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","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":111942,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://www.dggs.dnr.state.ak.us/pubs/id/11377","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":365342,"rank":3,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1981/0182/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":141133,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1981/0182/report-thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a1ae4b07f02db606df5","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Gough, L. P.","contributorId":64198,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gough","given":"L.","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":159261,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Severson, R. 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1981 - Review of earthquake activity and current status of seismic monitoring in the region of the Bradley Lake hydroelectric project, southern Kenai Peninsula, Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:06:26","indexId":"ofr81736","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"81-736","title":"Review of earthquake activity and current status of seismic monitoring in the region of the Bradley Lake hydroelectric project, southern Kenai Peninsula, Alaska","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/ofr81736","usgsCitation":"Lahr, J.C., and Stephens, C., 1981, Review of earthquake activity and current status of seismic monitoring in the region of the Bradley Lake hydroelectric project, southern Kenai Peninsula, Alaska: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 81-736, 34 p. ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr81736.","productDescription":"34 p. ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":143188,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1981/0736/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":37715,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1981/0736/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a17e4b07f02db60410d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lahr, John C.","contributorId":20328,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lahr","given":"John","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":160536,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Stephens, C.D.","contributorId":18752,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stephens","given":"C.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":160535,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":10108,"text":"ofr811085 - 1981 - Areal and textural distribution of particulate gold in sediments from Bluff Beach, Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:06:35","indexId":"ofr811085","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"81-1085","title":"Areal and textural distribution of particulate gold in sediments from Bluff Beach, Alaska","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/ofr811085","usgsCitation":"Luepke, G., and Leong, K.W., 1981, Areal and textural distribution of particulate gold in sediments from Bluff Beach, Alaska: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 81-1085, 40 p. ill., map ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr811085.","productDescription":"40 p. ill., map ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":144943,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1981/1085/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":37957,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1981/1085/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4abce4b07f02db67359f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Luepke, Gretchen","contributorId":91827,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Luepke","given":"Gretchen","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":160829,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Leong, Kam Wo","contributorId":99987,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Leong","given":"Kam","email":"","middleInitial":"Wo","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":160830,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":10118,"text":"ofr81398 - 1981 - Petrographic and chemical data on Cretaceous granitic rocks of the Big Delta Quadrangle, Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:06:38","indexId":"ofr81398","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"81-398","title":"Petrographic and chemical data on Cretaceous granitic rocks of the Big Delta Quadrangle, Alaska","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/ofr81398","usgsCitation":"Luthy, S.T., Foster, H.L., and Cushing, G.W., 1981, Petrographic and chemical data on Cretaceous granitic rocks of the Big Delta Quadrangle, Alaska: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 81-398, 12 leaves ;28 cm. in envelope (31 x 23 cm.); (13 p., 3 over-size sheets, scale 1:250,000 - 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1981 - A field guide to some common megafossils from post-Callovian Mesozoic rocks of the Alaska Peninsula","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:06:23","indexId":"ofr81745","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"81-745","title":"A field guide to some common megafossils from post-Callovian Mesozoic rocks of the Alaska Peninsula","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/ofr81745","usgsCitation":"Miller, J.W., and Jones, D.L., 1981, A field guide to some common megafossils from post-Callovian Mesozoic rocks of the Alaska Peninsula: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 81-745, 16 p.; 1 over-size sheet, ill. ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr81745.","productDescription":"16 p.; 1 over-size sheet, ill. ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":143664,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1981/0745/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":38193,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1981/0745/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":38194,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1981/0745/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b24e4b07f02db6aec80","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Miller, John W.","contributorId":70357,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Miller","given":"John","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":161223,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Jones, David Lawrence","contributorId":11580,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jones","given":"David","email":"","middleInitial":"Lawrence","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":161222,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":10369,"text":"ofr81103 - 1981 - Genesis of gold vein mineralization in an Upper Cretaceous turbidite sequence, Hope-Sunrise District, southern Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:06:20","indexId":"ofr81103","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"81-103","title":"Genesis of gold vein mineralization in an Upper Cretaceous turbidite sequence, Hope-Sunrise District, southern Alaska","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/ofr81103","usgsCitation":"Mitchell, P., Silberman, M.L., and O’Neil, J.R., 1981, Genesis of gold vein mineralization in an Upper Cretaceous turbidite sequence, Hope-Sunrise District, southern Alaska: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 81-103, ii, 20 p. :ill. ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr81103.","productDescription":"ii, 20 p. :ill. ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":142615,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1981/0103/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":38205,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1981/0103/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b12e4b07f02db6a2cce","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Mitchell, P.A.","contributorId":85187,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mitchell","given":"P.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":161271,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Silberman, Miles L.","contributorId":23947,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Silberman","given":"Miles","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":161269,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"O’Neil, James R.","contributorId":70762,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"O’Neil","given":"James","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":161270,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":10376,"text":"ofr81967 - 1981 - Depositional facies, petrography, and reservoir potential of the Fortress Mountain Formation (Lower Cretaceous), central North Slope, Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:06:20","indexId":"ofr81967","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"81-967","title":"Depositional facies, petrography, and reservoir potential of the Fortress Mountain Formation (Lower Cretaceous), central North Slope, Alaska","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/ofr81967","usgsCitation":"Molenaar, C.M., Egbert, R., and Krystinik, L., 1981, Depositional facies, petrography, and reservoir potential of the Fortress Mountain Formation (Lower Cretaceous), central North Slope, Alaska: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 81-967, ii, 35 p. ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr81967.","productDescription":"ii, 35 p. ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":142297,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1981/0967/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":38209,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1981/0967/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ab1e4b07f02db66e994","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Molenaar, C. M.","contributorId":77904,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Molenaar","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":161281,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Egbert, R.M.","contributorId":38988,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Egbert","given":"R.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":161280,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Krystinik, L.F.","contributorId":78329,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Krystinik","given":"L.F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":161282,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":10377,"text":"ofr811084 - 1981 - Depositional history and seismic stratigraphy of Lower Cretaceous rocks, National Petroleum Reserve in Alaska and adjacent areas","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:06:20","indexId":"ofr811084","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"81-1084","title":"Depositional history and seismic stratigraphy of Lower Cretaceous rocks, National Petroleum Reserve in Alaska and adjacent areas","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/ofr811084","usgsCitation":"Molenaar, C.M., 1981, Depositional history and seismic stratigraphy of Lower Cretaceous rocks, National Petroleum Reserve in Alaska and adjacent areas: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 81-1084, ii, 45 p. ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr811084.","productDescription":"ii, 45 p. ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":142298,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1981/1084/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":38210,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1981/1084/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ab1e4b07f02db66e84e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Molenaar, C. M.","contributorId":77904,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Molenaar","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":161283,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":10393,"text":"ofr811358 - 1981 - Evaluation of radar imagery for geological and cartographic applications","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-03-28T13:19:19","indexId":"ofr811358","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"81-1358","title":"Evaluation of radar imagery for geological and cartographic applications","docAbstract":"The House/Senate conference report on H.R. 4930 (96th Congress), the Department of the Interior and Related Agencies Appropriations bill, 1980, stated that the U.S. Geological Survey should \"begin the use of side-looking airborne radar imagery for topographic and geological mapping, and geological resource surveys in promising areas, particularly Alaska.\" In response to this mandate, the Survey acquired radar data and began scientific studies to analyze and interpret these data. About 70 percent of the project funding was used to acquire radar imagery and to evaluate Alaskan applications. Results of these studies indicate that radar images have a unique incremental value for certain geologic and cartographic applications but that the images are best suited for use as supplemental information sources or as primary data sources in areas of persistent cloud cover.
The value of radar data is greatest for geologic mapping and resource surveys, particularly for mineral and petroleum exploration, where the objective is to locate any single feature or group of features that may control the occurrences of these resources. Radar images are considered by oil and gas companies to be worth the cost of data acquisition within a limited area of active exploration.
Radar images also have incremental value for geologic site studies and hazard mapping. The need in these cases is TO inventory all geologic hazards to human life, property, resources, and the environment. For other geologic applications, radar images have a relatively small incremental value over a combination of Landsat images and aerial photographs.
The value of radar images for cartographic applications is minimal, except when they are used as a substitute for aerial photographs and topographic maps in persistently cloud-covered areas. If conventional data sources are not available, radar images provide useful information on terrain relief, landforms, drainage patterns, and land cover. Screen less lithography is a low-cost method of reproducing the images.
The images from modern, commercially available radar systems have good visual quality; they also have better geometric accuracy and higher information content than images from older systems. Images from modern systems, however, also have some of the same disadvantages as those from older systems. The most serious problem is that considerable information is lost in the process of recording the radar return on film. Another problem is that the oblique radar view of the landscape results in interpretations that are biased by look direction. A compromise antenna depression angle also commonly results in inadequate or excessive shadowing in parts of the image. There is a need for high-resolution digital data, not currently available from the private sector, to significantly improve the utility of radar data for geologic and cartographic applications.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr811358","usgsCitation":"Moore, G.K., and Sheehan, C.A., 1981, Evaluation of radar imagery for geological and cartographic applications: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 81-1358, iii, 37 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr811358.","productDescription":"iii, 37 p.","costCenters":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":143925,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1981/1358/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":38225,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1981/1358/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a09e4b07f02db5fac20","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Moore, Gerald K.","contributorId":14377,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Moore","given":"Gerald","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":161312,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Sheehan, Cynthia A.","contributorId":44921,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sheehan","given":"Cynthia","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":161313,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":10411,"text":"ofr81315 - 1981 - Vegetation mapping of the National Petroleum Reserve in Alaska using Landsat digital data","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:06:32","indexId":"ofr81315","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"81-315","title":"Vegetation mapping of the National Petroleum Reserve in Alaska using Landsat digital data","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/ofr81315","usgsCitation":"Morrissey, L., and Ennis, R., 1981, Vegetation mapping of the National Petroleum Reserve in Alaska using Landsat digital data: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 81-315, 27 p. ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr81315.","productDescription":"27 p. ;28 cm.","numberOfPages":"27","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":143859,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1981/0315/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":38271,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1981/0315/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a14e4b07f02db602528","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Morrissey, L.A.","contributorId":34136,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Morrissey","given":"L.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":161341,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Ennis, R.A.","contributorId":69151,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ennis","given":"R.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":161342,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":10504,"text":"ofr81905 - 1981 - Ground-water reconnaissance of part of the lower Kenai Peninsula, Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:06:38","indexId":"ofr81905","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"81-905","title":"Ground-water reconnaissance of part of the lower Kenai Peninsula, Alaska","docAbstract":"Most residential and industrial development of the Lower Kenai Peninsula, Alaska, is along the coast of Cook Inlet. Most of the information about subsurface conditions is obtained from wells along the coast. Ground water is recharged by local precipitation, and slow drainage of ground water to the streams maintains streamflow during winters and periods of no precipitation. Sedimentary bedrock of the Tertiary Kenai Group is the principal source of water to wells, but subsurface data are too sparse to differentiate individual aquifers within the bedrock. Most bedrock wells are completed in poorly consolidated sandstone. Glacial till overlies bedrock in much of the study area, but few wells obtain water from the poorly permeable till. Glacial outwash and abandoned-channel deposits in major drainageways of alluvial plains provide water to wells but are little utilized and have not been explored by drilling. Intermorainal valleys and areas of low relief are poorly drained , and bog deposits overlie surficial materials in parts of the area. Bog deposits contain highly colored, iron-rich water that is undesirable to most consumers. Lacustrine clays overlie and are interbedded with fluvial materials and contain little extractable water. Streams have incised older glacial sediments and deposited alluvium along the present flood plains. Where the alluvium is thick enough, it has good potential for providing ground water to high-capacity wells. However, production of ground water from alluvium or other deposits hydraulically connected to streams will reduce streamflow. Surficial deposits with the best potential for developing significant ground-water supplies in the study area are the deltaic complex near the mouth of Kasilof River, the alluvium of Crooked Creek, and abandoned-channel deposits in the alluvial plain near Ninilchik and in an ancestral drainageway of Tustumena Glacier south of Crooked Creek. (USGS)","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/ofr81905","usgsCitation":"Nelson, G., and Johnson, P., 1981, Ground-water reconnaissance of part of the lower Kenai Peninsula, Alaska: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 81-905, iv, 32 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr81905.","productDescription":"iv, 32 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":144637,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1981/0905/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":38359,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1981/0905/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4aa7e4b07f02db667174","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Nelson, G.L.","contributorId":75544,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nelson","given":"G.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":161512,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Johnson, P.R.","contributorId":37332,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Johnson","given":"P.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":161511,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":10505,"text":"ofr81685 - 1981 - Hydrology and the effects of industrial pumping in the Nikiski area, Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-08-01T22:19:07.162703","indexId":"ofr81685","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"81-685","title":"Hydrology and the effects of industrial pumping in the Nikiski area, Alaska","docAbstract":"Ground-water consumption for industrial use at Nikiski increased from about 1 million gallons per day in 1968 to 4.2 million gallons per day in 1979. Water managers and local citizens are concerned that industrial pumping may reduce the esthetic and recreational value of local lakes. Some lake levels have declined as much as 8 feet since pumping began; the greatest declines occurred in lakes nearest the center of pumping.
Ground water occurs in three aquifers. The upper aquifer is unconfined and is hydraulically connected to most lakes and streams in the area. The upper two aquifers are hydraulically connected through a leaky confining layer, and water levels in the two aquifers fluctuate synchronously with changes in precipitation and changes in pumping from either aquifer. The hydraulic connection of the lower confined aquifer, the deepest of the three aquifers, to the other two aquifers is poor. Drawdowns caused by pumping have stabilized in all three aquifers. This indicates that the pumping is in equilibrium with the hydrologic boundaries. In the lower two aquifers, the potentiometric surfaces near some production wells are below sea level; however, no salt water has intruded the aquifers as far as the pumped wells. If intrusion occurs or if additional water supplies are needed, another potential site for ground-water development is the middle Beaver Creek basin, 7-10 miles east of the industrial area.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr81685","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Alaska Department of Natural Resources and Kenai Peninsula Borough","usgsCitation":"Nelson, G.L., 1981, Hydrology and the effects of industrial pumping in the Nikiski area, Alaska: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 81-685, iv, 22 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr81685.","productDescription":"iv, 22 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":144638,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1981/0685/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":419484,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1981/0685/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","city":"Nikiski","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -151.45826580748331,\n 60.746844331157206\n ],\n [\n -151.45826580748331,\n 60.6716276310604\n ],\n [\n -151.2111813821138,\n 60.6716276310604\n ],\n [\n -151.2111813821138,\n 60.746844331157206\n ],\n [\n -151.45826580748331,\n 60.746844331157206\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4acce4b07f02db67e83f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Nelson, Gordon L.","contributorId":55443,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nelson","given":"Gordon","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":161513,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":10560,"text":"ofr81827 - 1981 - Grain size data compilation and parameters of sediment samples; lower Cook Inlet, Alaska, 1976 through 1979","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-11-24T18:02:00.459383","indexId":"ofr81827","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"81-827","title":"Grain size data compilation and parameters of sediment samples; lower Cook Inlet, Alaska, 1976 through 1979","docAbstract":"Lower Cook Inlet is the southern part of the large tidal inlet that connects Anchorage with the Pacific Ocean (fig. 1). During the summer field seasons of 1976, 1977, 1978, and 1979, the U.S. Geological Survey under contract with the Bureau of Land Management through the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration conducted geo-environmental studies in lower Cook Inlet (note Table 1) (Bouma and Hampton, 1976; Bouma and others, 1978, Hampton and Bouma 1979, 1980).
The USGS research vessel SEA SOUNDER was used to obtain continuous seismic reflection profiles and to collect seafloor sediment samples. In addition, bottom samples were taken by the University of Alaska during benthic biological studies aboard the R/V MOANA WAVE (April 1976) and the NOAA vessel MILLER FREEMAN (October1976, Feder,1977). Textural analyses were carried out on sediment samples taken at 117 station locations. Sample collection was influenced by the nature of the substrate, texture, equipment malfunction and weather. Figure 2 presents a map with station locations. Station locations and other data are tabulated in Appendix I.
A modified Van Veen grab sampler, capable of taking an undisturbed surface sample of 40X60X30 cm was used to collect unconsolidated sediment. In addition, a 3-m gravity corer and a 2-m vibracorer were used at selected sites. The top ten centimeters of each sample were used for grain size analysis. Most samples were taken from bedform fields that occupy much of central lower Cook Inlet. Water depths in the lower inlet range from 40 to 170 m, averaging approximately 70 m. Strong tidal currents are present and surface water velocities of 3-5 knots (150-250 cm/sec) are common during flood and ebb tides (Bouma and Hampton, 1978).
The bottom of central lower Cook Inlet is almost completely covered by sand. Bedrock material can be observed at the seafloor on seismic records in isolated areas. The sand occurs in bedform patterns; textural data are important when determining the relationship between the currents and migrating sand bodies patterns. Immediate and long-term effects of sand movement over and around obstructions placed on the seafloor should be studied to prevent damage or destruction to the sensitive ecosystem of lower Cook Inlet.
This report presents textural grain-size data that have been gathered for lower Cook Inlet samples, the method of collection, and analytical processes. The data in Appendix 2 can be used to compare calculated parameters in order to properly assess the sedimentary environment of lower Cook Inlet.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr81827","usgsCitation":"Orlando, R.C., and Martin, A., 1981, Grain size data compilation and parameters of sediment samples; lower Cook Inlet, Alaska, 1976 through 1979: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 81-827, 11 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr81827.","productDescription":"11 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":422891,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1981/0827/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":142411,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1981/0827/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"lower Cook Inlet","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -153.007354534289,\n 60.206774150854926\n ],\n [\n -153.007354534289,\n 58.78930420832526\n ],\n [\n -151.59863723061684,\n 58.78930420832526\n ],\n [\n -151.59863723061684,\n 60.206774150854926\n ],\n [\n -153.007354534289,\n 60.206774150854926\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4abce4b07f02db672cfb","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Orlando, Robert C.","contributorId":86220,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Orlando","given":"Robert","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":161592,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Martin, Ann","contributorId":96529,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Martin","given":"Ann","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":161593,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":10621,"text":"ofr811072 - 1981 - Results of exploratory drilling at Point MacKenzie, Alaska, 1981","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:06:21","indexId":"ofr811072","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"81-1072","title":"Results of exploratory drilling at Point MacKenzie, Alaska, 1981","docAbstract":"The Matanuska-Susitna Borough anticipates industrial development near Point MacKenzie, Alaska. Because little hydrologic information is available for the area, the Borough contracted for the drilling of two test wells. It was found that: Both wells penetrated unconsolidated stratified clay, silt, sand, and gravel; each well penetrated a shallow unconfined and deeper confined aquifers; the water levels in the wells rise and fall with the tide; the chemical analyses indicate that the water quality meets the Alaska Drinking Water Standards, except for slightly high levels of manganese and pH; and the potential for saltwater intrusion should be evaluated as part of future studies. (USGS)","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/ofr811072","usgsCitation":"Patrick, L., 1981, Results of exploratory drilling at Point MacKenzie, Alaska, 1981: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 81-1072, ii, 11 p. ill. ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr811072.","productDescription":"ii, 11 p. ill. ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":142488,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1981/1072/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":38453,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1981/1072/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a4ae4b07f02db6248c1","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Patrick, Leslie","contributorId":36136,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Patrick","given":"Leslie","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":161695,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":10784,"text":"ofr8149 - 1981 - Current meter observations within lower Cook Inlet, Alaska, 1978-1979 from the R/V Sea Sounder, Pacific-Arctic Branch, U.S. Geological Survey","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-01-24T20:28:51.153141","indexId":"ofr8149","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"81-49","title":"Current meter observations within lower Cook Inlet, Alaska, 1978-1979 from the R/V Sea Sounder, Pacific-Arctic Branch, U.S. Geological Survey","docAbstract":"The U.S. Geological Survey under contract to the U.S. Bureau of Land Management conducted geo-environmental hazard studies within lower Cook Inlet, Alaska from 1975 through 1979 (Bouma and Hampton, 1976; Bouma and others, 1977 a,b, 1978 ; Hampton and Bouma 1979). As part of this effort the U.S. Geological Survey research vessel, R/V SEA SOUNDER, conducted two cruises in 1978 and one cruise in 1979 (Table 1). A number of stations were occupied for various periods of time (Fig. 1) during which tidal current speed and direction data was recorded. Some 1978 data was obtained concurrently with bottom boundary layer experiments conducted with a large instrumented tripod system referred to as GEOPROBE (Cacchione and Drake, 1979).
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr8149","usgsCitation":"Rappeport, M., 1981, Current meter observations within lower Cook Inlet, Alaska, 1978-1979 from the R/V Sea Sounder, Pacific-Arctic Branch, U.S. Geological Survey: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 81-49, 78 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr8149.","productDescription":"78 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":145096,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1981/0049/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":424898,"rank":3,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1981/0049/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":391960,"rank":2,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_12050.htm"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"lower Cook Inlet","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -154.21122119264936,\n 60.48960645459513\n ],\n [\n -154.21122119264936,\n 58.72825698877193\n ],\n [\n -151.51638403220534,\n 58.72825698877193\n ],\n [\n -151.51638403220534,\n 60.48960645459513\n ],\n [\n -154.21122119264936,\n 60.48960645459513\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ab2e4b07f02db66ec85","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Rappeport, M.L.","contributorId":48157,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rappeport","given":"M.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":161956,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":10797,"text":"ofr81950 - 1981 - Ice-gouge data, Beaufort Sea, Alaska, 1972-1980","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-06-26T19:24:32.913553","indexId":"ofr81950","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"81-950","title":"Ice-gouge data, Beaufort Sea, Alaska, 1972-1980","docAbstract":"The interaction of sea ice with the sea floor is an important factor affecting geologic processes on high latitude shelves. One of the most obvious forms of this interaction is the formation of furrow-like gouges or the sea floor. These gouges are caused by wind- and current-driven ice masses that rake the seabed with their keels. Since the advent of side-scanning sonar about 1970, the morphology and character of these seabed features have been under study. Ice gouges have been reported from the Bering Sea (Thor and Nelson, 1980); from the Chukchi Sea (Rex, 1955; Toimil, 1978); from the Beaufort Sea off Alaska (Brooks, 1974; Carsola, 1954; Reimnitz et al., 1972); from the Beaufort Sea off Canada (Kindle, 1924; Lewis, 1978; Pelletier and Shearer, 1972; Wahlgren, 1979); from the east coast of Canada (Harris, 1974); from the northeast Atlantic (Belderson et al., 1973); and from the Great Lakes (Berkson and Clay, 1973).
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr81950","usgsCitation":"Rearic, D.M., Barnes, P.W., and Reimnitz, E., 1981, Ice-gouge data, Beaufort Sea, Alaska, 1972-1980: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 81-950, 22 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr81950.","productDescription":"22 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":418471,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1981/0950/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":143883,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1981/0950/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"Beaufort Sea","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -158.9068868579794,\n 73.12276506117749\n ],\n [\n -158.9068868579794,\n 69.54049536847626\n ],\n [\n -141.13582197059608,\n 69.54049536847626\n ],\n [\n -141.13582197059608,\n 73.12276506117749\n ],\n [\n -158.9068868579794,\n 73.12276506117749\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a0ae4b07f02db5fb784","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Rearic, Douglas M.","contributorId":52969,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rearic","given":"Douglas","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":161984,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Barnes, Peter W.","contributorId":6042,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Barnes","given":"Peter","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":161982,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Reimnitz, Erk","contributorId":17963,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Reimnitz","given":"Erk","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":161983,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":10962,"text":"ofr8213 - 1981 - An oilspill risk analysis for the Beaufort Sea, Alaska (proposed sale 71)outer continental shelf lease area","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:06:26","indexId":"ofr8213","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"82-13","title":"An oilspill risk analysis for the Beaufort Sea, Alaska (proposed sale 71)outer continental shelf lease area","docAbstract":"An oilspill risk analysis was conducted to determine the relative environmental hazards of developing oil in different regions of the Beaufort Sea, Alaska, (Proposed Sale 71) Outer Continental Shelf (OCS) lease area. The probability of spill occurrences, likely movement of oil slicks, and locations of resources vulnerable to spilled oil were analyzed. The model predicted movement of the center of spill mass and estimated the times between spill occurrence and contact with various resources, to allow a qualitative assessment of oil characteristics at the time of contact; no direct computation was made of weathering and cleanup. The model also assumed that any oil spilled under ice would remain in place, unchanged, until spring breakup. Ice movements, or travel of oil under ice, if occurring, would affect the results in a manner not directly predictable at this time. The combined results of spill occurrence and spill movement predictions yielded estimates of the overall risks associated with development of the proposed lease area. Assuming that oil exists in the lease area (a 99.3-percent chance) it is estimated that the leasing of the tracts proposed for OCS Sale 71 will result in an expected 9.2 oilspills (of 1,000 barrels or larger) over the lease lifetime of 25 years. This estimate is based on historic oilspill accident data for platforms and pipelines on the U.S. OCS (Gulf of Mexico and California). The estimated probability that land will be contacted by one or more oilspills (of 1,000 barrels or larger) that have been at sea less than 30 days (not counting any time trapped under ice) is greater than 99.5 percent. If oilspill accident data for Prudhoe Bay, Alaska, is used in the analysis, it is estimated that 5.6 oilspills (1,000 barrels or larger) will occur over the lease lifetime. The estimated probability that one or more oilspills (1,000 barrels or larger)will occur and contact land is99 percent. The results of a recent experimental cleanup operation for oilspills under ice in Canadian Arctic waters showed a substantial degree of success; this should be considered in evaluating impacts of spills predicted by this model. Oilspill occurrence probabilities are high primarily because of the large amount of oil believed to be present in the area.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/ofr8213","usgsCitation":"Samuels, W., Hopkins, D., and Lanfear, K., 1981, An oilspill risk analysis for the Beaufort Sea, Alaska (proposed sale 71)outer continental shelf lease area: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 82-13, viii, 111 p., ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr8213.","productDescription":"viii, 111 p., ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":143321,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1982/0013/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":38734,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1982/0013/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ad6e4b07f02db684199","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Samuels, W.B.","contributorId":85958,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Samuels","given":"W.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":162281,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hopkins, Dorothy","contributorId":11614,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hopkins","given":"Dorothy","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":162279,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Lanfear, K.J.","contributorId":14392,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lanfear","given":"K.J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":162280,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":10968,"text":"ofr81320 - 1981 - An oilspill risk analysis for the Norton Sound, Alaska (proposed sale 57), outer continental shelf lease area","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:06:26","indexId":"ofr81320","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"81-320","title":"An oilspill risk analysis for the Norton Sound, Alaska (proposed sale 57), outer continental shelf lease area","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/ofr81320","usgsCitation":"Samuels, W., and Lanfear, K.J., 1981, An oilspill risk analysis for the Norton Sound, Alaska (proposed sale 57), outer continental shelf lease area: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 81-320, vi, 121 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr81320.","productDescription":"vi, 121 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":142969,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1981/0320/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":38738,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1981/0320/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ad6e4b07f02db6842db","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Samuels, William B.","contributorId":13238,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Samuels","given":"William B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":162295,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Lanfear, Kenneth J.","contributorId":20738,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lanfear","given":"Kenneth","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":162296,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":10971,"text":"ofr81864 - 1981 - An oilspill risk analysis for the St. George Basin, Alaska, (proposed sale 70) outer continental shelf lease area","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:06:26","indexId":"ofr81864","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"81-864","title":"An oilspill risk analysis for the St. George Basin, Alaska, (proposed sale 70) outer continental shelf lease area","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/ofr81864","usgsCitation":"Samuels, W., and Hopkins, D., 1981, An oilspill risk analysis for the St. George Basin, Alaska, (proposed sale 70) outer continental shelf lease area: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 81-864, viii, 98 p. ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr81864.","productDescription":"viii, 98 p. ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":142991,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1981/0864/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":38741,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1981/0864/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ad6e4b07f02db684273","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Samuels, William B.","contributorId":13238,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Samuels","given":"William B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":162302,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hopkins, Dorothy","contributorId":11614,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hopkins","given":"Dorothy","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":162301,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":11031,"text":"ofr81552 - 1981 - Preliminary geologic map of Fire Island, municipality of Anchorage, Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:06:25","indexId":"ofr81552","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"81-552","title":"Preliminary geologic map of Fire Island, municipality of Anchorage, Alaska","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/ofr81552","usgsCitation":"Schmoll, H.R., Dobrovolny, E., and Gardner, C.A., 1981, Preliminary geologic map of Fire Island, municipality of Anchorage, Alaska: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 81-552, 5 p., 1 over-size sheet, scale 1:25,000 ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr81552.","productDescription":"5 p., 1 over-size sheet, scale 1:25,000 ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":108160,"rank":700,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_12076.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"},"description":"12076"},{"id":143254,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1981/0552/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":38795,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1981/0552/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":38796,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1981/0552/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"scale":"25000","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ac8e4b07f02db67c0c7","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Schmoll, Henry R. schmoll@usgs.gov","contributorId":3793,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schmoll","given":"Henry","email":"schmoll@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":162407,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Dobrovolny, Ernest","contributorId":45288,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dobrovolny","given":"Ernest","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":162408,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Gardner, Cynthia A. 0000-0002-6214-6182 cgardner@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6214-6182","contributorId":1959,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gardner","given":"Cynthia","email":"cgardner@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":162406,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":11032,"text":"ofr81429 - 1981 - Preliminary geologic map of the Congahbuna area, Cook Inlet region, Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-02T17:16:06","indexId":"ofr81429","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"81-429","title":"Preliminary geologic map of the Congahbuna area, Cook Inlet region, Alaska","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/ofr81429","usgsCitation":"Schmoll, H.R., Yehle, L.A., and Gardner, C.A., 1981, Preliminary geologic map of the Congahbuna area, Cook Inlet region, Alaska: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 81-429, 9 p., 1 over-size sheet, scales 1:63,360 and 1:1,000,000 ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr81429.","productDescription":"9 p., 1 over-size sheet, scales 1:63,360 and 1:1,000,000 ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":108150,"rank":700,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_12034.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"},"description":"12034"},{"id":143609,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1981/0429/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":38797,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1981/0429/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":38798,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1981/0429/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"scale":"63360","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ac8e4b07f02db67bb97","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Schmoll, Henry R. schmoll@usgs.gov","contributorId":3793,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schmoll","given":"Henry","email":"schmoll@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":162410,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Yehle, Lynn A. yehle@usgs.gov","contributorId":3794,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Yehle","given":"Lynn","email":"yehle@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":162411,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Gardner, Cynthia A. 0000-0002-6214-6182 cgardner@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6214-6182","contributorId":1959,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gardner","given":"Cynthia","email":"cgardner@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":162409,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":11112,"text":"ofr81243 - 1981 - Chemical character of minesoils at one Alaskan and twelve western conterminous United States coal-stripmines","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:06:24","indexId":"ofr81243","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"81-243","title":"Chemical character of minesoils at one Alaskan and twelve western conterminous United States coal-stripmines","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/ofr81243","usgsCitation":"Severson, R.C., and Gough, L.P., 1981, Chemical character of minesoils at one Alaskan and twelve western conterminous United States coal-stripmines: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 81-243, 82 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr81243.","productDescription":"82 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":143510,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1981/0243/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":38874,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1981/0243/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49e0e4b07f02db5e475b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Severson, R. C.","contributorId":46498,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Severson","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":162565,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Gough, L. P.","contributorId":64198,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gough","given":"L.","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":162566,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":11218,"text":"ofr81118 - 1981 - Leachability of uranium and other elements from freshly erupted volcanic ash","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":11218,"text":"ofr81118 - 1981 - Leachability of uranium and other elements from freshly erupted volcanic ash","indexId":"ofr81118","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"title":"Leachability of uranium and other elements from freshly erupted volcanic ash"},"predicate":"SUPERSEDED_BY","object":{"id":70011897,"text":"70011897 - 1982 - Leachability of uranium and other elements from freshly erupted volcanic ash","indexId":"70011897","publicationYear":"1982","noYear":false,"title":"Leachability of uranium and other elements from freshly erupted volcanic ash"},"id":1}],"supersededBy":{"id":70011897,"text":"70011897 - 1982 - Leachability of uranium and other elements from freshly erupted volcanic ash","indexId":"70011897","publicationYear":"1982","noYear":false,"title":"Leachability of uranium and other elements from freshly erupted volcanic ash"},"lastModifiedDate":"2025-05-14T19:49:48.648787","indexId":"ofr81118","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"81-118","title":"Leachability of uranium and other elements from freshly erupted volcanic ash","docAbstract":"A study of leaching of freshly erupted basaltic and dacitic air-fall ash and bomb fragment samples, unaffected by rain, shows that glass dissolution is the dominant orocess by which uranium is initially mobilized from air-fall volcanic ash. Si, Li, and V are also Preferentially mobilized by glass dissolution. Gaseous transfer followed by fixation of soluble uranium species on volcanic-ash particles is not an important process affecting uranium mobility. Gaseous transfer, however, may be important in forming water-soluble phases, adsorbed to ash surfaces, enriched in the economically and environmentally important elements Zn, Cu, Cd, Ph, B, F, and Ba. Quick removal of these adsorbed elements by the first exposure of freshly erupted ash to rain and surface water may pose short-term hazards to certain forms of aquatic and terrestrial life. Such rapid release of material may also represent the first step in transportation of economically important elements to environments favorable for precipitation into deposits of commercial interest.
Ash samples collected from the active Guatemalan volcanoes Fuego and Pacaya (high-Al basalts) and Santiaguito (hornblende-hypersthene dacite); bomb fragments from Augustine volcano (andesite-dacite), Alaska, and Heimaey (basalt), Vestmann Islands, Iceland; and fragments of \"rhyolitic\" pumice from various historic eruptions were subjected to three successive leaches with a constant water-to-ash weight ratio of 4:1. The volcanic material was successively leached by (1) distilled-deionized water (pH = 5.0-5.5) at room temperature for 24 hours, which removes water-soluble cases and salts adsorbed on ash surfaces during eruption; (2) dilute HC1 solution (pH = 3.5-4.0) at room temperature for 24 hours, which continues the attack initiated by the water and also attacks acid-soluble sulfides and oxides; '3) a solution 0.05 M in both Na2CO3 and NaHCO3 (pH = 9.9) at 80°C for one week, which preferentially dissolves volcanic class. The first two leaches mimic interaction of ash with rain produced in the vicinity of an active eruption. The third leach accelerates the effect of prolonged contact of volcanic ash with alkaline ground water present during ash diagenesis.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr81118","usgsCitation":"Smith, D., Zielinski, R.A., and Rose, W.I., 1981, Leachability of uranium and other elements from freshly erupted volcanic ash: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 81-118, iii, 95 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr81118.","productDescription":"iii, 95 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":144547,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1981/0118/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":393800,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1981/0118/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b1be4b07f02db6a8996","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Smith, David B. 0000-0001-8396-9105 dsmith@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8396-9105","contributorId":1274,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smith","given":"David B.","email":"dsmith@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":218,"text":"Denver Federal Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":162750,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Zielinski, Robert A. 0000-0002-4047-5129 rzielinski@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4047-5129","contributorId":1593,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zielinski","given":"Robert","email":"rzielinski@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":164,"text":"Central Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":162751,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Rose, William I. Jr.","contributorId":71556,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rose","given":"William","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","middleInitial":"I.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":162752,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":11322,"text":"ofr81897 - 1981 - Eastern Gulf of Alaska seismicity: Annual report to the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration for April 1, 1980, through March 31, 1981","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-08-29T20:56:37.089157","indexId":"ofr81897","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"81-897","title":"Eastern Gulf of Alaska seismicity: Annual report to the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration for April 1, 1980, through March 31, 1981","docAbstract":"The objective of this research is to collect and analyze data on earthquake activity in the northeast Gulf of Alaska (NEGOA) and adjacent onshore areas in order to develop a better regional seismotectonic model and more accurately assess the earthquake potential. This information is critical to the establishment of criteria for the safe development of oil and gas. Large (Ms> 7) historical earthquakes have occurred in and around the NEGOA, and recent studies suggest that the NEGOA is a likely site for a magnitude 8 or larger earthquake to occur within the next two or three decades. A great earthquake (Ms>8) associated with low-angle oblique underthrusting of the sea floor beneath continental shelf could be accompanied by strong ground shaking throughout much of the eastern Gulf of Alaska, possibly from Cross Sound to Kayak Island (Page, 1975), and could trigger tsunamis, seiches, and submarine slumping, any of which could be hazardous to offshore and coastal structures (Meyers, 1976).
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr81897","usgsCitation":"Stephens, C.D., Lahr, J.C., and Rogers, J.A., 1981, Eastern Gulf of Alaska seismicity: Annual report to the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration for April 1, 1980, through March 31, 1981: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 81-897, iii, 32 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr81897.","productDescription":"iii, 32 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":420276,"rank":3,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1981/0897/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":144051,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1981/0897/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":410976,"rank":2,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_12199.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"eastern Gulf of Alaska","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -148,\n 62\n ],\n [\n -148,\n 58\n ],\n [\n -134,\n 58\n ],\n [\n -134,\n 62\n ],\n [\n -148,\n 62\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a4ee4b07f02db6281a8","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Stephens, Christopher D. 0000-0003-0858-3709 cdstephens@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0858-3709","contributorId":2788,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stephens","given":"Christopher","email":"cdstephens@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":162930,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Lahr, John C.","contributorId":20328,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lahr","given":"John","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":162931,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Rogers, John A.","contributorId":82704,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rogers","given":"John","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":162932,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ]}