This chapter discusses various biochemical, genetic, ecological, and evolutionary aspects of fungi that express either symbiotic or saprophytic life-styles. An enormous pool of potential pathogens exists in both agricultural and natural ecosystems, and virtually all plant species are susceptible to one or more fungal pathogens. Fungal pathogens have the potential to impact on the genetic structure of populations of individual plant species, the composition of plant communities and the process of plant succession. Endophytic fungi exist for at least part of their life cycles within the tissues of a plant host. This group of fungi is distinguished from plant pathogens because they do not elicit significant disease symptoms. However, endophytes do maintain the genetic and biochemical mechanisms required for infection and colonization of plant hosts. Fungi that obtain chemical nutrients from dead organic matter are known as saprophytes and are critical to the dynamics and resilience of ecosystems. There are two modes of saprophytic growth: one in which biomolecules that are amenable to transport across cell walls and membranes are directly absorbed, and another in which fungi must actively convert complex biopolymers into subunit forms amenable to transportation into cells. Regardless of life-style, fungi employ similar biochemical mechanisms for the acquisition and conversion of nutrients into complex biomolecules that are necessary for vegetative growth, production and dissemination of progeny, organismal competition, and survival during periods of nutrient deprivation or environmental inclemency.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/S0065-2296(08)60073-7","usgsCitation":"Rodriguez, R.J., and Redman, R.S., 1997, Fungal life-styles and ecosystem dynamics: biological aspects of plant pathogens, plant endophytes and saprophytes: Advances in Botanical Research, v. 24, p. 169-193, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0065-2296(08)60073-7.","productDescription":"25 p. ","startPage":"169","endPage":"193","costCenters":[{"id":654,"text":"Western Fisheries Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":334046,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"24","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"588b1978e4b0ad67323f980c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Rodriguez, R. J.","contributorId":53107,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Rodriguez","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":660954,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Redman, R. S.","contributorId":26094,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Redman","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":660955,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70180926,"text":"70180926 - 1997 - Ephemeral lekking behavior in the buff-breasted sandpiper, Tryngites subruficollis","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-02-08T11:29:33","indexId":"70180926","displayToPublicDate":"1997-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":981,"text":"Behavioral Ecology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Ephemeral lekking behavior in the buff-breasted sandpiper, Tryngites subruficollis","docAbstract":"We studied male reproductive behavior of the buff-breasted sandpiper Tryngites subruficoills for three yean on a 16-km2 study site in northern Alaska to document variation in male lekking behavior and to explore the causes of that variation. During the breeding season, about 75% of males on the study area displayed on leks, with the remainder displaying solitarily. Leks averaged between 2.3 and 3.0 males each (maximum size = 20). Most leks (69%) were present in only one year and about one-tenth were active all three years. Half of the leks were active for only one survey (maximum of 3-4 days) in a given year. Individual male behavior varied substantially, from remaining at a tingle lek for most of the breeding season or attending multiple leks during the season, to displaying solitarily or displaying both on leks and solitarily. Some males (30% or fewer) displayed near nests during the later part of the breeding season, perhaps attempting to copulate with females during egg-laying. The pro-portion of males that displayed on leks remained consistently high throughout the breeding season despite changes in the operational sex ratio and in the intensity of male-male competition. However, the absolute number of males (lekking and solitary) in the study area was positively correlated with the number of fertile females during both breeding seasons. We suggest that buff-breasted sandpipers may be unusual among lek-breeding birds in that males have the option of leaving areas when the number of fertile females becomes depressed and flying to new areas where breeding opportunities are still available. Breeding opportunities may be especially variable in the high arctic because of uneven snow accumulation and differential melt-off that can delay breeding by two or more weeks. This interpretation suggests that the mating system of the buff-breasted sandpiper must be viewed at a much larger scale than what has typically been used in mating system studies.
","language":"English","publisher":"Oxford University Press","doi":"10.1093/beheco/8.3.268","usgsCitation":"Lanctot, R.B., and Weatherhead, P.J., 1997, Ephemeral lekking behavior in the buff-breasted sandpiper, Tryngites subruficollis: Behavioral Ecology, v. 8, no. 3, p. 268-278, https://doi.org/10.1093/beheco/8.3.268.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"268","endPage":"278","costCenters":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":334962,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"Arctic Coastal Plain, Prudhoe Bay Oil Field","volume":"8","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"589c3c4fe4b0efcedb74110d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lanctot, Richard B.","contributorId":31894,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lanctot","given":"Richard","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[{"id":7029,"text":"Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada","active":true,"usgs":false},{"id":135,"text":"Biological Resources Division","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":6987,"text":"U.S. Fish and Wildlife Sevice","active":true,"usgs":false},{"id":17786,"text":"Carleton University","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":662854,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Weatherhead, Patrick J.","contributorId":179013,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Weatherhead","given":"Patrick","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":16718,"text":"Department of Biology, Carleton University, 1125 Colonel By Drive, Ottawa, Ontario K1S 5B6, Canada","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":662855,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70184263,"text":"70184263 - 1997 - Progressive deformation of the Chugach accretionary complex, Alaska, during a paleogene ridge-trench encounter","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-03-06T13:10:02","indexId":"70184263","displayToPublicDate":"1997-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2468,"text":"Journal of Structural Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Progressive deformation of the Chugach accretionary complex, Alaska, during a paleogene ridge-trench encounter","docAbstract":"The Mesozoic accretionary wedge of south-central Alaska is cut by an array of faults including dextral and sinistral strike-slip faults, synthetic and antithetic thrust faults, and synthetic and antithetic normal faults. The three fault sets are characterized by quartz ± calcite ± chlorite ± prehnite slickensides, and are all relatively late, i.e. all truncate ductile fabrics of the host rocks. Cross-cutting relationships suggest that the thrust fault sets predate the late normal and strike-slip fault sets. Together, the normal and strike-slip fault system exhibits orthorhombic symmetry. Thrust faulting shortened the wedge subhorizontally perpendicular to strike, and then normal and strike-slip faulting extended the wedge oblique to orogenic strike. Strongly curved slickenlines on some faults of each set reveal that displacement directions changed over time. On dip-slip faults (thrust and normal), slickenlines tend to become steeper with younger increments of slip, whereas on strike-slip faults, slickenlines become shallower with younger strain increments. These patterns may result from progressive exhumation of the accretionary wedge while the faults were active, with the curvature of the slickenlines tracking the change from a non-Andersonian stress field at depth to a more Andersonian system (σ1 or σ2 nearly vertical) at shallower crustal levels.
We interpret this complex fault array as a progressive deformation that is one response to Paleocene-Eocene subduction of the Kula-Farallon spreading center beneath the accretionary complex because: (1) on the Kenai Peninsula, ENE-striking dextral faults of this array exhibit mutually cross-cutting relationships with Paleocene-Eocene dikes related to ridge subduction; and (2) mineralized strike-slip and normal faults of the orthorhombic system have yielded 40Ar/39Ar ages identical to near-trench intrusives related to ridge subduction. Both features are diachronous along-strike, having formed at circa 65 Ma in the west and 50 Ma in the east. Exhumation of deeper levels of the southern Alaska accretionary wedge and formation of this late fault array is interpreted as a critical taper adjustment to subduction of progressively younger oceanic lithosphere yielding a shallower basal de´collement dip as the Kula-Farallon ridge approached the accretionary prism. The late structures also record different kinematic regimes associated with subduction of different oceanic plates, before and after ridge subduction. Prior to triple junction passage, subduction of the Farallon plate occurred at nearly right angles to the trench axis, whereas after triple junction migration, subduction of the Kula plate involved a significant component of dextral transpression and northward translation of the Chugach terrane. The changes in kinematics are apparent in the sequence of late structures from: (1) thrusting; (2) near-trench plutonism associated with normal + strike-slip faulting; (3) very late gouge-filled dextral faults.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/S0191-8141(96)00084-3","usgsCitation":"Kusky, T.M., 1997, Progressive deformation of the Chugach accretionary complex, Alaska, during a paleogene ridge-trench encounter: Journal of Structural Geology, v. 19, no. 2, p. 139-157, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0191-8141(96)00084-3.","productDescription":"19 p.","startPage":"139","endPage":"157","costCenters":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":479948,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/s0191-8141(96)00084-3","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":336877,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -135,\n 54\n ],\n [\n -163,\n 54\n ],\n [\n -163,\n 61\n ],\n [\n -135,\n 61\n ],\n [\n -135,\n 54\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"19","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58be833fe4b014cc3a3a9a17","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kusky, Timothy M.","contributorId":11664,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kusky","given":"Timothy","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":680795,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70175702,"text":"70175702 - 1997 - Book review: Riparian ecosystem recovery in arid lands: Strategies and references","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-08-18T11:13:51","indexId":"70175702","displayToPublicDate":"1997-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3271,"text":"Restoration Ecology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Book review: Riparian ecosystem recovery in arid lands: Strategies and references","docAbstract":"Increasingly, ecosystem managers are attempting to restore riparian ecosystems in the arid West that have been degraded by land and water management practices. This book will fill a vacant niche in the library of these practitioners. Briggs emphasizes several concepts that should be fundamental to restoration projects but that too often are ignored. One of these central concepts is that the underlying causes of degradation need to be identified before restoration projects are undertaken. Briggs advocates considering multiple impacts, interactions between impacts, and site history when assessing causes of site degradation. Causes can be complex and difficult to assess and may include depletion of water availability by ground water pumping, alteration of flood flow regimes, overgrazing by cattle, and increased soil salinity from upstream agricultural activities, to name a few
\nReview info: Riparian ecosystem recovery in arid lands: Strategies and references. By: Mark K. Briggs. 1996. ISBN 0-8165- 1644-8, 159 pages.
","language":"English","publisher":"Society for Ecological Restoration","doi":"10.1046/j.1526-100X.1997.09732.x","usgsCitation":"Stromberg, J.C., Shafroth, P.B., and Cornwall, C., 1997, Book review: Riparian ecosystem recovery in arid lands: Strategies and references: Restoration Ecology, v. 5, no. 3, p. 271-271, https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1526-100X.1997.09732.x.","productDescription":"1 p.","startPage":"271","endPage":"271","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":326808,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"5","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2008-06-28","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"57b6dc45e4b03fd6b7d94c20","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Stromberg, Julie C.","contributorId":71657,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stromberg","given":"Julie","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":646107,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Shafroth, Patrick B. 0000-0002-6064-871X shafrothp@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6064-871X","contributorId":2000,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Shafroth","given":"Patrick","email":"shafrothp@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":646108,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Cornwall, Caitlin","contributorId":173821,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Cornwall","given":"Caitlin","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":646109,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70182057,"text":"70182057 - 1997 - Variation in incubation periods and egg metabolism in mallards: Intrinsic mechanisms to promote hatch synchrony","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-02-15T15:39:54","indexId":"70182057","displayToPublicDate":"1997-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3551,"text":"The Condor","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Variation in incubation periods and egg metabolism in mallards: Intrinsic mechanisms to promote hatch synchrony","docAbstract":"We investigated factors affecting incubation time and metabolic rates of Mallard (Anas platyrhynchos) eggs incubated under constant environmental conditions. Time required to reach the star-pipped stage of hatch varied significantly among females, but not with laying sequence or egg size. Metabolic rate of eggs varied positively with position in the laying sequence and tended to vary among females. Metabolic rate did not vary with egg volume or incubation length. Our results indicate metabolic rate may act as one synchronization mechanism for hatch. The role of maternal effects in development time should be considered in subsequent studies of incubation time in ducks.
","language":"English","publisher":"Cooper Ornithological Society","doi":"10.2307/1370245","usgsCitation":"MacCluskie, M.C., Flint, P.L., and Sedinger, J.S., 1997, Variation in incubation periods and egg metabolism in mallards: Intrinsic mechanisms to promote hatch synchrony: The Condor, v. 99, p. 224-228, https://doi.org/10.2307/1370245.","productDescription":"3 p.","startPage":"224","endPage":"228","costCenters":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":117,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology WTEB","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":335630,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"99","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58a57704e4b057081a24ee6f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"MacCluskie, Margaret C.","contributorId":50643,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"MacCluskie","given":"Margaret","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":6752,"text":"University of Alaska Fairbanks","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":669424,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Flint, Paul L. 0000-0002-8758-6993 pflint@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8758-6993","contributorId":3284,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Flint","given":"Paul","email":"pflint@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":117,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology WTEB","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":669425,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Sedinger, James S.","contributorId":84861,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Sedinger","given":"James","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":12742,"text":"University of Nevada Reno","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":669426,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70019526,"text":"70019526 - 1997 - Plagioclase zonation styles in hornblende gabbro inclusions from Little Glass Mountain, Medicine Lake volcano, California: Implications for fractionation mechanisms and the formation of composition gaps","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-09-21T16:52:48.345223","indexId":"70019526","displayToPublicDate":"1997-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1336,"text":"Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Plagioclase zonation styles in hornblende gabbro inclusions from Little Glass Mountain, Medicine Lake volcano, California: Implications for fractionation mechanisms and the formation of composition gaps","docAbstract":"The rhyolite of Little Glass Mountain (73–74% SiO2) is a single eruptive unit that contains inclusions of quenched andesite liquid (54–61% SiO2) and partially crystalline cumulate hornblende gabbro (53–55% SiO2). Based on previous studies, the quenched andesite inclusions and host rhyolite lava are related to one another through fractional crystallization and represent an example of a fractionation-generated composition gap. The hornblende gabbros represent the cumulate residue associated with the rhyolite-producing and composition gap-forming fractionation event. This study combines textural (Nomarski Differential Interference Contrast, NDIC, imaging), major element (An content) and trace element (Mg, Fe, Sr, K, Ti, Ba) data on the style of zonation of plagioclase crystals from representative andesite and gabbro inclusions, to assess the physical environment in which the fractionation event and composition gap formation took place. The andesite inclusions (54–61% SiO2) are sparsely phyric with phenocrysts of plagioclase, augite and Fe-oxide±olivine, +/–orthopyroxene, +/–hornblende set within a glassy to crystalline matrix. The gabbro cumulates (53–55% SiO2) consist of an interconnected framework of plagioclase, augite, olivine, orthopyroxene, hornblende and Fe-oxide along with highly vesicular interstitial glass (70–74% SiO2). The gabbros record a two-stage crystallization history of plagioclase+olivine+augite (Stage I) followed by plagioclase+orthopyroxene+ hornblende+Fe-oxide (Stage II). Texturally, the plagioclase crystals in the andesite inclusions are characterized by complex, fine-scale oscillatory zonation and abundant dissolution surfaces. Compositionally (An content) the crystals are essentially unzoned from core-to-rim. These features indicate growth within a dynamic (convecting?), reservoir of andesite magma. In contrast, the plagioclase crystals in the gabbros are texturally smooth and featureless with strong normal zonation from An74 at the core to around An30. K, and Ba abundances increase and Mg abundances decrease steadily towards the rim. Ti, Fe, and Sr abundances increase and then decrease towards the rim. The trace element variations are fully consistent with the two-stage crystallization sequence inferred from the gabbro mineralogy. These results indicate progressive closed-system in situ crystallization in a quiescent magmatic boundary layer environment located along the margins of the andesite magma body. The fractional crystallization that generated the host rhyolite lava is one of inward solidification of a crystallizing boundary layer followed by melt extraction and accumulation of highly evolved interstitial liquid. This mechanism explains the formation of the composition gap between parental andesite and rhyolite magma compositions.
","language":"English","publisher":"Springer Link","doi":"10.1007/s004100050239","usgsCitation":"Brophy, J.G., Dorais, M., Donnelly-Nolan, J., and Singer, B.S., 1997, Plagioclase zonation styles in hornblende gabbro inclusions from Little Glass Mountain, Medicine Lake volcano, California: Implications for fractionation mechanisms and the formation of composition gaps: Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, v. 126, no. 1-2, p. 121-136, https://doi.org/10.1007/s004100050239.","productDescription":"16 p.","startPage":"121","endPage":"136","numberOfPages":"16","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":480010,"rank":2,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s004100050239","text":"External Repository"},{"id":227915,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"Little Glass Mountain","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -121.533,\n 41.625\n ],\n [\n -121.533,\n 41.5833\n ],\n [\n -121.45,\n 41.5833\n ],\n [\n -121.45,\n 41.625\n ],\n [\n -121.533,\n 41.625\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"126","issue":"1-2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a7b97e4b0c8380cd7950a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Brophy, J. G.","contributorId":65621,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Brophy","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":383066,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Dorais, M. J.","contributorId":27209,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Dorais","given":"M. J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":383064,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Donnelly-Nolan, J.","contributorId":104650,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Donnelly-Nolan","given":"J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":383067,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Singer, B. S.","contributorId":55981,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Singer","given":"B.","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":383065,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70020303,"text":"70020303 - 1997 - Geochemical characteristics and K-Ar ages of rare-metal bearing pegmatites from the Birimian of southeastern Ghana","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-02-26T13:03:37.058547","indexId":"70020303","displayToPublicDate":"1997-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2147,"text":"Journal of African Earth Sciences","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Geochemical characteristics and K-Ar ages of rare-metal bearing pegmatites from the Birimian of southeastern Ghana","docAbstract":"The pegmatite-aplite rocks at Mankwadzi (Ejisimanku Hills) in southeastern Ghana are part of the pegmatite district that extends from Cape Coast to Winneba along the Atlantic coastline. The pegmatites are associated with the Cape Coast granite complex and were intruded during the waning phase of the Eburnian Orogeny (∼2.0 Ga). Three muscovite separates from pegmatite give KAr retention ages of 1909 ± 13 Ma, 1965 ± 13 Ma and 2019 ± 14 Ma. A biotite separate from granite yields a KAr age of 1907 ± 13 Ma. These ages are similar to KAr dates previously reported for the Cape Coast granites, indicating that the granites and pegmatites are coeval and probably genetically linked.
The pegmatites are enriched in Li, Be, Nb and Sn and considerably impoverished in Rb, Th, Y and REEs. Microscopic examination of quartz from the pegmatites shows a large number of low salinity fluid inclusions that can be divided into two types: (1) one-phase liquid or gas-filled inclusions; and (2) two-phase liquid-vapour inclusions, with the vapour occupying 2–5% of the volume. The homogenisation temperature of the fluid inclusions clusters between 129 and 144°C. These homogenisation temperatures lead to an inferred entrapment temperature of ∼300°C at a pressure of ∼2.5 kbar, which is estimated for the metamorphism of host hornblende schists. The pegmatite fluid inclusions are interpreted as being secondary to the quartz hosts.
Rain and surface water samples from Southern Germany were investigated from 1991 to 1995 for terbuthylazine and one of its major metabolites, deethylterbuthylazine. The concentrations observed were compared to the concentrations found for atrazine and deethylatrazine in the same water samples. Concentrations ranged from < 0.02 μg/L to 0.7 μg/L for terbuthylazine and from < 0.02 μg/L to 0.6 μg/L for deethylterbuthylazine, compared to concentrations of < 0.02 μg/L to 3 μg/L and < 0.02 μg/L to 0.5 μg/L for atrazine and deethylatrazine, respectively. The ratios of metabolite concentrations to parent compound concentrations were calculated for deethylterbuthylazine to terbuthylazine (DTR) and deethylatrazine to atrazine (DAR). In rain water, DTR of 0.8…3.0 and DAR of 0.3… 1.9 were determined with mean values of 0.9… 1.7 for DTR and 0.6…0.9 for DAR in the different years. The ratios increased during summer periods. The highest ratios were observed in samples from forest stands, showing that degradation of the herbicide has occurred during transport between the source and the sampling site. The DTR in rain water were about 50… 100% higher than the DAR. This indicates a higher degradation rate of terbuthylazine during atmospheric transport. In surface water, DTR of 0.3… 1.2 with mean values of 0.5…0.8 and DAR of 0.2…2.2 with mean values of 0.2… 1.3 were observed. The ratios increased from June to September.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1002/aheh.19970250102","issn":"03234320","usgsCitation":"Dankwardt, A., Thurman, E., and Hock, B., 1997, Terbuthylazine and deethylterbuthylazine in rain and surface water: Determination by enzyme immunoassay and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry: Acta Hydrochimica et Hydrobiologica, v. 25, no. 1, p. 5-10, https://doi.org/10.1002/aheh.19970250102.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"5","endPage":"10","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":231320,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"25","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2006-12-18","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505ba547e4b08c986b320937","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Dankwardt, A.","contributorId":84108,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dankwardt","given":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":385314,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Thurman, E.M.","contributorId":102864,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thurman","given":"E.M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":385315,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Hock, B.","contributorId":66019,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hock","given":"B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":385313,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70020187,"text":"70020187 - 1997 - Demographic patterns of Ferocactus cylindraceus in relation to substrate age and grazing history","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:19","indexId":"70020187","displayToPublicDate":"1997-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3086,"text":"Plant Ecology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Demographic patterns of Ferocactus cylindraceus in relation to substrate age and grazing history","docAbstract":"Three subpopulations of Ferocactus cylindraceus, a short-columnar cactus of the Sonoran and Mojave deserts, were sampled in Grand Canyon, Arizona, USA, at sites representing a range of substrate ages and different grazing histories. Age-height relations were determined from annual growth, then used to estimate probable year of establishment for each cohort. Eight years between 1944 and 1992 were especially favorable for establishment. Six of these 8 years coincided with El Nino-Southern Oscillation conditions, indicating that as for many woody plants in arid regions, somewhat unusual climatic conditions are necessary if populations are to replace themselves. Comparison of age structures showed that established and developing populations have somewhat different dynamics in that the rate of population increase was slowest on the youngest terrace. On the ancient terraces, about half the plants were less than 25 years old. Plants older than 40 years were few; however the oldest plants in the study (about 49 years) grew on the ancient terraces. On the recent terrace, 76% of the subpopulation was 25 years or younger, and the oldest living plant was about 36 years of age. The age structures of subpopulations on grazed and ungrazed sites also differed markedly. On ungrazed sites, subpopulations were more or less at equilibrium, with enough young plants to replace old ones as they died. In contrast, the subpopulation on the grazed site was in a state of marked disequilibrium. Grazing before 1981 largely extirpated a palatable subshrub that was probably an important nurse plant. Until the shrub population at Indian Canyon recovers from decades of burro grazing, a rebound in E cylindraceus establishment is not to be expected.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Plant Ecology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1023/A:1009767621391","issn":"13850237","usgsCitation":"Bowers, J.E., 1997, Demographic patterns of Ferocactus cylindraceus in relation to substrate age and grazing history: Plant Ecology, v. 133, no. 1, p. 37-48, https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1009767621391.","startPage":"37","endPage":"48","numberOfPages":"12","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":206947,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009767621391"},{"id":231318,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"133","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059fe82e4b0c8380cd4ed7b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bowers, Janice E.","contributorId":18119,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bowers","given":"Janice","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":385310,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70020165,"text":"70020165 - 1997 - AVHRR imagery used to identify hurricane damage in a forested wetland of Louisiana","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-10-02T16:46:21","indexId":"70020165","displayToPublicDate":"1997-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3052,"text":"Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"AVHRR imagery used to identify hurricane damage in a forested wetland of Louisiana","docAbstract":"Certain events provide a unique opportunity to test the monitoring capability of AVHBR imagery. On 26 August 1992, Hurricane Andrew passed through Louisiana, impacting a large area of forested wetlands. One response to the widespread defoliation resulting from the hurricane impact was an abnormal bloom of new leaves and new growth in the underlying vegetation between September and October. To capture this atypical phenology, a time sequence of AVHRR images was transformed into a normalized difference vegetation index, NDVI, as an indicator of vegetation changes in the forest impacted by the passage of a hurricane. Using geographic information system functions, three sites in the impacted forest were vectorized as polygons, and the inclusive pixels were extracted for subsequent graphical and univariate statistical analysis. Temporal curves of mean NDVIs for the three sites for before, during, and after the hurricane passage, and aggregate curves of the impacted forest to an undisturbed forest, were compared. These comparisons corroborated the atypical phenology of the impacted forested wetland and directly related the cause to the hurricane passage.","language":"English","publisher":"American Society for Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing","issn":"00991112","usgsCitation":"Ramsey, E., Chappell, D., and Baldwin, D., 1997, AVHRR imagery used to identify hurricane damage in a forested wetland of Louisiana: Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing, v. 63, no. 3, p. 293-297.","productDescription":"5 p.","startPage":"293","endPage":"297","numberOfPages":"5","costCenters":[{"id":455,"text":"National Wetlands Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":227790,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United 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"nation\":\"USA \"}}]}","volume":"63","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e63de4b0c8380cd47297","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ramsey, Elijah W. III 0000-0002-4518-5796","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4518-5796","contributorId":72769,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ramsey","given":"Elijah W.","suffix":"III","affiliations":[{"id":17705,"text":"Wetland and Aquatic Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":385262,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Chappell, D.K.","contributorId":26463,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chappell","given":"D.K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":385261,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Baldwin, D.G.","contributorId":24939,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Baldwin","given":"D.G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":385260,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70020150,"text":"70020150 - 1997 - Assessing hydrogeochemical heterogeneity in natural and constructed wetlands","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-02-13T06:49:06","indexId":"70020150","displayToPublicDate":"1997-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1007,"text":"Biogeochemistry","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Assessing hydrogeochemical heterogeneity in natural and constructed wetlands","docAbstract":"While 'water quality function' is cited as an important wetland function to design for and preserve, we demonstrate that the scale at which hydrochemical samples are collected can significantly influence interpretations of biogeochemical processes in wetlands. Subsurface, chemical profiles for both nutrients and major ions were determined at a site in southwestern Wisconsin that contained areas of both natural and constructed wetlands. Sampling was conducted on three different scales: (1) a large scale (3 m between sampling points), (2) an intermediate scale (0.15 m between sampling points), and (3) a small scale (1.5 cm between sampling points). In most cases, significant vertical heterogeneity was observed at the 0.15 m scale, which was much larger than previously reported for freshwater wetlands and not detected by sampling water table wells screened over the same interval. However, profiles of ammonia and total phosphorus showed tenfold changes in the upper 0.2 meters of the saturated zone when sampled at the small (1.5 cm) scale, that was not depicted by sampling at the intermediate scale. At the intermediate scale of observation, one constructed wetland site differed geochemically from the natural wetlands and the other constructed wetland site due to application of off-site salvaged marsh surface and downward infiltration of rain. While important differences in dissolved inorganic phosphorus and dissolved inorganic carbon concentrations existed between the constructed wetland and the natural wetlands, we also observed substantial differences between the natural wetland sites for these constituents. A median-polishing analysis of our data showed that temporal variations in constituent concentrations within profiles, although extensively recognized in the literature, were not as important as spatial variability.","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1023/A:1005889319205","issn":"01682563","usgsCitation":"Hunt, R.J., Krabbenhoft, D., and Anderson, M.P., 1997, Assessing hydrogeochemical heterogeneity in natural and constructed wetlands: Biogeochemistry, v. 39, no. 3, p. 271-293, https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1005889319205.","productDescription":"23 p.","startPage":"271","endPage":"293","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":206074,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1005889319205"},{"id":228194,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"39","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059edd8e4b0c8380cd49a47","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hunt, R. J.","contributorId":40164,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hunt","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":385208,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Krabbenhoft, D. P. 0000-0003-1964-5020","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1964-5020","contributorId":90765,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Krabbenhoft","given":"D. P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":385209,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Anderson, Marilyn P.","contributorId":102970,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Anderson","given":"Marilyn","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":385210,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70020148,"text":"70020148 - 1997 - Synthesis and revision of groups within the Newark Supergroup, eastern North America","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-12-21T00:03:56.004989","indexId":"70020148","displayToPublicDate":"1997-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1786,"text":"Geological Society of America Bulletin","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Synthesis and revision of groups within the Newark Supergroup, eastern North America","docAbstract":"The Newark Supergroup currently includes nine stratigraphic groups, each of which applies to part or all of the rock column of only one or a few basins. Because the group nomenclature within the Newark Supergroup is neither inclusive nor parallel in its concepts, nearly half of the strata within the Newark Supergroup lacks any group placement. A new system is proposed herein that (1) establishes unambiguous group boundaries, (2) places all Newark Supergroup strata into groups, (3) reduces the number of group names from nine to three, (4) creates parallelism between groups and three major successive tectonic events that created the rift basins containing the Newark Supergroup, and (5) coincidentally provides isochronous or nearly isochronous group boundaries. These proposed groups are (1) the Chatham Group (Middle Triassic to basal Lower Jurassic sedimentary rocks), (2) the Meriden Group (Lower Jurassic extrusive volcanic and sedimentary rocks), and (3) the Agawam Group (new name) (Lower Jurassic sedimentary rocks above all early Mesozoic igneous intrusive and extrusive rocks).
","language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","doi":"10.1130/0016-7606(1997)109<0195:SAROGW>2.3.CO;2","issn":"00167606","usgsCitation":"Weems, R., and Olsen, P., 1997, Synthesis and revision of groups within the Newark Supergroup, eastern North America: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 109, no. 2, p. 195-209, https://doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1997)109<0195:SAROGW>2.3.CO;2.","productDescription":"15 p.","startPage":"195","endPage":"209","numberOfPages":"15","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":479944,"rank":2,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"http://doc.rero.ch/record/14070/files/PAL_E1159.pdf","text":"External Repository"},{"id":228158,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"109","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505ba34ee4b08c986b31fc59","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Weems, R.E.","contributorId":44920,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Weems","given":"R.E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":385204,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Olsen, P.E.","contributorId":71332,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Olsen","given":"P.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":385205,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70020117,"text":"70020117 - 1997 - Radiation-induced diamond crystallization: Origin of carbonados and its implications on meteorite nano-diamonds","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-12-14T23:38:51.894114","indexId":"70020117","displayToPublicDate":"1997-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1759,"text":"Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Radiation-induced diamond crystallization: Origin of carbonados and its implications on meteorite nano-diamonds","docAbstract":"Ten carbonados from Central Africa were studied for U-Th-Pb systematics. To extract U, Th, and Pb from the samples, we developed a cold combustion technique wherein diamond was burnt in liquid oxygen. The technique gave low blanks; 25–50 pg for Pb, 3 pg for U, and 5 pg for Th. After very thorough acid treatments of the carbonados with hot HNO3, HF, and HCl over one week, most of U, Th, and Pb were removed from the samples. Lead in the acid-leached diamonds was highly radiogenic (206Pb/204Pb up to 470). However, the amounts of U and Th in the acid-leached diamonds are too low to account for the radiogenic Pb even if we assume 4.5 Ga for the age of the diamonds. Therefore, we conclude that the radiogenic Pb was implanted into the diamonds from surroundings by means of recoil energy of radioactive decays of U and Th. From the radiogenic lead isotopic composition, we estimate a minimum age of 2.6 Ga and a maximum age of 3.8 Ga for the formation of the carbonados.
The above findings of the implantation of recoiled radiogenic Pb into carbonados is consistent with the process of radiation-induced crystallization which was proposed for carbonado by Kaminsky (1987). We show from some theoretical considerations that when highly energetic particles, such as those emitted from radioactive decay of U and Th, interact with carbonaceous materials, they give rise to cascades of atomic disturbance (over regions of about a few nanometer), and the disturbed atoms are likely to recrystallize to form micro-diamonds because of increasing surface energy due to small size.
The radiation-induced diamond formation mechanism may be relevant to the origin of nano-diamonds in primitive meteorites.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/S0016-7037(96)00346-8","issn":"00167037","usgsCitation":"Ozima, M., and Tatsumoto, M., 1997, Radiation-induced diamond crystallization: Origin of carbonados and its implications on meteorite nano-diamonds: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 61, no. 2, p. 369-376, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0016-7037(96)00346-8.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"369","endPage":"376","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":228312,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"otherGeospatial":"Africa","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n 8.72365452743216,\n 15.21192179474727\n ],\n [\n 8.72365452743216,\n -10.179197368424113\n ],\n [\n 34.729452578299686,\n -10.179197368424113\n ],\n [\n 34.729452578299686,\n 15.21192179474727\n ],\n [\n 8.72365452743216,\n 15.21192179474727\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"61","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a9396e4b0c8380cd80eff","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ozima, M.","contributorId":49539,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ozima","given":"M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":385100,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Tatsumoto, M.","contributorId":76798,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tatsumoto","given":"M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":385101,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70020083,"text":"70020083 - 1997 - Late quaternary temporal and event classifications, Great Lakes region, North America","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-01-25T13:33:06","indexId":"70020083","displayToPublicDate":"1997-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3218,"text":"Quaternary Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Late quaternary temporal and event classifications, Great Lakes region, North America","docAbstract":"Several temporal and event classifications are used for the Quaternary glacial and interglacial record in the Great Lakes region of North America. Although based on contrasting principles, the classifications, as practiced, are similar to one another in most respects and they differ little from the classification proposed by Chamberlin a century ago. All are based on stratigraphic units having time-transgressive boundaries; thus the associated time spans and events are diachronous. Where application of geochronologic classification based on isochronous boundaries is not practical or useful, we advocate the use of diachronic principles to establish local and regional temporal and event classifications. Diachronic and event classifications based on such principles are proposed herein for the Great Lakes region. Well-established names, including Wisconsin, Sangamon, and Illinois, are used at the episode (or glaciation/interglaciation) rank without significant redefinition. The Hudson Episode (Interglaciation) is introduced for postglacial time, the current interglacial interval. The Wisconsin Episode is divided into the Ontario, Elgin, and Michigan Subepisodes in the eastern and northern parts of the Great Lakes region and into the Athens and Michigan Subepisodes in the southern and western parts of the Great Lakes region. ?? 1997 University of Washington.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Quaternary Research","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","publisherLocation":"Amsterdam, Netherlands","doi":"10.1006/qres.1996.1870","issn":"00335894","usgsCitation":"Johnson, W., Hansel, A., Bettis, E., Karrow, P., Larson, G., Lowell, T., and Schneider, A.F., 1997, Late quaternary temporal and event classifications, Great Lakes region, North America: Quaternary Research, v. 47, no. 1, p. 1-12, https://doi.org/10.1006/qres.1996.1870.","startPage":"1","endPage":"12","numberOfPages":"12","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":227748,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":266466,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1006/qres.1996.1870"}],"volume":"47","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2017-01-20","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a455ae4b0c8380cd6724a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Johnson, W.H.","contributorId":44297,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Johnson","given":"W.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":384962,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hansel, A.K.","contributorId":89280,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hansel","given":"A.K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":384965,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Bettis, E. Arthur III","contributorId":72822,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bettis","given":"E. Arthur","suffix":"III","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":384963,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Karrow, P.F.","contributorId":73761,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Karrow","given":"P.F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":384964,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Larson, G.J.","contributorId":89680,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Larson","given":"G.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":384966,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Lowell, T.V.","contributorId":92813,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lowell","given":"T.V.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":384967,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Schneider, Allan F.","contributorId":24937,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schneider","given":"Allan","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":384961,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}} ,{"id":70020052,"text":"70020052 - 1997 - Ambiguity in measuring matrix diffusion with single-well injection/recovery tracer tests","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-02-14T06:30:57","indexId":"70020052","displayToPublicDate":"1997-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1861,"text":"Ground Water","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Ambiguity in measuring matrix diffusion with single-well injection/recovery tracer tests","docAbstract":"Single-well injection/recovery tracer tests are considered for use in characterizing and quantifying matrix diffusion in dual-porosity aquifers. Numerical modeling indicates that neither regional drift in homogeneous aquifers, nor heterogeneity in aquifers having no regional drift, nor hydrodynamic dispersion significantly affects these tests. However, when drift is coupled simultaneously with heterogeneity, they can have significant confounding effects on tracer return. This synergistic effect of drift and heterogeneity may help explain irreversible flow and inconsistent results sometimes encountered in previous single-well injection/recovery tracer tests. Numerical results indicate that in a hypothetical single-well injection/recovery tracer test designed to demonstrate and measure dual-porosity characteristics in a fractured dolomite, the simultaneous effects of drift and heterogeneity sometimes yields responses similar to those anticipated in a homogeneous dual-porosity formation. In these cases, tracer recovery could provide a false indication of the occurrence of matrix diffusion. Shortening the shut-in period between injection and recovery periods may make the test less sensitive to drift. Using multiple tracers having different diffusion characteristics, multiple tests having different pumping schedules, and testing the formation at more than one location would decrease the ambiguity in the interpretation of test data.","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1111/j.1745-6584.1997.tb00072.x","issn":"0017467X","usgsCitation":"Lessoff, S., and Konikow, L.F., 1997, Ambiguity in measuring matrix diffusion with single-well injection/recovery tracer tests: Ground Water, v. 35, no. 1, p. 166-176, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6584.1997.tb00072.x.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"166","endPage":"176","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":227906,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"35","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2005-08-04","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e9aee4b0c8380cd483a9","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lessoff, S.C.","contributorId":68051,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lessoff","given":"S.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":384838,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Konikow, Leonard F. 0000-0002-0940-3856 lkonikow@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0940-3856","contributorId":158,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Konikow","given":"Leonard","email":"lkonikow@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[{"id":436,"text":"National Research Program - Eastern Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":384837,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70020024,"text":"70020024 - 1997 - Correcting for diffusion in carbon-14 dating of ground water","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-03-08T01:04:51.907416","indexId":"70020024","displayToPublicDate":"1997-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3825,"text":"Groundwater","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Correcting for diffusion in carbon-14 dating of ground water","docAbstract":"It has generally been recognized that molecular diffusion can be a significant process affecting the transport of carbon-14 in the subsurface when occurring either from a permeable aquifer into a confining layer or from a fracture into a rock matrix. An analytical solution that is valid for steady-state radionuclide transport through fractured rock is shown to be applicable to many multilayered aquifer systems. By plotting the ratio of the rate of diffusion to the rate of decay of carbon-14 over the length scales representative of several common hydrogeologic settings, it is demonstrated that diffusion of carbon-14 should often be not only a significant process, but a dominant one relative to decay. An age-correction formula is developed and applied to the Bangkok Basin of Thailand, where a mean carbon-14-based age of 21,000 years was adjusted to 11,000 years to account for diffusion. This formula and its graphical representation should prove useful for many studies, for they can be used first to estimate the potential role of diffusion and then to make a simple first-order age correction if necessary.
Activated chars were produced from Illinois coal and tested in several flue gas cleanup applications. High-activity chars that showed excellent potential for both SO2 and NOx removal were prepared from an Illinois No. 2 bituminous coal. The SO2 (120 °C) and NOx (25 °C) removal performance of one char compared favorably with that of a commercial activated carbon (Calgon Centaur). The NOx removal performance of the same char at 120 °C exceeded that of the Centaur carbon by more than 1 order of magnitude. Novel char preparation methods were developed including oxidation/thermal desorption and hydrogen treatments, which increased and preserved, respectively, the active sites for SO2 and NOx adsorption. The results of combined SO2/NOx removal tests, however, suggest that SO2 and NOx compete for similar adsorption sites and SO2 seems to be more strongly adsorbed than NO. A low-activity, low-cost char was also developed for cleanup of incinerator flue gas. A three-step method involving coal preoxidation, pyrolysis, and CO2 activation was used to produce the char from Illinois coal. Five hundred pounds of the char was tested on a slipstream of flue gas from a commercial incinerator in Germany. The char was effective in removing >97% of the dioxins and furans present in the flue gas; mercury levels were below detectable limits.
New single-crystal zircon U–Th–Pb ages for plutonic and rhyolitic Keweenawan Supergroup rocks from the south shore of Lake Superior provide geochronological constraints on magmatic evolution associated with the 1.1 Ga Midcontinent rift. Analyses of a granophyric phase of the Mineral Lake intrusion and the Mellen granite, both parts of the Mellen Intrusive Complex, and a laterally extensive rhyolite from the top of the Kallander Creek Volcanics have weighted average 207Pb/206Pb ages of 1102.0 ± 2.8 Ma (N = 2), 1100.9 ± 1.4 Ma (N = 5), and 1098.8 ± 1.9 Ma (N = 4), respectively. Analyses of a pyroclastic rhyolite flow at the top of the Porcupine Volcanics result in variable 207Pb/206Pb ages that range from 1080 to 1137 Ma. This rhyolite exhibits a continuum between morphologically complex and simpler prismatic zircon crystals, the latter yielding concordant analyses having a weighted average 207Pb/206Pb age of 1093.6 ± 1.8 Ma (N = 2). Four prismatic zircons from an aphyric rhyolite of the Chengwatana Volcanics in the Ashland syncline form a linear array intersecting concordia at 1094.6 ± 2.1 Ma (MSWD = 1.3). Another presumed Chengwatana rhyolite recovered from drill core intersecting the Hudson–Afton horst in southeast Minnesota yielded only ~20 morphologically indistinguishable zircons. Six analyses give 207Pb/206Pb ages ranging from 1112 to 1136 Ma, including one analysis with a virtually concordant age of 1130 Ma. This age, however, is considerably older than that obtained for the Chengwatana Volcanics in the Ashland syncline or any other precisely dated rock from the Midcontinent rift.
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E.","contributorId":15632,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zartman","given":"R. E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":384444,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Nicholson, S. W.","contributorId":79504,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nicholson","given":"S.","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":384446,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Cannon, W.F. 0000-0002-2699-8118","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2699-8118","contributorId":70382,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cannon","given":"W.F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":384445,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Morey, G. B.","contributorId":14406,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Morey","given":"G.","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":384443,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70019932,"text":"70019932 - 1997 - Paleogeographic significance of Clavohamulus hintzei Miller (Conodonta) and other Ibexian conodonts in an early Paleozoic carbonate platform facies of the Argentine Precordillera","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-12-21T12:20:43.173335","indexId":"70019932","displayToPublicDate":"1997-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1786,"text":"Geological Society of America Bulletin","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Paleogeographic significance of Clavohamulus hintzei Miller (Conodonta) and other Ibexian conodonts in an early Paleozoic carbonate platform facies of the Argentine Precordillera","docAbstract":"Pre-Tremadocian conodonts and trilobites and Tremadocian conodonts are reported from the Cambrian and Ordovician La Silla Formation in the Cerro La Silla section in east-southeast Ja??chal, San Juan Province, Argentina. A shallow marine conodont fauna contains elements of Clavohamulus hintzei Miller, a common species in North America, but reported for the first time from the early Paleozoic platform carbonates of the western Argentine Precordillera. The presence of this species suggests a correlation with the Clavohamulus hintzei conodont subbiozone of the Cordylodus intermedius conodont biozone in North America, considered Early Ordovician (Skullrockian Stage, Ibexian Series) in North America, but by South American and European standards, this biozone would be of latest Cambrian age. C. hintzei and associated conodonts of the La Silla Formation are typical of the tropical faunas of the North American Midcontinent Faunal Province; Late Cambrian trilobites from lower in the formation also are typical North American taxa. The presence of these faunas in the platform carbonates is consistent with plate reconstructions suggesting that the Precordillera was in a tropical or subtropical position close to Laurentia during the late Precambrian and early Paleozoic. These new paleontological data provide one more argument for recent models of the Precordillera as a displaced terrane derived from the Ouachita Embayment at the southern margin of Laurentia.","language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","doi":"10.1130/0016-7606(1997)109<0429:PSOCHM>2.3.CO;2","issn":"00167606","usgsCitation":"Lehnert, O., Miller, J., and Repetski, J., 1997, Paleogeographic significance of Clavohamulus hintzei Miller (Conodonta) and other Ibexian conodonts in an early Paleozoic carbonate platform facies of the Argentine Precordillera: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 109, no. 4, p. 429-443, https://doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1997)109<0429:PSOCHM>2.3.CO;2.","productDescription":"15 p.","startPage":"429","endPage":"443","numberOfPages":"15","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":227818,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"109","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a73f0e4b0c8380cd77331","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lehnert, O.","contributorId":39143,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lehnert","given":"O.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":384420,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Miller, J.F.","contributorId":29830,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Miller","given":"J.F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":384418,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Repetski, J.E.","contributorId":38579,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Repetski","given":"J.E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":384419,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70019929,"text":"70019929 - 1997 - Comparative sensitivity of Selenastrum capricornutum and Lemna minor to sixteen herbicides","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-11-04T13:49:56","indexId":"70019929","displayToPublicDate":"1997-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":887,"text":"Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Comparative sensitivity of Selenastrum capricornutum and Lemna minor to sixteen herbicides","docAbstract":"Aquatic plant toxicity tests are frequently conducted in environmental risk assessments to determine the potential impacts of contaminants on primary producers. An examination of published plant toxicity data demonstrates that wide differences in sensitivity can occur across phylogenetic groups of plants. Yet relatively few studies have been conducted with the specific intent to compare the relative sensitivity of various aquatic plant species to contaminants. We compared the relative sensitivity of the algae Selenestrum capricornutum and the floating vascular plant Lemna minor to 16 herbicides (atrazine, metribuzin, simazine, cyanazine, alachlor, metolachlor, chlorsulfuron, metsulfuron, triallate, EPTC, trifluralin, diquat, paraquat, dicamba, bromoxynil, and 2,4-D). The herbicides studied represented nine chemical classes and several modes of action and were chosen to represent major current uses in the United States. Both plant species were generally sensitive to the triazines (atrazine, metribuzin, simazine, and cyanazine), sulfonureas (metsulfuron and chlorsulfuron), pyridines (diquat and paraquat), dinitroaniline (trifluralin), and acetanilide (alachlor and metolachlor) herbicides. Neither plant species was uniformly more sensitive than the other across the broad range of herbicides tested. Lemna was more sensitive to the sulfonureas (metsulfuron and chlorsulfuron) and the pyridines (diquat and parequat) than Selenastrum. However Selenastrum was more sensitive than Lemna to one of two thiocarbamates (triallate) and one of the triazines (cyanazine). Neither species was sensitive to selective broadleaf herbicides including bromoxynil, EPTC, dicamba, or 2,4-D. Results were not always predictable in spite of obvious differences in herbicide modes of action and plant phylogeny. Major departures in sensitivity of Selenastrum occurred between chemicals within individual classes of the triazine, acetanilide, and thiocarbamate herbicides. Results indicate that neither species is predictively most sensitive, and that a number of species including a dicot speciessuch as Myriophyllum are needed to perform accurate risk assessments of herbicides.","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1007/s002449900196","issn":"00904341","usgsCitation":"Fairchild, J., Ruessler, D.S., Haverland, P., and Carlson, A., 1997, Comparative sensitivity of Selenastrum capricornutum and Lemna minor to sixteen herbicides: Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, v. 32, no. 4, p. 353-357, https://doi.org/10.1007/s002449900196.","productDescription":"5 p.","startPage":"353","endPage":"357","numberOfPages":"5","costCenters":[{"id":192,"text":"Columbia Environmental Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":227775,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":205986,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002449900196"}],"volume":"32","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f825e4b0c8380cd4cee5","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Fairchild, J.F.","contributorId":88891,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fairchild","given":"J.F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":384412,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Ruessler, D. S.","contributorId":22292,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ruessler","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":384410,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Haverland, P.S.","contributorId":34672,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Haverland","given":"P.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":384411,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Carlson, A.R.","contributorId":18122,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Carlson","given":"A.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":384409,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ]}