Poorly lithified to unconsolidated carbonate and clastic sedimentary rocks of Tertiary (Oligocene to Pliocene) and Quaternary (Pleistocene to Holocene) age compose the South Coast aquifer and the North Coast limestone aquifer system of Puerto Rico; poorly lithified to unlithified carbonate rocks of late Tertiary (early Miocene to Pliocene) age make up the Kingshill aquifer of St. Croix, U.S. Virgin Islands. The South Coast aquifer, North Coast limestone aquifer system, and Kingshill aquifer are the most areally extensive and function as the major sources of ground water in the U.S. Caribbean Islands Regional Aquifer-System Analysis (CI-RASA) study area.
In Puerto Rico's South Coast ground-water province, more than 1,000 meters of clastic and carbonate rocks of Oligocene to Pliocene age infill the South Coast Tertiary Basin. The pattern of lithofacies within this basin appears to have been controlled by changes in base level that were, at times, dominated by tectonic movement (uplift and subsidence), but were also influenced by eustasy. Deposition of the 70-kilometer long and 3- to 8-kilometer wide fan-delta plain that covers much of the South Coast ground-water province occurred largely in response to glacially-induced changes in sea level and climate during the Quaternary period. Tectonic movement played a much less important role during the Quaternary.
The North Coast ground-water province of Puerto Rico is underlain by homoclinal coastal plain wedge of carbonate and siliciclastic rocks that infill the North Coast Tertiary Basin and thicken to more than 1,700 meters. A thin basal siliciclastic sequence of late Oligocene age is overlain by a thick section of mostly carbonate rocks of Oligocene to middle Miocene age. Globigerinid limestone of late Miocene to Pliocene age crops out and lies in the shallow subsurface areas of northwestern Puerto Rico. Oligocene to middle Miocene age rocks tentatively can be divided into five depositional sequences and associated systems tracts; these rocks record carbonate and minor siliciclastic deposition that occurred in response to changes in relative sea level. The Cibao Formation represents the most complex of these sequences and contains a varied facies of carbonate, mixed carbonate-siliciclastic, and siliciclastic rocks that reflect differential uplift, subsidence, and transgression of the sea.
Uplift, graben formation, and gradual shallowing of the sea are reflected within the bathyal-dominated sedimentary facies of the Kingshill Limestone in St. Croix, U.S. Virgin Islands. Reef-tract limestone beds of Pliocene age were subject to exposure, resubmergence, and meteoric leaching of aragonitic skeletal debris; these beds contain patchy lenses of dolomite that are restricted to a small, structurally-controlled embayment.
The South Coast aquifer, the principal water-bearing unit of Puerto Rico's South Coast ground-water province, consists of boulder- to silt-size detritus formed by large and small coalescing fan deltas of Pleistocene to Holocene age. Deep well data indicates that it is possible to vertically separate and group a highly complex and irregular-bedded detrital sequence that underlies distal parts of the fan-delta plain into discrete water-bearing units if correlated with 30- to 40-meter thick, eustatically-controlled depositional cycles. Lithofacies maps show that greatest hydraulic conductivity within the fan-delta plain is generally associated with proximal fan and midfan areas. Distal and interfan areas are least permeable. Alluvial valley aquifers located in the western part of the South Coast ground-water province are important local sources of water supply and appear to contain some of the same physical and hydraulic characteristics as the South Coast aquifer. Older sedimentary rocks within the basin are poor aquifers; conglomeratic beds are well-cemented, and carbonate beds do not contain well-developed solution features, except locally where the beds are overlain by alluvium. Ground-water occurs under unconfined conditions in proximal and midfan areas. Confined conditions within deeper parts of the system and in interfan and some midfan areas are created largely by the intercalated nature of discontinuous fine-grained beds that retard vertical ground-water movement.
The development of water resources in southern Puerto Rico has modified the hydrologic system of the South Coast aquifer considerably. Under predevelopment conditions, the South Coast aquifer was recharged in the unconfined, proximal fan and some midfan areas by infrequent rainfall and seepage from streams near the fan apex. Discharge occurred as seabed seepage, baseflow discharge along the lower coastal reach of streams, seepage to coastal wetlands, or evapotranspiration in areas underlain by a shallow water table. Under development conditions, seepage from irrigation canals and areal recharge from furrow irrigation represented a principal mechanism for recharge to the aquifer. Increased ground-water withdrawals in the 1960's and 1970's resulted in declines in the water table to below sea level in some places and intrusion of salt water into the aquifer. By the middle 1980's, a reduction in ground-water withdrawals and a shift from furrow irrigation to drip-irrigation techniques resulted in the recovery of water levels. Under present-day (1986) conditions, regional ground-water flow is coastward but with local movement to some well fields. In addition to the discharge mechanisms described above, ground-water discharges also to coastal canals.
The North Coast limestone aquifer system consists of limestone, lesser amounts of dolomite, and minor clastic detritus of Oligocene to Pliocene age that form an unconfined upper aquifer and a confined lower aquifer; these aquifers are separated by a clay, mudstone, and marl confining unit. Topographic relief and incision of carbonate coastal plain rocks by streams are the principal factors controlling the direction of ground-water flow. The North Coast limestone aquifer system is recharged principally by precipitation that enters the upper and lower aquifers where they crop out. Regional groundwater movement from the upper aquifer is to the major rivers, wells, coastal wetlands, coastal, nearshore, and offshore springs, or as seabed seepage. Regional discharge from the lower aquifer is to the major rivers along its unconfined parts or where the confining unit has been breached by streams. Discharge from the lower aquifer also occurs in the San Juan area where the Mucarabones Sand provides an avenue for diffuse upward ground-water flow. Transmissivity within the upper limestone aquifer appears to be largely regulated by the thickness of the freshwater lens. The lens is thickest and transmissivity is greatest in interstream areas that lie in a zone that closely corresponds to the landwardmost extent of the underlying saltwater wedge. Hydraulic conductivity of the upper aquifer generally increases in a coastward direction and reflects lithologic control, karstification in the upper 30 to 100 meters of the section, and enhanced permeability in a zone of freshwater and saltwater mixing. Transmissivity of the lower aquifer is an order of magnitude smaller than that of the upper aquifer; highest transmissivities in the lower aquifer largely correspond to a coarse grainstone-packstone and coral-patch-reef depositional facies contained within the outcropping parts of the Montebello Limestone Member and its subsurface equivalents. Porosity within the North Coast limestone aquifer system is high in grainstone-packstones and low in wackestone and marl. Dolomitized zones and moldic grainstone-packstone strata are the most porous carbonate rocks, but occur in thin beds that usually are only a few meters thick. Processes of karstification that include the development of caverous zones and large vugs, and dissolution along possible regional fracture sets has enhanced permeability within the upper part of the aquifer system. Stratigraphic and lithologic control play an important role controlling permeability within the lower part of the system.
The Kingshill aquifer of St. Croix, in large part, is composed of deepwater limestone that contains only microscopic pores and is poorly permeable; however, the upper part of the aquifer, a shallow-water skeletal and reef limestone, is fairly permeable, but restricted in areal extent. Permeability within these uppermost beds of the aquifer has been enhanced by meteoric leaching, dissolution within a mixing zone of saltwater and fresh water, and dolomitization. However, most large-yield wells completed in the Kingshill aquifer are also screened in alluvium that overlies or infills incised channels. The alluvial deposits serve as a temporary storage zone for rainfall, runoff, and ground water slowly entering the Kingshill aquifer.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/pp1419","usgsCitation":"Renken, R.A., Ward, W.C., Gill, I.P., Gómez-Gómez, F., and Rodríguez-Martínez, J., 2002, Geology and hydrogeology of the Caribbean Islands aquifer system of the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico and the U.S. Virgin Islands: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1419, Report: ix, 139 p.; 5 Plates: 42.00 × 50.00 inches or smaller, https://doi.org/10.3133/pp1419.","productDescription":"Report: ix, 139 p.; 5 Plates: 42.00 × 50.00 inches or smaller","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":405228,"rank":2,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_54502.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":3982,"rank":3,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/pp1419/index.html","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":120562,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/thumbnails/pp_1419.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Puerto Rico","otherGeospatial":"U.S. Virgin Islands","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -64.55429077148438,\n 17.748686651728807\n ],\n [\n -64.67926025390625,\n 18.320633115866578\n ],\n [\n -64.70809936523438,\n 18.394927021680232\n ],\n [\n -64.918212890625,\n 18.428804841695072\n ],\n [\n -65.40435791015625,\n 18.375379094031825\n ],\n [\n -65.79025268554688,\n 18.432713391700858\n ],\n [\n -66.016845703125,\n 18.47960905583197\n ],\n [\n -67.15255737304688,\n 18.539512627214105\n ],\n [\n -67.29949951171875,\n 18.367559302479318\n ],\n [\n -67.22396850585936,\n 17.947380678685217\n ],\n [\n -66.64581298828125,\n 17.901648443590073\n ],\n [\n -64.96902465820312,\n 17.679353156672477\n ],\n [\n -64.77951049804688,\n 17.647948051340578\n ],\n [\n -64.55429077148438,\n 17.748686651728807\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ad9e4b07f02db685294","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Renken, Robert A. rarenken@usgs.gov","contributorId":269,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Renken","given":"Robert","email":"rarenken@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":235412,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Ward, W. C.","contributorId":8925,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Ward","given":"W.","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":235413,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Gill, I. P.","contributorId":68064,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gill","given":"I.","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":235417,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Gómez-Gómez, Fernando","contributorId":31366,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gómez-Gómez","given":"Fernando","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":235415,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Rodríguez-Martínez, Jesús","contributorId":48149,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rodríguez-Martínez","given":"Jesús","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":235416,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":50501,"text":"ofr02265 - 2002 - Hydrogeologic data for the Coconino Plateau and adjacent areas, Coconino and Yavapai counties, Arizona","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-11-25T09:54:46","indexId":"ofr02265","displayToPublicDate":"2003-03-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2002-265","title":"Hydrogeologic data for the Coconino Plateau and adjacent areas, Coconino and Yavapai counties, Arizona","docAbstract":"Data on geology, topography, hydrology, climate, land use, and vegetation were compiled between October 2000 and September 2001 and assembled into a database for use by local and regional waterresource managers and for future water-resource investigations. The hydrologic data include information on wells, springs, streamflow, water chemistry, and water use. Limitations of the data and additional data needs also were prepared. The roughly 5,000-square-mile Coconino Plateau contains a complex regional aquifer that has become increasingly important as a source of water supply for domestic, municipal, and in-stream uses owing to population growth and development. The flow characteristics of the regional aquifer are poorly understood because the aquifer is deeply buried, which limits exploratory drilling and testing, and because the geologic structure, which controls the occurrence and movement of ground water, is complex. The study area is about 10,300 square miles and, besides containing the entire Coconino Plateau, includes parts of adjacent areas where ground water from the Coconino Plateau discharges. Selected data are presented in tabular or graphical form. All data are available in electronic form.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Tucson, AZ","doi":"10.3133/ofr02265","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the City of Williams","usgsCitation":"Bills, D., and Flynn, M., 2002, Hydrogeologic data for the Coconino Plateau and adjacent areas, Coconino and Yavapai counties, Arizona: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2002-265, Report: vi, 29 p.; Tables, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr02265.","productDescription":"Report: vi, 29 p.; Tables","numberOfPages":"38","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":128,"text":"Arizona Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":287825,"rank":4,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr02265.gif"},{"id":287824,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2002/0265/report.pdf"},{"id":296283,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2002/0265/","size":"6.4 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":296284,"rank":3,"type":{"id":7,"text":"Companion Files"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2002/0265/ofr02-265_Tables1-7.xls","size":"5.1 MB","linkFileType":{"id":3,"text":"xlsx"}}],"scale":"100000","projection":"Lambert Conformal Conic projection","country":"United States","state":"Arizona","county":"Coconino County, Yavapai County","otherGeospatial":"Coconino Plateau","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -113.0,35.0 ], [ -113.0,36.5 ], [ -111.0,36.5 ], [ -111.0,35.0 ], [ -113.0,35.0 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b23e4b07f02db6ae11c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bills, Donald J. djbills@usgs.gov","contributorId":4180,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bills","given":"Donald J.","email":"djbills@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":128,"text":"Arizona Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":241624,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Flynn, Marilyn E. meflynn@usgs.gov","contributorId":1039,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Flynn","given":"Marilyn E.","email":"meflynn@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":128,"text":"Arizona Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":241623,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":50116,"text":"pp1656A - 2002 - Hydrology, vegetation, and soils of riverine and tidal floodplain forests of the lower Suwannee River, Florida, and potential impacts of flow reductions","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-01-05T21:03:44.087185","indexId":"pp1656A","displayToPublicDate":"2003-03-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":331,"text":"Professional Paper","code":"PP","onlineIssn":"2330-7102","printIssn":"1044-9612","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1656","chapter":"A","title":"Hydrology, vegetation, and soils of riverine and tidal floodplain forests of the lower Suwannee River, Florida, and potential impacts of flow reductions","docAbstract":"A study relating hydrologic conditions, soils, and vegetation of floodplain forests to river flow was conducted in the lower Suwannee River, Florida, from 1996 to 2000. The study was done by the U.S. Geological Survey in cooperation with the Suwannee River Water Management District to help determine the minimum flows and levels required for wetlands protection. The study area included forests within the 10-year floodplain of the Suwannee River from its confluence with the Santa Fe River to the tree line (lower limit of forests) near the Gulf of Mexico, and covered 18,600 hectares (ha) of forests, 75 percent of which were wetlands and 25 percent uplands. The floodplain was divided into three reaches, riverine, upper tidal, and lower tidal, based on changes in hydrology, vegetation, and soils with proximity to the coast.
The Suwannee River is the second largest river in Florida in terms of average discharge. Median flow at the confluence of the Suwannee and Santa Fe Rivers is approximately 181 cubic meters per second (m3/s) or 6,480 cubic feet per second (ft3/s) (1933-99). At the upper end of the riverine reach, river stages are unaffected by tides and have a typical annual range of 4.1 meters (m). Tides affect river stages at low and medium flows in the upper tidal reach, and at all flows in the lower tidal reach. Median tidal range at the mouth of the Suwannee River is about 1 m. Salinity of river water in the lower tidal reach increases with decreasing flow and proximity to the Gulf of Mexico. Vertically averaged salinity in the river near the tree line is typically about 5 parts per thousand at medium flow.
Land-surface elevation and topographic relief in the floodplain decrease with proximity to the coast. Elevations range from 4.1 to 7.3 m above sea level at the most upstream riverine transect and from 0.3 to 1.3 m above sea level on lower tidal transects. Surface soils in the riverine reach are predominantly mineral and dry soon after floods recede except in swamps. Surface soils in upper and lower tidal reaches are predominantly organic, saturated mucks. In the downstream part of the lower tidal reach, conductivities of surface soils are high enough (greater than 4 milli-mhos per centimeter) to exclude many tree species that are intolerant of salinity.
Species richness of canopy and subcanopy plants in wetland forests in the lower Suwannee River is high compared to other river floodplains in North America. A total of 77 tree, shrub, and woody vine species were identified in the canopy and subcanopy of floodplain wetland forests (n = 8,376). Fourteen specific forest types were mapped using digitized aerial photographs, defined from vegetative sampling, and described in terms of plant species composition. For discussion purposes, some specific wetland types were combined, resulting in three general wetland forest types for each reach.
Riverine high bottomland hardwoods have higher canopy species richness than all other forest types (40-42 species), with Quercus virginiana the most important canopy tree by basal area. The canopy composition of riverine low bottomland hardwoods is dominated by five species with Quercus laurifolia the most important by basal area. Riverine swamps occur in the lowest and wettest areas with Taxodium distichum the most important canopy species by basal area. Upper tidal bottomland hardwoods are differentiated from riverine forests by the presence of Sabal palmetto in the canopy. Upper tidal mixed forests and swamps are differentiated from riverine forests, in part, by the presence of Fraxinus profunda in the canopy. Nyssa aquatica, the most important canopy species by basal area in upper tidal swamps, is absent from most forests in the lower tidal reach where its distribution is probably restricted by salinity. Hydric hammocks, a wetland type that is rare outside of Florida, are found in the lower tidal reach and are flooded every 1-2 years by either storm surge or river floods. Lower tidal mixed forests and swamps have continuously saturated muck soils and are differentiated from upper tidal forests, in part, by the presence of Magnolia virginiana in the canopy. Lower tidal swamps have the highest density of canopy trees (about 1,200 trees per hectare) of all floodplain forest types, with Nyssa biflora the most important canopy species by basal area.
Water use in the Suwannee River basin in Florida and Georgia is expected to increase over time because of anticipated growth and development in the region and adjacent areas. If increased water consumption reduced river flow, river stage would decrease and salinity would increase, resulting in a variety of impacts on forest composition, wetland biogeochemical processes, and fish and wildlife habitat.
Forest composition in the floodplain is primarily determined by duration of inundation and saturation, depth and frequency of floods, and salinity. Long-term flow reductions would result in shallower flood depths, allowing drier and more tidal species to invade wetland forests of the riverine and upper tidal reaches. If flows were reduced 2.8-56 m3/s (100-2,000 ft3/s), an estimated 52-1,140 ha, respectively, would change to a drier forest type, and 36-788 ha, respectively, would change to a more tidal forest type. The greatest impacts would occur in swamps, where important swamp species such as Taxodium distichum and Nyssa aquatica could have increased competition not only from drier or more tidal species, but also from opportunistic bottomland hardwoods or invasive exotic species. Reduced flows could also result in a conversion of some wetland forests to uplands, increasing vulnerability to human disturbance, and decreasing tree basal area, species richness, and diversity of wildlife habitat.
Salt-intolerant species would move upstream if flow reductions increased salinity in the lower tidal reach. If flows were reduced 2.8-56 m3/s (100-2,000 ft3/s), the area of forests along the tree line that would convert to marshes is estimated to be 72-618 ha, respectively. Loss of forests at the tree line would result in a loss of complex vertical structural diversity and woody micro-habitats that are used by many animals. These changes are already occurring due to sea level rise, but changes would occur more quickly if salinities increased as a result of flow reductions.
The amount of inundated and saturated area in the floodplain forest of the riverine reach would decrease if flows were reduced. The greatest impacts would result from flow reductions that occurred at low flows, when inundated and saturated areas in the floodplain are limited. Drier conditions would result in oxidation of organic matter in swamp soils, which would reduce the soil's water-holding capacity and ability to retain water during droughts. Drier soils would increase vulnerability of the floodplain to fire and could also reduce the ability of riverine forests to remove nitrates and other pollutants from river water. Loss of inundated areas resulting from flow reductions at low flow would eliminate aquatic habitats that are critical to the survival of floodplain fishes and aquatic invertebrates, and are important to many other animals that use the floodplain. If flow reductions occurred during high flows, main channel fishes could decrease in diversity and abundance because they are seasonally dependent on flooded forests for food, shelter, and reproduction. In addition, aquatic organisms in the river and estuary could be adversely affected because they depend on particulate organic detritus and other floodplain exports as food sources.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/pp1656A","usgsCitation":"Light, H.M., Darst, M.R., Lewis, L.J., and Howell, D.A., 2002, Hydrology, vegetation, and soils of riverine and tidal floodplain forests of the lower Suwannee River, Florida, and potential impacts of flow reductions: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1656, xiii, 124 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/pp1656A.","productDescription":"xiii, 124 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":120671,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/pp_1656_a.jpg"},{"id":411451,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_54469.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":4302,"rank":2,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.water.usgs.gov/pp1656A/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Florida","otherGeospatial":"lower Suwannee River","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -83.1667,\n 29.885\n ],\n [\n -83.1667,\n 29.4697\n ],\n [\n -82.8736,\n 29.4697\n ],\n [\n -82.8736,\n 29.885\n ],\n [\n -83.1667,\n 29.885\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b23e4b07f02db6ae076","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Light, Helen M.","contributorId":18355,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Light","given":"Helen","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":240786,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Darst, Melanie R.","contributorId":93042,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Darst","given":"Melanie","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":240789,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Lewis, Lori J.","contributorId":73655,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lewis","given":"Lori","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":240788,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Howell, David A.","contributorId":55275,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Howell","given":"David","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":240787,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":44917,"text":"wri024215 - 2002 - Streamflow and nutrient data for the Yazoo River below Steele Bayou near Long Lake, Mississippi, 1996-2000","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-04-29T12:45:04","indexId":"wri024215","displayToPublicDate":"2003-03-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2002-4215","title":"Streamflow and nutrient data for the Yazoo River below Steele Bayou near Long Lake, Mississippi, 1996-2000","docAbstract":"Increased nutrient loading to the Gulf of Mexico from off-continent flux has been identified as contributing to the increase in the areal extent of the low dissolved-oxygen zone that develops annually off the Louisiana and Texas coast. The proximity of the Yazoo River Basin in northwestern Mississippi to the Gulf of Mexico, and the intensive agricultural activities in the basin have led to speculation that the Yazoo River Basin contributes a disproportionate amount of nitrogen and phosphorus to the Mississippi River and ultimately to the Gulf of Mexico. An empirical measurement of the flux of nitrogen and phosphorus from the Yazoo Basin has not been possible due to the hydrology of the lower Yazoo River Basin. \r\n\r\nStreamflow for the Yazoo River below Steele Bayou is affected by backwater from the Mississippi River. Flow at the gage is non-uniform and varying, with bi-directional and reverse flows possible. Streamflow was computed by using remote sensing and acoustic and conventional discharge and velocity measurement techniques. Streamflow from the Yazoo River for the 1996-2000 period accounted for 2.8 percent of the flow of the Mississippi River for the same period.\r\n\r\nWater samples from the Yazoo River were collected from February 1996 through December 2000 and were analyzed for total nitrogen, nitrate, total phosphorus, and orthophosphorus as part of the U.S. Geological Survey National Water-Quality Assessment Program. These data were used to compute annual loads of nitrogen and phosphorus discharged from the Yazoo River for the period 1996-2000. \r\n\r\nAnnual loads of nitrogen and phosphorus were calculated by two methods. The first method used multivariate regression and the second method multiplied the mean annual concentration by the total annual flow. Load estimates based on the product of the mean annual concentration and the total annual flow were within the 95 percent confidence interval for the load calculated by multivariate regression in 10 of 20 cases. The Yazoo River loads, compared to average annual loads in the Mississippi River, indicated that the Yazoo River was contributing 1.4 percent of the total nitrogen load, 0.7 percent of the nitrate load, 3.4 percent of the total phosphorus load, and 1.6 percent of the orthophosphorus load during 1996 - 2000. The total nitrogen, nitrate, and orthophosphorus loads in the Yazoo River Basin were less than expected, whereas the total phosphorus load was slightly higher than expected based on discharge.","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/wri024215","usgsCitation":"Runner, M.S., Turnipseed, D.P., and Coupe, R.H., 2002, Streamflow and nutrient data for the Yazoo River below Steele Bayou near Long Lake, Mississippi, 1996-2000: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 2002-4215, viii, 35 p. : ill., maps ; 28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri024215.","productDescription":"viii, 35 p. : ill., maps ; 28 cm.","costCenters":[{"id":455,"text":"National Wetlands Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":17705,"text":"Wetland and Aquatic Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":161517,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":3796,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://ms.water.usgs.gov/publications/WRIR_02_4215.html","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b25e4b07f02db6aee2a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Runner, Michael S. msrunner@usgs.gov","contributorId":3497,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Runner","given":"Michael","email":"msrunner@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":230676,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Turnipseed, D. Phil 0000-0002-9737-3203 pturnip@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9737-3203","contributorId":298,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Turnipseed","given":"D.","email":"pturnip@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"Phil","affiliations":[{"id":455,"text":"National Wetlands Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":230674,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Coupe, Richard H. 0000-0001-8679-1015 rhcoupe@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8679-1015","contributorId":551,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Coupe","given":"Richard","email":"rhcoupe@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[{"id":394,"text":"Mississippi Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":230675,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":47756,"text":"wri024234 - 2002 - Simulation of ground-water flow and evaluation of water-management alternatives in the upper Charles River basin, eastern Massachusetts","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-09-11T13:37:32.812392","indexId":"wri024234","displayToPublicDate":"2003-03-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2002-4234","title":"Simulation of ground-water flow and evaluation of water-management alternatives in the upper Charles River basin, eastern Massachusetts","docAbstract":"Ground water is the primary source of drinking water for towns in the upper Charles River Basin, an area of 105 square miles in eastern Massachusetts that is undergoing rapid growth. The stratified-glacial aquifers in the basin are high yield, but also are thin, discontinuous, and in close hydraulic connection with streams, ponds, and wetlands. Water withdrawals averaged 10.1 million gallons per day in 1989?98 and are likely to increase in response to rapid growth. These withdrawals deplete streamflow and lower pond levels. A study was conducted to develop tools for evaluating water-management alternatives at the regional scale in the basin. Geologic and hydrologic data were compiled and collected to characterize the ground- and surface-water systems. Numerical flow modeling techniques were applied to evaluate the effects of increased withdrawals and altered recharge on ground-water levels, pond levels, and stream base flow. Simulation-optimization methods also were applied to test their efficacy for management of multiple water-supply and water-resource needs. \r\n\r\nSteady-state and transient ground-water-flow models were developed using the numerical modeling code MODFLOW-2000. The models were calibrated to 1989?98 average annual conditions of water withdrawals, water levels, and stream base flow. Model recharge rates were varied spatially, by land use, surficial geology, and septic-tank return flow. Recharge was changed during model calibration by means of parameter-estimation techniques to better match the estimated average annual base flow; area-weighted rates averaged 22.5 inches per year for the basin. Water withdrawals accounted for about 7 percent of total simulated flows through the stream-aquifer system and were about equal in magnitude to model-calculated rates of ground-water evapotranspiration from wetlands and ponds in aquifer areas. Water withdrawals as percentages of total flow varied spatially and temporally within an average year; maximum values were 12 to 13 percent of total annual flow in some subbasins and of total monthly flow throughout the basin in summer and early fall. \r\n\r\nWater-management alternatives were evaluated by simulating hypothetical scenarios of increased withdrawals and altered recharge for average 1989?98 conditions with the flow models. Increased withdrawals to maximum State-permitted levels would result in withdrawals of about 15 million gallons per day, or about 50 percent more than current withdrawals. Model-calculated effects of these increased withdrawals included reductions in stream base flow that were greatest (as a percentage of total flow) in late summer and early fall. These reductions ranged from less than 5 percent to more than 60 percent of model-calculated 1989?98 base flow along reaches of the Charles River and major tributaries during low-flow periods. Reductions in base flow generally were comparable to upstream increases in withdrawals, but were slightly less than upstream withdrawals in areas where septic-system return flow was simulated. Increased withdrawals also increased the proportion of wastewater in the Charles River downstream of treatment facilities. The wastewater component increased downstream from a treatment facility in Milford from 80 percent of September base flow under 1989?98 conditions to 90 percent of base flow, and from 18 to 27 percent of September base flow downstream of a treatment facility in Medway. In another set of hypothetical scenarios, additional recharge equal to the transfer of water out of a typical subbasin by sewers was found to increase model-calculated base flows by about 12 percent of model-calculated base flows. Addition of recharge equal to that available from artificial recharge of residential rooftop runoff had smaller effects, augmenting simulated September base flow by about 3 percent. \r\n\r\nSimulation-optimization methods were applied to an area near Populatic Pond and the confluence of the Mill and Charles Rivers in Franklin,","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri024234","usgsCitation":"DeSimone, L., Walter, D.A., Eggleston, J.R., and Nimiroski, M.T., 2002, Simulation of ground-water flow and evaluation of water-management alternatives in the upper Charles River basin, eastern Massachusetts: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 2002-4234, vii, 94 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri024234.","productDescription":"vii, 94 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":170495,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":4083,"rank":2,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/wri024234/index.html","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Massachusetts","otherGeospatial":"upper Charles River basin","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -71.667,\n 42.25\n ],\n [\n -71.667,\n 41.9\n ],\n [\n -71.1958,\n 41.9\n ],\n [\n -71.1958,\n 42.25\n ],\n [\n -71.667,\n 42.25\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49f8e4b07f02db5f2e4d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"DeSimone, Leslie A. 0000-0003-0774-9607 ldesimon@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0774-9607","contributorId":176711,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"DeSimone","given":"Leslie A.","email":"ldesimon@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":376,"text":"Massachusetts Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":466,"text":"New England Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":236165,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Walter, Donald A. 0000-0003-0879-4477 dawalter@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0879-4477","contributorId":1101,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Walter","given":"Donald","email":"dawalter@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":466,"text":"New England Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":236164,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Eggleston, John R. 0000-0001-6633-3041 jegglest@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6633-3041","contributorId":3068,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Eggleston","given":"John","email":"jegglest@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":614,"text":"Virginia Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":236166,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Nimiroski, Mark T.","contributorId":65898,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nimiroski","given":"Mark","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":236167,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":44606,"text":"wri20024141 - 2002 - Results of Hydraulic Tests in Miocene Tuffaceous Rocks at the C-Hole Complex, 1995 to 1997, Yucca Mountain, Nye County, Nevada","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-10T00:10:10","indexId":"wri20024141","displayToPublicDate":"2003-02-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2002-4141","title":"Results of Hydraulic Tests in Miocene Tuffaceous Rocks at the C-Hole Complex, 1995 to 1997, Yucca Mountain, Nye County, Nevada","docAbstract":"Four hydraulic tests were conducted by the U.S. Geological Survey at the C-hole complex at Yucca Mountain, Nevada, between May 1995 and November 1997. These tests were conducted as part of ongoing investigations to determine the hydrologic and geologic suitability of Yucca Mountain as a potential site for permanent underground storage of high-level nuclear waste. \r\n\r\nThe C-hole complex consists of three 900-meter-deep boreholes that are 30.4 to 76.6 meters apart. The C-holes are completed in fractured, variably welded tuffaceous rocks of Miocene age. Six hydrogeologic intervals occur within the saturated zone in these boreholes - the Calico Hills, Prow Pass, Upper Bullfrog, Lower Bullfrog, Upper Tram, and Lower Tram intervals. The Lower Bullfrog and Upper Tram intervals contributed about 90 percent of the flow during hydraulic tests. \r\n\r\nThe four hydraulic tests conducted from 1995 to 1997 lasted 4 to 553 days. Discharge from the pumping well, UE-25 c #3, ranged from 8.49 to 22.5 liters per second in different tests. Two to seven observation wells, 30 to 3,526 meters from the pumping well, were used in different tests. Observation wells included UE-25 c #1, UE-25 c #2, UE-25 ONC-1, USW H-4, UE-25 WT #14, and UE-25 WT #3 in the tuffaceous rocks and UE-25 p #1 in Paleozoic carbonate rocks. \r\n\r\nIn all hydraulic tests, drawdown in the pumping well was rapid and large (2.9-11 meters). Attributable mostly to frictional head loss and borehole-skin effects, this drawdown could not be used to analyze hydraulic properties. Drawdown and recovery in intervals of UE-25 c #1 and UE-25 c #2 and in other observation wells typically was less than 51 centimeters. These data were analyzed. \r\n\r\nHydrogeologic intervals in the C-holes have layered heterogeneity related to faults and fracture zones. Transmissivity, hydraulic conductivity, and storativity generally increase downhole. Transmissivity ranges from 4 to 1,600 meters squared per day; hydraulic conductivity ranges from 0.1 to 50 meters per day; and storativity ranges from 0.00002 to 0.002. \r\n\r\nTransmissivity in the Miocene tuffaceous rocks decreases from 2,600 to 700 meters squared per day northwesterly across the 21-square-kilometer area affected by hydraulic tests at the C-hole complex. The average transmissivity of the tuffaceous rocks in this area, as determined from plots of drawdown in most or all observation wells as functions of time or distance from the pumping well, is 2,100 to 2,600 meters squared per day. Average storativity determined from these plot ranges is 0.0005 to 0.002. Hydraulic conductivity ranges from less than 2 to more than 10 meters per day; it is largest where prominent northerly trending faults are closely spaced or intersected by northwesterly trending faults. \r\n\r\nDuring hydraulic tests, the Miocene tuffaceous rocks functioned as a single aquifer. Drawdown occurred in all monitored intervals of the C-holes and other observation wells, regardless of the hydrogeologic interval being pumped. This hydraulic connection across geologic and lithostratigraphic contacts is believed to result from interconnected faults, fractures, and intervals with large matrix permeability. Samples of UE-25 c #3 water, analyzed from 1995 to 1997, seem to indicate that changes in the quality of the water pumped from that well are probably due solely to lateral variations in water quality within the tuffaceous rocks.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri20024141","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the U.S. Department of Energy, Under Interagency Agreement DE?AI08?92NV10874","usgsCitation":"Geldon, A.L., Umari, A., Fahy, M., Earle, J.D., Gemmell, J.M., and Darnell, J., 2002, Results of Hydraulic Tests in Miocene Tuffaceous Rocks at the C-Hole Complex, 1995 to 1997, Yucca Mountain, Nye County, Nevada: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 2002-4141, v, 58 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri20024141.","productDescription":"v, 58 p.","costCenters":[{"id":687,"text":"Yucca Mountain Project Branch","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":125699,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/wri_2002_4141.jpg"},{"id":13246,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/2002/wri02-4141/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -116.58333333333333,36.666666666666664 ], [ -116.58333333333333,36.916666666666664 ], [ -116.33333333333333,36.916666666666664 ], [ -116.33333333333333,36.666666666666664 ], [ -116.58333333333333,36.666666666666664 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a2ce4b07f02db613d01","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Geldon, Arthur L.","contributorId":16395,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Geldon","given":"Arthur","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":230083,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Umari, Amjad M.A.","contributorId":100463,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Umari","given":"Amjad M.A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":230086,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Fahy, Michael F.","contributorId":85630,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fahy","given":"Michael F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":230085,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Earle, John D.","contributorId":34537,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Earle","given":"John","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":230084,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Gemmell, James M.","contributorId":108176,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gemmell","given":"James","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":230088,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Darnell, Jon","contributorId":103323,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Darnell","given":"Jon","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":230087,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":44982,"text":"wri024102 - 2002 - A three-dimensional numerical model of predevelopment conditions in the Death Valley regional ground-water flow system, Nevada and California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:10:12","indexId":"wri024102","displayToPublicDate":"2003-02-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2002-4102","title":"A three-dimensional numerical model of predevelopment conditions in the Death Valley regional ground-water flow system, Nevada and California","docAbstract":"In the early 1990's, two numerical models of the Death Valley regional ground-water flow system were developed by the U.S. Department of Energy. In general, the two models were based on the same basic hydrogeologic data set. In 1998, the U.S. Department of Energy requested that the U.S. Geological Survey develop and maintain a ground-water flow model of the Death Valley region in support of U.S. Department of Energy programs at the Nevada Test Site. The purpose of developing this 'second-generation' regional model was to enhance the knowledge an understanding of the ground-water flow system as new information and tools are developed. The U.S. Geological Survey also was encouraged by the U.S. Department of Energy to cooperate to the fullest extent with other Federal, State, and local entities in the region to take advantage of the benefits of their knowledge and expertise.\r\n\r\n \r\n\r\nThe short-term objective of the Death Valley regional ground-water flow system project was to develop a steady-state representation of the predevelopment conditions of the ground-water flow system utilizing the two geologic interpretations used to develop the previous numerical models. The long-term objective of this project was to construct and calibrate a transient model that simulates the ground-water conditions of the study area over the historical record that utilizes a newly interpreted hydrogeologic conceptual model. This report describes the result of the predevelopment steady-state model construction and calibration.\r\n\r\n \r\n\r\nThe Death Valley regional ground-water flow system is situated within the southern Great Basin, a subprovince of the Basin and Range physiographic province, bounded by latitudes 35 degrees north and 38 degrees 15 minutes north and by longitudes 115 and 118 degrees west. Hydrology in the region is a result of both the arid climatic conditions and the complex geology. Ground-water flow generally can be described as dominated by interbasinal flow and may be conceptualized as having two main components: a series of relatively shallow and localized flow paths that are superimposed on deeper regional flow paths. A significant component of the regional ground-water flow is through a thick Paleozoic carbonate rock sequence. Throughout the flow system, ground water flows through zones of high transmissivity that have resulted from regional faulting and fracturing.\r\n\r\n \r\n\r\nThe conceptual model of the Death Valley regional ground-water flow system used for this study is adapted from the two previous ground-water modeling studies. The three-dimensional digital hydrogeologic framework model developed for the region also contains elements of both of the hydrogeologic framework models used in the previous investigations. As dictated by project scope, very little reinterpretation and refinement were made where these two framework models disagree; therefore, limitations in the hydrogeologic representation of the flow system exist. Despite limitations, the framework model provides the best representation to date of the hydrogeologic units and structures that control regional ground-water flow and serves as an important information source used to construct and calibrate the predevelopment, steady-state flow model.\r\n\r\n \r\n\r\nIn addition to the hydrogeologic framework, a complex array of mechanisms accounts for flow into, through, and out of the regional ground-water flow system. Natural discharges from the regional ground-water flow system occur by evapotranspiration, springs, and subsurface outflow. In this study, evapotranspiration rates were adapted from a related investigation that developed maps of evapotranspiration areas and computed rates from micrometeorological data collected within the local area over a multiyear period. In some cases, historical spring flow records were used to derive ground-water discharge rates for isolated regional springs.\r\n\r\n \r\n\r\nFor this investigation, a process-based, numerical model was developed to estimat","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/wri024102","usgsCitation":"D’Agnese, F.A., O’Brien, G.M., Faunt, C., Belcher, W., and San Juan, C., 2002, A three-dimensional numerical model of predevelopment conditions in the Death Valley regional ground-water flow system, Nevada and California: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 2002-4102, viii, 114 p. : ill. (some col.), col. maps ; 28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri024102.","productDescription":"viii, 114 p. : ill. (some col.), col. maps ; 28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":161720,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":3857,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.water.usgs.gov/wri024102/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b16e4b07f02db6a5650","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"D’Agnese, Frank A.","contributorId":47810,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"D’Agnese","given":"Frank","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":230832,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"O’Brien, G. M.","contributorId":31407,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"O’Brien","given":"G.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":230831,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Faunt, C.C. 0000-0001-5659-7529","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5659-7529","contributorId":103314,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Faunt","given":"C.C.","affiliations":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":230834,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Belcher, W.R.","contributorId":30667,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Belcher","given":"W.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":230830,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"San Juan, C. 0000-0002-9151-1919","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9151-1919","contributorId":83974,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"San Juan","given":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":230833,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":44565,"text":"wri024227 - 2002 - Water-quality and ground-water hydrology of the Columbia/Eagle Bluffs Wetland Complex, Columbia, Missouri— 1992-99","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-11-23T20:31:25.215836","indexId":"wri024227","displayToPublicDate":"2003-02-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2002-4227","displayTitle":"Water-Quality and Ground-Water Hydrology of the Columbia/Eagle Bluffs Wetland Complex, Columbia, Missouri— 1992–99","title":"Water-quality and ground-water hydrology of the Columbia/Eagle Bluffs Wetland Complex, Columbia, Missouri— 1992-99","docAbstract":"In an effort to restore riverine wetlands along the Missouri River, the Missouri Department of Conservation constructed the 2,700-acre Eagle Bluffs Conservation Area. The primary water source for managing 1,200 wetland acres on the Eagle Bluffs Conservation Area is treated effluent received from a 91-acre constructed wastewater-treatment wetland operated by the city of Columbia, Missouri. The combined areas of the Eagle Bluffs Conservation Area and the wastewater-treatment wetland are termed the Columbia/Eagle Bluffs Wetland Complex. The U.S. Geological Survey, in cooperation with the Missouri Department of Conservation and the city of Columbia, Missouri, collected samples quarterly from August 1992 to March 1999 from a monitoring network that included 33 ground-water sites and 4 surface-water sites to establish a baseline pre-effluent data set and to provide post-effluent data for trend analysis.
Changes in major chemical constituent concentrations have been observed at several sampling locations between pre- and post-effluent data. Analysis of post-effluent time-series water-quality data indicates changes occurred in sodium, potassium, calcium, sulfate, and chloride concentrations at 13 sites. These changes can be correlated to the beginning of the operation of the wastewater-treatment wetland. The concentrations of these major chemical constituents plot on the mixing continuum between pre-effluent ground water as one end member and the treated effluent as the other end member. At ground water sites that had changes in concentrations, the relative percentage of treated effluent in the ground water, assuming chloride is conservative, ranged from 11 to more than 100 percent.
At ground-water sites, few changes were noted in fecal indicator bacteria, nutrients, trace constituents, total and dissolved organic carbon, and organic constituents. Other than changes in boron concentrations at one ground-water site, these changes could not be directly correlated to the operation of the treatment wetland or the management of the Eagle Bluffs Conservation Area. After the treatment wetland began operation, improvement in the water quality in Perche Creek was observed. With respect to fecal indicator bacteria and nutrient concentrations, the water quality of water discharging from the Eagle Bluffs Conservation Area was improved relative to the water entering the area.
Persistent ground-water highs have been observed beneath the Eagle Bluffs Conservation Area and wastewater-treatment unit 1 following the flooding of the wetland areas. These ground-water highs occur during the fall and winter months when ground- and surface-water levels are high and during the spring and summer months when the water levels are lower. The Missouri River stage had a strong effect on the water levels in the aquifer during pre-effluent conditions, but the effect has been lessened by the ground-water high.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/wri024227","usgsCitation":"Richards, J.M., 2002, Water-quality and ground-water hydrology of the Columbia/Eagle Bluffs Wetland Complex, Columbia, Missouri— 1992-99: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 2002-4227, v, 63 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri024227.","productDescription":"v, 63 p.","numberOfPages":"68","costCenters":[{"id":396,"text":"Missouri Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":134989,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/2002/4227/coverthb.jpg"},{"id":360389,"rank":3,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/2002/4227/wrir20024227.pdf","text":"Report","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"WRIR 2002–4227"},{"id":392066,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_54265.htm"}],"country":"United States","state":"Missouri","otherGeospatial":"Columbia/Eagle Bluffs wetland complex","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -92.4667,\n 38.8194\n ],\n [\n -92.3844,\n 38.8194\n ],\n [\n -92.3844,\n 38.9056\n ],\n [\n -92.4667,\n 38.9056\n ],\n [\n -92.4667,\n 38.8194\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","contact":"Director, Central Midwest Water Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
1400 Independence Road
Rolla, MO 65401
Flow zones in a fractured shale in and near a plume of volatile organic compounds at the Watervliet Arsenal in Albany County, N. Y. were characterized through the integrated analysis of geophysical logs and single- and cross-hole flow tests. Information on the fracture-flow network at the site was needed to design an effective groundwater monitoring system, estimate offsite contaminant migration, and evaluate potential containment and remedial actions.
Four newly drilled coreholes and four older monitoring wells were logged and tested to define the distribution and orientation of fractures that intersected a combined total of 500 feet of open hole. Analysis of borehole-wall image logs obtained with acoustic and optical televiewers indicated 79 subhorizontal to steeply dipping fractures with a wide range of dip directions. Analysis of fluid resistivity, temperature, and heat-pulse and electromagnetic flowmeter logs obtained under ambient and short-term stressed conditions identified 14 flow zones, which consist of one to several fractures and whose estimated transmissivity values range from 0.1 to more than 250 feet squared per day.
Cross-hole flow tests, which were used to characterize the hydraulic connection between fracture-flow zones intersected by the boreholes, entailed (1) injection into or extraction from boreholes that penetrated a single fracture-flow zone or whose zones were isolated by an inflatable packer, and (2) measurement of the transient response of water levels and flow in surrounding boreholes. Results indicate a wellconnected fracture network with an estimated transmissivity of 80 to 250 feet squared per day that extends for at least 200 feet across the site. This interconnected fracture-flow network greatly affects the hydrology of the site and has important implications for contaminant monitoring and remedial actions.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr01385","usgsCitation":"Williams, J., and Paillet, F.L., 2002, Characterization of fractures and flow zones in a contaminated shale at the Watervliet Arsenal, Albany County, New York: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2001-385, iv, 25 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr01385.","productDescription":"iv, 25 p.","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":474,"text":"New York Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":493,"text":"Office of Ground Water","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":4248,"rank":100,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2001/0385/ofr20010385.pdf","text":"Report","size":"2.06 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"FS 2001-0385"},{"id":176279,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2001/0385/coverthb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"New York","county":"Albany County","otherGeospatial":"Watervliet Arsenal","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -73.70386362075806,\n 42.715867313641276\n ],\n [\n -73.69997978210449,\n 42.715867313641276\n ],\n [\n -73.69997978210449,\n 42.72291410357414\n ],\n [\n -73.70386362075806,\n 42.72291410357414\n ],\n [\n -73.70386362075806,\n 42.715867313641276\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","contact":"Director, New York Water Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
425 Jordan Rd
Troy, NY 12180-8349
(518) 285-5695
http://ny.water.usgs.gov/
The Volcano Hazards Program of the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) is part of the Geologic Hazards Assessments subactivity as funded by Congressional appropriation. Investigations are carried out in the Geology and Hydrology Disciplines of the USGS and with cooperators at the Alaska Division of Geological and Geophysical Surveys, University of Alaska Fairbanks Geophysical Institute, University of Hawaii Hilo, University of Utah, and University of Washington Geophysics Program. This report lists publications from all these institutions.
\nThis report contains only published papers and maps; numerous abstracts produced for presentations at scientific meetings have not been included. Publications are included based on date of publication with no attempt to assign them to Fiscal Year.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr02492","usgsCitation":"Nathenson, M., 2002, Publications of the Volcano Hazards Program 2001: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2002-492, Report: PDF, 9 p.; Report: TXT, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr02492.","productDescription":"Report: PDF, 9 p.; Report: TXT","numberOfPages":"9","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":615,"text":"Volcano Hazards Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":176319,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr02492.jpg"},{"id":4389,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2002/0492/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":283919,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2002/0492/pdf/of02-492.pdf"},{"id":283920,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2002/0492/of02-492.txt"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a90e4b07f02db655e9f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Nathenson, Manuel 0000-0002-5216-984X mnathnsn@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5216-984X","contributorId":1358,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nathenson","given":"Manuel","email":"mnathnsn@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":241896,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":44650,"text":"wri024278 - 2002 - Simulation of reservoir storage and firm yields of three surface-water supplies, Ipswich River Basin, Massachusetts","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-07-23T13:17:24.384486","indexId":"wri024278","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2002-4278","title":"Simulation of reservoir storage and firm yields of three surface-water supplies, Ipswich River Basin, Massachusetts","docAbstract":"A Hydrologic Simulation Program FORTRAN (HSPF) model previously developed for the Ipswich River Basin was modified to simulate the hydrologic response and firm yields of the water-supply systems of Lynn, Peabody, and Salem-Beverly. The updated model, expanded to include a portion of the Saugus River Basin that supplies water to Lynn, simulated reservoir system storage over a 35-year period (1961-95) under permitted withdrawals and hypothetical restrictions designed to maintain seasonally varied streamflow for aquatic habitat. A firm yield was calculated for each system and each withdrawal restriction by altering demands until the system failed. This is considered the maximum withdrawal rate that satisfies demands, but depletes reservoir storage. Simulations indicate that, under the permitted withdrawals, Lynn and Salem-Beverly were able to meet demands and generally have their reservoir system recover to full capacity during most years; reservoir storage averaged 83 and 82 percent of capacity, respectively. The firm yields for the Lynn and Salem-Beverly systems were 11.4 and 12.2 million gallons per day (Mgal/d), respectively, or 8 and 21 percent more than average 1998-2000 demands, respectively. Under permitted withdrawals and average 1998-2000 demands, the Peabody system failed in all years; thus Peabody purchased water to meet demands. The firm yield for the Peabody system is 3.70 Mgal/d, or 37 percent less than the average 1998-2000 demand. Simulations that limit withdrawals to levels recommended by the Ipswich River Fisheries Restoration Task Group (IRFRTG) indicate that under average 1998-2000 demands, reservoir storage was depleted in each of the three systems. Reservoir storage under average 1998-2000 demands and IRFRTG-recommended streamflow requirements averaged 15, 22, and 71 percent of capacity for the Lynn, Peabody, Salem-Beverly systems, respectively. The firm-yield estimates under the IRFRTG-recommended streamflow requirements were 6.02, 1.94, and 7.69 Mgal/d or 43, 64, and 34 percent less than the average 1998-2000 demands for the Lynn, Peabody, and Salem-Beverly systems, respectively. Simulations that limit withdrawals from the Saugus River to a less stringent set of restrictions (based on an Instream Flow Incremental Methodology study) than those previously simulated indicate that the firm yield of the Lynn system is about 31 percent less than the average 1998-2000 withdrawals (7.31 Mgal/d).","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri024278","usgsCitation":"Zarriello, P.J., 2002, Simulation of reservoir storage and firm yields of three surface-water supplies, Ipswich River Basin, Massachusetts: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 2002-4278, 58 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri024278.","productDescription":"58 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":169130,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":3758,"rank":2,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/wri02-4278/index.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Massachusetts","otherGeospatial":"Ipswich River basin","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -70.80079238887427,\n 42.791573181324765\n ],\n [\n -71.33162209596102,\n 42.791573181324765\n ],\n [\n -71.33162209596102,\n 42.47218348466947\n ],\n [\n -70.80079238887427,\n 42.47218348466947\n ],\n [\n -70.80079238887427,\n 42.791573181324765\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49f7e4b07f02db5f2217","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Zarriello, Phillip J. 0000-0001-9598-9904 pzarriel@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9598-9904","contributorId":1868,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zarriello","given":"Phillip","email":"pzarriel@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":376,"text":"Massachusetts Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":230200,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":44934,"text":"wri20024292 - 2002 - Estimates of median flows for streams on the Kansas surface water register","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":44934,"text":"wri20024292 - 2002 - Estimates of median flows for streams on the Kansas surface water register","indexId":"wri20024292","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"displayTitle":"Estimates of Median Flows for Streams on the Kansas Surface Water Register","title":"Estimates of median flows for streams on the Kansas surface water register"},"predicate":"SUPERSEDED_BY","object":{"id":55232,"text":"sir20045032 - 2004 - Estimates of median flows for streams on the 1999 Kansas Surface Water Register","indexId":"sir20045032","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"title":"Estimates of median flows for streams on the 1999 Kansas Surface Water Register"},"id":1}],"supersededBy":{"id":55232,"text":"sir20045032 - 2004 - Estimates of median flows for streams on the 1999 Kansas Surface Water Register","indexId":"sir20045032","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"title":"Estimates of median flows for streams on the 1999 Kansas Surface Water Register"},"lastModifiedDate":"2019-05-28T10:09:50","indexId":"wri20024292","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2002-4292","displayTitle":"Estimates of Median Flows for Streams on the Kansas Surface Water Register","title":"Estimates of median flows for streams on the Kansas surface water register","docAbstract":"The Kansas State Legislature, by enacting Kansas Statute KSA 82a-2001 et. seq., mandated the criteria for determining which Kansas stream segments would be subject to classification by the State. One criterion for the selection as a classified stream segment is based on the statistic of median flow being equal to or greater than 1 cubic foot per second. As specified by KSA 82a-2001 et. seq., median flows were determined from U.S. Geological Survey streamflow-gaging-station data by using the most-recent 10-years of gaged data (KSA) for each streamflow-gaging station. Median flows also were determined by using gaged data from the entire period of record (all-available hydrology, AAH).
Least-squares multiple regression techniques were used, along with Tobit analyses, to develop equations for estimating median flows for uncontrolled stream segments. The drainage area of the uncontrolled gaging stations used in the regression analyses ranged from 2.06 to 12,004 square miles. A logarithmic transformation of the data was needed to develop the best linear relation for computing median flows. In the regression analyses, the significant climatic and basin characteristics, in order of importance, were drainage area, mean annual precipitation, mean basin permeability, and mean basin slope. Tobit analyses of KSA data yielded a root mean square error of 0.285 logarithmic units, and the best equations using Tobit analyses of AAH data had a root mean square error of 0.247 logarithmic units.
These equations and an interpolation procedure were used to compute median flows for the uncontrolled stream segments on the Kansas Surface Water Register. Measured median flows from gaging stations were incorporated into the regression-estimated median flows along the stream segments where available. The segments that were uncontrolled were interpolated using gaged data weighted according to the drainage area and the bias between the regression-estimated and gaged flow information. On controlled reaches of Kansas streams, the median flow information was interpolated between gaging stations using only gaged data weighted by drainage area.
Of the 2,232 total stream segments on the Kansas Surface Water Register, 30 percent of the segments had an estimated median streamflow of less than 1 cubic foot per second when the KSA analysis was used. When the AAH analysis was used, 40 percent of the segments had an estimated median streamflow of less than 1 cubic foot per second.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/wri20024292","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Kansas Department of Health and Environment","usgsCitation":"Perry, C.A., Wolock, D.M., and Artman, J.C., 2002, Estimates of median flows for streams on the Kansas surface water register (Superseded by SIR 2004-5032): U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 2002-4292, vi, 107 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri20024292.","productDescription":"vi, 107 p.","numberOfPages":"114","costCenters":[{"id":353,"text":"Kansas Water Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":360235,"rank":3,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/2002/4292/wrir20024292.pdf","text":"Report","size":"29.0 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"WRIR 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U.S. Geological Survey
1217 Biltmore Drive
Lawrence, KS 66049
Terrain modeling, the practice of ground-surface quantification, is an amalgam of Earth science, mathematics, engineering, and computer science. The discipline is known variously as geomorphometry (or simply morphometry), terrain analysis, and quantitative geomorphology. It continues to grow through myriad applications to hydrology, geohazards mapping, tectonics, sea-floor and planetary exploration, and other fields. Dating nominally to the co-founders of academic geography, Alexander von Humboldt (1808, 1817) and Carl Ritter (1826, 1828), the field was revolutionized late in the 20th Century by the computer manipulation of spatial arrays of terrain heights, or digital elevation models (DEMs), which can quantify and portray ground-surface form over large areas (Maune, 2001). Morphometric procedures are implemented routinely by commercial geographic information systems (GIS) as well as specialized software (Harvey and Eash, 1996; Köthe and others, 1996; ESRI, 1997; Drzewiecki et al., 1999; Dikau and Saurer, 1999; Djokic and Maidment, 2000; Wilson and Gallant, 2000; Breuer, 2001; Guth, 2001; Eastman, 2002). The new Earth Surface edition of the Journal of Geophysical Research, specializing in surficial processes, is the latest of many publication venues for terrain modeling.
\nThis is the fourth update of a bibliography and introduction to terrain modeling (Pike, 1993, 1995, 1996, 1999) designed to collect the diverse, scattered literature on surface measurement as a resource for the research community. The use of DEMs in science and technology continues to accelerate and diversify (Pike, 2000a). New work appears so frequently that a sampling must suffice to represent the vast literature. This report adds 1636 entries to the 4374 in the four earlier publications1. Forty-eight additional entries correct dead Internet links and other errors found in the prior listings. Chronicling the history of terrain modeling, many entries in this report predate the 1999 supplement. Coverage is representative from about 1800 through early–mid 2002. Papers increasingly are published exclusively or in duplicate on the Internet's World Wide Web; the dates given here for Web addresses (URLs) that lack a print publication indicate a Web site's last update or my last access of it. The bibliography is arranged alphabetically and thus is not readily summarized. This introduction cites about 500 entries, a third of them grouped under 24 morphometric topics, as a guide to the listing's contents. Continuing the practice of previous bibliographies in the series to provide more information on a few applications (see summary of past topics in Pike, 2000a), this report elaborates further on topographic data, putative new parameters, tectonic geomorphology/neo-orometry, biogeography, ice-cap morphometry, results from the Mars Global DEM, landslide-hazard mapping, terrain modeling as physics, Hack's law, and broad-scale computer visualization. The literature of some of these subjects is large, and none of the summaries is intended to more than introduce the topic and comment on some of the current contributions of terrain modeling. Closing the essay is a discussion of pre-1900 papers that trace the evolution of ridge-line and watercourse quantification by descriptive geometry, as well as comments on some new books and an on-line bulletin board.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr02465","usgsCitation":"Pike, R.J., 2002, A bibliography of terrain modeling (geomorphometry), the quantitative representation of topography: Supplement 4.0: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2002-465, 158 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr02465.","productDescription":"158 p.","numberOfPages":"158","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":176704,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr02465.jpg"},{"id":283911,"rank":3,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2002/0465/pdf/of02-465.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":283912,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2002/0465/of02-465.txt"},{"id":4381,"rank":4,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2002/0465/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53cd4975e4b0b290850ef30e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Pike, Richard J. rpike@usgs.gov","contributorId":5753,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pike","given":"Richard","email":"rpike@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":241872,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":44961,"text":"wri024186 - 2002 - Guidance on the use of passive-vapor-diffusion samplers to detect volatile organic compounds in ground-water-discharge areas, and example applications in New England","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-02-19T19:29:25","indexId":"wri024186","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2002-4186","title":"Guidance on the use of passive-vapor-diffusion samplers to detect volatile organic compounds in ground-water-discharge areas, and example applications in New England","docAbstract":"Polyethylene-membrane passive-vapor-diffusion samplers, or PVD samplers, have been shown to be an effective and economical reconnaissance tool for detecting and identifying volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in bottom sediments of surface-water bodies in areas of ground-water discharge. The PVD samplers consist of an empty glass vial enclosed in two layers of polyethylene membrane tubing. When samplers are placed in contaminated sediments, the air in the vial equilibrates with VOCs in pore water. Analysis of the vapor indicates the presence or absence of VOCs and the likely magnitude of concentrations in pore water.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri024186","usgsCitation":"Church, P.E., Vroblesky, D.A., and Lyford, F.P., 2002, Guidance on the use of passive-vapor-diffusion samplers to detect volatile organic compounds in ground-water-discharge areas, and example applications in New England: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 2002-4186, vii, 79 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri024186.","productDescription":"vii, 79 p.","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":162077,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":3835,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.water.usgs.gov/wri024186/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Maine, Vermont, New Hampshire, Massachusetts, Pennsylvania, New York, Maryland, New Jersey, Rhode Island, Virginia, Delaware, Connecticut, West Virginia","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -76.025390625,\n 36.56260003738545\n ],\n [\n -75.5859375,\n 37.09023980307208\n ],\n [\n -75.2783203125,\n 37.996162679728116\n ],\n [\n -75.05859375,\n 38.8225909761771\n ],\n [\n -74.0478515625,\n 40.01078714046552\n ],\n [\n -73.4326171875,\n 40.51379915504413\n ],\n [\n -72.50976562499999,\n 40.78054143186033\n ],\n [\n -71.19140625,\n 41.21172151054787\n ],\n [\n -70.0048828125,\n 41.47566020027821\n ],\n [\n -69.9609375,\n 41.83682786072714\n ],\n [\n -70.13671875,\n 42.32606244456202\n ],\n [\n -70.5322265625,\n 42.68243539838623\n ],\n [\n -70.4443359375,\n 43.13306116240612\n ],\n [\n -69.0380859375,\n 44.02442151965934\n ],\n [\n -67.3681640625,\n 44.5278427984555\n ],\n [\n -66.97265625,\n 44.99588261816546\n ],\n [\n -67.7197265625,\n 45.89000815866184\n ],\n [\n -67.8076171875,\n 47.100044694025215\n ],\n [\n -68.2470703125,\n 47.368594345213374\n ],\n [\n -68.9501953125,\n 47.27922900257082\n ],\n [\n -69.169921875,\n 47.45780853075031\n ],\n [\n -70.09277343749999,\n 46.558860303117164\n ],\n [\n -70.4443359375,\n 45.706179285330855\n ],\n [\n -71.806640625,\n 45.213003555993964\n ],\n [\n -74.3115234375,\n 45.1510532655634\n ],\n [\n -75.41015624999999,\n 44.74673324024678\n ],\n [\n -76.0693359375,\n 44.24519901522129\n ],\n [\n -77.16796875,\n 43.866218006556394\n ],\n [\n -79.189453125,\n 43.389081939117496\n ],\n [\n -79.27734374999999,\n 42.87596410238256\n ],\n [\n -80.595703125,\n 42.22851735620852\n ],\n [\n -80.595703125,\n 40.54720023441049\n ],\n [\n -81.298828125,\n 39.639537564366684\n ],\n [\n -82.08984375,\n 38.92522904714054\n ],\n [\n -82.6171875,\n 38.47939467327645\n ],\n [\n -82.177734375,\n 37.579412513438385\n ],\n [\n -83.3642578125,\n 36.70365959719456\n ],\n [\n -76.025390625,\n 36.56260003738545\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a8fe4b07f02db654c01","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Church, Peter E.","contributorId":99178,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Church","given":"Peter","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":230777,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Vroblesky, Don A. vroblesk@usgs.gov","contributorId":413,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Vroblesky","given":"Don","email":"vroblesk@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":230775,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Lyford, Forest P.","contributorId":43334,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lyford","given":"Forest","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":230776,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":50503,"text":"ofr02286 - 2002 - Daily values flow comparison and estimates using program HYCOMP, version 1.0","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:11:19","indexId":"ofr02286","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2002-286","title":"Daily values flow comparison and estimates using program HYCOMP, version 1.0","docAbstract":"A method used by the U.S. Geological Survey for quality control in computing daily value flow records is to compare hydrographs of computed flows at a station under review to hydrographs of computed flows at a selected index station. The hydrographs are placed on top of each other (as hydrograph overlays) on a light table, compared, and missing daily flow data estimated. This method, however, is subjective and can produce inconsistent results, because hydrographers can differ when calculating acceptable limits of deviation between observed and estimated flows. Selection of appropriate index stations also is judgemental, giving no consideration to the mathematical correlation between the review station and the index station(s).\r\n\r\n \r\n\r\nTo address the limitation of the hydrograph overlay method, a set of software programs, written in the SAS macrolanguage, was developed and designated Program HYDCOMP. The program automatically selects statistically comparable index stations by correlation and regression, and performs hydrographic comparisons and estimates of missing data by regressing daily mean flows at the review station against -8 to +8 lagged flows at one or two index stations and day-of-week. Another advantage that HYDCOMP has over the graphical method is that estimated flows, the criteria for determining the quality of the data, and the selection of index stations are determined statistically, and are reproducible from one user to another.\r\n\r\n \r\n\r\n HYDCOMP will load the most-correlated index stations into another file containing the ?best index stations,? but will not overwrite stations already in the file. A knowledgeable user should delete unsuitable index stations from this file based on standard error of estimate, hydrologic similarity of candidate index stations to the review station, and knowledge of the individual station characteristics. Also, the user can add index stations not selected by HYDCOMP, if desired.\r\n\r\n \r\n\r\nOnce the file of best-index stations is created, a user may do hydrographic comparison and data estimates by entering the number of the review station, selecting an index station, and specifying the periods to be used for regression and plotting. For example, the user can restrict the regression to ice-free periods of the year to exclude flows estimated during iced conditions. However, the regression could still be used to estimate flow during iced conditions.\r\n\r\n \r\n\r\nHYDCOMP produces the standard error of estimate as a measure of the central scatter of the regression and R-square (coefficient of determination) for evaluating the accuracy of the regression. Output from HYDCOMP includes plots of percent residuals against (1) time within the regression and plot periods, (2) month and day of the year for evaluating seasonal bias in the regression, and (3) the magnitude of flow. For hydrographic comparisons, it plots 2-month segments of hydrographs over the selected plot period showing the observed flows, the regressed flows, the 95 percent confidence limit flows, flow measurements, and regression limits. If the observed flows at the review station remain outside the 95 percent confidence limits for a prolonged period, there may be some error in the flows at the review station or at the index station(s). In addition, daily minimum and maximum temperatures and daily rainfall are shown on the hydrographs, if available, to help indicate whether an apparent change in flow may result from rainfall or from changes in backwater from melting ice or freezing water.\r\n\r\n \r\n\r\nHYDCOMP statistically smooths estimated flows from non-missing flows at the edges of the gaps in data into regressed flows at the center of the gaps using the Kalman smoothing algorithm. Missing flows are automatically estimated by HYDCOMP, but the user also can specify that periods of erroneous, but nonmissing flows, be estimated by the program.","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/ofr02286","usgsCitation":"Sanders, C., 2002, Daily values flow comparison and estimates using program HYCOMP, version 1.0 (Version 1.0): U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2002-286, iv, 52 p. : col. ill. ; 28 cm.; 4 refs, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr02286.","productDescription":"iv, 52 p. : col. ill. ; 28 cm.; 4 refs","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":176273,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":4317,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.water.usgs.gov/ofr02286/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"edition":"Version 1.0","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4acce4b07f02db67e86a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Sanders, Curtis L.","contributorId":94734,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sanders","given":"Curtis L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":241626,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":50515,"text":"ofr02337 - 2002 - Method of analysis and quality-assurance practices by the U.S. Geological Survey Organic Geochemistry Research Group: Determination of geosmin and methylisoborneol in water using solid-phase microextraction and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-07-31T14:14:19.055171","indexId":"ofr02337","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2002-337","title":"Method of analysis and quality-assurance practices by the U.S. Geological Survey Organic Geochemistry Research Group: Determination of geosmin and methylisoborneol in water using solid-phase microextraction and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry","docAbstract":"A method for the determination of two common odor-causing compounds in water, geosmin and 2-methylisoborneol, was modified and verified by the U.S. Geological Survey's Organic Geochemistry Research Group in Lawrence, Kansas. The optimized method involves the extraction of odor-causing compounds from filtered water samples using a divinylbenzene-carboxen-polydimethylsiloxane cross-link coated solid-phase microextraction (SPME) fiber. Detection of the compounds is accomplished using capillary-column gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS). Precision and accuracy were demonstrated using reagent-water, surface-water, and ground-water samples.
The mean accuracies as percentages of the true compound concentrations from water samples spiked at 10 and 35 nanograms per liter ranged from 60 to 123 percent for geosmin and from 90 to 96 percent for 2-methylisoborneol. Method detection limits were 1.9 nanograms per liter for geosmin and 2.0 nanograms per liter for 2-methylisoborneol in 45-milliliter samples. Typically, concentrations of 30 and 10 nanograms per liter of geosmin and 2-methylisoborneol, respectively, can be detected by the general public. The calibration range for the method is equivalent to concentrations from 5 to 100 nanograms per liter without dilution. The method is valuable for acquiring information about the production and fate of these odor-causing compounds in water.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr02337","usgsCitation":"Zimmerman, L., Ziegler, A., and Thurman, E., 2002, Method of analysis and quality-assurance practices by the U.S. Geological Survey Organic Geochemistry Research Group: Determination of geosmin and methylisoborneol in water using solid-phase microextraction and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2002-337, iv, 12 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr02337.","productDescription":"iv, 12 p.","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":176542,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2002/0337/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":431707,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2002/0337/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a4de4b07f02db627397","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Zimmerman, L.R.","contributorId":28624,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zimmerman","given":"L.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":241653,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Ziegler, A.C.","contributorId":74398,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ziegler","given":"A.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":241654,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Thurman, E.M.","contributorId":102864,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thurman","given":"E.M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":241655,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70162167,"text":"70162167 - 2002 - Hydrodynamics of larval settlement: The influence of turbulent stress events at potential recruitment sites","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-11-26T09:47:07","indexId":"70162167","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2620,"text":"Limnology and Oceanography","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Hydrodynamics of larval settlement: The influence of turbulent stress events at potential recruitment sites","docAbstract":"We describe a laboratory investigation into the effect of turbulent hydrodynamic stresses on clam larvae in the settlement phase of the recruitment process. A two-component laser-Doppler anemometer (LDA) was used to measure time histories of the instantaneous turbulence structure at potential recruitment sites within reconstructed beds of the adult Asian clam, Potamocorbula amurensis. Measurements were made for two flow speeds over beds with three different clam densities and two different clam heights. We analyze the statistical effect of the turbulence on the larval flux to the bed and on the probability of successful anchoring to the substrate. It is shown that the anchoring probability depends on the nature of the instantaneous stress events rather than on mean stresses. The instantaneous turbulence structure near the bed is altered by the flow rate and the spacing and height of adult clams living in the substrate. The ability to anchor quickly is therefore extremely important, since the time sequence of episodic turbulent stress events influences larval settlement success. The probability of successful larval settlement is predicted to decrease as the spacing between adults decreases, implying that the hydrodynamics impose negative feedback on clam bed aggregation dynamics.
","language":"English","publisher":"Association for the Sciences of Limnology and Oceanography","doi":"10.4319/lo.2002.47.4.1137","usgsCitation":"Crimaldi, J.P., Thompson, J.K., Rosman, J.H., Lowe, R.J., and Koseff, J.R., 2002, Hydrodynamics of larval settlement: The influence of turbulent stress events at potential recruitment sites: Limnology and Oceanography, v. 47, no. 4, p. 1137-1151, https://doi.org/10.4319/lo.2002.47.4.1137.","productDescription":"15 p.","startPage":"1137","endPage":"1151","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":552,"text":"San Francisco Bay-Delta","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":5079,"text":"Pacific Regional Director's Office","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":478598,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.4319/lo.2002.47.4.1137","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":314347,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"47","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2002-07-11","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5698d4cde4b0fbd3f7fa4c44","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Crimaldi, John P.","contributorId":58918,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Crimaldi","given":"John","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":588729,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Thompson, Janet K. 0000-0002-1528-8452 jthompso@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1528-8452","contributorId":1009,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thompson","given":"Janet","email":"jthompso@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[{"id":36183,"text":"Hydro-Ecological Interactions Branch","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":588730,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Rosman, Johanna H.","contributorId":152264,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Rosman","given":"Johanna","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[{"id":6986,"text":"Stanford University","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":588731,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Lowe, Ryan J.","contributorId":152265,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Lowe","given":"Ryan","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":6986,"text":"Stanford University","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":588732,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Koseff, Jeffrey R.","contributorId":37915,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Koseff","given":"Jeffrey","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":6986,"text":"Stanford University","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":588733,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":44956,"text":"wri024168 - 2002 - The National Flood Frequency Program, version 3 : a computer program for estimating magnitude and frequency of floods for ungaged sites","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:10:12","indexId":"wri024168","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2002-4168","title":"The National Flood Frequency Program, version 3 : a computer program for estimating magnitude and frequency of floods for ungaged sites","docAbstract":"For many years, the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) has been developing regional regression equations for estimating flood magnitude and frequency at ungaged sites. These regression equations are used to transfer flood characteristics from gaged to ungaged sites through the use of watershed and climatic characteristics as explanatory or predictor variables. Generally, these equations have been developed on a Statewide or metropolitan-area basis as part of cooperative study programs with specific State Departments of Transportation. \r\n\r\nIn 1994, the USGS released a computer program titled the National Flood Frequency Program (NFF), which compiled all the USGS available regression equations for estimating the magnitude and frequency of floods in the United States and Puerto Rico. NFF was developed in cooperation with the Federal Highway Administration and the Federal Emergency Management Agency. Since the initial release of NFF, the USGS has produced new equations for many areas of the Nation. A new version of NFF has been developed that incorporates these new equations and provides additional functionality and ease of use. \r\n\r\nNFF version 3 provides regression-equation estimates of flood-peak discharges for unregulated rural and urban watersheds, flood-frequency plots, and plots of typical flood hydrographs for selected recurrence intervals. The Program also provides weighting techniques to improve estimates of flood-peak discharges for gaging stations and ungaged sites. The information provided by NFF should be useful to engineers and hydrologists for planning and design applications. \r\n\r\nThis report describes the flood-regionalization techniques used in NFF and provides guidance on the applicability and limitations of the techniques. The NFF software and the documentation for the regression equations included in NFF are available at http://water.usgs.gov/software/nff.html.","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/wri024168","usgsCitation":"Ries, K., and Crouse, M.Y., 2002, The National Flood Frequency Program, version 3 : a computer program for estimating magnitude and frequency of floods for ungaged sites: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 2002-4168, 53 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri024168.","productDescription":"53 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":3830,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.water.usgs.gov/wri024168/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":162264,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ac7e4b07f02db67b1ab","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ries, Kernell G. III kries@usgs.gov","contributorId":1913,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ries","given":"Kernell G.","suffix":"III","email":"kries@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":502,"text":"Office of Surface Water","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":230766,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Crouse, Michele Y.","contributorId":93540,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Crouse","given":"Michele","email":"","middleInitial":"Y.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":230767,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":39980,"text":"wri024094 - 2002 - Hydrology of the Black Hills area, South Dakota","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:10:35","indexId":"wri024094","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2002-4094","title":"Hydrology of the Black Hills area, South Dakota","docAbstract":"The Black Hills Hydrology Study was initiated in 1990 to assess the quantity, quality, and distribution of surface water and ground water in the Black Hills area of South Dakota. This report summarizes the hydrology of the Black Hills area and the results of this long-term study.The Black Hills area of South Dakota and Wyoming is an important recharge area for several regional, bedrock aquifer systems and various local aquifers; thus, the study focused on describing the hydrologic significance of selected bedrock aquifers. The major aquifers in the Black Hills area are the Deadwood, Madison, Minnelusa, Minnekahta, and Inyan Kara aquifers. The highest priority was placed on the Madison and Minnelusa aquifers, which are used extensively and heavily influence the surface-water resources of the area.Within this report, the hydrogeologic framework of the area, including climate, geology, ground water, and surface water, is discussed. Hydrologic processes and characteristics for ground water and surface water are presented. For ground water, water-level trends and comparisons and water-quality characteristics are presented. For surface water, streamflow characteristics, responses to precipitation, annual yields and yield efficiencies, and water-quality characteristics are presented. Hydrologic budgets are presented for ground water, surface water, and the combined ground-water/surface-water system. A summary of study findings regarding the complex flow systems within the Madison and Minnelusa aquifers also is presented.","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/wri024094","usgsCitation":"Driscoll, D.G., Carter, J., Williamson, J., and Putnam, L., 2002, Hydrology of the Black Hills area, South Dakota: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 2002-4094, 150 p. : ill. (some col.), maps (some col.) ; 28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri024094.","productDescription":"150 p. : ill. (some col.), maps (some col.) ; 28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":173297,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":3669,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.water.usgs.gov/wri024094","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e47b0e4b07f02db49cbe0","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Driscoll, Daniel G. dgdrisco@usgs.gov","contributorId":1558,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Driscoll","given":"Daniel","email":"dgdrisco@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[{"id":562,"text":"South Dakota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":222732,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Carter, Janet M. 0000-0002-6376-3473","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6376-3473","contributorId":40660,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Carter","given":"Janet M.","affiliations":[{"id":501,"text":"Office of Science Quality and Integrity","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":562,"text":"South Dakota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":222735,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Williamson, Joyce jewillia@usgs.gov","contributorId":23612,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Williamson","given":"Joyce","email":"jewillia@usgs.gov","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":222733,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Putnam, Larry","contributorId":31456,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Putnam","given":"Larry","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":222734,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":44669,"text":"pp1416E - 2002 - Hydrology of the Texas Gulf Coast aquifer systems","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:11:01","indexId":"pp1416E","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":331,"text":"Professional Paper","code":"PP","onlineIssn":"2330-7102","printIssn":"1044-9612","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1416","chapter":"E","title":"Hydrology of the Texas Gulf Coast aquifer systems","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"Regional Aquifer-System Analysis; Gulf Coastal Plain","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/pp1416E","usgsCitation":"Ryder, P.D., and Ardis, A.F., 2002, Hydrology of the Texas Gulf Coast aquifer systems: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1416, p. E1-E77; 8 plates in pocket, https://doi.org/10.3133/pp1416E.","productDescription":"p. E1-E77; 8 plates in pocket","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":110355,"rank":700,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_52748.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"},"description":"52748"},{"id":120445,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1416e/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":81971,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1416e/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":81972,"rank":401,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1416e/plate-2.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":81973,"rank":402,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1416e/plate-3.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":81974,"rank":403,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1416e/plate-4.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":81975,"rank":404,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1416e/plate-5.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":81976,"rank":405,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1416e/plate-6.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":81977,"rank":406,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1416e/plate-7.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":81978,"rank":407,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1416e/plate-8.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":81979,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1416e/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a0ce4b07f02db5fc7ba","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ryder, Paul D.","contributorId":60188,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ryder","given":"Paul","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":230222,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Ardis, Ann F.","contributorId":96672,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ardis","given":"Ann","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":230223,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70205408,"text":"70205408 - 2002 - Historical trend in ice thickness on the Piscataquis River in central Maine.","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-09-19T11:28:00","indexId":"70205408","displayToPublicDate":"2002-12-31T12:50:11","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Historical trend in ice thickness on the Piscataquis River in central Maine.","docAbstract":"We analyzed a long-term record of ice thickness on the Piscataquis River in central Maine to determine whether there were temporal trends that were associated with climate warming. Trends in ice thickness were compared and correlated with regional time series of winter air temperature, heating degree days (HDD) , date of river ice-out, seasonal center-of-volume date (SCVD) (date on which half of the stream runoff volume during the period 1 Jan and 31 May has occurred), water temperature, and lake ice-out date. All of these variables except lake ice-out date showed significant temporal trends during the 20th century. Average ice thickness around 28 Feb. decreased by about 23 cm from 1912 to 2001. Over the period 1900 to 1999, winter air temperature increased by 1.7 ˚C and HDD decreased by about 7.5%. Final ice-out date on the Piscataquis River occurred earlier (advanced), by 0.23 days yr–1 over the period 1931 to 2002. The SCVD advanced by 0.11 days yr–1 over the period 1903 to 2001. Ice thickness was significantly correlated with winter air temperature, HDD, river ice-out, and SCVD (P-value < 0.01). These systematic temporal trends in multiple hydrologic indicator variables indicate a coherent response to climate forcing.
","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Proceedings of the 59th Eastern Snow Conference, June 5-7, 2002, Stowe, VT","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":12,"text":"Conference publication"},"language":"English","publisher":"U. S. Army Corps of Engineers","isbn":"9780920081242","usgsCitation":"Huntington, T.G., Dudley, R.W., and Hodgkins, G.A., 2002, Historical trend in ice thickness on the Piscataquis River in central Maine., in Proceedings of the 59th Eastern Snow Conference, June 5-7, 2002, Stowe, VT, p. 299-312.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"299","endPage":"312","costCenters":[{"id":371,"text":"Maine Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":466,"text":"New England Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":367484,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":367544,"rank":2,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://www.easternsnow.org/esc-2002"}],"country":"United States","state":"Maine","otherGeospatial":"Piscataquis River","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Huntington, Thomas G. 0000-0002-9427-3530 thunting@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9427-3530","contributorId":1884,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Huntington","given":"Thomas","email":"thunting@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[{"id":466,"text":"New England Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":371,"text":"Maine Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":771071,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Dudley, Robert W. 0000-0002-0934-0568 rwdudley@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0934-0568","contributorId":2223,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dudley","given":"Robert","email":"rwdudley@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":371,"text":"Maine Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":466,"text":"New England Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":771072,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Hodgkins, Glenn A. 0000-0002-4916-5565 gahodgki@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4916-5565","contributorId":2020,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hodgkins","given":"Glenn","email":"gahodgki@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":371,"text":"Maine Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":466,"text":"New England Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":771073,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70258391,"text":"70258391 - 2002 - A flood early warning system for southern Africa","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-09-16T16:01:36.017257","indexId":"70258391","displayToPublicDate":"2002-12-01T10:50:48","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"A flood early warning system for southern Africa","docAbstract":"Sizeable areas of the Southern African Region experienced widespread flooding in 2000. Deployment of hydrologic models can help reduce the human and economic losses in the regions by providing improved monitoring and forecast information to guide relief activities. In this study, we describe a hydrologic model developed for wide-area flood risk monitoring for the Southern African region. The model is forced by daily estimates of rainfall and evapotranspiration derived from remotely sensed data and assimilation fields. Model predictive skills were verified with data observed stream flow data from locations within the Limpopo basin. The model performed well in simulating the timing and magnitude of the stream flow during a recent episode of flooding in Mozambique in 2000.
","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Integrated remote sensing at the global, regional, and local scale","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":12,"text":"Conference publication"},"language":"English","publisher":"ISPRS","usgsCitation":"Artan, G.A., Restrepo, M., Asante, K., and Verdin, J., 2002, A flood early warning system for southern Africa, in Integrated remote sensing at the global, regional, and local scale, 6 p.","productDescription":"6 p.","costCenters":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":434782,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":434781,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://www.isprs.org/proceedings/XXXIV/part1/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"Mozambique, South Africa","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n 29.34290288445743,\n -22.135533223295766\n ],\n [\n 33.01976593609842,\n -25.466081059632074\n ],\n [\n 35.141784383325216,\n -24.541722931066573\n ],\n [\n 32.295674877395356,\n -21.527094949254916\n ],\n [\n 31.312481654135553,\n -22.34841955234407\n ],\n [\n 29.34290288445743,\n -22.135533223295766\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Artan, Guleid A. 0000-0001-8409-6182 gartan@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8409-6182","contributorId":2938,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Artan","given":"Guleid","email":"gartan@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":223,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center (Geography)","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":913174,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Restrepo, Miguel","contributorId":344204,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Restrepo","given":"Miguel","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":913175,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Asante, Kwabena 0000-0001-5408-1852","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5408-1852","contributorId":344205,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Asante","given":"Kwabena","affiliations":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":913176,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Verdin, James 0000-0003-0238-9657 verdin@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0238-9657","contributorId":145830,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Verdin","given":"James","email":"verdin@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":223,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center (Geography)","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":913177,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70261392,"text":"70261392 - 2002 - Methods and tools for the development of hydrologically conditioned elevation data and derivatives for national applications","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-12-06T16:44:52.847531","indexId":"70261392","displayToPublicDate":"2002-12-01T10:40:53","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Methods and tools for the development of hydrologically conditioned elevation data and derivatives for national applications","docAbstract":"The National Elevation Dataset (NED) contains the best publicly available elevation data merged into a seamless dataset for the entire United States. In some cases these data contain unwanted artifacts, limiting the quality of standard hydrologic derivatives. The Elevation Derivatives for National Applications (EDNA) project is an interagency effort with the goal of developing a more hydrologically correct version of the NED. This improved NED will be used in the systematic derivation of standard hydrologic derivatives. Methods and tools have recently been developed to facilitate the semiautomatic creation of a hydrologically conditioned NED and hydrologically improved derivatives.
","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Hydrologic modeling for the 21st Century, Second Federal Interagency Hydrologic Modeling Conference","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":12,"text":"Conference publication"},"conferenceTitle":"Second Federal Interagency Hydrologic Modeling Conference, 2nd, , 28 July 1 - 1 August, 2002","conferenceDate":"July 28-August 1, 2002","conferenceLocation":"Las Vegas, NV","language":"English","publisher":"United States Interagency Advisory Committee on Water Data, the Subcommittee on Hydrology","usgsCitation":"Kost, J.R., Verdin, K.L., Worstell, B.B., and Kelly, G.G., 2002, Methods and tools for the development of hydrologically conditioned elevation data and derivatives for national applications, in Hydrologic modeling for the 21st Century, Second Federal Interagency Hydrologic Modeling Conference, Las Vegas, NV, July 28-August 1, 2002, 12 p.","productDescription":"12 p.","costCenters":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":464889,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kost, Jay R. jkost@usgs.gov","contributorId":3931,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kost","given":"Jay","email":"jkost@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":920471,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Verdin, Kristine L. 0000-0002-6114-4660 kverdin@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6114-4660","contributorId":3070,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Verdin","given":"Kristine","email":"kverdin@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":191,"text":"Colorado Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":920472,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Worstell, Bruce B. 0000-0001-8927-3336 worstell@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8927-3336","contributorId":1815,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Worstell","given":"Bruce","email":"worstell@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[{"id":223,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center (Geography)","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":920473,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Kelly, Glenn G.","contributorId":342745,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kelly","given":"Glenn","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":920474,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":39962,"text":"wri014274 - 2002 - Dissolved cadmium, zinc, and lead loads from ground-water seepage into the South Fork Coeur d'Alene River system, northern Idaho, 1999","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-12-10T12:16:52","indexId":"wri014274","displayToPublicDate":"2002-12-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2001-4274","title":"Dissolved cadmium, zinc, and lead loads from ground-water seepage into the South Fork Coeur d'Alene River system, northern Idaho, 1999","docAbstract":"The valley of the South Fork Coeur d’Alene\nRiver and some of its tributaries have been heavily\nimpacted by the dispersion of metal-enriched\nmaterials from the Coeur d’Alene mining district\nsince 1884. The valley floor, including the unconsolidated\nvalley-fill/flood-plain aquifers, is a major\nholding area for mine tailings. The U.S. Geological\nSurvey, in cooperation with the U.S. Environmental\nProtection Agency, characterized groundwater\nand surface-water relations for parts of the\nSouth Fork Coeur d’Alene River Basin and quantified\nthe loading of dissolved metals into the South\nFork Coeur d’Alene River system from groundwater\nseepage. This information can be used to\ndetermine the effects of dissolved metal from\nground-water seepage on the river system and to\nevaluate the necessity and feasibility of remediation\nalong gaining reaches. This study defines a\nfield approach that can be repeated during and\nafter the implementation of remediation solutions\nto measure the effectiveness of these efforts in\nreducing loading to streams.\nThe study area includes three reaches along\nthe South Fork Coeur d’Alene River valley in the\nCoeur d’Alene mining district in central Shoshone\nCounty, northern Idaho: a 3.3-mile reach of Canyon\nCreek at Woodland Park, a 4.8-mile reach\nof the South Fork Coeur d’Alene River near\nOsburn, and a 6.5-mile reach of the South Fork\nCoeur d’Alene River near Kellogg and Smelterville.\nSeepage studies were conducted during July\n27–29; September 17–19; and October 15–17,\n1999. Each seepage study was conducted over a\n3-day period, during which each station was measured\non a daily basis for streamflow, and waterquality\nsamples were collected. The consecutiveday\napproach allowed for an evaluation of variability\nin streamflow gains and losses and metal loading\nthat resulted from changing hydrologic\nconditions.\nDuring the July, September, and October\nseepage studies, ground-water seepage was the\npredominant source for gains in dissolved cadmium\nand zinc loads in the three study reaches,\nwhereas tributary inflow loads were a minor\nsource. The overall average net gain in dissolved\nzinc load from ground-water seepage into the\nSouth Fork Coeur d’Alene River near Kellogg and\nSmelterville was about 730 pounds per day, compared\nwith the net gains in Canyon Creek at Woodland\nPark and the South Fork Coeur d’Alene River\nnear Osburn, which were roughly similar at 150\nand 218 pounds per day, respectively. The net gain\nin dissolved cadmium load from ground-water\nseepage into the three river reaches was about two\norders of magnitude less than the gain in dissolved\nzinc.\nOn the South Fork Coeur d’Alene River study\nreaches near Osburn and near Kellogg and Smelterville,\nno pattern associated with an increase or\ndecrease in dissolved lead load along gaining or\nlosing subreaches was recognizable. Canyon Creek\nat Woodland Park was the only study reach where\nground-water seepage contributed appreciably to\nthe dissolved lead load; the average net gain was\n1.5 pounds per day.\nThe average dissolved lead loads leaving\nSouth Fork Coeur d’Alene River study reaches (corrected for tributary inflow along the study\nreaches) near Osburn and near Kellogg and\nSmelterville were 1.4 and 0.8 pounds per day less,\nrespectively, than the loads entering the study\nreaches. The decrease in dissolved lead could be\nthe result of lead adsorbing onto organic and inorganic\nsediment surfaces and (or) coprecipitating\nwith iron and manganese oxides. These forms of\nlead likely will be resuspended into the water column\nat high flows.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/wri014274","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with U.S. Environmental Protection Agency -- Missing pages 31, 32, 57","usgsCitation":"Barton, G., 2002, Dissolved cadmium, zinc, and lead loads from ground-water seepage into the South Fork Coeur d'Alene River system, northern Idaho, 1999: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 2001-4274, v, 130 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri014274.","productDescription":"v, 130 p.","numberOfPages":"134","costCenters":[{"id":343,"text":"Idaho Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":262356,"rank":800,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/2001/4274/report.pdf"},{"id":262357,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/2001/4274/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Idaho","county":"Shoshone","city":"Woodland Park;Osburn;Kellogg;Smelterville","otherGeospatial":"Canyon Creek","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -116.3303,47.298223 ], [ -116.3303,47.697523 ], [ -115.600042,47.697523 ], [ -115.600042,47.298223 ], [ -116.3303,47.298223 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a81e4b07f02db64a277","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Barton, Gary J. gbarton@usgs.gov","contributorId":1147,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Barton","given":"Gary J.","email":"gbarton@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":343,"text":"Idaho Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":222692,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ]}