The dynamic nature of groundwater is not readily apparent, except where discharge is focused at springs or where recharge enters sinkholes. Yet groundwater flow and storage are continually changing in response to human and climatic stresses. Wise development of groundwater resources requires a more complete understanding of these changes in flow and storage and of their effects on the terrestrial environment and on numerous surface-water features and their biota.
Palynological and geochemical analyses of sediment cores collected on two tree islands in the Florida Everglades indicate long-term hydrologic and chemical differences between tree islands and surrounding marshes and sloughs. Gumbo Limbo and Nuthouse tree islands are elongate, teardrop-shaped islands in Water Conservation Area 3B. Prior to tree island formation at both sites, pollen records indicate that sites on modern tree island heads were covered with sawgrass marshes with abundant weedy annuals. Such vegetation is characteristic of moderate water depths and hydroperiods with frequent droughts or disturbances. Contemporaneously deposited sediments on tree island tails indicate progressively deeper water conditions with increasing distance from the head; wetlands surrounding tree islands were covered by sloughs with deep water and long hydroperiods. Tree island formation occurred at about 1200 BC on Gumbo Limbo Island, with mature tree island vegetation established by about 800 AD. On Nuthouse Island, tree island formation occurred around 300 AD, shifting to mature tree island vegetation around 1400 AD. Thus, tree island formation began on these islands between 3.2 Ka and 1.7 Ka. Maturation of tree islands took between 1,000 and 2,000 years, and vegetation on these tree islands has been relatively stable for the last 600–1,200 years. Phosphorus levels on tree island heads have been extremely high (approximately six times greater than baseline levels in marshes) throughout the history of the sites, and phosphorus content in tree island tails began increasing when tree island formation occurred. Elevated phosphorus content may reflect the long-term presence of wading birds at these sites and provide a proxy for reconstructing the historic distribution of wading bird populations.
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The current strategy for dam operations is based on the hypothesis that sand supplied by tributaries of the Colorado River downstream from the dam will accumulate in the channel during normal dam operations and remain available for restoration floods. Recent work has shown that this hypothesis is false, and that tributary sand inputs are exported downstream rapidly typically within weeks or months under the current flow regime.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Eos, Transactions American Geophysical Union","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1029/2002EO000191","usgsCitation":"Rubin, D.M., Topping, D.J., Schmidt, J.C., Hazel, J., Kaplinski, M., and Melis, T., 2002, Recent sediment studies refute Glen Canyon Dam hypothesis: Eos, Transactions, American Geophysical Union, v. 83, no. 25, p. 273-278, https://doi.org/10.1029/2002EO000191.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"273","endPage":"278","costCenters":[{"id":186,"text":"Coastal and Marine Geology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":478605,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2002eo000191","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":293332,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":293331,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2002EO000191"}],"country":"United States","state":"Arizona","otherGeospatial":"Glen Canyon Dam","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -111.500534,36.928274 ], [ -111.500534,36.946111 ], [ -111.468519,36.946111 ], [ -111.468519,36.928274 ], [ -111.500534,36.928274 ] ] ] } } ] }","volume":"83","issue":"25","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2011-06-03","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"542a751fe4b01535cb427a6b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Rubin, David M. 0000-0003-1169-1452 drubin@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1169-1452","contributorId":3159,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rubin","given":"David","email":"drubin@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":520,"text":"Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":499977,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Topping, David J. 0000-0002-2104-4577 dtopping@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2104-4577","contributorId":715,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Topping","given":"David","email":"dtopping@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":568,"text":"Southwest Biological Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":499978,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Schmidt, John C. 0000-0002-2988-3869 jcschmidt@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2988-3869","contributorId":1983,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schmidt","given":"John","email":"jcschmidt@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":568,"text":"Southwest Biological Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":499976,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Hazel, Joe","contributorId":61758,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hazel","given":"Joe","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":499979,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Kaplinski, Matt","contributorId":65817,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kaplinski","given":"Matt","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":499980,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Melis, Theodore S. 0000-0003-0473-3968 tmelis@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0473-3968","contributorId":1829,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Melis","given":"Theodore S.","email":"tmelis@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":568,"text":"Southwest Biological Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":499975,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70123130,"text":"70123130 - 2002 - Basis and methods of NASA airborne topographic mapper lidar surveys for coastal studies","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-09-01T10:15:24","indexId":"70123130","displayToPublicDate":"2002-09-01T10:14:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2220,"text":"Journal of Coastal Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Basis and methods of NASA airborne topographic mapper lidar surveys for coastal studies","docAbstract":"This paper provides an overview of the basic principles of airborne laser altimetry for surveys of coastal topography, and describes the methods used in the acquisition and processing of NASA Airborne Topographic Mapper (ATM) surveys that cover much of the conterminous US coastline. This form of remote sensing, also known as \"topographic lidar\", has undergone extremely rapid development during the last two decades, and has the potential to contribute within a wide range of coastal scientific investigations. Various airborne laser surveying (ALS) applications that are relevant to coastal studies are being pursued by researchers in a range of Earth science disciplines. Examples include the mapping of \"bald earth\" land surfaces below even moderately dense vegetation in studies of geologic framework and hydrology, and determination of the vegetation canopy structure, a key variable in mapping wildlife habitats. ALS has also proven to be an excellent method for the regional mapping of geomorphic change along barrier island beaches and other sandy coasts due to storms or long-term sedimentary processes. Coastal scientists are adopting ALS as a basic method in the study of an array of additional coastal topics. ALS can provide useful information in the analysis of shoreline change, the prediction and assessment of landslides along seacliffs and headlands, examination of subsidence causing coastal land loss, and in predicting storm surge and tsunami inundation.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Coastal Research","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Coastal Education and Research Foundation","usgsCitation":"Brock, J., Wright, C.W., Sallenger, A., Krabill, W.B., and Swift, R.N., 2002, Basis and methods of NASA airborne topographic mapper lidar surveys for coastal studies: Journal of Coastal Research, v. 18, no. 1, p. 1-13.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"1","endPage":"13","costCenters":[{"id":186,"text":"Coastal and Marine Geology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":293237,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":293236,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://journals.fcla.edu/jcr/article/view/81240"}],"volume":"18","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"54058842e4b0971c80c85853","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Brock, John 0000-0002-5289-9332 jbrock@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5289-9332","contributorId":2261,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brock","given":"John","email":"jbrock@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":5061,"text":"National Cooperative Geologic Mapping and Landslide Hazards","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":499832,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Wright, C. Wayne wwright@usgs.gov","contributorId":57422,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wright","given":"C.","email":"wwright@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"Wayne","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":499836,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Sallenger, Asbury H. Jr.","contributorId":27458,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sallenger","given":"Asbury H.","suffix":"Jr.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":499834,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Krabill, William B.","contributorId":24698,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Krabill","given":"William","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":499833,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Swift, Robert N.","contributorId":44841,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Swift","given":"Robert","email":"","middleInitial":"N.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":499835,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":47512,"text":"twri04A3 - 2002 - Statistical methods in water resources","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":47512,"text":"twri04A3 - 2002 - Statistical methods in water resources","indexId":"twri04A3","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"displayTitle":"Statistical Methods in Water Resources","title":"Statistical methods in water resources"},"predicate":"SUPERSEDED_BY","object":{"id":70201829,"text":"tm4A3 - 2020 - Statistical methods in water resources","indexId":"tm4A3","publicationYear":"2020","noYear":false,"title":"Statistical methods in water resources"},"id":1}],"supersededBy":{"id":70201829,"text":"tm4A3 - 2020 - Statistical methods in water resources","indexId":"tm4A3","publicationYear":"2020","noYear":false,"title":"Statistical methods in water resources"},"lastModifiedDate":"2023-03-28T18:21:40.251882","indexId":"twri04A3","displayToPublicDate":"2002-09-01T09:30:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":336,"text":"Techniques of Water-Resources Investigations","code":"TWRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"04-A3","displayTitle":"Statistical Methods in Water Resources","title":"Statistical methods in water resources","docAbstract":"This book began as class notes for a course we teach on applied statistical methods to hydrologists of the Water Resources Division, U. S. Geological Survey (USGS). It reflects our attempts to teach statistical methods which are appropriate for analysis of water resources data. As interest in this course has grown outside of the USGS, incentive grew to develop the material into a textbook. The topics covered are those we feel are of greatest usefulness to the practicing water resources scientist. Yet all topics can be directly applied to many other types of environmental data.
This book is not a stand-alone text on statistics, or a text on statistical hydrology. For example, in addition to this material we use a textbook on introductory statistics in the USGS training course. As a consequence, discussions of topics such as probability theory required in a general statistics textbook will not be found here. Derivations of most equations are not presented. Important tables included in all general statistics texts, such as quantiles of the normal distribution, are not found here. Neither are details of how statistical distributions should be fitted to flood data -- these are adequately covered in numerous books on statistical hydrology.
We have instead chosen to emphasize topics not always found in introductory statistics textbooks, and often not adequately covered in statistical textbooks for scientists and engineers. Tables included here, for example, are those found more often in books on nonparametric statistics than in books likely to have been used in college courses for engineers. This book points the environmental and water resources scientist to robust and nonparametric statistics, and to exploratory data analysis. We believe that the characteristics of environmental (and perhaps most other 'real') data drive analysis methods towards use of robust and nonparametric methods.
Exercises are included at the end of chapters. In our course, students compute each type of analysis (t-test, regression, etc.) the first time by hand. We choose the smaller, simpler examples for hand computation. In this way the mechanics of the process are fully understood, and computer software is seen as less mysterious.
We wish to acknowledge and thank several other scientists at the U. S. Geological Survey for contributing ideas to this book. In particular, we thank those who have served as the other instructors at the USGS training course. Ed Gilroy has critiqued and improved much of the material found in this book. Tim Cohn has contributed in several areas, particularly to the sections on bias correction in regression, and methods for data below the reporting limit. Richard Alexander has added to the trend analysis chapter, and Charles Crawford has contributed ideas for regression and ANOVA. Their work has undoubtedly made its way into this book without adequate recognition.
Professor Ken Potter (University of Wisconsin) and Dr. Gary Tasker (USGS) reviewed the manuscript, spending long hours with no reward except the knowledge that they have improved the work of others. For that we are very grateful. We also thank Madeline Sabin, who carefully typed original drafts of the class notes on which the book is based. As always, the responsibility for all errors and slanted thinking are ours alone.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/twri04A3","usgsCitation":"Helsel, D.R. and R. M. Hirsch, 2002. Statistical Methods in Water Resources Techniques of Water Resources Investigations, Book 4, chapter A3. U.S. Geological Survey. 522 pages.","productDescription":"522 p.","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":370992,"rank":2,"type":{"id":12,"text":"Errata"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/twri/twri4a3/erratasheet.pdf","text":"Errata Sheet","size":"6.15 KB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":168724,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/twri/twri4a3/coverthb6.gif"},{"id":3961,"rank":3,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/twri/twri4a3/twri4a3.pdf","text":"Report","size":"9.39 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"TWRI 4A3"}],"edition":"Version 1.1","publicComments":"Techniques of Water-Resources Investigations, book 4, chapter A3, version 1.1 is superseded by Techniques and Methods 4-A3.","contact":"","tableOfContents":"The lower reaches of the Mahoning River in Youngstown, Ohio, have been characterized by the Ohio Environmental Protection Agency (OEPA) as historically having poor water quality. Most wastewater-treatment plants (WWTPs) in the watershed did not provide secondary sewage treatment until the late 1980s. By the late 1990s, the Mahoning River still received sewer-overflow discharges from 101 locations within the city of Youngstown, Ohio. The Mahoning River in Youngstown and Mill Creek, a principal tributary to the Mahoning River in Youngstown, have not met biotic index criteria since the earliest published assessment by OEPA in 1980. Youngstown and the OEPA are working together toward the goal of meeting water-quality standards in the Mahoning River. The U.S. Geological Survey collected information to help both parties assess water quality in the area of Youngstown and to estimate bacteria and inorganic nitrogen contributions from sewer-overflow discharges to the Mahoning River.
Two monitoring networks were established in the lower Mahoning River: the first to evaluate hydrology and microbiological and chemical water quality and the second to assess indices of fish and aquatic-macroinvertebrate-community health. Water samples and water-quality data were collected from May through October 1999 and 2000 to evaluate where, when, and for how long water quality was affected by sewer-overflow discharges. Water samples were collected during dry- and wet-weather flow, and biotic indices were assessed during the first year (1999). The second year of sample collection (2000) was directed toward evaluating changes in water quality during wet-weather flow, and specifically toward assessing the effect of sewer-overflow discharges on water quality in the monitoring network.
Water-quality standards for Escherichia coli (E. coli) concentration and draft criteria for nitrate plus nitrite and total phosphorus were the regulations most commonly exceeded in the Mahoning River and Mill Creek sampling networks. E. coliconcentrations increased during wet-weather flow and remained higher than dry-weather concentrations for 48 hours after peak flow. E. coli concentration criteria were more commonly exceeded during wet-weather flow than during dry-weather flow. Exceedances of nutrient-concentration criteria were not substantially more common during wet-weather flow.
The fish and aquatic macroinvertebrate network included Mill Creek and its tributaries but did not include the main stem of the Mahoning River. Persistent exceedances of chemical water-quality standards in Mill Creek and the presence of nutrient concentrations in excess of draft criteria may have contributed to biotic index scores that on only one occasion met State criteria throughout the fish and aquatic macroinvertebrate sampling network.
Monitored tributary streams did not contribute concentrations of E. coli, nitrate plus nitrite, or total phosphorus to the Mahoning River and Mill Creek that were higher than main-stem concentrations, but monitored WWTP and sewer-overflow discharges did contribute. Twenty-four hour load estimates of sewer-overflow discharge contributions during wet-weather flow indicated that sewer-overflow discharges contributed large loads of bacteria and inorganic nitrogen to the Mahoning River relative to the instream load. The sewer-overflow loads appeared to move as a slug of highly enriched water that passed through Youngstown on the rising limb of the storm hydrograph. The median estimated sewer-overflow load contribution of bacteria was greater than the estimated instream load by a factor of five or more; however, the median estimated sewer-overflow load of inorganic nitrogen was less than half of the estimated instream load.
Sewer-overflow discharges contributed loads of E. coli and nutrients to the Mahoning River and Mill Creek at a point where the streams already did not meet State water-quality regulations. Improvement of water quality of the Mahoning River, Mill Creek, and tributaries at Youngstown would be facilitated by reducing loads from sewer-overflow discharges within Youngstown, by identifying and reducing other sources of E. coli and nutrients within Young-stown, and by reducing discharges of E. coli , nitrate plus nitrite, and total phosphorus to the Mahoning River and Mill Creek upstream from Youngstown.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/wri024122","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the City of Youngstown, Ohio","usgsCitation":"Stoeckel, D.M., and Covert, S., 2002, Water Quality in the Mahoning River and Selected Tributaries in Youngstown, Ohio: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 2002-4122, 45 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri024122.","productDescription":"45 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":3556,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/2002/4122/wri20024122.pdf","text":"Report","size":"1.46 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"WRIR 2002-4122"},{"id":164735,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/2002/4122/coverthb.jpg"}],"contact":"Director, Ohio Water Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
6460 Busch Blvd.
Columbus, OH 43229
A model parameter set for use with the Hydrological Simulation Program—FORTRAN watershed model was developed to simulate flow and water quality for selected properties and constituents for the Arroyo Colorado from the city of Mission to the Laguna Madre, Texas. The model simulates flow, selected water-quality properties, and constituent concentrations. The model can be used to estimate a total maximum daily load for selected properties and constituents in the Arroyo Colorado. The model was calibrated and tested for flow with data measured during 1989–99 at three streamflow-gaging stations. The errors for total flow volume ranged from -0.1 to 29.0 percent, and the errors for total storm volume ranged from -15.6 to 8.4 percent. The model was calibrated and tested for water quality for seven properties and constituents with 1989–99 data. The model was calibrated sequentially for suspended sediment, water temperature, biochemical oxygen demand, dissolved oxygen, nitrate nitrogen, ammonia nitrogen, and orthophosphate. The simulated concentrations of the selected properties and constituents generally matched the measured concentrations available for the calibration and testing periods. The model was used to simulate total point- and nonpoint-source loads for selected properties and constituents for 1989–99 for urban, natural, and agricultural land-use types. About one-third to one-half of the biochemical oxygen demand and nutrient loads are from urban point and nonpoint sources, although only 13 percent of the total land use in the basin is urban.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri024110","collaboration":"In cooperation with the Texas Natural Resource Conservation Commission and the Nueces River Authority","usgsCitation":"Raines, T.H., and Miranda, R.M., 2002, Simulation of flow and water quality of the Arroyo Colorado, Texas, 1989-99: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 2002-4110, HTML Document; Report: iv, 56 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri024110.","productDescription":"HTML Document; Report: iv, 56 p.","costCenters":[{"id":583,"text":"Texas Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":164637,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":335464,"rank":3,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/wri02-4110/pdf/wri02-4110.pdf","text":"Report","size":"2.14 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Report"},{"id":3555,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.water.usgs.gov/wri02-4110/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Texas","otherGeospatial":"Arroyo Colorado","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -97.44186401367186,\n 26.63150107290847\n ],\n [\n -97.46246337890625,\n 26.64009391980515\n ],\n [\n -97.50640869140625,\n 26.646231271834406\n ],\n [\n -97.57507324218749,\n 26.62045217730122\n ],\n [\n -97.69729614257812,\n 26.57501772243996\n ],\n [\n -97.88131713867188,\n 26.509904531413927\n ],\n [\n -98.074951171875,\n 26.477948705162902\n ],\n [\n -98.25347900390624,\n 26.45950861170239\n ],\n [\n -98.41278076171875,\n 26.474260922876063\n ],\n [\n -98.52401733398438,\n 26.44967268715773\n ],\n [\n -98.56521606445311,\n 26.436146919246013\n ],\n [\n -98.61465454101562,\n 26.352497858154024\n ],\n [\n -98.59130859375,\n 26.298339726417737\n ],\n [\n -98.53500366210938,\n 26.22567887715317\n ],\n [\n -98.4979248046875,\n 26.202269947517024\n ],\n [\n -98.45260620117188,\n 26.173926524048117\n ],\n [\n -98.38119506835938,\n 26.15173990595915\n ],\n [\n -98.3660888671875,\n 26.11721900341594\n ],\n [\n -98.28781127929688,\n 26.07775405403964\n ],\n [\n -98.24111938476562,\n 26.055549170723896\n ],\n [\n -98.09417724609375,\n 26.04444515079636\n ],\n [\n -97.96508789062499,\n 26.054315442680412\n ],\n [\n -97.84149169921875,\n 26.045678982732714\n ],\n [\n -97.811279296875,\n 26.045678982732714\n ],\n [\n -97.77694702148438,\n 26.02593611383701\n ],\n [\n -97.74948120117188,\n 26.03704188651584\n ],\n [\n -97.65609741210938,\n 26.01853168134975\n ],\n [\n -97.60528564453125,\n 25.966687579916506\n ],\n [\n -97.5146484375,\n 26.003721415115685\n ],\n [\n -97.35671997070311,\n 26.045678982732714\n ],\n [\n -97.30453491210938,\n 26.074053532504166\n ],\n [\n -97.30178833007811,\n 26.10982033978212\n ],\n [\n -97.30728149414062,\n 26.15543796871355\n ],\n [\n -97.31552124023438,\n 26.201037768161285\n ],\n [\n -97.34573364257812,\n 26.302033130758726\n ],\n [\n -97.37869262695312,\n 26.37095506595221\n ],\n [\n -97.40341186523436,\n 26.42999831802051\n ],\n [\n -97.41989135742188,\n 26.528336542726354\n ],\n [\n -97.42950439453125,\n 26.587299083638417\n ],\n [\n -97.44186401367186,\n 26.63150107290847\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49f8e4b07f02db5f2e08","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Raines, Timothy H. thraines@usgs.gov","contributorId":3862,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Raines","given":"Timothy","email":"thraines@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":222250,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Miranda, Roger M.","contributorId":71609,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Miranda","given":"Roger","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":222251,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":39823,"text":"wri024214 - 2002 - Hydrologic conditions in the Bill Williams River National Wildlife Refuge and Planet Valley, Arizona, 2000","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-06-12T09:19:15","indexId":"wri024214","displayToPublicDate":"2002-09-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2002-4214","title":"Hydrologic conditions in the Bill Williams River National Wildlife Refuge and Planet Valley, Arizona, 2000","docAbstract":"During a period of sustained base-flow conditions in the Bill Williams River below Alamo Dam in west central Arizona from March to July 2000, the channel of the river through Planet Valley was dry, and the water table sloped almost due west parallel to the main slope of the flood plain. Water from the river infiltrated into the channel bottom at the head of Planet Valley, moved downgradient in the subsurface, and reappeared in the channel about 0.3 mile downstream from the east boundary of the Bill Williams River National Wildlife Refuge. A river aquifer in hydraulic connection with the Bill Williams River was mapped from a point 6.3 miles upstream from Highway 95 to the upstream end of Planet Valley. Formations that make up the river aquifer in Planet Valley are younger alluvium, older alluviums, and fanglomerate. Total thickness of the river aquifer probably is less than 200 feet in the bedrock canyons to as much as 1,035 feet in Planet Valley. The purpose of this study was to investigate the current hydrologic conditions along the Bill Williams River, which included an inventory of wells within the river aquifer of the Colorado River and in Planet Valley, and to determine the configuration of the water table. A map shows the elevation and configuration of the water table from the east end of Planet Valley to the confluence of the Bill Williams River with Lake Havasu.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Tucson, AZ","doi":"10.3133/wri024214","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service and Bureau of Reclamation","usgsCitation":"Wilson, R.P., and Owen-Joyce, S.J., 2002, Hydrologic conditions in the Bill Williams River National Wildlife Refuge and Planet Valley, Arizona, 2000: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 2002-4214, ii, 11 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri024214.","productDescription":"ii, 11 p.","numberOfPages":"16","onlineOnly":"Y","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":288430,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":288429,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/2002/4214/report.pdf"}],"country":"United States","state":"Arizona","otherGeospatial":"Bill Williams River National Wildlife Refuge;Planet Valley","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -114.5,34.0 ], [ -114.5,34.5 ], [ -113.5,34.5 ], [ -113.5,34.0 ], [ -114.5,34.0 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a26e4b07f02db60f9a3","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wilson, Richard P.","contributorId":96655,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wilson","given":"Richard","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":222262,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Owen-Joyce, Sandra J. 0000-0002-4400-5618 sjowen@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4400-5618","contributorId":5215,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Owen-Joyce","given":"Sandra","email":"sjowen@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":222261,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":39818,"text":"wri20024131 - 2002 - Summary of Flow Loss between Selected Cross Sections on the Rio Grande in and near Albuquerque, New Mexico","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-08T17:16:16","indexId":"wri20024131","displayToPublicDate":"2002-09-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2002-4131","title":"Summary of Flow Loss between Selected Cross Sections on the Rio Grande in and near Albuquerque, New Mexico","docAbstract":"The upper middle Rio Grande Basin, as defined by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, extends from the headwaters of the Rio Grande in southwestern Colorado to Fort Quitman, Texas. Most of the basin has a semiarid climate typical of the southwestern United States. This climate drives a highly variable streamflow regime that contributes to the complexity of water management in the basin. Currently, rapid population growth in the basin has resulted in increasing demands on the hydrologic system. Water management decisions have become increasingly complex because of the broad range of interests and issues. For these reasons, the U.S. Geological Survey, in cooperation with the City of Albuquerque, New Mexico, conducted paired flow measurements at two cross sections to determine cross-sectional loss in the Albuquerque reach of the Rio Grande.\r\n\r\nThis report statistically summarizes flow losses in the Albuquerque reach of the Rio Grande during the winter nonirrigation season from December 1996 to February 2000. The two previous flow-loss investigations are statistically summarized. Daily mean flow losses are calculated for the winter nonirrigation season using daily mean flows at three selected Rio Grande streamflow-gaging stations.For the winter nonirrigation season cross-sectional measurements (1996-2000), an average of 210 cubic feet per second was returned to the river between the measurement sites, of which 165 cubic feet per second was intercepted by riverside drains along the 21.9-mile reach from the Rio Grande near Bernalillo to the Rio Grande at Rio Bravo Bridge streamflow-gaging stations. Total cross-sectional losses in this reach averaged about 90 cubic feet per second. \r\n\r\nRegression equations were determined for estimating downstream total outflow from upstream total inflow for all three paired measurement studies. Regression equations relating the three daily mean flow recording stations also were determined. In each succeeding study, additional outside variables were controlled, which provided more accurate flow-loss measurements. Regression-equation losses between measurement cross sections ranged from 1.9 to 7.9 percent during the nonirrigation season and from about 5.9 to 6.4 percent during the irrigation season. Mean and median loss by reach length for all three daily mean flow stations and all three cross-sectional measurement reaches showed consistent flow loss per mile by season with allowance for nonideal river conditions for the initial measurement studies. Unsteady measurement conditions were reflected in the regression equation mean-square errors and ultimately in the change in daily mean discharge at the Rio Grande at Albuquerque gaging station during the measurement periods.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"Geological Survey (U.S.)","doi":"10.3133/wri20024131","collaboration":"Prepared in Cooperation with the City of Albuquerque","usgsCitation":"Veenhuis, J.E., 2002, Summary of Flow Loss between Selected Cross Sections on the Rio Grande in and near Albuquerque, New Mexico: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 2002-4131, iv, 30 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri20024131.","productDescription":"iv, 30 p.","costCenters":[{"id":472,"text":"New Mexico Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":164737,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":3558,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/wri02-4131/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -108.5,30.5 ], [ -108.5,39 ], [ -105,39 ], [ -105,30.5 ], [ -108.5,30.5 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b04e4b07f02db699578","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Veenhuis, Jack E.","contributorId":66745,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Veenhuis","given":"Jack","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":222255,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70185659,"text":"70185659 - 2002 - Effects of stress from mine drainage on diversity, biomass, and function of primary producers in mountain streams","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-11-26T11:00:07","indexId":"70185659","displayToPublicDate":"2002-09-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1478,"text":"Ecosystems","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Effects of stress from mine drainage on diversity, biomass, and function of primary producers in mountain streams","docAbstract":"This paper proposes a hypothesis that relates biodi- versity, community biomass, and ecosystem func- tion to a gradient of stress. According to this hy- pothesis, biodiversity has a low threshold of response to stress, whereas biomass and function are stable or increase under low to moderate stress and decrease only under high stress. This hypothe- sis was tested by examining communities of pri- mary producers in streams under stress from mine drainage in the Rocky Mountains of Colorado, USA. Mine drainage exerts chemical stress (low pH, dis- solved metals) as well as physical stress (deposition of metal oxides) on stream biota. Diversity of pri- mary producers was usually more sensitive to stress from mine drainage than community biomass (chlorophyll a) or primary production. Diversity was negatively related to all stresses from mine drainage, but it was especially low in streams with low pH or high concentration of dissolved zinc. Biomass and production were high in streams with only chemical stress, but they were often low in streams with physical stress caused by metal oxide deposition. Stream sites with aluminum oxide dep- osition usually had very little algal biomass. The rate of metal oxide deposition, presence of alumi- num oxides, and pH together explained 65% of the variation in biomass. The rate of net primary pro- duction was highly correlated with biomass and had a similar response to stress from mine drainage. Overall, chemical stresses (low pH, high concentra- tion of zinc) generally led to the hypothesized trends in our model of ecosystems under stress. Physical stress (deposition of metal oxides), how- ever, led to variable responses, and often decreased biomass and function even at low intensity, con- trary to the original hypothesis. Thus, the nature of ecosystem response to stress may differ for chemical and physical stresses
","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1007/s10021-002-0182-9","usgsCitation":"Niyogi, D.K., Lewis, W.M., and McKnight, D.M., 2002, Effects of stress from mine drainage on diversity, biomass, and function of primary producers in mountain streams: Ecosystems, v. 5, no. 6, p. 554-567, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10021-002-0182-9.","productDescription":"14 p. ","startPage":"554","endPage":"567","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":338364,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Colorado ","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -106.4959716796875,\n 38.57393751557591\n ],\n [\n -104.337158203125,\n 38.57393751557591\n ],\n [\n -104.337158203125,\n 40.42604212826493\n ],\n [\n -106.4959716796875,\n 40.42604212826493\n ],\n [\n -106.4959716796875,\n 38.57393751557591\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"5","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58da251de4b0543bf7fda818","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Niyogi, Dev K.","contributorId":189848,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Niyogi","given":"Dev","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":686260,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Lewis, William M. Jr.","contributorId":189849,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Lewis","given":"William","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":686261,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"McKnight, Diane M.","contributorId":59773,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"McKnight","given":"Diane","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":16833,"text":"INSTAAR, University of Colorado","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":686262,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70185169,"text":"70185169 - 2002 - Determination of isoxaflutole (balance) and its metabolites in water using solid phase extraction followed by high-performance liquid chromatography with ultraviolet or mass spectrometry","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-11-26T08:07:04","indexId":"70185169","displayToPublicDate":"2002-09-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2149,"text":"Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Determination of isoxaflutole (balance) and its metabolites in water using solid phase extraction followed by high-performance liquid chromatography with ultraviolet or mass spectrometry","docAbstract":"Balance (isoxaflutole, IXF) belongs to a new family of herbicides referred to as isoxazoles. IXF has a very short soil half-life (<24 h), degrading to a biologically active diketonitrile (DKN) metabolite that is more polar and considerably more stable. Further degradation of the DKN metabolite produces a nonbiologically active benzoic acid (BA) metabolite. Analytical methods using solid phase extraction followed by high-performance liquid chromatography−UV (HPLC-UV) or high-performance liquid chromatography−mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS) were developed for the analysis of IXF and its metabolites in distilled deionized water and ground water samples. To successfully detect and quantify the BA metabolite by HPLC-UV from ground water samples, a sequential elution scheme was necessary. Using HPLC-UV, the mean recoveries from sequential elution of the parent and its two metabolites from fortified ground water samples ranged from 68.6 to 101.4%. For HPLC-MS, solid phase extraction of ground water samples was performed using a polystyrene divinylbenzene polymer resin. The mean HPLC-MS recoveries of the three compounds from ground water samples spiked at 0.05−2 μg/L ranged from 100.9 to 110.3%. The limits of quantitation for HPLC-UV are approximately 150 ng/L for IXF, 100 ng/L for DKN, and 250 ng/L for BA. The limit of quantitation by HPLC-MS is 50 ng/L for each compound. The methods developed in this work can be applied to determine the transport and fate of Balance in the environment.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Chemical Society","doi":"10.1021/jf025622d","usgsCitation":"Lin, C., Lerch, R., Thurman, E.M., Garrett, H.E., and George, M.F., 2002, Determination of isoxaflutole (balance) and its metabolites in water using solid phase extraction followed by high-performance liquid chromatography with ultraviolet or mass spectrometry: Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, v. 50, no. 21, p. 5816-5824, https://doi.org/10.1021/jf025622d.","productDescription":"9 p. ","startPage":"5816","endPage":"5824","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":337672,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"50","issue":"21","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2002-09-12","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58ca52d4e4b0849ce97c86ee","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lin, Chung-Ho","contributorId":150703,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Lin","given":"Chung-Ho","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":18071,"text":"Department of Forestry, School of Natural Resources, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":684587,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Lerch, Robert N.","contributorId":189360,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Lerch","given":"Robert N.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":684588,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Thurman, E. Michael","contributorId":9636,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thurman","given":"E.","email":"","middleInitial":"Michael","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":684589,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Garrett, Harold E.","contributorId":189361,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Garrett","given":"Harold","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":684590,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"George, Milon F.","contributorId":189362,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"George","given":"Milon","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":684591,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70164452,"text":"70164452 - 2002 - Response to comment on \"Pharmaceuticals, hormones, and other organic wastewater contaminants in U.S. streams, 1999-2000: A national reconnaissance\"","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-11-26T08:32:30","indexId":"70164452","displayToPublicDate":"2002-08-14T12:15:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1565,"text":"Environmental Science & Technology","onlineIssn":"1520-5851","printIssn":"0013-936X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Response to comment on \"Pharmaceuticals, hormones, and other organic wastewater contaminants in U.S. streams, 1999-2000: A national reconnaissance\"","docAbstract":"We concur with the response of Eckel to our recent publication in this Journal (1). As the author notes, the topic of emerging contaminants is currently receiving extensive media coverage and scientific notice, but there are earlier reports that foreshadow this current interest. Eckel’s comment regarding the detection of pharmaceuticals and other organic wastewater contaminants (OWC) at a Superfund landfill site (2) is well taken, as other reports confirm the presence of such compounds at waste-disposal and landfill sites (3). In fact, literature from more than 20 years ago documented the occurrence of OWCs in the environment (4-7). A significant difference between these reports and our study is that we have systematically documented the frequent presence and low concentrations of a broad suite of OWCs in a wide variety of streams across the United States.
","language":"English","publisher":"ACS Publications","doi":"10.1021/es0201350","usgsCitation":"Kolpin, D.W., Furlong, E.T., Meyer, M.T., Thurman, E.M., Zaugg, S.D., and Buxton, H.T., 2002, Response to comment on \"Pharmaceuticals, hormones, and other organic wastewater contaminants in U.S. streams, 1999-2000: A national reconnaissance\": Environmental Science & Technology, v. 36, no. 18, p. 4004-4004, https://doi.org/10.1021/es0201350.","productDescription":"1 p.","startPage":"4004","endPage":"4004","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":351,"text":"Iowa Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":316598,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"36","issue":"18","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2002-08-14","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"56b5d658e4b0cc7999817392","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kolpin, Dana W. 0000-0002-3529-6505 dwkolpin@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3529-6505","contributorId":1239,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kolpin","given":"Dana","email":"dwkolpin@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":351,"text":"Iowa Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":597441,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Furlong, Edward T. 0000-0002-7305-4603 efurlong@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7305-4603","contributorId":740,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Furlong","given":"Edward","email":"efurlong@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[{"id":503,"text":"Office of Water Quality","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":191,"text":"Colorado Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":27111,"text":"National Water Quality Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":5046,"text":"Branch of Analytical Serv (NWQL)","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":597442,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Meyer, Michael T. 0000-0001-6006-7985 mmeyer@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6006-7985","contributorId":866,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Meyer","given":"Michael","email":"mmeyer@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[{"id":353,"text":"Kansas Water Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":597443,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Thurman, E. Michael","contributorId":9636,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thurman","given":"E.","email":"","middleInitial":"Michael","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":597444,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Zaugg, Steven D. sdzaugg@usgs.gov","contributorId":768,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zaugg","given":"Steven","email":"sdzaugg@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":597445,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Buxton, Herbert T. hbuxton@usgs.gov","contributorId":1911,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Buxton","given":"Herbert","email":"hbuxton@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[{"id":5056,"text":"Office of the AD Energy and Minerals, and Environmental Health","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":597446,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70164453,"text":"70164453 - 2002 - Response to comment on \"Pharmaceuticals, hormones, and other organic wastewater contaminants in U.S. streams, 1999-2000: A national reconnaissance\"","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-11-26T08:32:08","indexId":"70164453","displayToPublicDate":"2002-08-14T12:15:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1565,"text":"Environmental Science & Technology","onlineIssn":"1520-5851","printIssn":"0013-936X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Response to comment on \"Pharmaceuticals, hormones, and other organic wastewater contaminants in U.S. streams, 1999-2000: A national reconnaissance\"","docAbstract":"We thank Ericson et al. (1) for their careful review and thoughtful comments on the synthetic hormone data presented in our recent publication summarizing the results from the USGS nationwide reconnaissance for pharmaceuticals and other organic wastewater contaminants (2). Their efforts have helped raise the awareness of the difficulties in accurately measuring these compounds at the low concentrations that occur in the environment and reinforce the need for continued research in the area of analytical methods development for synthetic hormones
","language":"English","publisher":"ACS Publications","doi":"10.1021/es020136s","usgsCitation":"Kolpin, D.W., Furlong, E.T., Meyer, M.T., Thurman, E.M., Zaugg, S.D., Barber, L.B., and Buxton, H.T., 2002, Response to comment on \"Pharmaceuticals, hormones, and other organic wastewater contaminants in U.S. streams, 1999-2000: A national reconnaissance\": Environmental Science & Technology, v. 36, no. 18, p. 4007-4008, https://doi.org/10.1021/es020136s.","productDescription":"2 p.","startPage":"4007","endPage":"4008","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":351,"text":"Iowa Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":316599,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"36","issue":"18","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2002-08-14","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"56b5d658e4b0cc7999817394","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kolpin, Dana W. 0000-0002-3529-6505 dwkolpin@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3529-6505","contributorId":1239,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kolpin","given":"Dana","email":"dwkolpin@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":351,"text":"Iowa Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":597447,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Furlong, Edward T. 0000-0002-7305-4603 efurlong@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7305-4603","contributorId":740,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Furlong","given":"Edward","email":"efurlong@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[{"id":27111,"text":"National Water Quality Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":191,"text":"Colorado Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":5046,"text":"Branch of Analytical Serv (NWQL)","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":503,"text":"Office of Water Quality","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":597448,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Meyer, Michael T. 0000-0001-6006-7985 mmeyer@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6006-7985","contributorId":866,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Meyer","given":"Michael","email":"mmeyer@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[{"id":353,"text":"Kansas Water Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":597449,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Thurman, E. 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Physical habitat measures (106) were classified into four groups: substrate, instream cover, riparian zone–land use, and geomorphology–hydrology. Variable reduction procedures yielded seven variables: sinuosity, percent of substrate gravel or larger, percent substrate as detritus or muck, percent of bank with forested cover, amount of bank erosion, number of large logs per 100 m, and mean length of pools. Streams were separated by a gradient value of 3 m/km (low N = 70; high N = 35) and assigned to model and test data sets. For low-gradient streams in the model data set, the seven habitat variables explained 47% of the variation in index of biotic integrity (IBI) scores. To produce the habitat index, the coefficients in the regression were used to weight each of the seven variables. For low-gradient streams in the test data set, the habitat index explained 20% of the variation in IBI scores. A habitat index could not be developed for high-gradient sites, probably due to the low number of sites. Comparison of habitat to IBI scores provides resource managers with a method to evaluate the contribution of habitat quality to the IBI score.
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-84.72656249999999,\n 45.75219336063106\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"22","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"572485dfe4b0b13d391593dd","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Goldstein, Robert M.","contributorId":68267,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Goldstein","given":"Robert","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":626311,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Wang, Lizhu","contributorId":44888,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wang","given":"Lizhu","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":626312,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Simon, Thomas P.","contributorId":77081,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Simon","given":"Thomas","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":626313,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Stewart, Paul M.","contributorId":63336,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stewart","given":"Paul","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":626314,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":39916,"text":"ofr02145 - 2002 - Ground-water levels and water-quality data from monitoring wells in Windham, Maine, water years 1997-2001","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:10:36","indexId":"ofr02145","displayToPublicDate":"2002-08-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2002-145","title":"Ground-water levels and water-quality data from monitoring wells in Windham, Maine, water years 1997-2001","docAbstract":"Ongoing data collection in an established well network in Windham, Maine, serves as an indicator of the hydrologic and water-quality conditions in the aquifer. This report presents data collected from 1997 through 2001, including ground-water levels, measurements of water-quality field parameters, and concentrations of nutrients and arsenic.","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/ofr02145","usgsCitation":"Caldwell, J.M., 2002, Ground-water levels and water-quality data from monitoring wells in Windham, Maine, water years 1997-2001: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2002-145, 17 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr02145.","productDescription":"17 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":173617,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":3620,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/ofr02-145/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a96e4b07f02db65a37a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Caldwell, J. M.","contributorId":93934,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Caldwell","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":222591,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":39915,"text":"ofr02140 - 2002 - Schlumberger soundings at the Amargosa Desert Research Site, Nevada","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-02-19T19:34:50","indexId":"ofr02140","displayToPublicDate":"2002-08-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2002-140","title":"Schlumberger soundings at the Amargosa Desert Research Site, Nevada","docAbstract":"In 1999 the U.S. Geological Survey made 38 direct current (dc) electrical soundings at the Amargosa Desert Research Site (ADRS) near Beatty, Nevada (fig. 1.) using the Schlumberger array. An additional 16 Schlumberger soundings were made in 2000. The soundings were made to determine the subsurface resistivity distribution, and the location of faults. The purpose of this report is to present the data, its automatic interpretation, cross sections and resistivity depth maps. Figure 2 is a map of the sounding locations. The soundings are represented by circles. The 1999 data are numbered 1 through 38 and the 2000 data are numbered 101 through 116. Table 1 gives the sounding number, x coordinate, and y coordinate of the soundings in UTM zone 11 NAD27.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr02140","usgsCitation":"Bisdorf, R.J., 2002, Schlumberger soundings at the Amargosa Desert Research Site, Nevada: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2002-140, 65 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr02140.","productDescription":"65 p.","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":3619,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2002/ofr-02-0140/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":173616,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Nevada","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -116.3774871826172,\n 36.3588219885685\n ],\n [\n -116.20548248291016,\n 36.3588219885685\n ],\n [\n -116.20548248291016,\n 36.50384103238002\n ],\n [\n -116.3774871826172,\n 36.50384103238002\n ],\n [\n -116.3774871826172,\n 36.3588219885685\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a0de4b07f02db5fd463","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bisdorf, Robert J.","contributorId":107277,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bisdorf","given":"Robert","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":222590,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":39802,"text":"wri024107 - 2002 - Effects of wastewater and combined sewer overflows on water quality in the Blue River basin, Kansas City, Missouri and Kansas, July 1998-October 2000","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-03-07T20:37:16.268822","indexId":"wri024107","displayToPublicDate":"2002-08-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2002-4107","title":"Effects of wastewater and combined sewer overflows on water quality in the Blue River basin, Kansas City, Missouri and Kansas, July 1998-October 2000","docAbstract":"Samples were collected from 16 base-flow\r\nevents and a minimum of 10 stormflow events\r\nbetween July 1998 and October 2000 to characterize\r\nthe effects of wastewater and combined sewer\r\noverflows on water quality in the Blue River\r\nBasin, Kansas City, Missouri and Kansas. Waterquality\r\neffects were determined by analysis of\r\nnutrients, chloride, chemical and biochemical oxygen\r\ndemand, and suspended sediment samples\r\nfrom three streams (Blue River, Brush Creek, and\r\nIndian Creek) in the basin as well as the determination\r\nof a suite of compounds known to be indicative\r\nof wastewater including antioxidants,\r\ncaffeine, detergent metabolites, antimicrobials,\r\nand selected over-the-counter and prescription\r\npharmaceuticals. Constituent loads were determined\r\nfor both hydrologic regimes and a measure\r\nof the relative water-quality impact of selected\r\nstream reaches on the Blue River and Brush Creek\r\nwas developed. Genetic fingerprint patterns of\r\nEscherichia coli bacteria from selected stream\r\nsamples were compared to a data base of knownsource\r\npatterns to determine possible sources of\r\nbacteria.\r\nWater quality in the basin was affected by\r\nwastewater during both base flows and stormflows;\r\nhowever, there were two distinct sources\r\nthat contributed to these effects. In the Blue River\r\nand Indian Creek, the nearly continuous discharge\r\nof treated wastewater effluent was the primary\r\nsource of nutrients, wastewater indicator compounds,\r\nand pharmaceutical compounds detected\r\nin stream samples. Wastewater inputs into Brush\r\nCreek were largely the result of intermittent stormflow\r\nevents that triggered the overflow of combined\r\nstorm and sanitary sewers, and the\r\nsubsequent discharge of untreated wastewater into\r\nthe creek. A portion of the sediment, organic matter,\r\nand associated constituents from these events\r\nwere trapped by a series of impoundments constructed\r\nalong Brush Creek where they likely continued\r\nto affect water quality during base flow.\r\nConcentrations and loads of most wastewater\r\nconstituents in the Blue River and Indian Creek were\r\nsignificantly greater than in Brush Creek, especially\r\nduring base flow. However, wastewater indicator\r\ncompound concentrations were sometimes greater\r\nin some Brush Creek stormflow samples. Selected\r\nstream reaches along the mid-portion of Brush\r\nCreek showed higher effects relative to other sites,\r\nprimarily because these sites were in impounded\r\nreaches with the greatest density of wastewater\r\ninputs, or had relatively small drainage areas.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri024107","usgsCitation":"Wilkison, D.H., Armstrong, D., and Blevins, D.W., 2002, Effects of wastewater and combined sewer overflows on water quality in the Blue River basin, Kansas City, Missouri and Kansas, July 1998-October 2000: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 2002-4107, iv, 162 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri024107.","productDescription":"iv, 162 p.","costCenters":[{"id":396,"text":"Missouri Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":413784,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_52033.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":8500,"rank":2,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/wri02-4107/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":172592,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Kansas, Missouri","city":"Kansas City","otherGeospatial":"Blue River basin","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -94.875,\n 38.750\n ],\n [\n -94.875,\n 39.125\n ],\n [\n -94.5667,\n 39.125\n ],\n [\n -94.5667,\n 38.750\n ],\n [\n -94.875,\n 38.750\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a26e4b07f02db60fc33","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wilkison, Donald H. wilkison@usgs.gov","contributorId":3824,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wilkison","given":"Donald","email":"wilkison@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[{"id":396,"text":"Missouri Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":222224,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Armstrong, Daniel J. armstron@usgs.gov","contributorId":3823,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Armstrong","given":"Daniel J.","email":"armstron@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":396,"text":"Missouri Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":222223,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Blevins, Dale W. dblevins@usgs.gov","contributorId":2729,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Blevins","given":"Dale","email":"dblevins@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":222222,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":39798,"text":"wri014197 - 2002 - Ground-water levels and potentiometric surfaces, Naval Air Warfare Center, West Trenton, New Jersey, 2000","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-10-29T20:07:15.166296","indexId":"wri014197","displayToPublicDate":"2002-08-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2001-4197","title":"Ground-water levels and potentiometric surfaces, Naval Air Warfare Center, West Trenton, New Jersey, 2000","docAbstract":"Water levels were measured in wells at the decommissioned Naval Air Warfare Center in West Trenton, N.J., during 2000. Water-level hydrographs prepared from data collected at seven observation wells on the base show changes caused by seasonal and daily climate conditions and by the pumping of contaminated water from recovery wells. Stressed and unstressed potentiometric surfaces for 2000 are similar in shape to those during 1995–99, but are not as deep. The greatest differences between the potentiometric surfaces in 2000 and those in 1995–99 were caused by turning off sump pumps in NAWC buildings when the base was closed.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/wri014197","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the U.S. Navy","usgsCitation":"Lacombe, P., 2002, Ground-water levels and potentiometric surfaces, Naval Air Warfare Center, West Trenton, New Jersey, 2000 (Version 1.1: August 2018): U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 2001-4197, v, 38 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri014197.","productDescription":"v, 38 p.","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":470,"text":"New Jersey Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":122293,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/2001/4197/coverthb.jpg"},{"id":67678,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/2001/4197/wri20014197.pdf","text":"Report","size":"4.84 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"WRI 2001-4197"},{"id":356945,"rank":4,"type":{"id":25,"text":"Version History"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/2001/4197/versionHist.txt","text":"Version History","size":"1.04 KB","linkFileType":{"id":2,"text":"txt"}}],"country":"United States","state":"New Jersey","city":"West Trenton","otherGeospatial":"Naval Air Warfare Center","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -74.8167,\n 40.2667\n ],\n [\n -74.8083,\n 40.2667\n ],\n [\n -74.8083,\n 40.275\n ],\n [\n -74.8167,\n 40.275\n ],\n [\n -74.8167,\n 40.2667\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","edition":"Version 1.1: August 2018","contact":"Director, New Jersey Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
3450 Princeton Pike
Suite 110
Lawrenceville, NJ 08648
It is shown that there is a marked tendency for long, strongly tidal estuaries to have greater suspended particulate matter (SPM) concentrations within their high-turbidity regions than shorter estuaries with comparable tidal ranges at their mouths, or weakly tidal estuaries. Using consistently derived data from 44 estuaries in Europe and the Americas, contours of the logarithm of maximum estuarine SPM concentration are shown to be reasonably smooth when plotted against the logarithm of mean spring tidal range (at the estuary mouth) and the logarithm of estuarine tidal length. Predictions from the plot are compared with published observations made in the Delaware, Scheldt, Rio de la Plata, Gironde, Bay of Fundy, Changjiang (Yangtze), Amazon, Patos Lagoon and the Hawkesbury Estuary and it is shown that, qualitatively, there are no serious discrepancies. Short, weakly tidal estuaries are predicted to have very low ‘intrinsic’ SPM concentrations. High SPM concentrations in these estuaries would most likely be the result of either locally generated wave resuspension, high freshwater sediment loads due to freshets, or intruding seawater carrying suspended sediments derived from wave activity in the coastal zone. Application of a generic tidal model demonstrates that longer estuaries possess faster tidal currents for a given tidal range at their mouth and, in the presence of a supply of erodable fine sediment, therefore (by implication) produce greater concentrations of SPM that can be accumulated within a turbidity maximum. The same is true if the tidal range is increased for estuaries of a given length. These features are illustrated by comparing surveys of SPM data from two large estuaries possessing greatly different tidal ranges (the microtidal, medium turbidity Potomac and the macrotidal, highly turbid Humber-Ouse) and a third, much smaller but strongly tidal estuary (the low-turbidity Tweed). It is demonstrated that longer estuaries tend to have longer flushing times for solutes than shorter systems and that larger tides tend to reduce flushing times, although the tidal influence is secondary. Short, rapidly flushed estuaries quickly lose their erodable fine sediment to the coastal zone during freshets and during the ebbing currents of spring tides. Turbidity is therefore small during low runoff, low wave activity conditions. Very long, very slowly flushed estuaries are unlikely to lose a significant fraction of their resuspended sediments during freshets or individual ebb tides and are therefore able to accumulate large and increasing amounts of fine sediment in the long-term. Turbidity within them is therefore high during the fast currents of large spring tides.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/S0278-4343(02)00041-9","usgsCitation":"Uncles, R., Stephens, J., and Smith, R.E., 2002, The dependence of estuarine turbidity on tidal intrusion length, tidal range and residence time: Continental Shelf Research, v. 22, no. 11-13, p. 1835-1856, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0278-4343(02)00041-9.","productDescription":"22 p. ","startPage":"1835","endPage":"1856","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":338375,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"22","issue":"11-13","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58da2538e4b0543bf7fda843","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Uncles, R.J.","contributorId":33468,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Uncles","given":"R.J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":686298,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Stephens, J.A.","contributorId":66026,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stephens","given":"J.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":686299,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Smith, R. E.","contributorId":76366,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smith","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":686300,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":50797,"text":"ofr0282 - 2002 - Hydrologic, water-quality, and sediment-quality data for the Christmas Bay system, Brazoria County, Texas, February 1999-March 2000","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-02-12T22:47:14.397677","indexId":"ofr0282","displayToPublicDate":"2002-08-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2002-82","title":"Hydrologic, water-quality, and sediment-quality data for the Christmas Bay system, Brazoria County, Texas, February 1999-March 2000","docAbstract":"The Christmas Bay system is a group of three small secondary bays (Christmas, Bastrop, and Drum Bays) at the southwestern end of the Galveston Bay estuarine system in Brazoria County, Texas. During February 1999-March 2000, hydrologic, water-quality, and sediment-quality data were collected from each of the three bays to establish baseline conditions. Gage-height fluctuations closely matched open-water tidal fluctuations. Rainfall during February 1999-February 2000 was about 20 percent below the annual average. Specific conductance, pH, water temperature, and dissolved oxygen monitored at 30-minute intervals in Christmas Bay for 13 months showed seasonal variations typical of monitoring stations on the Texas Gulf Coast. Prevailing winds were from the southeast. Monthly water-quality sampling for 13 months showed that in each of the three bays concentrations of major ions were small, and most nutrient concentrations were at or less than minimum reporting levels; indicator bacteria counts were consistently higher in samples collected from Drum Bay. Several trace elements (sampled twice) were detected in small concentrations. The only organochlorine pesticides (sampled once) that were greater than minimum reporting levels were atrazine, deethylatrazine, metolachlor, and simazine. During February 29-March 29, 2000, three semipermeable membrane devices were deployed at the Christmas Bay monitoring station. Seven of 77 semivolatile organic compounds analyzed in the lipids from the devices were detected in minute amounts. Analyses of surficial bed sediment sampled once in each of the three bays yielded detections of a number of semivolatile organic compounds; all concentrations were less than 10 micrograms per liter and much less than the respective benchmark concentration for those compounds that have had a benchmark concentration established for the protection of aquatic life.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr0282","collaboration":"In cooperation with the Houston-Galveston Area Council","usgsCitation":"East, J., 2002, Hydrologic, water-quality, and sediment-quality data for the Christmas Bay system, Brazoria County, Texas, February 1999-March 2000: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2002-82, iii, 43 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr0282.","productDescription":"iii, 43 p.","costCenters":[{"id":583,"text":"Texas Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":425578,"rank":4,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_52067.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":9159,"rank":3,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2002/ofr02-082/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":333407,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2002/ofr02-082/pdf/02-082.pdf","text":"Report","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Report"},{"id":178415,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr0282.JPG"}],"country":"United States","state":"Texas","county":"Brazoria County","otherGeospatial":"Bastrop Bay, Christmas Bay, Drum Bay","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -95.8,\n 28.5\n ],\n [\n -95.8,\n 29.7\n ],\n [\n -94.5,\n 29.7\n ],\n [\n -94.5,\n 28.5\n ],\n [\n -95.8,\n 28.5\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a18e4b07f02db6051f3","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"East, Jeffery W. jweast@usgs.gov","contributorId":1683,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"East","given":"Jeffery W.","email":"jweast@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":583,"text":"Texas Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":242328,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70185176,"text":"70185176 - 2002 - Worldwide occurrences of arsenic in ground water","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-11-26T08:25:06","indexId":"70185176","displayToPublicDate":"2002-07-21T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3338,"text":"Science","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Worldwide occurrences of arsenic in ground water","docAbstract":"Numerous aquifers worldwide carry soluble arsenic at concentrations greater than the World Health Organization--and U.S. Environmental Protection Agency--recommended drinking water standard of 10 mg per liter. Sources include both natural (black shales, young sediments with low flushing rates, gold mineralization, and geothermal environments) and anthropogenic (mining activities, livestock feed additives, pesticides, and arsenic trioxide wastes and stockpiles). Increased solubility and mobility of arsenic is promoted by high pH (>8.5), competing oxyanions, and reducing conditions. In this Policy Forum, Nordstrom argues that human health risks from arsenic in ground water can be minimized by incorporating hydrogeochemical knowledge into water management decisions and by more careful monitoring for arsenic in geologically high-risk areas.
","language":"English","publisher":" American Association for the Advancement of Science","doi":"10.1126/science.1072375","usgsCitation":"Nordstrom, D.K., 2002, Worldwide occurrences of arsenic in ground water: Science, v. 296, no. 5576, p. 2143-2145, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1072375.","productDescription":"3 p.","startPage":"2143","endPage":"2145","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":337681,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"296","issue":"5576","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58ca52d4e4b0849ce97c86f2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Nordstrom, D. Kirk 0000-0003-3283-5136 dkn@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3283-5136","contributorId":749,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nordstrom","given":"D.","email":"dkn@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"Kirk","affiliations":[{"id":5044,"text":"National Research Program - Central Branch","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":37277,"text":"WMA - Earth System Processes Division","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":684615,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":38169,"text":"fs02202 - 2002 - Ground-Water Age and its Water-Management Implications, Cook Inlet Basin, Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:09:50","indexId":"fs02202","displayToPublicDate":"2002-07-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":313,"text":"Fact Sheet","code":"FS","onlineIssn":"2327-6932","printIssn":"2327-6916","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"022-02","title":"Ground-Water Age and its Water-Management Implications, Cook Inlet Basin, Alaska","docAbstract":"The Cook Inlet Basin encompasses 39,325 square miles in south-central Alaska. Approximately 350,000 people, more than half of Alaska?s population, reside in the basin, mostly in the Anchorage area. However, rapid growth is occurring in the Matanuska?Susitna and Kenai Peninsula Boroughs to the north and south of Anchorage. Ground-water resources provide about one-third of the water used for domestic, commercial and industrial purposes in the Anchorage metropolitan area and are the sole sources of water for industries and residents outside Anchorage. In 1997, a study of the Cook Inlet Basin was begun as part of the U.S. Geological Survey?s National Water-Quality Assessment Program. Samples of ground water were collected from 35 existing wells in unconsolidated glacial and alluvial aquifers during 1999 to determine the regional quality of ground water beneath about 790 mi2 of developed land and to gain a better understanding of the natural and human factors that affect the water quality (Glass, 2001). Of the 35 wells sampled, 31 had water analyzed for atmospherically derived substances to determine the ground water?s travel time from its point of recharge to its point of use or discharge?also known as ground-water age.\r\n\r\nGround water moves slowly from its point of recharge to its point of use or discharge. This water starts as rain and melting snow that soak into the ground as recharge. In the Matanuska?Susitna, Anchorage, and Kenai Peninsula areas, ground water generally moves from near the mountain fronts toward Cook Inlet or the major rivers. Much of the water pumped by domestic and public-supply wells may have traveled less than 10 miles, and the trip may have taken as short a time as a few days or as long as several decades. This ground water is vulnerable to contamination from the land surface, and many contaminants in the water would follow the same paths and have similar travel times from recharge areas to points of use as the chemical substances analyzed in this study. The effects of contamination may not be seen for several years after a contaminant is introduced into the ground-water system. Many contaminants could make the water unsuitable for drinking for many years, even in concentrations too low to detect without expensive chemical tests. The travel time of a chemically conservative substance depends primarily on the velocity of ground water through the aquifer, which in turn depends on the hydrologic characteristics of the aquifer system.","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/fs02202","usgsCitation":"Glass, R.L., 2002, Ground-Water Age and its Water-Management Implications, Cook Inlet Basin, Alaska: U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet 022-02, 1 folded sheet ([4] p.) : col. ill., col. maps ; 28 cm. , https://doi.org/10.3133/fs02202.","productDescription":"1 folded sheet ([4] p.) : col. ill., col. maps ; 28 cm. ","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":124636,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/fs_022_02.bmp"},{"id":3466,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/FS/fs-022-02/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ab0e4b07f02db66d657","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Glass, Roy L.","contributorId":86813,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Glass","given":"Roy","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":219251,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":33022,"text":"wri014096 - 2002 - History and hydrologic effects of ground-water use in Kings, Queens, and western Nassau Counties, Long Island, New York, 1800's through 1997","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-06-17T19:49:07.38985","indexId":"wri014096","displayToPublicDate":"2002-07-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2001-4096","title":"History and hydrologic effects of ground-water use in Kings, Queens, and western Nassau Counties, Long Island, New York, 1800's through 1997","docAbstract":"Ground-water withdrawals from the aquifers underlying Kings and Queens Counties varied temporally and spatially during the 20th century and caused extreme changes in water levels. The resultant lowering of water levels during periods of heavy pumping caused saltwater intrusion in nearshore areas and the migration of contaminants from land surface into deep aquifers. The recovery of water levels in response to countywide curtailment of pumping has resulted in the flooding of underground structures. Combined withdrawals for public and industrial supply in Kings and Queens Counties were greatest during the 1930's--about 130 million gallons per day. During this period, a large cone of depression developed in the water table in Kings County; within this depression, water levels were about 45 feet lower than in 1903. All pumping for public supply was halted in Kings County in 1947, and in Jamaica (in Queens County) in 1974. Water levels in Kings County had recovered by 1974 and have remained similar to those of 1903 since then, except for minor localized drawdowns due to industrial-supply or dewatering withdrawals. A large cone of depression that had formed in southeastern Queens County before 1974 has now (1997) disappeared. The estimated combined withdrawal for public supply and industrial supply in Kings and Queens Counties in 1996 was only about 50 million gallons per day.
The water-level recoveries in the water-table and confined aquifers generally have resulted in the dilution and dispersion of residual salty and nitrate-contaminated ground water. The majority of recently sampled wells indicate stable or decreasing chloride and nitrate concentrations in all aquifers since 1983. Organic contaminants remain in ground water in Kings, Queens, and Nassau Counties, however; the most commonly detected compounds in 1992-96 were tetrachloroethene, trichloroethene, chloroform, and total trihalomethanes. Water samples from monitoring wells in Kings County indicate a greater number of occurrences of these compounds in the upper glacial aquifer than in the Jameco-Magothy aquifer, whereas samples from public-supply wells in Queens County indicated a greater number of occurrences in the Jameco- Magothy aquifer than in the upper glacial aquifer. This distribution suggests that organic contaminants were not drawn into the deeper aquifers in Kings County before 1947, when their use was limited and deep withdrawals were greatest, and (or) that the longer period of waterlevel recovery in Kings County than in Queens has allowed greater degradation, dilution, and dispersion of any organic contaminants that might have entered the deep aquifers before the cessation of pumping in 1947.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/wri014096","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the New York City Department of Environmental Protection","usgsCitation":"Cartwright, R., 2002, History and hydrologic effects of ground-water use in Kings, Queens, and western Nassau Counties, Long Island, New York, 1800's through 1997: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 2001-4096, v, 79 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri014096.","productDescription":"v, 79 p.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":474,"text":"New York Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":324314,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/2001/4096/wri20014096.pdf","text":"Report","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"WRI 2001-4096"},{"id":163809,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/2001/4096/coverthb.jpg"},{"id":430321,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_52004.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"New York","county":"Kings County, Nassau County, Queens County","otherGeospatial":"Long Island","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -74.06295776367188,\n 40.53572049118792\n ],\n [\n -73.63311767578125,\n 40.53572049118792\n ],\n [\n -73.63311767578125,\n 40.85537053192494\n ],\n [\n -74.06295776367188,\n 40.85537053192494\n ],\n [\n -74.06295776367188,\n 40.53572049118792\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","contact":"Director, New York Water Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
425 Jordan Rd
Troy, NY 12180
(518) 285-5695
http://ny.water.usgs.gov/