{"pageNumber":"3237","pageRowStart":"80900","pageSize":"25","recordCount":184904,"records":[{"id":70022180,"text":"70022180 - 2000 - Fate of process solution cyanide and nitrate at three Nevada gold mines inferred from stable carbon and nitrogen isotope measurements","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-06-29T19:21:11.606939","indexId":"70022180","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3633,"text":"Transactions of the Institution of Mining and Metallurgy, Section C: Mineral Processing and Extractive Metallurgy","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Fate of process solution cyanide and nitrate at three Nevada gold mines inferred from stable carbon and nitrogen isotope measurements","docAbstract":"<p>Stable isotope methods have been used to identify the mechanisms responsible for cyanide consumption at three heap-leach operations that process Carlin-type gold ores in Nevada, U.S.A. The reagent cyanide had δ<sup>15</sup>N values ranging from -5 to -2‰ and δ 13C values from -60 to -35‰. The wide δ<sup>13</sup>C range reflects the use by different suppliers of isotopically distinct natural-gas feedstocks and indicates that isotopes may be useful in environmental studies where there is a need to trace cyanide sources.</p><p>In heap-leach circuits displaying from 5 to 98% consumption of cyanide, barren-solution and pregnant-solution cyanide were isotopically indistinguishable. The similarity is inconsistent with cyanide loss predominantly by HCN offgassing (a process that in laboratory experiments caused substantial isotopic changes), but it is consistent with cyanide retention within the heaps as solids, a process that caused minimal isotopic changes in laboratory simulations, or with cyanide oxidation, which also appears to cause minimal changes. In many pregnant solutions cyanide was carried entirely as metal complexes, which is consistent with ferrocyanides having precipitated or cyano-complexes having been adsorbed within the heaps. It is inferred that gaseous cyanide emissions from operations of this type are less important than has generally been thought and that the dissolution or desorption kinetics of solid species is an important control on cyanide elution when the spent heaps undergo rinsing. Nitrate, nitrite and ammonium had δ<sup>15</sup>N values of 1-16‰. The data reflect isotopic fractionation during ammonia offgassing or denitrification of nitrate–particularly in reclaim ponds–but do not indicate the extent to which nitrate is derived from cyanide or from explosive residues.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Taylor & Francis","doi":"10.1179/mpm.2000.109.2.68","issn":"03719553","usgsCitation":"Johnson, C.A., Grimes, D.J., and Rye, R.O., 2000, Fate of process solution cyanide and nitrate at three Nevada gold mines inferred from stable carbon and nitrogen isotope measurements: Transactions of the Institution of Mining and Metallurgy, Section C: Mineral Processing and Extractive Metallurgy, v. 109, no. 2, p. 68-78, https://doi.org/10.1179/mpm.2000.109.2.68.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"68","endPage":"78","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":230742,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United 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 \"}}]}","volume":"109","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2013-07-18","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0f12e4b0c8380cd5374f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Johnson, C. A. 0000-0002-1334-2996","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1334-2996","contributorId":27492,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Johnson","given":"C.","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":392635,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Grimes, D. J.","contributorId":73575,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Grimes","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":392637,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Rye, R. O.","contributorId":66208,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rye","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"O.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":392636,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":1015320,"text":"1015320 - 2000 - Movement patterns of riparian small mammals during predictable floodplain inundation","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-12-18T12:38:01","indexId":"1015320","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2373,"text":"Journal of Mammalogy","onlineIssn":"1545-1542","printIssn":"0022-2372","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Movement patterns of riparian small mammals during predictable floodplain inundation","docAbstract":"<p><span>We monitored movements of small mammals resident on floodplains susceptible to spring floods to assess whether and how these animals respond to habitat inundation. The 2 floodplains were associated with 6th order river segments in a semiarid landscape; each was predictably inundated each year as snowmelt progressed in headwater areas of the Rocky Mountains. Data from live trapping, radiotelemetry, and microtopographic surveys indicated that&nbsp;</span><i>Peromyscus maniculatus, Microtus montanus,</i><span><span>&nbsp;</span>and<span>&nbsp;</span></span><i>Dipodomys ordii</i><span><span>&nbsp;</span>showed different responses to inundation, but all reflected a common tendency to remain in the original home range until “forced” to leave. The reluctance of<span>&nbsp;</span></span><i>Dipodomys ordii</i><span><span>&nbsp;</span>to abandon the home burrow often resulted in death in situ, whereas individual<span>&nbsp;</span></span><i>P. maniculatus</i><span><span>&nbsp;</span>and<span>&nbsp;</span></span><i>M. montanus</i><span><span>&nbsp;</span>moved to nearby higher ground but not necessarily toward upland. This behavior could lead to occupancy of an island that disappeared as floodwaters rose.<span>&nbsp;</span></span><i>Peromyscus maniculatus</i><span><span>&nbsp;</span>climbed into sapling cottonwood, but the quality of such arboreal refuges was unclear. We found only weak support for the hypothesis that displacement was temporary; most floodplain residents, including<span>&nbsp;</span></span><i>P. maniculatus,</i><span><span>&nbsp;</span>disappeared over the flood period. No secondary effect from flooding on adjacent upland small-mammal assemblages was detected. Our data suggest populations of facultatively riparian, nonarboreal small mammals such as<span>&nbsp;</span></span><i>M. montanus</i><span><span>&nbsp;</span>and<span>&nbsp;</span></span><i>D. ordii</i><span><span>&nbsp;</span>generally experience habitat inundation as a catastrophy. Terrestrial species capable of using an arboreal refuge, such as<span>&nbsp;</span></span><i>P. maniculatus,</i><span><span>&nbsp;</span>face a more variable risk, determined in part by timing and duration of the flood event. River regulation can affect both sets of risks.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"American Society of Mammalogists","doi":"10.1644/1545-1542(2000)081<1087:MPORSM>2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Andersen, D., Wilson, K., Miller, M.S., and Falck, M., 2000, Movement patterns of riparian small mammals during predictable floodplain inundation: Journal of Mammalogy, v. 81, no. 4, p. 1087-1099, https://doi.org/10.1644/1545-1542(2000)081<1087:MPORSM>2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"1087","endPage":"1099","costCenters":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":479369,"rank":1,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1644/1545-1542(2000)081<1087:mporsm>2.0.co;2","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":133167,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"81","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b02e4b07f02db698c6a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Andersen, D.C.","contributorId":19119,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Andersen","given":"D.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":322879,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Wilson, K.R.","contributorId":73961,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wilson","given":"K.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":322882,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Miller, M. S.","contributorId":69107,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Miller","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":322881,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Falck, M.","contributorId":57806,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Falck","given":"M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":322880,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":1001727,"text":"1001727 - 2000 - Prolonged winter undernutrition and the interpretation of urinary allantoin:creatinine ratios in white-tailed deer","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-10-05T10:49:16","indexId":"1001727","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1176,"text":"Canadian Journal of Zoology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Prolonged winter undernutrition and the interpretation of urinary allantoin:creatinine ratios in white-tailed deer","docAbstract":"<p><span>The urinary allantoin:creatinine (A:C) ratio (expressed in micromoles of allantoin to micromoles of creatinine) has shown potential as an index of recent winter energy intake in preliminary controlled studies of elk (</span><i>Cervus elaphus</i><span>) involving mild condition deterioration (up to 11% loss of body mass). To ensure reliable nutritional assessments of free-ranging cervids by measuring A:C ratios of urine in snow, it is essential to extend this work. We assessed the effect of moderate and severe winter nutritional restriction on urinary A:C ratios of captive white-tailed deer (</span><i>Odocoileus virginianus</i><span>) that lost up to 32% body mass and related these ratios to metabolizable energy intake (MEI), body-mass loss, and other reported nutritional indicators. Deer in the control group were fed a low-protein, low-energy diet ad libitum, whereas deer in the treatment group were fed restricted amounts of the same diet. MEI was below the winter maintenance requirement for all deer, but was lower (</span><i>P</i><span> = 0.029) in treatment deer than in control deer. Percent body-mass loss differed between the two groups as the study progressed, and represented the full range of physiological tolerance (0-32% loss). Mean A:C ratios of control deer, which lost up to 17.4% body mass, showed a slight increasing (</span><i>P</i><span> = 0.086) trend, whereas initially similar A:C ratios of severely restricted deer increased (</span><i>P</i><span> = 0.0002) markedly by the eighth week (0.52 vs. 0.09 µmol:µmol). The urinary A:C ratio was not related (</span><i>P</i><span> = 0.839) to recent (2 days prior to urine sampling) MEI, but there was a marginally significant relation (</span><i>r</i><sup>2</sup><span> = 0.42, </span><i>P</i><span> = 0.110) between the A:C ratio and cumulative percent mass loss. The urinary A:C ratio was directly related to urinary urea nitrogen:creatinine (</span><i>r</i><sup>2</sup><span> = 0.59, </span><i>P</i><span> &lt; 0.0001) and 3-methylhistidine:creatinine (</span><i>r</i><sup>2</sup><span> = 0.43, </span><i>P</i><span> &lt; 0.0001) ratios. This study confirms that elevated and increasing A:C ratios may be due either to increasing energy intake or to accelerated tissue catabolism and increased endogenous contributions to urinary allantoin excretion.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"NRC Research Press","doi":"10.1139/z00-151","usgsCitation":"DelGiudice, G.D., Kerr, K.D., Mech, L.D., and Seal, U.S., 2000, Prolonged winter undernutrition and the interpretation of urinary allantoin:creatinine ratios in white-tailed deer: Canadian Journal of Zoology, v. 78, no. 12, p. 2147-2155, https://doi.org/10.1139/z00-151.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"2147","endPage":"2155","costCenters":[{"id":480,"text":"Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":133687,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"78","issue":"12","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a9ae4b07f02db65d9ad","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"DelGiudice, Glenn D.","contributorId":64582,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"DelGiudice","given":"Glenn","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":311602,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Kerr, Ken D.","contributorId":174746,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Kerr","given":"Ken","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":311601,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Mech, L. David 0000-0003-3944-7769 david_mech@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3944-7769","contributorId":2518,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mech","given":"L.","email":"david_mech@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"David","affiliations":[{"id":480,"text":"Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":311600,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Seal, Ulysses S.","contributorId":25494,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Seal","given":"Ulysses","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":311599,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":1015319,"text":"1015319 - 2000 - Plant-herbivore-hydroperiod interactions: effects of native mammals on floodplain tree recruitment","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-12-17T11:26:22","indexId":"1015319","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1450,"text":"Ecological Applications","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Plant-herbivore-hydroperiod interactions: effects of native mammals on floodplain tree recruitment","docAbstract":"<p>Floodplain plant–herbivore–hydroperiod interactions have received little attention despite their potential as determinants of floodplain structure and functioning. We used five types of exclosures to differentially exclude small-, medium-, and large-sized mammals from accessing Fremont cottonwood (<i>Populus deltoides</i> Marshall subsp. <i>wizlizenii</i> (Watson) Eckenwalder) seedlings and saplings growing naturally on four landform types at an alluvial reach on each of two rivers, the Green and Yampa, in Colorado and Utah. The two study reaches differed primarily as a result of flow regulation on the Green River, which began in 1962. Landforms were a rarely flooded portion of the alluvial plain, geomorphically active slow- and fast-water channel margin sites on the Yampa reach, and an aggrading side channel on the Green. Small-mammal live-trapping and observational data indicated that, with minor exceptions, the kinds of mammals eating cottonwood within each reach were identical. We monitored condition and fates of individual cottonwood plants from October 1993 through the 1997 growing season. Differences in survival and growth were noted both within and between reaches, and both due to, and independent of, mammalian herbivory. Comparisons of cottonwood growth and survivorship among exclosures and between exclosures and controls indicated that a small mammal, <i>Microtus montanus,</i> reduced seedling and sapling survivorship at the Green River reach, but to a lesser extent (seedlings) or not at all (saplings) on the Yampa reach. In contrast, reductions in sapling height increment attributable to medium- and large-sized herbivores were detected only at the Yampa site. We suggest that these differences are a result of (1) flow regulation allowing <i>Microtus</i> populations to escape the mortality normally accompanying the large, snowmelt-driven spring flood, as well as regulation promoting a herbaceous understory favorable to voles, and (2) greater browsing pressure from overwintering deer and elk at the Yampa reach, unrelated to flow regulation. Within areas used by foraging beaver, the probability of a sapling being cut by beaver was similar on the two reaches. This study suggests that changes in riparian plant–herbivore relationships due to shifts in river hydrology may be a common and important consequence of river regulation.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1890/1051-0761(2000)010[1384:PHHIEO]2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Andersen, D., and Cooper, D., 2000, Plant-herbivore-hydroperiod interactions: effects of native mammals on floodplain tree recruitment: Ecological Applications, v. 10, no. 5, p. 1384-1399, https://doi.org/10.1890/1051-0761(2000)010[1384:PHHIEO]2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"16 p.","startPage":"1384","endPage":"1399","costCenters":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":133166,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"10","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ad9e4b07f02db68507b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Andersen, D.C.","contributorId":19119,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Andersen","given":"D.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":322877,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Cooper, D.J.","contributorId":89489,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cooper","given":"D.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":322878,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70182533,"text":"70182533 - 2000 - The patterns and characteristics of global land cover","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-03-27T10:55:52","indexId":"70182533","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"title":"The patterns and characteristics of global land cover","docAbstract":"<p>No abstract available.</p>","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Spatial information for land use management","language":"English","publisher":"Gordon and Breach","publisherLocation":"London, UK","usgsCitation":"Loveland, T., 2000, The patterns and characteristics of global land cover, chap. <i>of</i> Spatial information for land use management, p. 13-24.","productDescription":"12 p. ","startPage":"13","endPage":"24","costCenters":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":336183,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58b15443e4b01ccd54fc5ed5","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Hill, M.","contributorId":12635,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hill","given":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":671447,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Aspinall, R.","contributorId":89706,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Aspinall","given":"R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":671448,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":2}],"authors":[{"text":"Loveland, Thomas R. 0000-0003-3114-6646","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3114-6646","contributorId":106125,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Loveland","given":"Thomas R.","affiliations":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":671446,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":5077,"text":"fs05100 - 2000 - Measuring land subsidence from space","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-09-13T12:16:27.919707","indexId":"fs05100","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":313,"text":"Fact Sheet","code":"FS","onlineIssn":"2327-6932","printIssn":"2327-6916","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"051-00","title":"Measuring land subsidence from space","docAbstract":"<p>No abstract available.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/fs05100","usgsCitation":"Galloway, D.L., Jones, D.R., and Ingebritsen, S.E., 2000, Measuring land subsidence from space: U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet 051-00, 4 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/fs05100.","productDescription":"4 p.","costCenters":[{"id":35860,"text":"Ohio-Kentucky-Indiana Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":403,"rank":2,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/fs-051-00/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":122621,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/thumbnails/fs_051_00.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a28e4b07f02db61165e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Galloway, Devin L. 0000-0003-0904-5355 dlgallow@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0904-5355","contributorId":679,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Galloway","given":"Devin","email":"dlgallow@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":509,"text":"Office of the Associate Director for Water","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":5058,"text":"Office of the Chief Scientist for Water","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":37277,"text":"WMA - Earth System Processes Division","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":5078,"text":"Southwest Regional Director's Office","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":35860,"text":"Ohio-Kentucky-Indiana Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":150379,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Jones, David R.","contributorId":75510,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jones","given":"David","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":150381,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Ingebritsen, S. E.","contributorId":8078,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ingebritsen","given":"S.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":150380,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":1015326,"text":"1015326 - 2000 - Temporal coherence of two alpine lake basins of the Colorado Front Range, USA","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-02-21T17:27:52","indexId":"1015326","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1696,"text":"Freshwater Biology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Temporal coherence of two alpine lake basins of the Colorado Front Range, USA","docAbstract":"<p>1. Knowledge of synchrony in trends is important to determining regional responses of lakes to disturbances such as atmospheric deposition and climate change. We explored the temporal coherence of physical and chemical characteristics of two series of mostly alpine lakes in nearby basins of the Colorado Rocky Mountains. Using year-to-year variation over a 10-year period, we asked whether lakes more similar in exposure to the atmosphere be-haved more similarly than those with greater influence of catchment or in-lake processes.</p><p>2. The Green Lakes Valley and Loch Vale Watershed are steeply incised basins with strong altitudinal gradients. There are glaciers at the heads of each catchment. The eight lakes studied are small, shallow and typically ice-covered for more than half the year. Snowmelt is the dominant hydrological event each year, flushing about 70% of the annual discharge from each lake between April and mid-July. The lakes do not thermally stratify during the period of open water. Data from these lakes included surface water temper-ature, sulphate, nitrate, calcium, silica, bicarbonate alkalinity and conductivity.</p><p>3. Coherence was estimated by Pearson's correlation coefficient between lake pairs for each of the different variables. Despite close geographical proximity, there was not a strong direct signal from climatic or atmospheric conditions across all lakes in the study. Individual lake characteristics overwhelmed regional responses. Temporal coherence was higher for lakes within each basin than between basins and was highest for nearest neighbours.</p><p>4. Among the Green Lakes, conductivity, alkalinity and temperature were temporally coherent, suggesting that these lakes were sensitive to climate fluctuations. Water tem-perature is indicative of air temperature, and conductivity and alkalinity concentrations are indicative of dilution from the amount of precipitation flushed through by snowmelt.</p><p>5. In Loch Vale, calcium, conductivity, nitrate, sulphate and alkalinity were temporally coherent, while silica and temperature were not. This suggests that external influences are attenuated by internal catchment and lake processes in Loch Vale lakes. Calcium and sulphate are primarily weathering products, but sulphate derives both from deposition and from mineral weathering. Different proportions of snowmelt versus groundwater in different years could influence summer lake concentrations. Nitrate is elevated in lake waters from atmospheric deposition, but the internal dynamics of nitrate and silica may be controlled by lake food webs. Temperature is attenuated by inconsistently different climates across altitude and glacial meltwaters.</p><p>6. It appears that, while the lakes in the two basins are topographically close, geologically and morphologically similar, and often connected by streams, only some attributes are temporally coherent. Catchment and in-lake processes influenced temporal patterns, especially for temperature, alkalinity and silica. Montane lakes with high altitudinal gradients may be particularly prone to local controls compared to systems where coherence is more obvious.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1046/j.1365-2427.2000.00517.x","usgsCitation":"Baron, J., and Caine, N., 2000, Temporal coherence of two alpine lake basins of the Colorado Front Range, USA: Freshwater Biology, v. 43, no. 3, p. 463-476, https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2427.2000.00517.x.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"463","endPage":"476","costCenters":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":133182,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United 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 \"}}]}","volume":"43","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2001-12-25","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4adae4b07f02db6855ca","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Baron, Jill 0000-0002-5902-6251 jill_baron@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5902-6251","contributorId":194124,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Baron","given":"Jill","email":"jill_baron@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":322892,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Caine, N.","contributorId":34881,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Caine","given":"N.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":322893,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":1014960,"text":"1014960 - 2000 - Susceptibility of Arctic char to experimental challenge with Infectious Hematopoietic Necrosis Virus (IHNV) and Infectious Pancreatic Necrosis Virus (IPNV)","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-09-07T17:59:59.105782","indexId":"1014960","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2177,"text":"Journal of Aquatic Animal Health","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Susceptibility of Arctic char to experimental challenge with Infectious Hematopoietic Necrosis Virus (IHNV) and Infectious Pancreatic Necrosis Virus (IPNV)","docAbstract":"<p>Arctic char<span>&nbsp;</span><i>Salvelinus alpinus</i><span>&nbsp;</span>were exposed to the fish pathogens infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus (IHNV) and infectious pancreatic necrosis virus (IPNV) to estimate susceptibility of the species to infection. Fish were immersion challenged at 46, 74, and 95 d posthatch for 5 h in viral concentration of 10<sup>3</sup><span>&nbsp;</span>or 10<sup>5</sup><span>&nbsp;</span>PFU(plaque-forming units)/mL and were monitored for 21 d postchallenge. Fish that died were assayed individually for virus-associated mortality, and survivors were assayed individually to estimate prevalence of virus carrier status. Arctic char succumbed to IHNV infection with population losses as high as 41%, and prevalence of IHNV carriers in surviving fish was 24% or less with virus titers in carrier fish ranging from 2.5 × 10<sup>2</sup><span>&nbsp;</span>PFU/g to greater than 1.3 × 10<sup>6</sup><span>&nbsp;</span>PFU/g. Infections with IPNV resulted in losses of 20% or less, and prevalence of IPNV carriers in surviving fish was as high as 82% with virus titers in carrier fish ranging from 2.5 × 10<sup>2</sup><span>&nbsp;</span>PFU/g to greater than 5.0 × 10<sup>6</sup><span>&nbsp;</span>PFU/g. Logistic regression models were developed for the mortality and infection data for each virus. For IHNV, the odds of dying or becoming infected were significantly greater for the fish from the 74-d age-group than for the fish from the 46-d or 95-d age-groups. Fish exposed to 10<sup>5</sup><span>&nbsp;</span>PFU of IHNV/mL had significantly greater odds of dying or becoming infected than fish exposed to 10<sup>3</sup><span>&nbsp;</span>PFU/mL. For IPNV, the odds of dying were significantly greater for the 74-d age-group compared with the other two age-groups. The 74-d fish were also significantly more likely to become infected than the 95-d-old fish. Fish exposed to 10<sup>5</sup><span>&nbsp;</span>PFU of IPNV/mL had significantly greater odds of dying or becoming infected than fish exposed to 10<sup>3</sup><span>&nbsp;</span>PFU of IPNV /mL.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"American Fisheries Society","doi":"10.1577/1548-8667(2000)012<0035:SOACTE>2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":"McAllister, P.E., Bebak, J., and Wagner, B., 2000, Susceptibility of Arctic char to experimental challenge with Infectious Hematopoietic Necrosis Virus (IHNV) and Infectious Pancreatic Necrosis Virus (IPNV): Journal of Aquatic Animal Health, v. 12, no. 1, p. 35-43, https://doi.org/10.1577/1548-8667(2000)012<0035:SOACTE>2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"35","endPage":"43","costCenters":[{"id":365,"text":"Leetown Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":130521,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"12","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ae0e4b07f02db688058","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"McAllister, P. E.","contributorId":71913,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McAllister","given":"P.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":321660,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bebak, J.","contributorId":31704,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bebak","given":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":321659,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Wagner, B.A.","contributorId":77096,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wagner","given":"B.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":321661,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":1014967,"text":"1014967 - 2000 - Neophylax kolodskii (Trichoptera: Uenoidae), a new species from the Great Smoky Mountains National Park, U.S.A","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-09-29T14:07:24.297344","indexId":"1014967","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":867,"text":"Aquatic Insects","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"displayTitle":"<i>Neophylax kolodskii</i> (Trichoptera: Uenoidae), a new species from the Great Smoky Mountains National Park, U.S.A","title":"Neophylax kolodskii (Trichoptera: Uenoidae), a new species from the Great Smoky Mountains National Park, U.S.A","docAbstract":"<p><i>Neophylax kolodskii</i><span>&nbsp;sp. n. from Great Smoky Mountains National Park is described and illustrated from adult specimens.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Taylor & Francis","doi":"10.1076/0165-0424(200010)22:4;1-Y;FT271","usgsCitation":"Parker, C., 2000, Neophylax kolodskii (Trichoptera: Uenoidae), a new species from the Great Smoky Mountains National Park, U.S.A: Aquatic Insects, v. 22, no. 4, p. 271-274, https://doi.org/10.1076/0165-0424(200010)22:4;1-Y;FT271.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"271","endPage":"274","costCenters":[{"id":365,"text":"Leetown Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":130541,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"North Carolina, Tennessee","otherGeospatial":"Great Smoky Mountains National Park","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -83.29421997070312,\n              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,{"id":1015016,"text":"1015016 - 2000 - Isolation and characterization of microsatellite DNA markers the Florida manatee (Trichechus manatus latirostris) and their application selected Sirenian species","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-08-18T16:43:46.729046","indexId":"1015016","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2774,"text":"Molecular Ecology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"displayTitle":"Isolation and characterization of microsatellite DNA markers the Florida manatee (<i>Trichechus manatus latirostris</i>) and their application selected Sirenian species","title":"Isolation and characterization of microsatellite DNA markers the Florida manatee (Trichechus manatus latirostris) and their application selected Sirenian species","docAbstract":"<p>No abstract available.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1046/j.1365-294X.2000.10534.x","usgsCitation":"Garcia-Rodriguez, A.I., Moraga-Amador, D., Farmerie, W., McGuire, P., and King, T., 2000, Isolation and characterization of microsatellite DNA markers the Florida manatee (Trichechus manatus latirostris) and their application selected Sirenian species: Molecular Ecology, v. 9, no. 12, p. 2161-2164, https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-294X.2000.10534.x.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"2161","endPage":"2164","costCenters":[{"id":365,"text":"Leetown Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":130801,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Bahamas, Belize, Brazil, Cayman Islands, Colombia, Costa Rica, Cuba, Dominican Republic, El Salvador, French Guiana, Guyana, Haiti, Jamaica, Mexico, Panama, Puerto Rico, United States, Venezuela, Virgin Islands","state":"Florida","otherGeospatial":"Caribbean Sea","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -88.8134765625,\n              15.982453522973508\n            ],\n            [\n              -84.814453125,\n              14.00869637063467\n            ],\n            [\n              -83.75976562499999,\n              10.055402736564236\n            ],\n            [\n              -80.947265625,\n              7.710991655433217\n            ],\n            [\n              -79.541015625,\n              9.102096738726456\n            ],\n            [\n              -77.16796875,\n              6.577303118123887\n            ],\n            [\n              -73.564453125,\n              10.574222078332806\n            ],\n            [\n              -71.455078125,\n              8.146242825034385\n            ],\n            [\n              -63.6328125,\n              8.928487062665504\n            ],\n            [\n              -54.140625,\n              3.5134210456400448\n            ],\n            [\n              -53.173828125,\n              0.4394488164139768\n            ],\n            [\n              -36.474609375,\n              -8.233237111274553\n            ],\n            [\n              -32.607421875,\n              -2.284550660236957\n            ],\n            [\n              -57.76611328124999,\n              12.961735843534306\n            ],\n            [\n              -59.12841796875,\n              16.951724234434437\n            ],\n            [\n              -61.39160156249999,\n              19.31114335506464\n            ],\n            [\n              -67.5439453125,\n              19.78738018198621\n            ],\n            [\n              -69.10400390625,\n              21.350781150679737\n            ],\n            [\n              -76.5966796875,\n              27.137368359795584\n            ],\n            [\n              -80.31005859375,\n              26.88288045572338\n            ],\n            [\n              -81.01318359375,\n              26.15543796871355\n            ],\n            [\n              -87.25341796875,\n              21.186972714123776\n            ],\n            [\n              -88.6376953125,\n              18.812717856407776\n            ],\n            [\n              -88.48388671874999,\n              17.035777250427195\n            ],\n            [\n              -89.09912109375,\n              15.940202412387029\n            ],\n            [\n              -88.8134765625,\n              15.982453522973508\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"9","issue":"12","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2003-08-19","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4aa7e4b07f02db6671d4","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Garcia-Rodriguez, A. I.","contributorId":18713,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Garcia-Rodriguez","given":"A.","email":"","middleInitial":"I.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":321821,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Moraga-Amador, D.","contributorId":77483,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Moraga-Amador","given":"D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":321824,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Farmerie, W.","contributorId":64188,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Farmerie","given":"W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":321822,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"McGuire, P.","contributorId":65039,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McGuire","given":"P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":321823,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"King, T.L.","contributorId":93416,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"King","given":"T.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":321825,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}}
,{"id":1015052,"text":"1015052 - 2000 - Population estimates of Nearctic shorebirds","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-03-25T21:41:11.330967","indexId":"1015052","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3731,"text":"Waterbirds","onlineIssn":"19385390","printIssn":"15244695","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Population estimates of Nearctic shorebirds","docAbstract":"<p>Estimates are presented for the population sizes of 53 species of Nearctic shorebirds occurring regularly in North America, plus four species that breed occasionally. Shorebird population sizes were derived from data obtained by a variety of methods from breeding, migration and wintering areas, and formal assessments of accuracy of counts or estimates are rarely available. Accurate estimates exist only for a few species that have been the subject of detailed investigation, and the likely accuracy of most estimates is considered poor or low. Population estimates range from a few tens to several millions. Overall, population estimates most commonly fell in the range of hundreds of thousands, particularly the low hundreds of thousands; estimated population sizes for large shorebird species currently all fall below 500,000. Population size was inversely related to size (mass) of the species, with a statistically significant negative regression between log (population size) and log (mass). Two outlying groups were evident on the regression graph: one, with populations lower than predicted, included species considered either to be \"at risk\" or particularly hard to count, and a second, with populations higher than predicted, included two species that are hunted. Population estimates are an integral part of conservation plans being developed for shorebirds in the United States and Canada, and may be used to identify areas of key international and regional importance.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Waterbird Society","doi":"10.2307/1522172","usgsCitation":"Morrison, R.I., Gill, R., Harrington, B.A., Skagen, S., Page, G.W., Gratto-Trevor, C.L., and Haig, S.M., 2000, Population estimates of Nearctic shorebirds: Waterbirds, v. 23, no. 3, p. 337-352, https://doi.org/10.2307/1522172.","productDescription":"16 p.","startPage":"337","endPage":"352","costCenters":[{"id":106,"text":"Alaska Biological Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":289,"text":"Forest and Rangeland Ecosys Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":131271,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"23","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ad6e4b07f02db683ed9","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Morrison, R. I. G.","contributorId":66640,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Morrison","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"I. G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":321975,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Gill, Robert E. Jr. 0000-0002-6385-4500 rgill@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6385-4500","contributorId":171747,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gill","given":"Robert E.","suffix":"Jr.","email":"rgill@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":117,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology WTEB","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":321970,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Harrington, B. A.","contributorId":10758,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Harrington","given":"B.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":321971,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Skagen, S. K. 0000-0002-6744-1244","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6744-1244","contributorId":31348,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Skagen","given":"S. K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":321972,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Page, G. W.","contributorId":45246,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Page","given":"G.","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":321973,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Gratto-Trevor, C. L.","contributorId":104447,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Gratto-Trevor","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":321976,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Haig, S. M. 0000-0002-6616-7589","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6616-7589","contributorId":55389,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Haig","given":"S.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":321974,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}}
,{"id":70022144,"text":"70022144 - 2000 - High-Resolution Thermal Inertia Mapping from the Mars Global Surveyor Thermal Emission Spectrometer","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:45","indexId":"70022144","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1963,"text":"Icarus","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"High-Resolution Thermal Inertia Mapping from the Mars Global Surveyor Thermal Emission Spectrometer","docAbstract":"High-resolution thermal inertia mapping results are presented, derived from Mars Global Surveyor (MGS) Thermal Emission Spectrometer (TES) observations of the surface temperature of Mars obtained during the early portion of the MGS mapping mission. Thermal inertia is the key property controlling the diurnal surface temperature variations, and is dependent on the physical character of the top few centimeters of the surface. It represents a complex combination of particle size, rock abundance, exposures of bedrock, and degree of induration. In this work we describe the derivation of thermal inertia from TES data, present global scale analysis, and place these results into context with earlier work. A global map of nighttime thermal-bolometer-based thermal inertia is presented at 14?? per pixel resolution, with approximately 63% coverage between 50??S and 70??N latitude. Global analysis shows a similar pattern of high and low thermal inertia as seen in previous Viking low-resolution mapping. Significantly more detail is present in the high-resolution TES thermal inertia. This detail represents horizontal small-scale variability in the nature of the surface. Correlation with albedo indicates the presence of a previously undiscovered surface unit of moderate-to-high thermal inertia and intermediate albedo. This new unit has a modal peak thermal inertia of 180-250 J m-2 K-1 s-12 and a narrow range of albedo near 0.24. The unit, covering a significant fraction of the surface, typically surrounds the low thermal inertia regions and may comprise a deposit of indurated fine material. Local 3-km-resolution maps are also presented as examples of eolian, fluvial, and volcanic geology. Some impact crater rims and intracrater dunes show higher thermal inertias than the surrounding terrain; thermal inertia of aeolian deposits such as intracrater dunes may be related to average particle size. Outflow channels and valleys consistently show higher thermal inertias than the surrounding terrain. Generally, correlations between spatial variations in thermal inertia and geologic features suggest a relationship between the hundred-meter-scale morphology and the centimeter-scale surface layer. ?? 2000 Academic Press.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Icarus","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1006/icar.2000.6503","issn":"00191035","usgsCitation":"Mellon, M.T., Jakosky, B., Kieffer, H.H., and Christensen, P.R., 2000, High-Resolution Thermal Inertia Mapping from the Mars Global Surveyor Thermal Emission Spectrometer: Icarus, v. 148, no. 2, p. 437-455, https://doi.org/10.1006/icar.2000.6503.","startPage":"437","endPage":"455","numberOfPages":"19","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":206815,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1006/icar.2000.6503"},{"id":230856,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"148","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a30e3e4b0c8380cd5da28","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Mellon, M. T.","contributorId":82833,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Mellon","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":392526,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Jakosky, B. M.","contributorId":103003,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Jakosky","given":"B. M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":392527,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Kieffer, H. H.","contributorId":40725,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Kieffer","given":"H.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":392525,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Christensen, P. R.","contributorId":7819,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Christensen","given":"P.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":392524,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":1015053,"text":"1015053 - 2000 - Distribution, movements, and habitat use of razorback sucker (Xyrauchen texanus) in a lower Colorado River Reservoir, Arizona-Nevada","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-12-18T12:40:32","indexId":"1015053","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3746,"text":"Western North American Naturalist","onlineIssn":"1944-8341","printIssn":"1527-0904","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"displayTitle":"Distribution, movements, and habitat use of razorback sucker (<i>Xyrauchen texanus</i>) in a lower Colorado River Reservoir, Arizona-Nevada","title":"Distribution, movements, and habitat use of razorback sucker (Xyrauchen texanus) in a lower Colorado River Reservoir, Arizona-Nevada","docAbstract":"<p><span>Distribution, movements, and habitat use of 10 wild adult razorback suckers (<i>Xyrauchen texanus</i>) were examined in Lake Mohave, Arizona-Nevada, from November 1994 through July 1997. Movement rates (0.00-17.35 km d⁻¹) and ranges (x̄ = 39 km) were similar to those for riverine populations. All study fish returned to spawning sites used in previous years, but they also visited other spawning areas. Spawning females were significantly (P = 0.031) more active than males (480 vs. 87 m d⁻¹) and moved substantial distances between spawning sites during peak reproduction (1-28 February). Fish became most active (m d⁻¹, km month⁻¹) after spawning and moved to areas known to support higher algal production. Fish were typically within 50 m (F &lt; 0.001) of shore and at average depths between 3.1 and 16.8 m (range 0.2 to &gt; 30.0 m). Adults were detected throughout the available thermal gradient (12°-30°C), but during summer typically had body temperatures between 18° and 22°C. Vertical movements within the water column showed no correlation with depth or time of day, but seasonal shifts suggest fish may regulate body temperature by seeking specific temperatures during reservoir stratification.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Monte L. Bean Life Science Museum, Brigham Young University","usgsCitation":"Mueller, G., Marsh, P., Knowles, G., and Wolters, T., 2000, Distribution, movements, and habitat use of razorback sucker (Xyrauchen texanus) in a lower Colorado River Reservoir, Arizona-Nevada: Western North American Naturalist, v. 60, no. 2, p. 180-187.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"180","endPage":"187","costCenters":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":131272,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":14965,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/41717028"}],"country":"United States","state":"Arizona, Nevada","volume":"60","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a6be4b07f02db63d96b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Mueller, G.A.","contributorId":9205,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mueller","given":"G.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":321977,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Marsh, P.C.","contributorId":74710,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Marsh","given":"P.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":321979,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Knowles, G.","contributorId":99510,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Knowles","given":"G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":321980,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Wolters, T.","contributorId":13186,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wolters","given":"T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":321978,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70022053,"text":"70022053 - 2000 - Wildlife tradeoffs based on landscape models of habitat preference","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:45","indexId":"70022053","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Wildlife tradeoffs based on landscape models of habitat preference","docAbstract":"Wildlife tradeoffs based on landscape models of habitat preference were presented. Multiscale logistic regression models were used and based on these models a spatial optimization technique was utilized to generate optimal maps. The tradeoffs were analyzed by gradually increasing the weighting on a single species in the objective function over a series of simulations. Results indicated that efficiency of habitat management for species diversity could be maximized for small landscapes by incorporating spatial context.","largerWorkTitle":"NCASI Proceedings","conferenceTitle":"Proceedings of the 2000 NCASI Northeast Regional Meeting","conferenceDate":"24 October 2000 through 26 October 2000","conferenceLocation":"Portsmouth, NH","language":"English","usgsCitation":"Loehle, C., Mitchell, M., and White, M., 2000, Wildlife tradeoffs based on landscape models of habitat preference, <i>in</i> NCASI Proceedings, v. 2, Portsmouth, NH, 24 October 2000 through 26 October 2000, p. 372-384.","startPage":"372","endPage":"384","numberOfPages":"13","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":230696,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bd104e4b08c986b32f1b2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Loehle, C.","contributorId":92823,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Loehle","given":"C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":392186,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Mitchell, M.S.","contributorId":26724,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mitchell","given":"M.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":392185,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"White, M.","contributorId":11792,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"White","given":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":392184,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":1015057,"text":"1015057 - 2000 - Invertebrate assemblages and trace element bioaccumulation associated with constructed wetlands","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-12-17T11:37:52","indexId":"1015057","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3750,"text":"Wetlands","onlineIssn":"1943-6246","printIssn":"0277-5212","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Invertebrate assemblages and trace element bioaccumulation associated with constructed wetlands","docAbstract":"<p>Invertebrate assemblages were studied in eight monoculture wetland mesocosms constructed for wastewater treatment. Low concentrations of dissolved oxygen (D.O.) were measured in bulrush mesocosms while higher concentrations of D.O. were measured in open water mesocosms containing submerged pondweeds. Invertebrate taxa richness was positively related to D.O. concentrations that were, in turn, related to vegetation communities. Reference wetland sites contained a variety of plant species along with extensive open water areas. Invertebrate taxa richness was greater at reference sites than in any wastewater mesocosm. Invertebrate samples from the wastewater mesocosms and reference sites were analyzed for five trace elements. While the concentrations of aluminum, arsenic, mercury, and silver were below values harmful to wildlife, the concentrations of selenium reached levels of moderate concern on one occasion. Data from this study suggest that selenium bioaccumulation by invertebrates may be related to the type of vegetation community or detrital habitat type. Wetlands designed for invertebrate production for waterfowl should take into account the potential for low D.O. concentrations and trace element bioaccumulation associated with vegetation community types.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"The Society of Wetland Scientists","doi":"10.1672/0277-5212(2000)020[0406:IAATEB]2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Nelson, S.M., Roline, R., Thullen, J., Sartoris, J., and Boutwell, J., 2000, Invertebrate assemblages and trace element bioaccumulation associated with constructed wetlands: Wetlands, v. 20, no. 2, p. 406-415, https://doi.org/10.1672/0277-5212(2000)020[0406:IAATEB]2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"406","endPage":"415","costCenters":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":131298,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"20","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e48c5e4b07f02db53fb1c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Nelson, S. M.","contributorId":81853,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Nelson","given":"S.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":321991,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Roline, R.A.","contributorId":62965,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Roline","given":"R.A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":321990,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Thullen, J.S.","contributorId":16361,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thullen","given":"J.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":321988,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Sartoris, J.J.","contributorId":84310,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sartoris","given":"J.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":321992,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Boutwell, J.E.","contributorId":52533,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Boutwell","given":"J.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":321989,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}}
,{"id":1015096,"text":"1015096 - 2000 - Restoration of bighorn sheep metapopulations in and near western national parks","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-12-16T20:19:19","indexId":"1015096","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3271,"text":"Restoration Ecology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Restoration of bighorn sheep metapopulations in and near western national parks","docAbstract":"<p>Bighorn sheep (<i>Ovis canadensis</i>) once were ubiquitous in large areas, including lands now contained in the national parks of the Intermountain and Colorado Plateau regions of the United States. Due to catastrophic declines in the late 1800s and early 1900s, most extant populations now occur as small, isolated groups with a highly fragmented distribution. Three different subspecies of bighorn sheep were extirpated from 14 of 18 areas that are now managed by the National Park Service. We describe an eight-year plan to restore bighorn sheep to currently suitable historic habitats in the national parks within a six-state intermountain region of the western United States, 1991–1998. A seven-point program was recommended for each park unit that included: (1) survey the existing populations; (2) conduct a GIS-based habitat assessment to identify suitable habitat; (3) convene scientific advisory panels to review results of habitat assessment; (4) convene interagency panels to discuss metapopulation management and to plan the restoration(s); (5) draft interagency restoration and management plans; (6) conduct translocation(s); and (7) monitor the populations. We evaluated 38,781 km<sup>2</sup> of area; 32% (12,329 km<sup>2</sup>) was potential habitat for bighorn sheep. The scientific advisory panels and the GIS modeling recommended bighorn restoration on 73 sites within these areas. By 1996, 36 of these sites (2,647 km<sup>2</sup> or 22% of the entire suitable area) were inhabited by bighorn sheep. By 1999, the translocated animals increased 25%, and restoration efforts will continue in many of the remaining sites.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1046/j.1526-100x.2000.80062.x","usgsCitation":"Singer, F.J., Bleich, V., and Gudorf, M., 2000, Restoration of bighorn sheep metapopulations in and near western national parks: Restoration Ecology, v. 8, no. 4S, p. 14-24, https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1526-100x.2000.80062.x.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"14","endPage":"24","costCenters":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":479307,"rank":1,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1526-100x.2000.80062.x","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":131437,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"8","issue":"4S","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2001-12-25","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a4de4b07f02db627299","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Singer, F. J.","contributorId":97848,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Singer","given":"F.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":322139,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bleich, V. C.","contributorId":26260,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Bleich","given":"V. C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":322137,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Gudorf, M.A.","contributorId":92205,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gudorf","given":"M.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":322138,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":1015073,"text":"1015073 - 2000 - Population growth, fecundity, and survivorship in recovering populations of bighorn sheep","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-12-17T16:12:29","indexId":"1015073","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3271,"text":"Restoration Ecology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Population growth, fecundity, and survivorship in recovering populations of bighorn sheep","docAbstract":"<p>The single greatest obstacle to the restoration of large, healthy, populations of bighorn sheep (<i>Ovis canadensis</i>) in the western United States is epizootic outbreaks of bronchopneumonia that may kill 20–100% of the animals in populations. Although the species is capable of rapid initial growth rates following restoration into new habitat (λ = 1.23–1.30 have been observed), these rates of increase are typical only a few years following the release of a population, and then most populations either decline to extirpation or remnant status (&lt;30 animals) or remain at &lt;100 individuals. We studied the fecundity and survivorship of three increasing, and three declining and suspected diseased, populations of bighorn sheep (the latter were subjected to outbreaks of bronchopneumonia) located in or near several large national parks in the western United States from 1991 to 1996. Titers verified both population categories were exposed to the bacteria <i>Pasteurella haemolytica</i> serotypes 3; 4; and 3, 4, 10; <i>Moraxella</i> sp., and parainfluenza-3 and bluetongue (BT) viruses. Pregnancy rates of adult ewes were not different in increasing or decreasing populations (pooled rate&nbsp;=&nbsp;0.93; <i>p</i>&nbsp;=&nbsp;0.57), but pregnancy rates of yearlings were lower (0.00 for decreasing vs. 0.33 for increasing populations), initial production of lambs and annual recruitment of lambs was lower (0.14, decreasing vs. 0.66, <i>p</i> &lt; 0.05). Adult survival was lower during the first year of an epizootic, 0.62, in one population, but recovered to 0.85 by the second and subsequent years. Survival of adult rams was variable in diseased populations; in two populations rams appeared to be disproportionately impacted, but in a third population rams survived better during the epizootic. In all the increasing park (unhunted) populations, adult ram survival (0.94 ± 0.01) was higher than adult ewe survival (0.89 ± 0.02) (<i>p</i>&nbsp;=&nbsp;0.10), in contrast to published information from hunted populations where ram survival was lower. Removal of about 20% of one population for restorations severely impacted one declining population. Removals of 12–20% appeared to be excessive and were not readily compensated for in the Canyonlands National Park desert bighorn population. Disease was a significant limiting factor to restoration of bighorn sheep in the study areas; six of 11 total recovering populations we monitored closely were negatively influenced by apparent disease at some time during our observations.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1046/j.1526-100x.2000.80067.x","usgsCitation":"Singer, F.J., Williams, E., Miller, M., and Zeigenfuss, L., 2000, Population growth, fecundity, and survivorship in recovering populations of bighorn sheep: Restoration Ecology, v. 8, no. 4S, p. 75-84, https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1526-100x.2000.80067.x.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"75","endPage":"84","costCenters":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":129820,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"8","issue":"4S","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2001-12-25","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ad6e4b07f02db683ecd","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Singer, F. J.","contributorId":97848,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Singer","given":"F.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":322059,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Williams, E.","contributorId":15560,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Williams","given":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":322056,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Miller, M.W.","contributorId":57012,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Miller","given":"M.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":322057,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Zeigenfuss, L. C.","contributorId":69089,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zeigenfuss","given":"L. C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":322058,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70180274,"text":"70180274 - 2000 - Coal marketability; effects of deregulation and regulation","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-01-26T13:48:35","indexId":"70180274","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Coal marketability; effects of deregulation and regulation","docAbstract":"<p>No abstract available</p>","largerWorkType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"largerWorkTitle":"Proceedings of the 25th international technical conference on Coal utilization & fuel systems","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"language":"English","usgsCitation":"Attanasi, E., 2000, Coal marketability; effects of deregulation and regulation, <i>in</i> Proceedings of the 25th international technical conference on Coal utilization & fuel systems, p. 331-341.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"331","endPage":"341","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":334069,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"588b1978e4b0ad67323f97fe","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Attanasi, Emil 0000-0001-6845-7160 attanasi@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6845-7160","contributorId":1809,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Attanasi","given":"Emil","email":"attanasi@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":241,"text":"Eastern Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":661034,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70179220,"text":"70179220 - 2000 - Microscopic functional anatomy: Integumentary system: Chapter 17","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-12-22T09:38:38","indexId":"70179220","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"title":"Microscopic functional anatomy: Integumentary system: Chapter 17","docAbstract":"<p><span>Many of the features of the fish integument can only be observed microscopically. Because there are over 20,000 living fishes, mostly higher bony fishes (teleosts), a great diversity exists in the microscopic anatomy of the integument. This chapter presents several examples from varied taxonomic groups to illustrate the variation in morphological features. As in all vertebrate epidermis, the fundamental structural unit is the epithelial cell. This is the only constant feature, as a great diversity of cell types exists in the various fish taxa. Some of these include apocrine mucous cells and a variety of other secretory cells, ionocytes, sensory cells, and wandering cells such as leukocytes. The dermis consists essentially of two sets of collagen fibers arranged in opposing geodesic spirals around the body. The dermis of most fishes is divided into two major layers. The upper (outer) layer, the stratum spongiosum or stratum laxum, is a loose network of connective tissue, whereas the lower layer, the stratum compactum, is a dense layer consisting primarily of orthogonal collagen bands. There are also specialized dermal elements such as chromatophores scales, and fin rays.</span></p>","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"The laboratory fish","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":15,"text":"Monograph"},"language":"English","publisher":"Academic Press","doi":"10.1016/B978-012529650-2/50023-8","usgsCitation":"Elliott, D.G., 2000, Microscopic functional anatomy: Integumentary system: Chapter 17, chap. <i>of</i> The laboratory fish, p. 271-306, https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-012529650-2/50023-8.","productDescription":"36 p.","startPage":"271","endPage":"306","costCenters":[{"id":654,"text":"Western Fisheries Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":332458,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"585cf4ffe4b01224f329bcce","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Ostrander, Gary K.","contributorId":113895,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ostrander","given":"Gary","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":656436,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1}],"authors":[{"text":"Elliott, Diane G. 0000-0002-4809-6692 dgelliott@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4809-6692","contributorId":2947,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Elliott","given":"Diane","email":"dgelliott@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[{"id":654,"text":"Western Fisheries Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":656435,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70180098,"text":"70180098 - 2000 - Monitoring of Lost River and shortnose suckers at the Sprague River Dam fish ladder, Oregon","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-01-24T12:09:28","indexId":"70180098","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":1,"text":"Federal Government Series"},"title":"Monitoring of Lost River and shortnose suckers at the Sprague River Dam fish ladder, Oregon","docAbstract":"<p>Abstract not available&nbsp;</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Bureau of Reclamation","publisherLocation":"Klamath Falls, OR","usgsCitation":"Shively, R., Neuman, E., Cunningham, M., and Hayes, B., 2000, Monitoring of Lost River and shortnose suckers at the Sprague River Dam fish ladder, Oregon.","costCenters":[{"id":654,"text":"Western Fisheries Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":333805,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"588876dfe4b05ccb964bab29","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Shively, R.S.","contributorId":79642,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Shively","given":"R.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":660325,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Neuman, E.B.","contributorId":178664,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Neuman","given":"E.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":660326,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Cunningham, M.E.","contributorId":178600,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Cunningham","given":"M.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":660327,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Hayes, B.S.","contributorId":34721,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hayes","given":"B.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":660328,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70180101,"text":"70180101 - 2000 - Monitoring of Lost River and shortnose suckers at shoreline spawning areas in Upper Klamath Lake, Oregon","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-01-24T12:23:52","indexId":"70180101","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":1,"text":"Federal Government Series"},"title":"Monitoring of Lost River and shortnose suckers at shoreline spawning areas in Upper Klamath Lake, Oregon","docAbstract":"<p>Abstract not available</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Bureau of Reclamation","usgsCitation":"Hayes, B., and Shively, R., 2000, Monitoring of Lost River and shortnose suckers at shoreline spawning areas in Upper Klamath Lake, Oregon.","costCenters":[{"id":654,"text":"Western Fisheries Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":333808,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Oregon","otherGeospatial":"Upper Klamath Lake ","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -121.96884155273436,\n              42.595554553719204\n            ],\n            [\n              -122.07595825195312,\n              42.49944053092116\n            ],\n            [\n              -122.10205078125,\n              42.47209690919285\n            ],\n            [\n              -122.0306396484375,\n              42.37376383130166\n            ],\n            [\n              -121.91390991210938,\n              42.261049162113856\n            ],\n            [\n              -121.81915283203126,\n              42.222415775126244\n            ],\n            [\n              -121.78482055664061,\n              42.24681856113825\n            ],\n            [\n              -121.80953979492188,\n              42.36057345238456\n            ],\n            [\n              -121.81503295898436,\n              42.41737381352118\n            ],\n            [\n              -121.91390991210938,\n              42.49235259142821\n            ],\n            [\n              -121.937255859375,\n              42.51057709842409\n            ],\n            [\n              -121.9207763671875,\n              42.5318323091809\n            ],\n            [\n              -121.91940307617188,\n              42.57533232110996\n            ],\n            [\n              -121.9482421875,\n              42.595554553719204\n            ],\n            [\n              -121.96884155273436,\n              42.595554553719204\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"588876dee4b05ccb964bab23","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hayes, B.S.","contributorId":34721,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hayes","given":"B.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":660335,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Shively, R.S.","contributorId":79642,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Shively","given":"R.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":660336,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70180097,"text":"70180097 - 2000 - The importance of marine-derived nutrients for ecosystem health and productive fisheries","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-01-24T12:04:21","indexId":"70180097","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":1,"text":"Federal Government Series"},"title":"The importance of marine-derived nutrients for ecosystem health and productive fisheries","docAbstract":"<p>Abstract not available&nbsp;</p>","language":"English","publisher":"National Park Service","publisherLocation":"Port Angeles, WA","usgsCitation":"Winter, B., Reisenbichler, R., and Schreiner, E., 2000, The importance of marine-derived nutrients for ecosystem health and productive fisheries, 32 p. .","productDescription":"32 p. ","costCenters":[{"id":654,"text":"Western Fisheries Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":333803,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"588876dfe4b05ccb964bab2b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Winter, B.D.","contributorId":178662,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Winter","given":"B.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":660322,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Reisenbichler, R.R.","contributorId":77356,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Reisenbichler","given":"R.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":660323,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Schreiner, E.","contributorId":178663,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Schreiner","given":"E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":660324,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70180095,"text":"70180095 - 2000 - Family Rhabdoviridae","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-01-24T11:52:55","indexId":"70180095","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"title":"Family Rhabdoviridae","docAbstract":"<p>Abstract not available</p>","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"The seventh report of the international committee for taxonomy of viruses","language":"English","publisher":"Academic Press","usgsCitation":"Walker, P., Benmansour, A., Calisher, C., Dietzgen, R., Fang, R., Jackson, A., Kurath, G., Leong, J., Nadin-Davis, S., Tesh, R., and Tordo, N., 2000, Family Rhabdoviridae, chap. <i>of</i> The seventh report of the international committee for taxonomy of viruses, p. 563-583.","productDescription":"21 p. ","startPage":"563","endPage":"583","costCenters":[{"id":654,"text":"Western Fisheries Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":333798,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"588876dfe4b05ccb964bab2f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Walker, P.J.","contributorId":178364,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Walker","given":"P.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":660309,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Benmansour, A.","contributorId":107928,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Benmansour","given":"A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":660310,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Calisher, C.H.","contributorId":34359,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Calisher","given":"C.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":660311,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Dietzgen, R.","contributorId":178659,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Dietzgen","given":"R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":660312,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Fang, R.X.","contributorId":178660,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Fang","given":"R.X.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":660313,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Jackson, A.O.","contributorId":178361,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Jackson","given":"A.O.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":660314,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Kurath, G.","contributorId":152437,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kurath","given":"G.","affiliations":[{"id":654,"text":"Western Fisheries Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":660315,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Leong, J.C.","contributorId":152183,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Leong","given":"J.C.","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":25665,"text":"Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":660316,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Nadin-Davis, S.","contributorId":178362,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Nadin-Davis","given":"S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":660317,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9},{"text":"Tesh, R.B.","contributorId":178363,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Tesh","given":"R.B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":660318,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":10},{"text":"Tordo, N.","contributorId":178357,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Tordo","given":"N.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":660319,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":11}]}}
,{"id":70180108,"text":"70180108 - 2000 - Technical assistance for Pacific lamprey studies: final report of research","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-01-24T12:54:48","indexId":"70180108","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":9,"text":"Other Report"},"title":"Technical assistance for Pacific lamprey studies: final report of research","language":"English","publisher":"Confederated Tribes of the Umatilla Indian Reservation","publisherLocation":"Pendleton, OR","usgsCitation":"Bayer, J., and Seelye, J., 2000, Technical assistance for Pacific lamprey studies: final report of research.","costCenters":[{"id":654,"text":"Western Fisheries Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":333815,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"588876dee4b05ccb964bab19","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bayer, J.M.","contributorId":47945,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bayer","given":"J.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":660344,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Seelye, J.G.","contributorId":32861,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Seelye","given":"J.G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":660345,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
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