), South Carolina (Overstreet and Bell, 1965), Tennessee (Hardeman, 1966), and West Virginia (Cardwell and others, 1968). Quadrangle geologic maps show geologic units at a scale of 1:24,000 for parts of Delaware within the APRASA area (Woodruff and Thompson, 1972, 1975). Many reports have been published describing the groundwater resources of a county, parts of a county, multi-county areas, or river basins.
The statistical methods used in this atlas are based largely on those used by Helsel and Hirsch (1992) and by Knopman (1990, p. 7-9). In her analysis of well records in the USGS Ground-Water Site Inventory (GWSI) data base, Knopman (1990) ranked factors that must be taken into account when assessing the water-yielding potential of the rocks in the Valley and Ridge, the Blue Ridge, and the Piedmont Physiographic Provinces in Pennsylvania. Readers are referred to Helsel and Hirsch (1992) and Knopman (1990) for details regarding statistical methods.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ha732B","isbn":"0607920750","usgsCitation":"Mesko, T.O., Swain, L.A., and Hollyday, E., 2000, Hydrogeology and hydrogeologic terranes of the Blue Ridge and Piedmont Physiographic Provinces in the eastern United States: U.S. Geological Survey Hydrologic Atlas 732, 41.00 x 34.00 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/ha732B.","productDescription":"41.00 x 34.00 inches","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":190115,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ha732B.PNG"},{"id":89477,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/ha/732b/plate-1.pdf","text":"Plate","size":"6.83 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Plate"}],"scale":"1","country":"United States","state":"Alabama, Delaware, Georgia, Maryland, New Jersey, North Carolina, Pennsylvania, South Carolina, Tennessee, Virginia, West Virginia","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -74.92675781249999,\n 41.590796851056005\n ],\n [\n -76.48681640625,\n 41.0130657870063\n ],\n [\n -78.79394531249999,\n 39.9602803542957\n ],\n [\n -80.17822265625,\n 38.71980474264237\n ],\n [\n -81.89208984375,\n 37.17782559332976\n ],\n [\n -85.7373046875,\n 35.42486791930558\n ],\n [\n -86.0888671875,\n 34.831841149828655\n ],\n [\n -86.0888671875,\n 33.96158628979907\n ],\n [\n -86.11083984375,\n 32.91648534731439\n ],\n [\n -84.55078125,\n 33.37641235124676\n ],\n [\n -82.08984375,\n 34.34343606848294\n ],\n [\n -80.31005859375,\n 35.42486791930558\n ],\n [\n -79.453125,\n 36.491973470593685\n ],\n [\n -77.76123046875,\n 38.08268954483802\n ],\n [\n -76.79443359375,\n 39.40224434029275\n ],\n [\n -74.77294921875,\n 40.16208338164617\n ],\n [\n -73.828125,\n 40.9964840143779\n ],\n [\n -74.92675781249999,\n 41.590796851056005\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a4be4b07f02db62557f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Mesko, Thomas O.","contributorId":81498,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mesko","given":"Thomas","email":"","middleInitial":"O.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":277767,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Swain, Lindsay A.","contributorId":7323,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Swain","given":"Lindsay","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":277766,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Hollyday, E. F.","contributorId":95062,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hollyday","given":"E. F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":277768,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70208247,"text":"70208247 - 2000 - Response to comment by Bence et al.","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-02-03T06:38:06","indexId":"70208247","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-31T12:54:41","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2958,"text":"Organic Geochemistry","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Response to comment by Bence et al.","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/S0146-6380(00)00063-2","usgsCitation":"Hostettler, F.D., Rosenbauer, R.J., and Kvenvolden, K.A., 2000, Response to comment by Bence et al.: Organic Geochemistry, v. 31, no. 9, p. 939-943, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0146-6380(00)00063-2.","productDescription":"5 p.","startPage":"939","endPage":"943","costCenters":[{"id":520,"text":"Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":371821,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"31","issue":"9","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hostettler, Frances D. fdhostet@usgs.gov","contributorId":3383,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hostettler","given":"Frances","email":"fdhostet@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":781148,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Rosenbauer, Robert J. brosenbauer@usgs.gov","contributorId":204,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rosenbauer","given":"Robert","email":"brosenbauer@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":520,"text":"Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":781149,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Kvenvolden, Keith A. kkvenvolden@usgs.gov","contributorId":3384,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kvenvolden","given":"Keith","email":"kkvenvolden@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":520,"text":"Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":781150,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70201862,"text":"70201862 - 2000 - The land cover trends project: A strategy for monitoring land cover change at a national scale","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-02-01T09:45:14","indexId":"70201862","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-31T12:39:40","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"The land cover trends project: A strategy for monitoring land cover change at a national scale","docAbstract":"Policy-makers and scientists often require comprehensive data on the types and rates of land use and land cover change at a variety of scales. However, there is generally a lack of local, regional, and national land use and land cover data of sufficient reliability and temporal and geographic detail for providing accurate estimates of landscape change. The U.S. Geological Survey's EROS Data Center and the Landscape Ecology Branch of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency are collaborating on a four-year research project to document the types, distributions, rates, drivers, and consequences of land cover change for the conterminous United States over the past 30 years. The project is using an ecoregion framework as a geographic stratifier. Both regional and national characteristics of change are determined by sampling land cover change for each of 84 ecoregions using five selected epochs of data from the nearly 30-year record of Landsat 1-7 data. Three types of land cover variables are being mapped or derived: (1) general land cover type; (2) landscape biophysical properties; and (3) landscape pattern. Assessments of the drivers and consequences of change within each ecoregion are then prepared. A pilot phase focusing on the analysis of five selected ecoregions is well underway and will be completed by the end of 2000. Methodologies established during the pilot phase will then be applied to the remaining ecoregions.
","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"EEE 2000 International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium. Taking the Pulse of the Planet: The Role of Remote Sensing in Managing the Environment. Proceedings ","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":12,"text":"Conference publication"},"conferenceTitle":"Taking the pulse of the planet—The role of remote sensing in managing the environment, International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium","conferenceDate":"July 24-28, 2000","conferenceLocation":"Honolulu, HI","language":"English","publisher":"IEEE","publisherLocation":"Piscataway, N.J.","doi":"10.1109/IGARSS.2000.858245","usgsCitation":"Sohl, T.L., Loveland, T., Sayler, K., Gallant, A.L., Auch, R.F., and Napton, D.E., 2000, The land cover trends project: A strategy for monitoring land cover change at a national scale, in EEE 2000 International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium. Taking the Pulse of the Planet: The Role of Remote Sensing in Managing the Environment. 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","language":"English","publisher":"Estuarine Research Federation","usgsCitation":"Proffitt, E., 2000, Salt marsh die-back in coastal Louisiana: ERF Newsletter, v. 26, no. 4, p. 7-25.","productDescription":"3 p.","startPage":"7","endPage":"25","costCenters":[{"id":455,"text":"National Wetlands Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":17705,"text":"Wetland and Aquatic Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":366673,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Louisiana","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -89.97802734375,\n 30.44867367928756\n ],\n [\n -90.6976318359375,\n 30.330212685432734\n ],\n [\n -90.7470703125,\n 29.873992211235656\n ],\n [\n -92.2412109375,\n 30.111869849235244\n ],\n [\n -93.62548828125,\n 30.135626231134587\n ],\n [\n -93.7408447265625,\n 30.10236569641242\n ],\n [\n -93.84521484375,\n 29.692824739380754\n ],\n [\n -91.82922363281249,\n 29.44438130948883\n ],\n [\n -91.16455078125,\n 29.200123477644983\n ],\n [\n -90.791015625,\n 28.998531814051795\n ],\n [\n -90.52734374999999,\n 29.05616970274342\n ],\n [\n -90.41748046874999,\n 29.012944302424863\n ],\n [\n -90.1702880859375,\n 29.084976575985912\n ],\n [\n -89.791259765625,\n 29.286398892934763\n ],\n [\n -89.4232177734375,\n 28.9023972285585\n ],\n [\n -89.132080078125,\n 28.98411731593083\n ],\n [\n -88.96728515624999,\n 29.156958511360703\n ],\n [\n -88.78051757812499,\n 29.921613319695577\n ],\n [\n -88.83544921874999,\n 30.073847754270204\n ],\n [\n -89.3792724609375,\n 30.168875561169088\n ],\n [\n -89.58251953125,\n 30.159376896356193\n ],\n [\n -89.97802734375,\n 30.44867367928756\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"26","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Proffitt, E.","contributorId":36758,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Proffitt","given":"E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":768755,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70171316,"text":"70171316 - 2000 - Analysis of 20th century rainfall and streamflow to characterize drought and water resources in Puerto Rico","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-05-26T14:23:12","indexId":"70171316","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-31T05:30:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3059,"text":"Physical Geography","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Analysis of 20th century rainfall and streamflow to characterize drought and water resources in Puerto Rico","docAbstract":"During the period from 1990 to 1997, annual rainfall accumulation averaged 87% of normal at the 12 stations with the longest period of record in Puerto Rico, a Caribbean island with a 1999 population of 3.8 million. Streamflow in rivers supplying the La Plata and Loíza reservoirs, the principal water supply of the San Juan metropolitan area, was at or below the 10th flow percentile for 27% to 50% of the time between December 1993 and May 1996. Diminished reservoir levels in 1994 and 1995 affected more than 1 million people in the San Juan metropolitan area. Water rationing was implemented during this period and significant agricultural losses, valued at $165 million, were recorded in 1994. The public endured a year of mandatory water rationing in which sections of the city had their water-distribution networks shut off for 24 to 36 hours on alternate days. During the winter and spring of 1997–1998, water was rationed to more than 200,000 people in northwestern Puerto Rico because water level in the Guajataca reservoir was well below normal for two years because of rainfall deficits. The drought period of 1993–1996 was comparable in magnitude to a drought in 1966–1968, but water rationing was more severe during the 1993–1996 period, indicating that water management issues such as demand, storage capacity, water production and losses, and per capita consumption are increasingly important as population and development in Puerto Rico expand. [Key words: drought, streamflow, water resources, Caribbean, Puerto Rico, rainfall, water supply.]
","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"V.H. 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Four flat-topped cones on Kohala were explored and sampled with the Pisces V submersible in October 1998. Samples show that flat-topped cones on rift zones are constructed of tholeiitic basalt erupted during the shield stage. Similarly shaped flat-topped cones on the northwest submarine flank of Ni'ihau are apparently formed of alkalic basalt erupted during the rejuvenated stage. Submarine postshield-stage eruptions on Hilo Ridge, Mahukona, Hana Ridge, and offshore Ni'ihau form pointed cones of alkalic basalt and hawaiite. The shield stage flat-topped cones have steep (∼25°) sides, remarkably flat horizontal tops, basal diameters of 1–3 km, and heights <300 m. The flat tops commonly have either a low mound or a deep crater in the center. The rejuvenated-stage flat-topped cones have the same shape with steep sides and flat horizontal tops, but are much larger with basal diameters up to 5.5 km and heights commonly greater than 200 m. The flat tops have a central low mound, shallow crater, or levees that surrounded lava ponds as large as 1 km across. Most of the rejuvenated-stage flat-topped cones formed on slopes <10° and formed adjacent semicircular steps down the flank of Ni'ihau, rather than circular structures. All the flat-topped cones appear to be monogenetic and formed during steady effusive eruptions lasting years to decades. These, and other submarine volcanic cones of similar size and shape, apparently form as continuously overflowing submarine lava ponds. A lava pond surrounded by a levee forms above a sea-floor vent. As lava continues to flow into the pond, the lava flow surface rises and overflows the lowest point on the levee, forming elongate pillow lava flows that simultaneously build the rim outward and upward, but also dam and fill in the low point on the rim. The process repeats at the new lowest point, forming a circular structure with a flat horizontal top and steep pillowed margins. There is a delicate balance between lava (heat) supply to the pond and cooling and thickening of the floating crust. Factors that facilitate construction of such landforms include effusive eruption of lava with low volatile contents, moderate to high confining pressure at moderate to great ocean depth, long-lived steady eruption (years to decades), moderate effusion rates (probably ca. 0.1 km3/year), and low, but not necessarily flat, slopes. With higher effusion rates, sheet flows flood the slope. With lower effusion rates, pillow mounds form. Hawaiian shield-stage eruptions begin as fissure eruptions. If the eruption is too brief, it will not consolidate activity at a point, and fissure-fed flows will form a pond with irregular levees. The pond will solidify between eruptive pulses if the eruption is not steady. Lava that is too volatile rich or that is erupted in too shallow water will produce fragmental and highly vesicular lava that will accumulate to form steep pointed cones, as occurs during the post-shield stage. The steady effusion of lava on land constructs lava shields, which are probably the subaerial analogs to submarine flat-topped cones but formed under different cooling conditions.
","language":"English","publisher":"Springer Nature Switzerland ","doi":"10.1007/s004450000088","usgsCitation":"Clague, D., Moore, J.G., and Reynolds, J., 2000, Formation of submarine flat-topped volcanic cones in Hawai'i: Bulletin of Volcanology, v. 62, p. 214-233, https://doi.org/10.1007/s004450000088.","productDescription":"20 p.","startPage":"214","endPage":"233","costCenters":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":371326,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Hawaii","otherGeospatial":"Hawaii","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -161.6748046875,\n 17.8742034396575\n ],\n [\n -154.27001953125,\n 17.8742034396575\n ],\n [\n -154.27001953125,\n 23.160563309048314\n ],\n [\n -161.6748046875,\n 23.160563309048314\n ],\n [\n -161.6748046875,\n 17.8742034396575\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"62","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Clague, D.","contributorId":9398,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Clague","given":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":779635,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Moore, James G. 0000-0002-7543-2401 jmoore@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7543-2401","contributorId":2892,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Moore","given":"James","email":"jmoore@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":779636,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Reynolds, J.R.","contributorId":72942,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Reynolds","given":"J.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":779637,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70207843,"text":"70207843 - 2000 - Methane Hydrate Dissociation Rates at 0.1 MPa and Temperatures above 272 K","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-01-15T14:37:48","indexId":"70207843","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-15T14:26:50","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":801,"text":"Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Methane Hydrate Dissociation Rates at 0.1 MPa and Temperatures above 272 K","docAbstract":"We performed rapid depressurization experiments on methane hydrate under isothermal conditions above 272 K to determine the amount and rate of methane evolution. Sample temperatures rapidly drop below 273 K and stabilize near 272.5 K during dissociation. This thermal anomaly and the persistence of methane hydrate are consistent with the reported recovery of partially dissociated methane hydrate from ocean drilling cores.
","language":"English","publisher":"The New York Academy of Science","doi":"10.1111/j.1749-6632.2000.tb06809.x","usgsCitation":"Circone, S., Stern, L.A., Kirby, S.H., Pinkston, J., and Durham, W.B., 2000, Methane Hydrate Dissociation Rates at 0.1 MPa and Temperatures above 272 K: Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, v. 912, no. 1, p. 544-555, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-6632.2000.tb06809.x.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"544","endPage":"555","costCenters":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":371271,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"912","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2006-01-25","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Circone, S.","contributorId":35901,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Circone","given":"S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":779503,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Stern, Laura A. 0000-0003-3440-5674 lstern@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3440-5674","contributorId":1197,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stern","given":"Laura","email":"lstern@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":779504,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Kirby, Stephen H. 0000-0003-1636-4688 skirby@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1636-4688","contributorId":2752,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kirby","given":"Stephen","email":"skirby@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":779505,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Pinkston, J.C.","contributorId":68063,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pinkston","given":"J.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":779506,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Durham, William B.","contributorId":24695,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Durham","given":"William","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":779507,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70207834,"text":"70207834 - 2000 - Taking the temperature of slabs","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-07-07T15:09:38.506756","indexId":"70207834","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-15T12:20:02","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2840,"text":"Nature","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Taking the temperature of slabs","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1038/47382","usgsCitation":"Kirby, S.H., 2000, Taking the temperature of slabs: Nature, v. 403, p. 31-34, https://doi.org/10.1038/47382.","productDescription":"3 p.","startPage":"31","endPage":"34","costCenters":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":371260,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"403","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kirby, Stephen H. 0000-0003-1636-4688 skirby@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1636-4688","contributorId":2752,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kirby","given":"Stephen","email":"skirby@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":779477,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70170415,"text":"70170415 - 2000 - Genetic analyses reveal unusually high diversity of infectious haematopoietic necrosis virus in rainbow trout aquaculture","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-04-19T16:55:22","indexId":"70170415","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-12T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2301,"text":"Journal of General Virology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Genetic analyses reveal unusually high diversity of infectious haematopoietic necrosis virus in rainbow trout aquaculture","docAbstract":"Infectious haematopoietic necrosis virus (IHNV) is the most significant virus pathogen of salmon and trout in North America. Previous studies have shown relatively low genetic diversity of IHNV within large geographical regions. In this study, the genetic heterogeneity of 84 IHNV isolates sampled from rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) over a 20 year period at four aquaculture facilities within a 12 mile stretch of the Snake River in Idaho, USA was investigated. The virus isolates were characterized using an RNase protection assay (RPA) and nucleotide sequence analyses. Among the 84 isolates analysed, 46 RPA haplotypes were found and analyses revealed a high level of genetic heterogeneity relative to that detected in other regions. Sequence analyses revealed up to 7·6% nucleotide divergence, which is the highest level of diversity reported for IHNV to date. Phylogenetic analyses identified four distinct monophyletic clades representing four virus lineages. These lineages were distributed across facilities, and individual facilities contained multiple lineages. These results suggest that co-circulating IHNV lineages of relatively high genetic diversity are present in the IHNV populations in this rainbow trout culture study site. Three of the four lineages exhibited temporal trends consistent with rapid evolution.
","language":"English","publisher":"Microbiology Society","doi":"10.1099/0022-1317-81-12-2823","usgsCitation":"Troyer, R.M., LaPatra, S.E., and Kurath, G., 2000, Genetic analyses reveal unusually high diversity of infectious haematopoietic necrosis virus in rainbow trout aquaculture: Journal of General Virology, v. 81, p. 2823-2832, https://doi.org/10.1099/0022-1317-81-12-2823.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"2823","endPage":"2832","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":654,"text":"Western Fisheries Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":479146,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1099/0022-1317-81-12-2823","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":320209,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"81","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"571756cee4b0ef3b7caa6174","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Troyer, Ryan M.","contributorId":168762,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Troyer","given":"Ryan","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":654,"text":"Western Fisheries Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":627179,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"LaPatra, Scott E.","contributorId":67392,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"LaPatra","given":"Scott","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":627180,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Kurath, Gael 0000-0003-3294-560X gkurath@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3294-560X","contributorId":2629,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kurath","given":"Gael","email":"gkurath@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":654,"text":"Western Fisheries Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":627181,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":21973,"text":"ofr99433 - 2000 - National Geochemical Database, U.S. Geological Survey RASS (Rock Analysis Storage System) geochemical data for Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-09-27T11:30:14.587192","indexId":"ofr99433","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-10T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"99-433","title":"National Geochemical Database, U.S. Geological Survey RASS (Rock Analysis Storage System) geochemical data for Alaska","docAbstract":"This dataset contains geochemical data for Alaska produced by the analytical laboratories of the Geologic Division of the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS). These data represent analyses of stream-sediment, heavy-mineral-concentrate (derived from stream sediment), soil, and organic material samples. Most of the data comes from mineral resource investigations conducted in the Alaska Mineral Resource Assessment Program (AMRAP). However, some of the data were produced in support of other USGS programs. The data were originally entered into the in-house Rock Analysis Storage System (RASS) database. The RASS database, which contains over 580,000 data records, was used by the Geologic Division from the early 1970's through the late 1980's to archive geochemical data. Much of the data have been previously published in paper copy USGS Open-File Reports by the submitter or the analyst but some of the data have never been published. \r\nOver the years, USGS scientists recognized several problems with the database. The two primary issues were location coordinates (either incorrect or lacking) and sample media (not precisely identified). This dataset represents a re-processing of the original RASS data to make the data accessible in digital format and more user friendly. This re-processing consisted of checking the information on sample media and location against the original sample submittal forms, the original analytical reports, and published reports. As necessary, fields were added to the original data to more fully describe the sample preparation methods used and sample medium analyzed. 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It plays a pivotal role in global atmospheric circulation and the sea-ice zone around it produces cold waters that control much of the ocean’s deep circulation. The Antarctic Ice Sheet is also the largest store of fresh water on earth and controls short-term sea level changes. The history of the Antarctic Ice Sheet has been pieced together from various sources. For the late Quaternary, ice cores contain a detailed record of accumulation, air temperature and atmospheric composition. For the Cenozoic, information has come from distal marine oxygen isotope records, records of detrital output from the continent and fragmentary outcrops in ice-free areas on the continent. These records have been augmented by drilling on the Antarctic continental margin to try and recover direct evidence of glacial ice and to investigatethe transition from pre-glacial to the full polar glacial conditions that we see today.
","language":"English","publisher":"Joint Oceanographic Institutions for Deep Earth Sampling","issn":"0734-5615","usgsCitation":"O’Brien, P.E., Cooper, A.K., Richter, C., Macphail, M., and Truswell, E., 2000, Milestones in Antarctic Ice Sheet history: Preliminary results from Leg 188 drilling in Prydz Bay Antarctica: JOIDES Journal, v. 26, no. 2, p. 4-10.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"4","endPage":"10","costCenters":[{"id":520,"text":"Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":406686,"rank":2,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://odplegacy.org/program_admin/joides_journal.html"},{"id":371038,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"otherGeospatial":"Antarctica, Prydz Bay","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n 55.986328125,\n -72.58082870324515\n ],\n [\n 102.48046875,\n -72.58082870324515\n ],\n [\n 102.48046875,\n -61.48075950007598\n ],\n [\n 55.986328125,\n -61.48075950007598\n ],\n [\n 55.986328125,\n -72.58082870324515\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"26","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"O’Brien, P. E.","contributorId":91271,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"O’Brien","given":"P.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":779032,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Cooper, Alan K. acooper@usgs.gov","contributorId":2854,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cooper","given":"Alan","email":"acooper@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[{"id":520,"text":"Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":779033,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Richter, Carl","contributorId":27861,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Richter","given":"Carl","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":779034,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Macphail, M","contributorId":221599,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Macphail","given":"M","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":779035,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Truswell, E.M.","contributorId":221600,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Truswell","given":"E.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":779036,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70207687,"text":"70207687 - 2000 - Morphology and acoustic character of the Antarctic Wilkes Land turbidite systems: Ice-sheet-sourced versus river-sourced fans ","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-01-06T12:50:38","indexId":"70207687","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-06T12:42:24","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2451,"text":"Journal of Sedimentary Research","onlineIssn":"1938-3681","printIssn":"1527-1404","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Morphology and acoustic character of the Antarctic Wilkes Land turbidite systems: Ice-sheet-sourced versus river-sourced fans ","docAbstract":"The Wilkes Land continental slope contains an intricate network of submarine canyons that on the continental rise develop into a series of channel and overbank deposits of turbidite systems. We can define upper-fan, middle-fan, and lower-fan provinces. The Wilkes Land upper fans are characterized by large channels with relief up to 900 m, distances between levee crests up to 18 km, and channel-floor widths up to 6 km. Middle-fan channels also have high relief (∼300 m), and locally, interchannel areas exhibit mounded contourite-style deposits with high relief (up to 490 m). Within middle-fan sediment mounds there are acoustic facies of channel-overbank deposits from turbidity currents, and of sediment waves from contour-current sedimentation. The lower rise is characterized by small, shallow channels (50-75 m relief) and by interchannel areas of low relief, both characteristic of a lower-fan environment. The Wilkes Land turbidite systems show the following significant morphological differences compared to most river-sourced fans: (1) multiple large tributary channels across the upper and middle fan, (2) channel relief several times greater (900 m) than typical relief (100-200 m) for channels on fans less than 300 km in diameter, and (3) steep middle-fan and lower-fan gradients. We interpret the differences in channel network patterns, channel size, and middle-fan and lower-fan gradients between the Wilkes Land fans and other fans to result from the continental ice sheet feeding glacial ice streams that reached the outer continental shelf at times of glacial maxima. The Wilkes Land canyon-channel network patterns are comparable with the high-latitude Laurentian Fan and Labrador Sea channels. The Laurentian Fan also has large upper-fan channels with larger relief (800 m) than typical relief (200-300 m) expected for fans that are 600 km in diameter. Both the Labrador Sea and Laurentian Fan are fed by continental ice sheets at the shelf edge.
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C.","contributorId":88514,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Escutia","given":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":778945,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Eittreim, S. L.","contributorId":39409,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Eittreim","given":"S. L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":778946,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Cooper, Alan K. acooper@usgs.gov","contributorId":2854,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cooper","given":"Alan","email":"acooper@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[{"id":520,"text":"Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":778947,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Nelson, C.H.","contributorId":88346,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nelson","given":"C.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":778948,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70207686,"text":"70207686 - 2000 - Effort explores 130 Million years of Antarctic paleoenvironment","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-06-08T20:47:40.223184","indexId":"70207686","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-06T12:30:51","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1578,"text":"Eos, Transactions, American Geophysical Union","onlineIssn":"2324-9250","printIssn":"0096-394","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Effort explores 130 Million years of Antarctic paleoenvironment","docAbstract":"Antarctic climate history has been dominated by events and turning points with causes that are poorly understood. To fill the gaps in our knowledges new effort is underway in the international geologic community to acquire and coordinate the circum‐Antarctic geologic data needed to derive and model paleoenvironments of the past 130 m.y. The effort, which focuses principally on using shallow (<100 m) stratigraphic drilling and coring to acquire the geologic data, is being led by the Antarctic Offshore Stratigraphy Project (ANTOSTRAT), a group that works under the aegis of the Scientific Committee on Antarctic Research (SCAR).
About 40 scientists from 12 countries met this past summer in Wellington, New Zealand, at an ANTOSTRAT meeting to discuss strategies for implementing the desired paleoenvironmental field and modeling studies. The meeting was held in conjunction with the 8th International Symposium on Antarctic Earth Sciences.
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