Vent deposits and lava flows from Hualalai Volcano and lava flows from Mauna Loa and Mauna Kea Volcanoes cover the Puu Anahulu 7 1/2-minute quadrangle. Hualalai's diffuse north-trending rift zone, marked by the large trachyte cone of Puu Waawaa and several basaltic spatter cones, is located mainly in the southwestern part of the quadrangle. Several Hualalai flows originated in the Hualalai quadrangle, crossed the Puu Anahulu quadrangle, and terminated in the Kiholo quadrangle. Hualalai flows cover most of the western half of the quadrangle and are interlayered with Mauna Loa lavas along a 2-kilometer-wide strip from southeast to northwest across the middle of the Puu Anahulu quadrangle. Mauna Loa flows cover most of the eastern half. Mauna Kea flows are restricted to the northeastern corner, where they underlie Hualalai and Mauna Loa lavas. A few extensive and relatively young flows from Hualalai and Mauna Loa cover most of the quadrangle; thus, the older units are generally small in area. The oldest units in the quadrangle are the trachyte cone of Puu Waawaa and its flow, which includes Puu Anahulu, covers about 7 percent of the quadrangle. Basaltic lavas of Hualalai range in age from latest Pleistocene to less than 2,000 years. Pleistocene lavas cover about 5 percent of this quadrangle, lavas that are 5,000 - 10,000 years old cover about 5 percent, lavas that are 3,000 - 5,000 years old cover about 3 percent, and three extensive flows that are 1,500 - 3,000 years old cover about 25 percent. The oldest Mauna Loa flows, that are probably 5,000 - 10,000 years old, cover about 2 percent of this quadrangle, flows that are 3,000 - 5,000 years old cover about 18 percent, six extensive flows that are 1,500 - 3,000 years old cover about 23 percent, and the 1859 flow, that is the youngest volcanic unit, and covers about 10 percent of its area. Two hawaiite flows from Mauna Kea, that are late Pleistocene in age, cover about 2 percent of the quadrangle.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr89284","usgsCitation":"Moore, R.B., Clague, D.A., Bohrson, W.A., and Wise, W.S., 1989, Preliminary geologic map of the Puu Anahulu quadrangle, Hawaii: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 89-284, Report: 19 p.; 2 Plates: 24.50 x 30.59 inches and 40.74 x 21.52 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr89284.","productDescription":"Report: 19 p.; 2 Plates: 24.50 x 30.59 inches and 40.74 x 21.52 inches","costCenters":[{"id":615,"text":"Volcano Hazards Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":397619,"rank":5,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_18942.htm"},{"id":46689,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1989/0284/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":46690,"rank":401,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1989/0284/plate-2.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":149262,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1989/0284/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":46691,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1989/0284/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Hawaii","otherGeospatial":"Puu Anahulu quadrangle","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -155.875,\n 19.75\n ],\n [\n -155.75,\n 19.75\n ],\n [\n -155.75,\n 19.875\n ],\n [\n -155.875,\n 19.875\n ],\n [\n -155.875,\n 19.75\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ac7e4b07f02db67ad82","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Moore, Richard B. rmoore@usgs.gov","contributorId":1464,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Moore","given":"Richard","email":"rmoore@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[{"id":405,"text":"NH/VT office of New England Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":176760,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Clague, David A.","contributorId":77105,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Clague","given":"David","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":176761,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Bohrson, Wendy A.","contributorId":55024,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bohrson","given":"Wendy","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":176763,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Wise, W. S.","contributorId":53817,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wise","given":"W.","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":176762,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":35841,"text":"b1573_1989 - 1989 - Bedrock geology of the Bristol quadrangle, Hartford, Litchfield, and New Haven Counties, Connecticut","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":35841,"text":"b1573_1989 - 1989 - Bedrock geology of the Bristol quadrangle, Hartford, Litchfield, and New Haven Counties, Connecticut","indexId":"b1573_1989","publicationYear":"1989","noYear":false,"title":"Bedrock geology of the Bristol quadrangle, Hartford, Litchfield, and New Haven Counties, Connecticut"},"predicate":"SUPERSEDED_BY","object":{"id":35832,"text":"b1573 - 1990 - Bedrock geology of the Bristol quadrangle, Hartford, Litchfield, and New Haven Counties, Connecticut","indexId":"b1573","publicationYear":"1990","noYear":false,"title":"Bedrock geology of the Bristol quadrangle, Hartford, Litchfield, and New Haven Counties, Connecticut"},"id":1}],"supersededBy":{"id":35832,"text":"b1573 - 1990 - Bedrock geology of the Bristol quadrangle, Hartford, Litchfield, and New Haven Counties, Connecticut","indexId":"b1573","publicationYear":"1990","noYear":false,"title":"Bedrock geology of the Bristol quadrangle, Hartford, Litchfield, and New Haven Counties, Connecticut"},"lastModifiedDate":"2024-07-19T15:38:48.513924","indexId":"b1573_1989","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1989","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":306,"text":"Bulletin","code":"B","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1573","title":"Bedrock geology of the Bristol quadrangle, Hartford, Litchfield, and New Haven Counties, Connecticut","docAbstract":"Metamorphosed strata of sedimentary origin underlie the upland surface of western Connecticut, and nonmetamorphosed sedimentary strata underlie the adjacent lowland surface of central Connecticut. The metamorphic rocks consist chiefly of micaceous schists and gneisses, with minor amounts of pegmatite, amphibolite, and metaquartzite. These rocks represent three formations. They are, in order of decreasing age, the Taine Mountain Formation, Collinsville Formation, and Straits Schist Formation; together they comprise seven members. The formations probably correlate with the Moretown Formation, Hawley Formation, and Goshen Formation of central western Massachusetts, and Vermont. The originally nonmetamorphosed sediments of the formations thus are inferred to range in geologic age from Middle Ordovician to Late Silurian and Early Devonian. Regional metamorphism of the strata may have occurred during the Acadian orogeny at or near the end of Early Devonian time. The nonmetamorphosed strata of the lowland are mainly sandstone; they are correlated with the New Haven Arkose of Middle Triassic age in central Connecticut. Gravimeter traverses across the upland-lowland boundary suggest the presence of a normal fault of a few hundred feet displacement, downthrown on the east. Traces of copper mineralization are found locally in the vicinity of the boundary, and at least one mine produced copper ore during the 1800's. Jointing and foliation planes in the metamorphic rocks may affect slope stability and the ease of excavation. The sedimentary strata are inclined, commonly massive, and poorly exposed.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Government Printing Office","doi":"10.3133/b1573_1989","usgsCitation":"Simpson, H.E., 1989, Bedrock geology of the Bristol quadrangle, Hartford, Litchfield, and New Haven Counties, Connecticut: U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin 1573, Report: 22p.; 1 Plate: 38.30 x 31.50 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/b1573_1989.","productDescription":"Report: 22p.; 1 Plate: 38.30 x 31.50 inches","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":431247,"rank":3,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/bul/1573_1989/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":247608,"rank":2,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/bul/1573_1989/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":164650,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/bul/1573_1989/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Connecticut","county":"Hartford County, Litchfield County, New Haven County","otherGeospatial":"Bristol","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -73,\n 41.75\n ],\n [\n -73,\n 41.625\n ],\n [\n -72.875,\n 41.625\n ],\n [\n -72.875,\n 41.75\n ],\n [\n -73,\n 41.75\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a5fe4b07f02db63422b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Simpson, Howard E.","contributorId":95046,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Simpson","given":"Howard","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":215316,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":47497,"text":"b1808BD - 1989 - Depositional environments of the Upper Triassic Chinle Formation in the eastern San Juan Basin and vicinity, New Mexico. Trace fossils and mollusks from the upper member of the Wanakah Formation, Chama Basin, New Mexico; evidence for a lacustrine origin. Stratigraphy, facies, and paleotectonic history of Mississippian rocks in the San Juan Basin of northwestern New Mexico and adjacent areas","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":47497,"text":"b1808BD - 1989 - Depositional environments of the Upper Triassic Chinle Formation in the eastern San Juan Basin and vicinity, New Mexico. Trace fossils and mollusks from the upper member of the Wanakah Formation, Chama Basin, New Mexico; evidence for a lacustrine origin. Stratigraphy, facies, and paleotectonic history of Mississippian rocks in the San Juan Basin of northwestern New Mexico and adjacent areas","indexId":"b1808BD","publicationYear":"1989","noYear":false,"chapter":"B-D","title":"Depositional environments of the Upper Triassic Chinle Formation in the eastern San Juan Basin and vicinity, New Mexico. Trace fossils and mollusks from the upper member of the Wanakah Formation, Chama Basin, New Mexico; evidence for a lacustrine origin. Stratigraphy, facies, and paleotectonic history of Mississippian rocks in the San Juan Basin of northwestern New Mexico and adjacent areas"},"predicate":"IS_PART_OF","object":{"id":33203,"text":"b1808 - 1988 - Evolution of sedimentary basins: San Juan Basin","indexId":"b1808","publicationYear":"1988","noYear":false,"title":"Evolution of sedimentary basins: San Juan Basin"},"id":1}],"isPartOf":{"id":33203,"text":"b1808 - 1988 - Evolution of sedimentary basins: San Juan Basin","indexId":"b1808","publicationYear":"1988","noYear":false,"title":"Evolution of sedimentary basins: San Juan Basin"},"lastModifiedDate":"2022-06-03T19:09:38.599487","indexId":"b1808BD","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1989","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":306,"text":"Bulletin","code":"B","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1808","chapter":"B-D","title":"Depositional environments of the Upper Triassic Chinle Formation in the eastern San Juan Basin and vicinity, New Mexico. Trace fossils and mollusks from the upper member of the Wanakah Formation, Chama Basin, New Mexico; evidence for a lacustrine origin. Stratigraphy, facies, and paleotectonic history of Mississippian rocks in the San Juan Basin of northwestern New Mexico and adjacent areas","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/b1808BD","usgsCitation":"Dubiel, R.F., Ridgley, J.L., Armstrong, A.K., and Holcomb, L.D., 1989, Depositional environments of the Upper Triassic Chinle Formation in the eastern San Juan Basin and vicinity, New Mexico. Trace fossils and mollusks from the upper member of the Wanakah Formation, Chama Basin, New Mexico; evidence for a lacustrine origin. Stratigraphy, facies, and paleotectonic history of Mississippian rocks in the San Juan Basin of northwestern New Mexico and adjacent areas: U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin 1808, Report: 71 p.; 1 Plate: 55.28 × 35.99 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/b1808BD.","productDescription":"Report: 71 p.; 1 Plate: 55.28 × 35.99 inches","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":247738,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/bul/1808b-d/plate-1.pdf","size":"9764","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":84447,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/bul/1808b-d/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":401697,"rank":2,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_21950.htm"},{"id":135722,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/bul/1808b-d/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"New Mexico","otherGeospatial":"San Juan basin","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -110,\n 34.3\n ],\n [\n -105,\n 34.3\n ],\n [\n -105,\n 37.75\n ],\n [\n -110,\n 37.75\n ],\n [\n -110,\n 34.3\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ab1e4b07f02db66e976","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Dubiel, Russell F. 0000-0002-1280-0350 rdubiel@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1280-0350","contributorId":1294,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dubiel","given":"Russell","email":"rdubiel@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[{"id":164,"text":"Central Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":235559,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Ridgley, Jennie L. ridgley@usgs.gov","contributorId":1248,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ridgley","given":"Jennie","email":"ridgley@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":235558,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Armstrong, Augustus K.","contributorId":68282,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Armstrong","given":"Augustus","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":235560,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Holcomb, Lee D.","contributorId":94651,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Holcomb","given":"Lee","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":235561,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":44141,"text":"ofr8997 - 1989 - Surficial geologic map of the Dover East quadrangle in New Hampshire","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-04-05T21:40:31.122215","indexId":"ofr8997","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1989","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"89-97","title":"Surficial geologic map of the Dover East quadrangle in New Hampshire","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr8997","usgsCitation":"Larson, G.J., and Goldsmith, R., 1989, Surficial geologic map of the Dover East quadrangle in New Hampshire: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 89-97, 1 Plate: 26.35 × 30.01 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr8997.","productDescription":"1 Plate: 26.35 × 30.01 inches","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":134828,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":81519,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1989/0097/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":398168,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_18943.htm"}],"scale":"24000","country":"United States","state":"New Hampshire","otherGeospatial":"Dover East quadrangle","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -70.875,\n 43.125\n ],\n [\n -70.75,\n 43.125\n ],\n [\n -70.75,\n 43.25\n ],\n [\n -70.875,\n 43.25\n ],\n [\n -70.875,\n 43.125\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ae3e4b07f02db689049","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Larson, Grahame J.","contributorId":84328,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Larson","given":"Grahame","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":229224,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Goldsmith, Richard","contributorId":33283,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Goldsmith","given":"Richard","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":229223,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":38427,"text":"pp1442 - 1989 - Tectonically controlled fan delta and submarine fan sedimentation of late Miocene age, southern Temblor Range, California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-04-25T15:06:07","indexId":"pp1442","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1989","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":331,"text":"Professional Paper","code":"PP","onlineIssn":"2330-7102","printIssn":"1044-9612","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1442","title":"Tectonically controlled fan delta and submarine fan sedimentation of late Miocene age, southern Temblor Range, California","docAbstract":"The Santa Margarita Formation in the southern Temblor Range, composed of conglomerate and subordinate sandstone, evolved as a large complex of fan deltas and submarine fans in late Miocene time. An 80 to 90-m.y.-old granitic basement of the Salinian block and an accompanying 23.5-m.y.-old volcanic field now located in the northern Gabilan Range and the Pinnacles area, respectively, were the primary source terranes. In general, the fan deltas crop out along the west side of the southern Temblor Range, whereas the proximal parts of the submarine fans crop out along the east side of the range. The fan deltas consist of subaerial topset beds and low-angle basinward-dipping subaqueous foreset beds. Strata interpreted to be topset beds are composed largely of conglomerate with thick to very thick horizontal beds and matrix-supported clasts. Most of the thick to very thick conglomerate beds are internally massive and disorganized. Strata interpreted as foreset beds are composed of thick-bedded, large-scale, low-angle, cross-stratified conglomerate and sandstone units which commonly are internally massive. Abundant molluskan macrofossils such as Ostrea and Pecten are present in the subaqueous foreset beds; many have been displaced downslope from their original site of deposition. Conglomerate- and sandstone-filled submarine canyons, through which coarse-grained detritus was transported to the adjacent submarine fans, locally have cut into the foreset beds of the fan deltas. These submarine canyon deposits are generally better stratified than adjacent foreset-bed deposits, and they consist of thick horizontal beds, internally massive or normally graded, arranged in fining- and thinning-upward sequences. Isolated and composite conglomerate- and sandstone-filled channels, which crop out on the east flank of the southern Temblor Range, are interpreted as proximal submarine-fan channel deposits. These channel-form conglomerate and sandstone deposits are characterized by thick, horizontal beds which are internally massive or normally graded containing division Ta, and locally Tb, of the Bouma sequence. Sparse calcareous foraminifers collected from diatomaceous interbeds suggest that these fan channels were deposited in upper bathyal water depths. Subaerial and regenerated subaqueous debris flows probably formed the bulk of the Santa Margarita fan delta and submarine fan system. Santa Margarita debris flows ranged from the mudflow variety to the cataclysmic debris-avalanche variety.
The cogenetic Republic and Williams sandstones of local usage, located on the east side of the southern Temblor Range, are slightly older and finer grained than the Santa Margarita Formation. These units, containing well-graded sandstones, fining- and thinning-upward and coarsening- and thickening-upward sandstone sequences, thick-bedded tabular and channel-shaped sandstones, a mixture of shallow- and deep-water foraminifers, and a fan-shaped geometry in the subsurface, are interpreted as submarine fan deposits.
Sedimentation associated with the Santa Margarita Formation was intimately related to the growing southern Temblor Range anticlinorium and the right-laterally shifting Salinian block along the San Andreas fault. Examples of control exerted on Santa Margarita sedimentation by the southern Temblor Range anticlinorium include the preferential accumulation of sediments along the flanks of the anticlinorium, thickening of strata on the downthrown side of the Recruit Pass fault and on flanks of selected anticlines, intraformational unconformities, and possible partial blockage of the eastward-prograding fan deltas by the Recruit Pass fault. East of the growing southern Temblor Range anticlinorium, the distal ends of the Santa Margarita submarine fans were deflected northwestward by the growing Buena Vista Hills anticline. Several examples of well-defined diachronous sedimentation, where conglomerates and sandstones of the Santa Margarita Formation occupy progressively higher stratigraphic levels in a northwest direction subparallel to the trace of the San Andreas fault, strongly imply that the Salinian basement terrane was shifting in a right-lateral sense during Santa Margarita sedimentation.
Regional factors of importance in focusing conglomerate sedimentation on the southern Temblor Range locale for a 2- to 3-m.y. period in the late Mohnian were right-lateral oblique slip on the San Andreas fault, formation of the \"big bend\" in the San Andreas fault by left-lateral slip along the Garlock and White Wolf faults, and the partial overlap of the Salinian and Franciscan assemblage basement rocks.
Water resources in the White Earth Indian Reservation meet the present (1988) needs for potable supply and other household uses and provide valuable ecological, recreational, and aesthetic benefits. Total annual water use in the Reservation is about 460 million gallons per year. Domestic supply from privately owned wells and municipal systems accounts for roughly three-fourths of the water use, and irrigation of croplands and nurseries accounts for approximately one-fourth, depending on rainfall.
\nGlacial-drift aquifers are the source of ground water in the Reservation. Unconfined-drift aquifers consist of two surficial outwash deposits that extend over approximately one-fifth of the Reservation. One deposit trends along a north-south strip through the central part of the Reservation, and the other occupies the southeastern corner. Confined-drift aquifers are the most significant source of ground-water supply. These aquifers are discontinuous lenses of sand and gravel that hydraulically are poorly connected to each other. The aquifers are 50 to 300 feet below land surface and 5 to 25 feet thick. Yields from these aquifers typically range from 10 to 100 gallons per minute.
\nSurface water in the Reservation consist of numerous lakes, wetlands, prairie potholes, and streams. The larger, deeper lakes in the eastern and southern parts of the Reservation support walleye and northern pike and provide recreational opportunities for swimming and boating. The shallower lakes and prairie potholes are used to produce wild rice and also are managed to provide waterfowl habitat. Most of the streams in the Reservation drain the headwater areas of basins that are part of the Red River of the North watershed; however, several small streams in the southeastern part drain to the Crow Wing River, which is part of the Mississippi River drainage system. The Wild Rice River drains the largest basin in the Reservation.
\nGround water is mostly a calcium magnesium bicarbonate type. Dissolvedsolids concentration of the ground water generally is greater in the deeper confined-drift aquifers than in the shallower unconfined-drift aquifers. The concentrations of sodium and sulfate in water from the confined-drift aquifers are higher in the northwestern part of the Reservation than in the rest of the aquifer. Except for elevated concentrations of iron and manganese, the quality of the ground water meets the criteria established by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) for drinking water.
\nSurface water also is a calcium magnesium bicarbonate type. Lake waters are hard and alkaline and are mesotrophic to eutrophic in productivity. Quality of the lake and stream water is suitable for native forms of freshwater biota, although the concentration of total recoverable mercury exceeds the 0.012 micrograms per liter maximum contaminant level; that level, established by USEPA for the organic form of dissolved mercury, is intended to protect against chronic effects on freshwater life. Available information, however, indicates that the amount of mercury in edible tissue from fish in alkaline lakes of northwestern Minnesota is within safe limits. The concentrations of phosphorus and nitrate in the streams are below levels that indicate pollution problems.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"St. Paul, MN","doi":"10.3133/wri894074","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the White Earth Indian Reservation Business Committee","usgsCitation":"Ruhl, J.F., 1989, Water resources of the White Earth Indian Reservation, northwestern Minnesota: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 89-4074, vii, 73 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri894074.","productDescription":"vii, 73 p.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":392,"text":"Minnesota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":58302,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1989/4074/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":126744,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1989/4074/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Minnesota","otherGeospatial":"White Earth Indian Reservation","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -96.03424072265625,\n 46.97463048970669\n ],\n [\n -96.03424072265625,\n 47.4596655525415\n ],\n [\n -95.29815673828124,\n 47.4596655525415\n ],\n [\n -95.29815673828124,\n 46.97463048970669\n ],\n [\n -96.03424072265625,\n 46.97463048970669\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49f4e4b07f02db5f02a3","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ruhl, J. F.","contributorId":81866,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ruhl","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":201552,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":57330,"text":"wdrVA881 - 1989 - Water resources data for Virginia, water year 1988","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-11-25T17:50:15.380404","indexId":"wdrVA881","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1989","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":340,"text":"Water Data Report","code":"WDR","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"VA-88-1","title":"Water resources data for Virginia, water year 1988","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
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\"}}]}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a0ce4b07f02db5fc813","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Prugh, B.J.","contributorId":88811,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Prugh","given":"B.J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":256729,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Easton, F.J.","contributorId":61096,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Easton","given":"F.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":256728,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Lynch, D. D.","contributorId":12075,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lynch","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":256727,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":29454,"text":"wri884114 - 1989 - Water resources of the Fond du Lac Indian Reservation, east-central Minnesota","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-03-19T11:19:25","indexId":"wri884114","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1989","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"88-4114","title":"Water resources of the Fond du Lac Indian Reservation, east-central Minnesota","docAbstract":"Water resources in the Fond du Lac Indian Reservation meet the present (1987) needs for drinking-water supplies and other household uses with respect to water quality and quantity, and provide valuable ecological, recreational, and aesthetic benefits. Total annual water use in the Reservation is about 36.5 million gallons per year and per capita use is about 100 gallons per day. Practically all the water is used for domestic supply. Ground water is the source of all water supplies in the Reservation.
\nThree aquifers are the source of ground water in the Reservation. Unconfined-drift aquifers consist of surficial outwash that extends over one third of the Reservation. Confined-drift aquifers consist of sand and gravel deposits that occur discontinuously at depths of 50 to 150 feet throughout the Reservation. The third aquifer is in crystalline bedrock that underlies the glacial drift.
\nSurface-water resources in the Reservation consist of numerous wetlands, many shallow lakes, and streams that drain five basins. All the basins in the Reservation are part of the St. Louis River drainage system, except for a small area in the southcentral part of the Reservation that is part of the Kettle River basin. Stoney Brook, which is the major stream, drains three fourths of the Reservation. Average discharge from Stoney Brook during the 1984 water year was 82 cubic feet per second. The lakes in the Reservation, which are shallow and small, have a combined surface area of about 3,000 acres.
\nConcentrations of constituents in ground-water samples met recommended and regulated limits set by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency for drinking water except for samples collected from wells in the unconfined-drift aquifer that suggested limits for nitrate (one sample), iron (two samples), and manganese (six samples), were exceeded. Quality of water in the lakes and streams is suitable for native forms of plant and animal life.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"St. Paul, MN","doi":"10.3133/wri884114","collaboration":"Prepared in Cooperation with the Fond du Lac Indian Reservation Business Committee","usgsCitation":"Ruhl, J.F., 1989, Water resources of the Fond du Lac Indian Reservation, east-central Minnesota: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 88-4114, v, 42 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri884114.","productDescription":"v, 42 p.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":392,"text":"Minnesota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":58299,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1988/4114/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":119528,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1988/4114/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Minnesota","otherGeospatial":"Fond du Lac Indian Reservation","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -92.4774169921875,\n 46.73327226871774\n ],\n [\n -92.4774169921875,\n 46.6451938027548\n ],\n [\n -92.7520751953125,\n 46.64472240881699\n ],\n [\n -92.74864196777342,\n 46.875213396722685\n ],\n [\n -92.73902893066406,\n 46.878029625122075\n ],\n [\n -92.72323608398438,\n 46.88131503811574\n ],\n [\n -92.70744323730469,\n 46.878029625122075\n ],\n [\n -92.69096374511719,\n 46.87709089874481\n ],\n [\n -92.67791748046875,\n 46.875213396722685\n ],\n [\n -92.66624450683594,\n 46.874274621077795\n ],\n [\n -92.65663146972656,\n 46.87380522709687\n ],\n [\n -92.64495849609375,\n 46.875213396722685\n ],\n [\n -92.62229919433594,\n 46.87333582901027\n ],\n [\n -92.61680603027342,\n 46.870988776992256\n ],\n [\n -92.61062622070312,\n 46.870988776992256\n ],\n [\n -92.59689331054688,\n 46.87051935427163\n ],\n [\n -92.58041381835938,\n 46.86723328026759\n ],\n [\n -92.57286071777344,\n 46.862069043222895\n ],\n [\n -92.57492065429688,\n 46.855026101172285\n ],\n [\n -92.5762939453125,\n 46.84798223530896\n ],\n [\n -92.57286071777344,\n 46.83999807052501\n ],\n [\n -92.56050109863281,\n 46.83577067935951\n ],\n [\n -92.55157470703125,\n 46.82637528602131\n ],\n [\n -92.5433349609375,\n 46.81932766316868\n ],\n [\n -92.5323486328125,\n 46.81650835534017\n ],\n [\n -92.52548217773438,\n 46.81415881922961\n ],\n [\n -92.50968933105469,\n 46.81509864599243\n ],\n [\n -92.49870300292969,\n 46.81932766316868\n ],\n [\n -92.48771667480469,\n 46.81462873466413\n ],\n [\n -92.48497009277344,\n 46.80428964656369\n ],\n [\n -92.4835968017578,\n 46.79723912881805\n ],\n [\n -92.47123718261719,\n 46.795828914397596\n ],\n [\n -92.46162414550781,\n 46.79394857101435\n ],\n [\n -92.45819091796875,\n 46.78924742510817\n ],\n [\n -92.46025085449217,\n 46.78407569031799\n ],\n [\n -92.47055053710938,\n 46.779373682055635\n ],\n [\n -92.4835968017578,\n 46.773730730079414\n ],\n [\n -92.49252319335938,\n 46.76761686478674\n ],\n [\n -92.49114990234374,\n 46.75726874246586\n ],\n [\n -92.48634338378906,\n 46.744095530257525\n ],\n [\n -92.4774169921875,\n 46.73327226871774\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b04e4b07f02db69963f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ruhl, J. F.","contributorId":81866,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ruhl","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":201549,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":59098,"text":"mf2088 - 1989 - Vertical surface displacements along a part of the Newport-Inglewood zone of folds and faults, Los Angeles and Orange Counties, California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-05-29T19:45:51.241623","indexId":"mf2088","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1989","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":325,"text":"Miscellaneous Field Studies Map","code":"MF","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2088","title":"Vertical surface displacements along a part of the Newport-Inglewood zone of folds and faults, Los Angeles and Orange Counties, California","docAbstract":"During the past half century, the onshore section of the Newport- Inglewood zone of folds and faults between the Dominguez oil field and Corona del Mar (fig. 1) has been repeatedly leveled to geodetic standards. These essentially fortuitous surveys are unrelated to either the tectonic framework or the urbanization of the Los Angeles basin, but were established instead because the Newport-Inglewood zone southward from the Long Beach area is roughly coincident with the coastline--and, hence, is roughly coincident with a naturally defined leveling route. Although these have been several relevelings athwart this zone north of the long Beach area, notably in the Baldwin Hills area (Castle and Yerkes, 1976), about 25 km to the northwest, the survey density, in both space and time, diminishes markedly northward. Thus, the results of the indicated relevelings along the Los Angeles-Orange County coast have permitted the relatively detailed appraisal of historic vertical surface movements described in this report. The Newport-Inglewood zone of folds and faults forms the surface expression of a major crustal boundary separating the Peninsular Ranges province on the east from the Continental Borderland province on the west (Castle and others, 1984, p. 8-9, pl. 1). Transcurrent fault movement along this boundary has produced not only continuing seismic activity, for which this zone is justly famous, but also folds and other structural features within the sedimentary veneer that have entrapped the petroleum deposits for which the Newport-Inglewood zone is even more famous. Although the northeast boundary of the exceptionally prolific Wilmington oil field is roughly coincident with the southeast edge of the Newport-Inglewood zone, we have deliberately excluded this area from consideration--in other than a peripheral way--simply because compaction-induced subsidence centering on the Wilmington field is viewed as a singularly spectacular example of this phenomenon and, hence, has been the subject of a series of detailed investigation (Harris and Harlow, 1947; Gilluly and Grant, 1949; Hudson, 1956; Miller, 1966; Poland and Davis, 1969; Allen and Mayuga, 1970; Castle and Yerkes, 1976).","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/mf2088","usgsCitation":"Castle, R.O., and Buchanan-Banks, J.M., 1989, Vertical surface displacements along a part of the Newport-Inglewood zone of folds and faults, Los Angeles and Orange Counties, California: U.S. Geological Survey Miscellaneous Field Studies Map 2088, 2 Plates: 48.98 x 38.04 inches and 42.84 x 47.93 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/mf2088.","productDescription":"2 Plates: 48.98 x 38.04 inches and 42.84 x 47.93 inches","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":487476,"rank":4,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_5692.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":184072,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/mf/2088/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":284434,"rank":3,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/mf/2088/plate-2.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":284433,"rank":2,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/mf/2088/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"California","county":"Los Angeles County;Orange County","otherGeospatial":"Newport-inglewood Zone","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -118.25,33.625 ], [ -118.25,33.875 ], [ -117.875,33.875 ], [ -117.875,33.625 ], [ -118.25,33.625 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53cd7b0ee4b0b2908510de66","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Castle, Robert O.","contributorId":22741,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Castle","given":"Robert","email":"","middleInitial":"O.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":261414,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Buchanan-Banks, Jane M.","contributorId":29421,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Buchanan-Banks","given":"Jane","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":261415,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":12080,"text":"ofr88715 - 1989 - Geology and water resources of Owens Valley, California","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":12080,"text":"ofr88715 - 1989 - Geology and water resources of Owens Valley, California","indexId":"ofr88715","publicationYear":"1989","noYear":false,"title":"Geology and water resources of Owens Valley, California"},"predicate":"SUPERSEDED_BY","object":{"id":31066,"text":"wsp2370B - 1991 - Geology and water resources of Owens Valley, California","indexId":"wsp2370B","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"chapter":"B","title":"Geology and water resources of Owens Valley, California"},"id":1}],"supersededBy":{"id":31066,"text":"wsp2370B - 1991 - Geology and water resources of Owens Valley, California","indexId":"wsp2370B","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"title":"Geology and water resources of Owens Valley, California"},"lastModifiedDate":"2021-03-05T01:59:16.611946","indexId":"ofr88715","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1989","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"88-715","title":"Geology and water resources of Owens Valley, California","docAbstract":"Owens Valley, a long, narrow valley located along the east flank of the Sierra Nevada in east-central California, is the main source of water for the city of Los Angeles. The city diverts most of the surface water in the valley into the Owens River-Los Angeles Aqueduct system, which transports the water more than 200 miles south to areas of distribution and use. Additionally, ground water is pumped or flows from wells to supplement the surface-water diversions to the river-aqueduct system. Pumpage from wells needed to supplement water export has increased since 1970, when a second aqueduct was put into service, and local concerns have been expressed that the increased pumpage may have had a detrimental effect on the environment and the indigenous alkaline scrub and meadow plant communities in the valley. The scrub and meadow communities depend on soil moisture derived from precipitation and the unconfined part of a multilayered aquifer system. This report, which describes the hydrogeology of the aquifer system and the water resources of the valley, is one in a series designed to (1) evaluate the effects that ground-water pumping has on scrub and meadow communities and (2) appraise alternative strategies to mitigate any adverse effects caused by pumping.
Two principal topographic features are the surface expression of the geologic framework--the high, prominent mountains on the east and west sides of the valley and the long, narrow intermountain valley floor. The mountains are composed of sedimentary, granitic, and metamorphic rocks, mantled in part by volcanic rocks as well as by glacial, talus, and fluvial deposits. The valley floor is underlain by valley fill that consists of unconsolidated to moderately consolidated alluvial fan, glacial and talus, and fluvial and lacustrine deposits. The valley fill also includes interlayered recent volcanic flows and pyroclastic rocks. The bedrock surface beneath the valley fill is a narrow, steep-sided graben that is structurally separated into the Bishop Basin to the north and the Owens Lake Basin to the south. These two structural basins are separated by (1) a bedrock high that is the upper bedrock block of an east-west normal fault, (2) a horst block of bedrock (the Poverty Hills), and (3) Quaternary basalt flows and cinder cones that intercalate and intrude the sedimentary deposits of the valley fill. The resulting structural separation of the basins allowed separate development of fluvial and lacustrine depositional systems in each basin.
Nearly all the ground water in Owens Valley flows through and is stored in the saturated valley fill. The bedrock, which surrounds and underlies the valley fill, is virtually impermeable. Three hydrogeologic units compose the valley-fill aquifer system, a defined subdivision of the ground-water system, and a fourth represents the valley fill below the aquifer system and above the bedrock. The aquifer system is divided into horizontal hydrogeologic units on the basis of either (1) uniform hydrologic characteristics of a specific lithologic layer or (2) distribution of the vertical hydraulic head. Hydrogeologic unit 1 is the upper unit and represents the unconfined part of the system, hydrogeologic unit 2 represents the confining unit (or units), and hydrogeologic unit 3 represents the confined part of the aquifer system. Hydrogeologic unit 4 represents the deep part of the ground-water system and lies below the aquifer system. Hydrogeologic unit 4 transmits or stores much less water than hydrogeologic unit 3 and represents either a moderately consolidated valley fill or a geologic unit in the valley fill defined on the basis of geophysical data.
Nearly all the recharge to the aquifer system is from infiltration of runoff from snowmelt and rainfall on the Sierra Nevada. In contrast, little recharge occurs to the system by runoff from the White and Inyo Mountains or from direct precipitation on the valley floor. Ground water flows from the margins of the valley towards the center of the valley; the ground water then flows south to the terminus of the system at Owens (dry) Lake. Ground water flows south from Bishop Basin to Owens Lake Basin through the narrows that constrict the flow opposite Poverty Hills. The aquifer system in the northern half of Owens Lake Basin is divided into east and west halves by the barrier effect caused by the Owens Valley fault. Discharge from the aquifer system is primarily by pumpage and evapotranspiration, and to a lesser extent by flowing wells, springs, underflow, and leakage to the Owens River-Los Angeles aqueduct system. Withdrawals from pumped or flowing wells is the largest component of discharge and accounts for about 50 percent of the outflow from the system. Transpiration by scrub and meadow plant communities, and to a lesser extent by irrigated alfalfa pasture, accounts for about 40 percent of the system's discharge.
Natural hydraulic conductivity ranges from less than 400 to about 12,000 feet per day in the basalt flows, the more permeable material in the aquifer system. Where the basalts are fractured by explosives and drilling techniques, actual transmissivities can be greater than 1,000,000 feet squared per day. Hydraulic conductivities in sedimentary deposits of the aquifer system range from less than a few feet per day in lacustrine clays to more than 300 feet per day in gravel stringers and beach deposits in the transition zone between alluvial fan deposits and fluvial and lacustrine deposits.
This report and accompanying maps summarize the results of geochemical exploration studies in the Mount Hayes quadrangle, Alaska. This is one of a series of maps and reports on the geological, geochemical, and geophysical studies of the quadrangle prepared as part of the Alaskan Mineral Resource Assessment Program (AMRAP) of the U.S. Geological Survey. These maps are part of the Mount Hayes l:250,000-scale folio.
The geochemical studies were made in order to identify and define mineralized areas in the quadrangle and to aid in characterizing the nature of the mineral occurrences within these areas. The studies included the collection of composite samples of stream sediment or glacial debris and preparation of these samples, as described by O'Leary and others (1982), to yield a minus-80-mesh (0.2-mm) fraction and nonmagnetic heavy-mineral-concentrate fraction consisting of mineral grains having a specific gravity greater than 2.85. Samples were collected at 911 sites either from tributary streams or tributary glaciers with drainage basins ranging from 1 to 5 sq mi in area. The samples were analyzed for 30 elements by semiquantitative emission spectrography (O'Leary and others, 1982). The stream-sediment and glacial-debris samples also were analyzed for zinc by an atomic absorption method (Ward and others, 1969), and those results were used in preparing map A.
The maps in this report show drainage basins in which the stream sediment or glacial debris contained anomalously high amounts of selected metals. The geologic base map aids in showing the geologic terranes of the quadrangle. The accompanying tables give frequencies and cumulative percents of the selected metals for all major geologic terranes within the quadrangle.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/mf1996B","usgsCitation":"Curtin, G.C., Tripp, R.B., and Nokleberg, W.J., 1989, Summary and interpretation of geochemical maps for stream sediment and heavy mineral concentrate samples, Mount Hayes Quadrangle, eastern Alaska Range, Alaska: U.S. Geological Survey Miscellaneous Field Studies Map 1996, Pamphlet: 11 p.; 3 Plates: 57.66 x 42.29 inches or smaller, https://doi.org/10.3133/mf1996B.","productDescription":"Pamphlet: 11 p.; 3 Plates: 57.66 x 42.29 inches or smaller","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":88622,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/mf/1989/1996b/report.pdf","text":"Pamphlet","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":358742,"rank":3,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/mf/1996-B/plate-3.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":184885,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/mf/1996-B/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":358743,"rank":4,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/mf/1996-B/plate-2.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":358744,"rank":5,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/mf/1996-B/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"scale":"0","country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"Mount Hayes Quadrangle","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -147,63 ], [ -147,64 ], [ -144,64 ], [ -144,63 ], [ -147,63 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b05e4b07f02db6996d1","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Curtin, Gary C.","contributorId":89109,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Curtin","given":"Gary","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":261798,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Tripp, Richard B.","contributorId":25997,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tripp","given":"Richard","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":261797,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Nokleberg, Warren J. 0000-0002-1574-8869 wnokleberg@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1574-8869","contributorId":2077,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nokleberg","given":"Warren","email":"wnokleberg@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":261796,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":67940,"text":"ha705 - 1989 - Distribution of water-quality characteristics that may indicate the presence of acid mine drainage in the eastern coal province of the United States","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-10T00:11:22","indexId":"ha705","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1989","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":318,"text":"Hydrologic Atlas","code":"HA","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"705","title":"Distribution of water-quality characteristics that may indicate the presence of acid mine drainage in the eastern coal province of the United States","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/ha705","usgsCitation":"Wetzel, K.L., and Hoffman, S.A., 1989, Distribution of water-quality characteristics that may indicate the presence of acid mine drainage in the eastern coal province of the United States: U.S. Geological Survey Hydrologic Atlas 705, 12 maps on 3 sheets :col. ;sheets 117 x 104 cm. and 107 x 76 cm., folded in envelope 30 x 24 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ha705.","productDescription":"12 maps on 3 sheets :col. ;sheets 117 x 104 cm. and 107 x 76 cm., folded in envelope 30 x 24 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":188240,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":89147,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/ha/705/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":89148,"rank":401,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/ha/705/plate-2.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":89149,"rank":402,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/ha/705/plate-3.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"scale":"1","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -88,32 ], [ -88,42 ], [ -78,42 ], [ -78,32 ], [ -88,32 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a6ce4b07f02db63eaac","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wetzel, Kim L.","contributorId":104884,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wetzel","given":"Kim","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":277359,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hoffman, Scott A. shoffman@usgs.gov","contributorId":2634,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hoffman","given":"Scott","email":"shoffman@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":532,"text":"Pennsylvania Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":277358,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":26603,"text":"wri884217 - 1989 - Sources and concentrations of dissolved solids and selenium in the San Joaquin River and its tributaries, California, October 1985 to March 1987","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:23","indexId":"wri884217","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1989","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"88-4217","title":"Sources and concentrations of dissolved solids and selenium in the San Joaquin River and its tributaries, California, October 1985 to March 1987","docAbstract":"Sources and concentrations of dissolved solids and selenium in the San Joaquin River and its tributaries, California, were assessed by a mass-balance approach to determine the effects of tile-drain water and irrigation-return flows on the river. The study included low-flow periods from October 1985 to mid-February 1986 and mid-May 1986 through March 1987, and a high-flow period from mid-February to mid-May 1985. During the combined low-flow period, the dissolved-solids load from eastside tributaries and the upper San Joaquin River accounted for only 18% of the total load at Vernalis, located farthest downstream, even though they accounted for 71% of the streamflow. Salt and Mud Sloughs contributed 40% of the dissolved-solids load but only 9% of streamflow. Unmeasured sources of dissolved solids contributed about 42% of the total load during low flow. In contrast, Salt and Mud Sloughs, which receive most of the tile-drain water that enters the river, contributed almost 80% of the total selenium load to the river, and loading of selenium concentrations were highest in Salt and Mud Sloughs and decreased downstream in the San Joaquin River with dilution from eastside tributaries. A State standard for dissolved solids of 500 mg/L was exceeded 11% of the time in the San Joaquin River at Vernalis. The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency 's 4-day average aquatic-life criterion of 5 micrograms/L of selenium was exceeded in more than 60% of the samples from the sloughs and in about 20% of the samples from the San Joaquin River, just downstream of the Merced River. (USGS)","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"Dept. of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nBooks and Open-File Reports Section [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/wri884217","usgsCitation":"Clifton, D., and Gilliom, R.J., 1989, Sources and concentrations of dissolved solids and selenium in the San Joaquin River and its tributaries, California, October 1985 to March 1987: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 88-4217, v, 33 p. :ill. ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri884217.","productDescription":"v, 33 p. :ill. ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":157810,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1988/4217/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":55468,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1988/4217/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b05e4b07f02db699fb8","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Clifton, D.G.","contributorId":103292,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Clifton","given":"D.G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":196691,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Gilliom, R. J.","contributorId":60650,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gilliom","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":196690,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":61310,"text":"mf1964 - 1989 - Map showing late Quaternary faults and 1978-84 seismicity of the Los Angeles region, California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-05-10T14:31:20.709024","indexId":"mf1964","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1989","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":325,"text":"Miscellaneous Field Studies Map","code":"MF","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1964","title":"Map showing late Quaternary faults and 1978-84 seismicity of the Los Angeles region, California","docAbstract":"The Los Angeles region of California faces the greatest seismic risk of any part of the United States. The region is inhabited by more than 11 million people and is one of the Nation's key commercial and industrial centers. It lies astride a web of potentially active faults, including those segments of the San Andreas fault with the highest probability for generating a great earthquake during the next 30 years (Lindh, 1983; Sykes and Nishenko, 1984; Wesson and Wallace, 1985; U.S. Geological Survey, 1988). Moreover, many potentially active faults that can generate moderate-size, but damaging earthquakes lie within the metropolitan areas. Earthquakes along some of these faults—for example, a magnitude 6.5 event on the Newport-Inglewood zone—could produce losses exceeding those from a great earthquake on the more distant San Andreas fault (Evernden and Thomson, 1985).
This map shows, at 1:250,000 scale, known or suspected late Quaternary faults of the Los Angeles region, the ages of their most recent surface movements, and the associated earthquake activity for a recent 7-year period (1978 through 1984). The geologic and seismologic character of these faults and their potential for generating damaging earthquakes recently were evaluated by Ziony and Yerkes (1985). The map is intended primarily to inform scientists, engineers, and planners of the distribution of those faults that may have a potential for generating damaging earthquakes and (or) displacements of the Earth's surface. The map data also should contribute to further investigations of the seismotectonic setting of the Los Angeles region.
The mapped area extends from lat 33°15' N. to 34°45' N. and from long 116°45' W. to 120°00' W. This region encompasses parts of the Transverse Ranges (including the Santa Ynez, Santa Susana, Santa Monica, San Gabriel, and San Bernardino Mountains), the Los Angeles basin, part of the Mojave Desert, and segments of the Peninsular Ranges (including the Puente Hills, Santa Ana Mountains, and the northern San Jacinto Mountains). Offshore, it includes the eastern Santa Barbara Channel, several of the Channel Islands, the Santa Monica and San Pedro basins, Santa Catalina Island, and part of the Gulf of Santa Catalina.
In addition to the Los Angeles metropolitan area, the cities of Santa Barbara, Ventura, Riverside, and San Bernardino are within the map area.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/mf1964","usgsCitation":"Ziony, J., and Jones, L.M., 1989, Map showing late Quaternary faults and 1978-84 seismicity of the Los Angeles region, California: U.S. Geological Survey Miscellaneous Field Studies Map 1964, Report: 23 p.; 1 Plate: 50.06 x 33.90 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/mf1964.","productDescription":"Report: 23 p.; 1 Plate: 50.06 x 33.90 inches","numberOfPages":"24","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":400390,"rank":3,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/mf/1964/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":400389,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/mf/1964/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":180283,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/mf/1964/report-thumb.jpg"}],"scale":"250000","projection":"National Geodetic Vertical Datum of 1929","country":"United States","state":"California","city":"Los Angeles","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -120,33.25 ], [ -120,34.75 ], [ -116.75,34.75 ], [ -116.75,33.25 ], [ -120,33.25 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b32e4b07f02db6b42fb","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ziony, Joseph I.","contributorId":16829,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ziony","given":"Joseph I.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":265367,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Jones, Lucile M. jones@usgs.gov","contributorId":1014,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jones","given":"Lucile","email":"jones@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":508,"text":"Office of the AD Hazards","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":265368,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":44833,"text":"wri884202 - 1989 - Hydrogeology of the western part of the Salt River Valley area, Maricopa County, Arizona","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-12-13T14:03:39","indexId":"wri884202","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1989","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"88-4202","title":"Hydrogeology of the western part of the Salt River Valley area, Maricopa County, Arizona","docAbstract":"The Salt River Valley is a major population and agricultural center of more than 3,000 mi2 in central Arizona (fig. 1). The western part of the Salt River Valley area (area of this report) covers about 1,500 mi2. The Phoenix metropolitan area with a population of more than 1.6 million in 1985 (Valley National Bank, 1987) is located within the valley. The watersheds of the Salt, Verde, and Agua Fria Rivers provide the valley with a reliable but limited surface-water supply that must be augmented with ground water even in years of plentiful rainfall. Large-scale ground-water withdrawals began in the Salt River Valley in the early part of the 20th century; between 1915 and 1983, the total estimated ground-water pumpage was 81 million acre-ft (U.S. Geological Survey, 1984). Because of the low average annual rainfall and high potential evapotranspiration, the principal sources of ground-water recharge are urban runoff, excess irrigation, canal seepage and surface-water flows during years of higher-than-normal rainfall. Withdrawals greatly exceed recharge and, in some area, ground-water levels have declines as much as 350 ft (Laney and other, 1978; Ross, 1978). In the study area, ground-water declines of more than 300 ft have occurred in Deer Valley and from Luke Air Force Base north to Beardsley. As a result, a large depression of the water table has developed west of Luke Air Force Base (fig. 2). Ground-water use has decreased in recent years because precipitation and surface-water supplies have been greater than normal. Increased precipitation also caused large quantities of runoff to be released into the normally dry Salt and Gila River channels. From February 1978 to June 1980, streamflow losses of at least 90,000 acre-ft occurred between Jointhead Dam near the east boundary of the study area and Gillespie Dam several miles southwest of the west edge of the study area (Mann and Rhone, 1983). Consequently, ground-water declines in a large part of the basin have slowed, and ground-water levels in some sarea have risen significantly. In many areas along the Salt River and northeast of the confluence of the Salt and Agua Fria River, ground-water levels rose more than 25 ft between 1978 and 1984 (Reeter and Remick, 1986).","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri884202","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Arizona Department of Water Resources, Salt River Project, and Arizona Municipal Water Users' Association","usgsCitation":"Brown, J.G., and Pool, D.R., 1989, Hydrogeology of the western part of the Salt River Valley area, Maricopa County, Arizona: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 88-4202, 4 Plates: 45.81 x 39.54 inches and smaller, https://doi.org/10.3133/wri884202.","productDescription":"4 Plates: 45.81 x 39.54 inches and smaller","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":171262,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/wri884202.PNG"},{"id":279489,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1988/4202/plate-3.pdf"},{"id":279490,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1988/4202/plate-4.pdf"},{"id":279487,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1988/4202/plate-1.pdf"},{"id":279488,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1988/4202/plate-2.pdf"}],"country":"United States","state":"Arizona","county":"Maricopa County","otherGeospatial":"Salt River Valley","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -113.0,33.25 ], [ -113.0,34.0 ], [ -112.0,34.0 ], [ -112.0,33.25 ], [ -113.0,33.25 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a2de4b07f02db614b2d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Brown, James G.","contributorId":81094,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brown","given":"James","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":230517,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Pool, D. R.","contributorId":75581,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pool","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":230516,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":44832,"text":"wri884195 - 1989 - Hydrogeology of the stratified-drift aquifers in the Utica area, Oneida and Herkimer Counties, New York — Part 2 (east)","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-01-06T19:46:39.381005","indexId":"wri884195","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1989","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"88-4195","title":"Hydrogeology of the stratified-drift aquifers in the Utica area, Oneida and Herkimer Counties, New York — Part 2 (east)","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri884195","usgsCitation":"Casey, G.D., and Reynolds, R.J., 1989, Hydrogeology of the stratified-drift aquifers in the Utica area, Oneida and Herkimer Counties, New York — Part 2 (east): U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 88-4195, Report: 8 p.; 1 Plate: 22.85 × 17.25 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/wri884195.","productDescription":"Report: 8 p.; 1 Plate: 22.85 × 17.25 inches","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":393969,"rank":2,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_47096.htm"},{"id":82190,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1988/4195/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":82189,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1988/4195/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":171261,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1988/4195/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"New York","county":"Herkimer County, Oneida County","city":"Utica","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -75.25,\n 43\n ],\n [\n -75,\n 43\n ],\n [\n -75,\n 43.15\n ],\n [\n -75.25,\n 43.15\n ],\n [\n -75.25,\n 43\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ad7e4b07f02db68440c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Casey, George D.","contributorId":105689,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Casey","given":"George","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":230515,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Reynolds, Richard J. 0000-0001-5032-6613 rjreynol@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5032-6613","contributorId":1082,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Reynolds","given":"Richard","email":"rjreynol@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":474,"text":"New York Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":230514,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":44823,"text":"wri884079 - 1989 - Mean annual runoff in the East Gulf Coastal Plain of Mississippi, 1939-85","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-01-07T20:52:00.186241","indexId":"wri884079","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1989","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"88-4079","title":"Mean annual runoff in the East Gulf Coastal Plain of Mississippi, 1939-85","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri884079","usgsCitation":"Southard, R.E., 1989, Mean annual runoff in the East Gulf Coastal Plain of Mississippi, 1939-85: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 88-4079, 1 Plate: 36.00 × 23.79 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/wri884079.","productDescription":"1 Plate: 36.00 × 23.79 inches","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":171181,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":394060,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_46999.htm"},{"id":82157,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1988/4079/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Louisiana, Mississippi","otherGeospatial":"East Gulf Coastal Plain","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -91.6667,\n 30.1511\n ],\n [\n -88.0958,\n 30.1511\n ],\n [\n -88.0958,\n 35\n ],\n [\n -91.6667,\n 35\n ],\n [\n -91.6667,\n 30.1511\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a0ee4b07f02db5fdd96","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Southard, Rodney E. 0000-0001-8024-9698 southard@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8024-9698","contributorId":3880,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Southard","given":"Rodney","email":"southard@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":230500,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":44375,"text":"wri874181 - 1989 - Corrosive ground water in the Kirkwood-Cohansey aquifer system in the vicinity of Ocean County, east-central New Jersey","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:11:03","indexId":"wri874181","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1989","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"87-4181","title":"Corrosive ground water in the Kirkwood-Cohansey aquifer system in the vicinity of Ocean County, east-central New Jersey","docAbstract":"Corrosive groundwater, which has been linked to trace-metal leaching from plumbing materials in Europe and the United States , has been identified in the Coastal Plain of New Jersey. The corrosiveness of groundwater in the Kirkwood-Cohansey aquifer system in New Jersey has been estimated by calculating values for the Aggressive Index, using groundwater chemistry data. A contour map of Aggressive-Index values shows that groundwater is very corrosive in the vicinity of Ocean County, New Jersey. Areas with the least corrosive water are generally along the coast, whereas areas with the most corrosive water are farther inland. (USGS)","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/wri874181","usgsCitation":"Kish, G.R., Barringer, J., and Ulery, R.L., 1989, Corrosive ground water in the Kirkwood-Cohansey aquifer system in the vicinity of Ocean County, east-central New Jersey: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 87-4181, 1 map : col. ; 91 x 112 cm., folded in envelope 30 x 24 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri874181.","productDescription":"1 map : col. ; 91 x 112 cm., folded in envelope 30 x 24 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":168926,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":81664,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1987/4181/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ad7e4b07f02db68440a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kish, George R. gkish@usgs.gov","contributorId":1329,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kish","given":"George","email":"gkish@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":229660,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Barringer, Julia L.","contributorId":59419,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Barringer","given":"Julia L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":229662,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Ulery, Randy L. rlulery@usgs.gov","contributorId":4679,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ulery","given":"Randy","email":"rlulery@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":229661,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":35226,"text":"b1847 - 1989 - Potential hazards from future volcanic eruptions in California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-05-09T20:14:55.560552","indexId":"b1847","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1989","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":306,"text":"Bulletin","code":"B","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1847","title":"Potential hazards from future volcanic eruptions in California","docAbstract":"More than 500 volcanic vents have been identified in the State of California. At least 76 of these vents have erupted, some repeatedly, during the last 10,000 years. Past volcanic activity has ranged in scale and type from small rhyolitic and basaltic eruptions through large catastrophic rhyolitic eruptions. Sooner or later, volcanoes in California will erupt again, and they could have serious impacts on the health and safety of the State\\'s citizens as well as on its economy. This report describes the nature and probable distribution of potentially hazardous volcanic phenomena and their threat to people and property. It includes hazard-zonation maps that show areas relatively likely to be affected by future eruptions in California. The potentially more hazardous eruptions in the State are those that involve explosive eruption of large volumes of silicic magma. Such eruptions could occur at vents in as many as four areas in California. They could eject pumice high into the atmosphere above the volcano, produce destructive blasts, avalanches, or pyroclastic flows that reach distances of tens of kilometers from a vent, and produce mudflows and floods that reach to distances of hundreds of kilometers. Smaller eruptions produce similar, but less severe and less extensive, phenomena. Hazards are greatest close to a volcanic vent; the slopes on or near a volcano, and valleys leading away from it, are affected most often and most severely by such eruptions. In general, risk from volcanic phenomena decreases with increasing distance from a vent and, for most flowage processes, with increasing height above valley floors or fan surfaces. Tephra (ash) from explosive eruptions can affect wide areas downwind from a vent. In California, prevailing winds cause the 180-degree sector east of the volcano to be affected most often and most severely. Risk to life from ashfall decreases rapidly with increasing distance from a vent, but thin deposits of ash could disrupt communication, transportation, and utility systems at great distances, and over wide regions, in eastern California and adjacent states. Volcanic eruptions are certain to occur in California in the future and an be neither prevented nor stopped, but actions can be taken to limit damage from them. Reduction of risk to life and property can be effected by avoiding threatened areas and by taking protective measures to reduce the effects when and where vulnerable areas cannot be avoided. Monitoring of volcanic precursors generally can identify the locality of impending volcanic activity, even though it often does not pinpoint the nature or timing of an eruption, or even its certainty. Hazard-zonation maps can then be used to guide decisions regarding evacuation and other response activities. Thus, effective monitoring of volcanoes in the State, combined with preparation of contingency plans to deal with future eruptions, can help reduce risk to lives and property.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/b1847","usgsCitation":"Miller, C.D., 1989, Potential hazards from future volcanic eruptions in California: U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin 1847, Report: v, 17 p.; 1 Plate: 38.63 x 48.13 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/b1847.","productDescription":"Report: v, 17 p.; 1 Plate: 38.63 x 48.13 inches","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":485687,"rank":6,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_23501.htm","text":"Long Valley area","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":485686,"rank":5,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_23500.htm","text":"Owens River - Ubehebe Crater area","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":485689,"rank":8,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_23503.htm","text":"Shasta - Lassen area","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":485688,"rank":7,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_23502.htm","text":"Clear Lake area","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":124421,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/bul/1847/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":21863,"rank":2,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/bul/1847/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":485684,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_23498.htm","text":"Salton Buttes area","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":485685,"rank":4,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index 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\"}}]}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ae5e4b07f02db68a47b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Miller, C. Dan","contributorId":38145,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Miller","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"Dan","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":214281,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":44164,"text":"ofr89226 - 1989 - Summary of hydrologic data for the San Gabriel River basin and Edwards Aquifer, Georgetown area, Texas, water year 1988","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-08-15T09:09:29","indexId":"ofr89226","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1989","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"89-226","title":"Summary of hydrologic data for the San Gabriel River basin and Edwards Aquifer, Georgetown area, Texas, water year 1988","docAbstract":"The Edwards aquifer is the principle source of freshwater for municipal, domestic, and industrial users in the Georgetown area. Other sources of freshwater are the streams draining the San Gabriel River basin and Lake Georgetown. Lake Georgetown, located on the North Fork San Gabriel River west of Georgetown, is a freshwater supply for some municipalities in the area, water in the San Gabriel River basin also supplies a variety of needs east of Georgetown. Because of the importance of the Edwards aquifer and the surface waters in the area, the U.S. Geological Survey, in cooperation with the city of Georgetown, conducted a monitoring program of the Edwards Aquifer and principal streams during water year 1988. The study area centered on Georgetown and encompassed an area of about 150 square miles (fig. 1).
\nThe freshwater resources in the Georgetown area have been the subject of three recent reports. Baker and others (1986) described the Edwards aquifer and the relation between recharge and discharge. Krietier and others (1987) provided fracture analysis, geologic mapping, ground-water chemistry, and the relation between rainfall and recharge in the study area. Land and Dorsey (1988) conducted an investigation to reassess the inclusion of the Georgetown Limestone as one of the geologic units comprising the Edwards aquifer. In addition, the Geological Survey publishes streamflow and water-quality data in the Water Resources Data for Texas report on an annual basis.
\nThe primary purpose of this report is to present a summary of the hydrologic data collected from the streams draining the San Gabriel River basin and from the Edwards aquifer during the 1988 water year (October 1987–September 1988). A secondary purpose is to add perspective to the 1988 data by including data from the previous 2 years (1986 and 1987) when available. The scope of the report is limited to the Georgetown area (fig. 1) and to data collected by the Geological Survey.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr89226","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the City of Georgetown","usgsCitation":"Land, L.F., and Dorsey, M., 1989, Summary of hydrologic data for the San Gabriel River basin and Edwards Aquifer, Georgetown area, Texas, water year 1988: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 89-226, Plate: 34.68 x 28.33 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr89226.","productDescription":"Plate: 34.68 x 28.33 inches","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":583,"text":"Texas Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":326473,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr89226.JPG"},{"id":81561,"rank":1,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1989/0226/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Texas","otherGeospatial":"San Gabriel River basin and Edwards Aquifer","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -97.75,\n 30.75\n ],\n [\n -97.5625,\n 30.75\n ],\n [\n -97.5625,\n 30.625\n ],\n [\n -97.625,\n 30.625\n ],\n [\n -97.625,\n 30.5\n ],\n [\n -97.75,\n 30.5\n ],\n [\n -97.75,\n 30.75\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b04e4b07f02db699146","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Land, Larry F.","contributorId":60612,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Land","given":"Larry","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":229265,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Dorsey, M.E.","contributorId":73997,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dorsey","given":"M.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":229266,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":30547,"text":"wri874178 - 1989 - Aquifers in Cretaceous rocks of the central Coastal Plain of North Carolina","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-03-04T00:26:17.399556","indexId":"wri874178","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1989","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"87-4178","title":"Aquifers in Cretaceous rocks of the central Coastal Plain of North Carolina","docAbstract":"Aquifers in rocks of Cretaceous age are the major source of groundwater for public supplies in the central Coastal Plain. These aquifers consist of sand, gravel, and limestone beds of the Peedee, Black Creek, and the upper and lower Cape Fear aquifers, each separated by a confining unit composed of clay and silt beds. The aquifers and confining units (1) rest upon crystalline basement rocks; (2) dip and thicken to the east-southeast; and (3) are overlain by younger aquifers and confining units in deposits of Quaternary and Tertiary age. The top of the uppermost aquifer, the Peedee, ranges from 122 ft above to 595 ft below sea level. The maximum thickness of all aquifers and confining units in Cretaceous rocks is more than 1,600 ft.
Aquifers and confining units were defined and correlated for this report using 125 geophysical logs and accompanying drillers' logs, water level data, and water quality information regarding chloride concentrations in water. This analysis allowed the construction of seven hydrogeologic cross sections that depict the continuity of all the aquifers and confining units. These cross sections also show water levels and chloride concentrations in water from various test intervals and describe where chloride concentration in water exceeds 250 mg/L within each aquifer.
Detailed maps of each Cretaceous aquifer show altitude of its top, thickness, areas of selected sand percentages, transition zones from fresh to saltwater, and the thickness of the confining unit. Hydrogeologic data for all aquifers and confining units are presented in tabular form.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/wri874178","usgsCitation":"Winner, M.D., and Lyke, W., 1989, Aquifers in Cretaceous rocks of the central Coastal Plain of North Carolina: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 87-4178, Report: v, 71 p.; 20 Plates: 34.00 x 24.96 inches or smaller, https://doi.org/10.3133/wri874178.","productDescription":"Report: v, 71 p.; 20 Plates: 34.00 x 24.96 inches or smaller","costCenters":[{"id":13634,"text":"South Atlantic Water Science 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Jr.","contributorId":51766,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Winner","given":"M.","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":203436,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Lyke, W.L.","contributorId":75551,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lyke","given":"W.L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":203437,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":27470,"text":"wri894212 - 1989 - Effects of the 1986 drought on streamflow in Alabama, Georgia, North Carolina, South Carolina, Tennessee, and Virginia","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-11-22T20:31:29.970668","indexId":"wri894212","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1989","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"89-4212","title":"Effects of the 1986 drought on streamflow in Alabama, Georgia, North Carolina, South Carolina, Tennessee, and Virginia","docAbstract":"A severe drought in the Southeastern United States during 1986 resulted in the lowest flows of record for many streams. Minimum flows in many streams occurred in mid-summer, several months earlier in the year than the minimums that occurred during notable regional droughts of 1954 and 1981. Streamflow data for 370 continuous-record gaging stations in Alabama, Georgia, North Carolina, South Carolina, eastern Tennessee, and southern Virginia were analyzed to determine the severity and areal extent of this drought. Minimum average streamflows for periods of 1, 7, 30, 60, and 90 consecutive days were evaluated to estimate the frequency of recurrence of the 1986 drought and generalized areas of similar recurrence intervals were delineated for the 7-day and 30-day minimum average flows. Flows in parts of Georgia, North Carolina, and Tennessee receded to rates estimated to occur on the average of once in 50 to 100 years. A much larger area that extended from central Alabama to central North Carolina experienced flows with estimated recurrence intervals of 20 to 50 years.
In addition to the continuous-record station data, discharge measurements and observations of zero flow were made at 694 non-recording stream sites in Alabama, Georgia, South Carolina, and eastern Tennessee during the 1986 drought. These measurements were used in conjunction with the continuous-record station flow data to estimate minimum 1986 drought flows at the non-recording sites.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri894212","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Charleston District, Mobile District, Savannah District and Wilmington District; and the Tennessee Valley Authority","usgsCitation":"Hale, T.W., Hopkins, E.H., and Carter, R.F., 1989, Effects of the 1986 drought on streamflow in Alabama, Georgia, North Carolina, South Carolina, Tennessee, and Virginia: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 89-4212, Report: iv, 102 p.; 2 Plates: 30.60 x 28.00 inches and 18.88 x 28.90 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/wri894212.","productDescription":"Report: iv, 102 p.; 2 Plates: 30.60 x 28.00 inches and 18.88 x 28.90 inches","costCenters":[{"id":13634,"text":"South Atlantic Water Science 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