{"pageNumber":"3243","pageRowStart":"81050","pageSize":"25","recordCount":184904,"records":[{"id":70022122,"text":"70022122 - 2000 - A geometricla error in some Computer Programs based on the Aki-Christofferson-Husebye (ACH) Method of Teleseismic Tomography","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:45","indexId":"70022122","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1135,"text":"Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America","onlineIssn":"1943-3573","printIssn":"0037-1106","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A geometricla error in some Computer Programs based on the Aki-Christofferson-Husebye (ACH) Method of Teleseismic Tomography","docAbstract":"Some computer programs based on the Aki-Christofferson-Husebye (ACH) method of teleseismic tomography contain an error caused by identifying local grid directions with azimuths on the spherical Earth. This error, which is most severe in high latitudes, introduces systematic errors into computed ray paths and distorts inferred Earth models. It is best dealt with by explicity correcting for the difference between true and grid directions. Methods for computing these directions are presented in this article and are likely to be useful in many other kinds of regional geophysical studies that use Cartesian coordinates and flat-earth approximations.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1785/0119990169","issn":"00371106","usgsCitation":"Julian, B., Evans, J., Pritchard, M., and Foulger, G., 2000, A geometricla error in some Computer Programs based on the Aki-Christofferson-Husebye (ACH) Method of Teleseismic Tomography: Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, v. 90, no. 6, p. 1554-1558, https://doi.org/10.1785/0119990169.","startPage":"1554","endPage":"1558","numberOfPages":"5","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":487395,"rank":10000,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"https://durham-repository.worktribe.com/output/1575614","text":"External Repository"},{"id":206671,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1785/0119990169"},{"id":230518,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"90","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e405e4b0c8380cd4635d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Julian, B.R.","contributorId":101272,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Julian","given":"B.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":392445,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Evans, J.R.","contributorId":50526,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Evans","given":"J.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":392444,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Pritchard, M.J.","contributorId":102656,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pritchard","given":"M.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":392446,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Foulger, G.R.","contributorId":14439,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Foulger","given":"G.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":392443,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70022121,"text":"70022121 - 2000 - Beach profile variation on Hawaiian carbonate beaches","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:45","indexId":"70022121","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Beach profile variation on Hawaiian carbonate beaches","docAbstract":"Beach profiles from selected Oahu and Maui beaches quantitatively document beach volume variation and change between 1994 and 1999. Along exposed, high-energy beaches, large fluctuations in beach volume, characterized primarily by the formation and erosion of extensive berms, dominate the seasonal changes. Beaches along more protected stretches of coastline show much less variation in profile morphology. Beaches on the west (leeward) coast of Oahu experienced the most seasonal variation in profile volume, followed by the north shore, east (windward) shore, and south shore. Similar to Oahu, beaches along the west coast of Maui showed the greatest overall profile variation. However, the mean variation for profiles along a single coastal reach showed little difference compared to other coastal segments. Although some beaches showed net gain or loss during the study period, most beaches remained relatively stable with change limited to a finite envelope. No island-wide trends in beach erosion or accretion were observed during the study period. However, no extreme events, such as tropical storms or hurricanes, directly influenced the Hawaiian Islands during the study period. This data set should therefore be considered as representative of typical annual beach activity. Greater variation and possible long-term change would be expected during extreme events.","largerWorkTitle":"Carbonate Beaches 2000","conferenceTitle":"Carbonate Beaches 2000","conferenceDate":"5 December 2000 through 8 December 2000","conferenceLocation":"Key Largo, FL","language":"English","isbn":"0784406405","usgsCitation":"Gibbs, A.E., Richmond, B.M., and Fletcher, C.H., 2000, Beach profile variation on Hawaiian carbonate beaches, <i>in</i> Carbonate Beaches 2000, Key Largo, FL, 5 December 2000 through 8 December 2000, p. 99-110.","startPage":"99","endPage":"110","numberOfPages":"12","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":230517,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f031e4b0c8380cd4a63b","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Magoon O TRobbins L LEwing LMagoon O TRobbins L LEwing L","contributorId":128363,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"Magoon O TRobbins L LEwing LMagoon O TRobbins L LEwing L","id":536475,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1}],"authors":[{"text":"Gibbs, A. E.","contributorId":54229,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gibbs","given":"A.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":392440,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Richmond, B. M.","contributorId":67902,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Richmond","given":"B.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":392441,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Fletcher, C. H.","contributorId":106671,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fletcher","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":392442,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70022107,"text":"70022107 - 2000 - The role of fire in the boreal carbon budget","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:52","indexId":"70022107","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1837,"text":"Global Change Biology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The role of fire in the boreal carbon budget","docAbstract":"To reconcile observations of decomposition rates, carbon inventories, and net primary production (NPP), we estimated long-term averages for C exchange in boreal forests near Thompson, Manitoba. Soil drainage as defined by water table, moss cover, and permafrost dynamics, is the dominant control on direct fire emissions. In upland forests, an average of about 10-30% of annual NPP was likely consumed by fire over the past 6500 years since these landforms and ecosystems were established. This long-term, average fire emission is much larger than has been accounted for in global C cycle models and may forecast an increase in fire activity for this region. While over decadal to century times these boreal forests may be acting as slight net sinks for C from the atmosphere to land, periods of drought and severe fire activity may result in net sources of C from these systems.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Global Change Biology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1046/j.1365-2486.2000.06019.x","issn":"13541013","usgsCitation":"Harden, J., Trumbore, S., Stocks, B., Hirsch, A., Gower, S., O’Neill, K.P., and Kasischke, E., 2000, The role of fire in the boreal carbon budget: Global Change Biology, v. 6, no. SUPPLEMENT 1, p. 174-184, https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2486.2000.06019.x.","startPage":"174","endPage":"184","numberOfPages":"11","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":479232,"rank":10000,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"https://escholarship.org/uc/item/3174n8q9","text":"External Repository"},{"id":206578,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2486.2000.06019.x"},{"id":230282,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"6","issue":"SUPPLEMENT 1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2002-04-19","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505baf6fe4b08c986b3247bf","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Harden, J.W. 0000-0002-6570-8259","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6570-8259","contributorId":38585,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Harden","given":"J.W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":392388,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Trumbore, S.E.","contributorId":57879,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Trumbore","given":"S.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":392389,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Stocks, B.J.","contributorId":78894,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stocks","given":"B.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":392391,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Hirsch, A.","contributorId":101839,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hirsch","given":"A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":392392,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Gower, S.T.","contributorId":28382,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gower","given":"S.T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":392387,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"O’Neill, K. P.","contributorId":104935,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"O’Neill","given":"K.","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":392393,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Kasischke, E.S.","contributorId":61201,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kasischke","given":"E.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":392390,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}}
,{"id":70022102,"text":"70022102 - 2000 - Modeling the influence of variable pH on the transport of zinc in a contaminated aquifer using semiempirical surface complexation models","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-12-07T05:40:55","indexId":"70022102","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3722,"text":"Water Resources Research","onlineIssn":"1944-7973","printIssn":"0043-1397","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Modeling the influence of variable pH on the transport of zinc in a contaminated aquifer using semiempirical surface complexation models","docAbstract":"<p><span>Land disposal of sewage effluent resulted in contamination of a sand and gravel aquifer (Cape Cod, Massachusetts) with zinc (Zn). The distribution of Zn was controlled by pH‐dependent adsorption; the Zn extended 15 m into the 30‐m‐thick sewage plume within approximately 100 m of the source but only 2–4 m into the plume between 100 and 400 m downgradient. A two‐dimensional vertical cross section model coupling groundwater flow with solute transport and equilibrium adsorption is used to simulate the influence of pH on Zn transport. Adsorption is described using semiempirical surface complexation models (SCM) by writing chemical reactions between dissolved Zn and mineral surface sites. SCM parameters were determined in independent laboratory experiments. A 59‐year simulation with a one‐site SCM describes the influence of pH on Zn transport well, with greater mobility at the low pH values near the upper sewage plume boundary than at the higher pH values deeper in the sewage‐contaminated zone. Simulation with a two‐site SCM describes both the sharpness and approximate location of the leading edge of the Zn‐contaminated region. Temporal variations in pH of incoming groundwater can result in large increases in Zn concentration and mobility. The influence of spatial and temporal variability in pH on adsorption and transport of Zn was accomplished much more easily with the semiempirical SCM approach than could be achieved with distribution coefficients or adsorption isotherms.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/2000WR900244","usgsCitation":"Kent, D., Abrams, R., Davis, J., Coston, J., and LeBlanc, D., 2000, Modeling the influence of variable pH on the transport of zinc in a contaminated aquifer using semiempirical surface complexation models: Water Resources Research, v. 36, no. 12, p. 3411-3425, https://doi.org/10.1029/2000WR900244.","productDescription":"15 p.","startPage":"3411","endPage":"3425","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":488758,"rank":1,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2000wr900244","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":230816,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"36","issue":"12","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a5c49e4b0c8380cd6fb83","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kent, D.B.","contributorId":16588,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kent","given":"D.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":392368,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Abrams, R.H.","contributorId":48325,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Abrams","given":"R.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":392369,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Davis, J.A.","contributorId":71694,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Davis","given":"J.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":392371,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Coston, J.A.","contributorId":59572,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Coston","given":"J.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":392370,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"LeBlanc, D.R.","contributorId":87141,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"LeBlanc","given":"D.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":392372,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}}
,{"id":70022101,"text":"70022101 - 2000 - Younger Dryas interval and outflow from the Laurentide ice sheet","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-08-17T14:14:56.876178","indexId":"70022101","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3002,"text":"Paleoceanography","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Younger Dryas interval and outflow from the Laurentide ice sheet","docAbstract":"<p>A boxmodel of the Great Lakes is used to estimate meltwater flow into the North Atlantic between 8000 and 14,000 calendar years B.P. Controls on the model include the oxygen isotopic composition of meltwaters and lake waters as measured in the shells of ostracodes. Outflow rates are highest when oxygen isotopic values of the lake waters are most negative, denoting a maximum glacial meltwater component. Flow rates reach maximum values before the onset of the Younger Dryas and after it ends. These maxima appear to be correlative with the major meltwater pulses MWP 1A and 1B. Although the resumption of North Atlantic Deep Water formation may be tied to the reduction in ice sheet melting, neither the onset nor the end of the Younger Dryas, as recorded in the Greenland Ice Sheet Project (GISP2) records, appear tied to maxima in meltwater outflow from the Laurentide ice sheet.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/1999PA000437","issn":"08838305","usgsCitation":"Moore, T., Walker, J., Rea, D.K., Lewis, C., Shane, L., and Smith, A.J., 2000, Younger Dryas interval and outflow from the Laurentide ice sheet: Paleoceanography, v. 15, no. 1, p. 4-18, https://doi.org/10.1029/1999PA000437.","productDescription":"15 p.","startPage":"4","endPage":"18","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":479276,"rank":1,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1029/1999pa000437","text":"Publisher Index 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Jr.","contributorId":83692,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Moore","given":"T.C.","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":392367,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Walker, J.C.G.","contributorId":35499,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Walker","given":"J.C.G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":392363,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Rea, David K.","contributorId":26823,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Rea","given":"David","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[{"id":7007,"text":"Department of Geological Sciences, The University of Michigan","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":392362,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Lewis, C.F.M.","contributorId":39971,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lewis","given":"C.F.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":392364,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Shane, L.C.K.","contributorId":45482,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Shane","given":"L.C.K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":392365,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Smith, A. J.","contributorId":67040,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Smith","given":"A.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":392366,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}}
,{"id":70033640,"text":"70033640 - 2000 - Sea-cliff erosion at Pacifica, California, caused by 1997-98 El Niño storms","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-11-22T14:37:26.48519","indexId":"70033640","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Sea-cliff erosion at Pacifica, California, caused by 1997-98 El Niño storms","docAbstract":"<p><span>Twelve homes were constructed in 1949 at the top of a sea cliff along Esplanade Drive in the City of Pacifica, located on the northern coast of San Mateo County, California. The rear yards of those properties were bounded by an approximately 20-meter (70-foot) high cliff that has retreated episodically at an average rate of 0.5 to 0.6 meter (1.5 to 2 feet) per year over the past 146 years. During the heavy storms of the 1997/1998 El Niño winter, a severe episode of cliff retreat undermined seven homes and threatened three others. All ten homes were condemned and demolished by the City of Pacifica. In this study we analyze geologic, tide, wave, rainfall and wind data in an attempt to determine the causes of this most recent erosion event. We identify the following possible contributory causes of the cliff retreat: 1) wave-induced undercutting of the cliff landward of an old revetment, 2) reduction in beach width over time, 3) reduction in cliff-face stability owing to infiltration from heavy rains, 4) erosion of the cliff face by groundwater piping, and 5) wind-induced erosion of loose dune sand at the top of the cliff. While these factors may explain the retreat of the cliff below the twelve homes along Esplanade Drive, the question remains as to why other geologically similar sites in the region were not severely eroded during the 1997/1998 El Niño winter.</span></p>","largerWorkTitle":"Proceedings of sessions of Geo-Denver 2000 - Slope stability 2000","conferenceTitle":"Geo-Denver 2000 - Slope Stability 2000","conferenceDate":"August 5-8, 2000","conferenceLocation":"Denver, CO","language":"English","publisher":"ASCE","doi":"10.1061/40512(289)22","usgsCitation":"Snell, C.B., Lajoie, K.R., and Medley, E.W., 2000, Sea-cliff erosion at Pacifica, California, caused by 1997-98 El Niño storms, <i>in</i> Proceedings of sessions of Geo-Denver 2000 - Slope stability 2000, v. 289, Denver, CO, August 5-8, 2000, p. 294-308, https://doi.org/10.1061/40512(289)22.","productDescription":"15 p.","startPage":"294","endPage":"308","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":242092,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","city":"Pacifica","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -122.4738121168885,\n              37.65313201430365\n            ],\n            [\n              -122.53418391325224,\n              37.65313201430365\n            ],\n            [\n              -122.53418391325224,\n              37.57588010005361\n            ],\n            [\n              -122.4738121168885,\n              37.57588010005361\n            ],\n            [\n              -122.4738121168885,\n              37.65313201430365\n            ]\n          ]\n        ],\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"289","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2012-04-26","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b8802e4b08c986b316776","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Snell, Charles B.","contributorId":16606,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Snell","given":"Charles","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":441803,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Lajoie, Kenneth R.","contributorId":18057,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lajoie","given":"Kenneth","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":441802,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Medley, Edward W.","contributorId":35900,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Medley","given":"Edward","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":441804,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70022094,"text":"70022094 - 2000 - White-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) predation on grassland songbird nestlings","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-10-06T15:33:33.942364","indexId":"70022094","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":737,"text":"American Midland Naturalist","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"White-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) predation on grassland songbird nestlings","docAbstract":"<p><span>White-tailed deer (</span><i>Odocoileus virginianus</i><span>) were videotaped depredating four songbird nests in grassland habitats in southeastern and northcentral North Dakota, 1996–1999. Deer ate two Savannah sparrow (</span><i>Passerculus sandwichensis</i><span>), two grasshopper sparrow (</span><i>Ammodramus savannarum</i><span>), one clay-colored sparrow (</span><i>Spizella pallida</i><span>), one red-winged blackbird (</span><i>Agelaius phoeniceus</i><span>) and three brown-headed cowbird (</span><i>Molothrus ater</i><span>) nestlings. Deer removed nestlings quickly (5–19 sec/nest) at night (22:00 to 05:17 Central Daylight Time) and left no evidence of predation. Although probably opportunistic, deer predations clearly were deliberate and likely are more common than generally believed.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"University of Notre Dame","doi":"10.1674/0003-0031(2000)144[0419:WTDOVP]2.0.CO;2","issn":"00030031","usgsCitation":"Pietz, P., and Granfors, D., 2000, White-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) predation on grassland songbird nestlings: American Midland Naturalist, v. 144, no. 2, p. 419-422, https://doi.org/10.1674/0003-0031(2000)144[0419:WTDOVP]2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"419","endPage":"422","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":230698,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"North Dakota","county":"Barnes County, Bottineau County, McHenry County, Stutsman 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P.J.","contributorId":6398,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pietz","given":"P.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":392335,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Granfors, D. A.","contributorId":94256,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Granfors","given":"D. A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":392336,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70022093,"text":"70022093 - 2000 - Microbial populations in contaminant plumes","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-12-14T06:06:14","indexId":"70022093","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1923,"text":"Hydrogeology Journal","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Microbial populations in contaminant plumes","docAbstract":"Efficient biodegradation of subsurface contaminants requires two elements: (1) microbial populations with the necessary degradative capabilities, and (2) favorable subsurface geochemical and hydrological conditions. Practical constraints on experimental design and interpretation in both the hydrogeological and microbiological sciences have resulted in limited knowledge of the interaction between hydrogeological and microbiological features of subsurface environments. These practical constraints include: (1) inconsistencies between the scales of investigation in the hydrogeological and microbiological sciences, and (2) practical limitations on the ability to accurately define microbial populations in environmental samples. However, advances in application of small-scale sampling methods and interdisciplinary approaches to site investigations are beginning to significantly improve understanding of hydrogeological and microbiological interactions. Likewise, culture-based and molecular analyses of microbial populations in subsurface contaminant plumes have revealed significant adaptation of microbial populations to plume environmental conditions. Results of recent studies suggest that variability in subsurface geochemical and hydrological conditions significantly influences subsurface microbial-community structure. Combined investigations of site conditions and microbial-community structure provide the knowledge needed to understand interactions between subsurface microbial populations, plume geochemistry, and contaminant biodegradation.","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1007/s100400050008","issn":"14312174","usgsCitation":"Haack, S., and Bekins, B., 2000, Microbial populations in contaminant plumes: Hydrogeology Journal, v. 8, no. 1, p. 63-76, https://doi.org/10.1007/s100400050008.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"63","endPage":"76","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":230697,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"8","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a5658e4b0c8380cd6d519","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Haack, S.K.","contributorId":26457,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Haack","given":"S.K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":392333,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bekins, B.A.","contributorId":98309,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bekins","given":"B.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":392334,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70022091,"text":"70022091 - 2000 - Volatile organic compounds in storm water from a parking lot","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-03-12T13:24:56","indexId":"70022091","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2255,"text":"Journal of Environmental Engineering","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Volatile organic compounds in storm water from a parking lot","docAbstract":"<p><span>A mass balance approach was used to determine the most important nonpoint source of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in storm water from an asphalt parking lot without obvious point sources (e.g., gasoline stations). The parking lot surface and atmosphere are important nonpoint sources of VOCs, with each being important for different VOCs. The atmosphere is an important source of soluble, oxygenated VOCs (e.g., acetone), and the parking lot surface is an important source for the more hydrophobic VOCs (e.g., benzene). VOCs on the parking lot surface appear to be concentrated in oil and grease and organic material in urban particles (e.g., vehicle soot). Except in the case of spills, asphalt does not appear to be an important source of VOCs. The uptake isotherm of gaseous methyl&nbsp;</span><i>tert</i><span>-butyl ether on urban particles indicates a mechanism for dry deposition of VOCs from the atmosphere. This study demonstrated that a mass balance approach is a useful means of understanding non-point-source pollution, even for compounds such as VOCs, which are difficult to sample.</span></p>","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Environmental Engineering","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"ASCE","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA, United States","doi":"10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9372(2000)126:12(1137)","issn":"07339372","usgsCitation":"Lopes, T.J., Fallon, J.D., Rutherford, D., and Hiatt, M., 2000, Volatile organic compounds in storm water from a parking lot: Journal of Environmental Engineering, v. 126, no. 12, p. 1137-1143, https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9372(2000)126:12(1137).","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"1137","endPage":"1143","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":392,"text":"Minnesota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":206733,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9372(2000)126:12(1137)"},{"id":230661,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"126","issue":"12","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bc2c5e4b08c986b32ad57","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lopes, T. J.","contributorId":9631,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lopes","given":"T.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":392326,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Fallon, J. D.","contributorId":57478,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fallon","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":392328,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Rutherford, D.W.","contributorId":21244,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rutherford","given":"D.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":392327,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Hiatt, M.H.","contributorId":80449,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hiatt","given":"M.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":392329,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70022089,"text":"70022089 - 2000 - Volcano geodesy: Challenges and opportunities for the 21st century","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-08-17T13:46:01.467002","indexId":"70022089","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3047,"text":"Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Volcano geodesy: Challenges and opportunities for the 21st century","docAbstract":"<p>Intrusions of magma beneath volcanoes deform the surrounding rock and, if the intrusion is large enough, the overlying ground surface. Numerical models generally agree that, for most eruptions, subsurface volume changes are sufficient to produce measurable deformation at the surface. Studying this deformation can help to determine the location, volume, and shape of a subsurface magma body and thus to anticipate the onset and course of an eruption. This approach has been successfully applied at many restless volcanoes, especially basaltic shields and silicic calderas, using various geodetic techniques and sensors. However, its success at many intermediate-composition strato-volcanoes has been limited by generally long repose intervals, steep terrain, and structural influences that complicate the history and shape of surface deformation. These factors have made it difficult to adequately characterize deformation in space and time at many of the world's dangerous volcanoes.</p><p>Recent technological advances promise to make this task easier by enabling the acquisition of geodetic data of high spatial and temporal resolution from Earth-orbiting satellites. Synthetic aperture radar interferometry (InSAR) can image ground deformation over large areas at metre-scale resolution over time-scales of a month to a few years. Global Positioning System (GPS) stations can provide continuous information on three-dimensional ground displacements at a network of key sites -information that is especially important during volcanic crises. By using InSAR to determine the shape of the displacement field and GPS to monitor temporal changes at key sites, scientists have a much better chance to capture geodetic signals that have so far been elusive at many volcanoes. This approach has the potential to provide longer-term warnings of impending volcanic activity than is possible with other monitoring techniques.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Royal Society Publishing","doi":"10.1098/rsta.2000.0603","issn":"1364503X","usgsCitation":"Dzurisin, D., 2000, Volcano geodesy: Challenges and opportunities for the 21st century: Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences, v. 358, no. 1770, p. 1547-1566, https://doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2000.0603.","productDescription":"20 p.","startPage":"1547","endPage":"1566","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":230626,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"358","issue":"1770","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2000-05-15","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bc32ae4b08c986b32afc1","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Dzurisin, D.","contributorId":76067,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dzurisin","given":"D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":392319,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70022087,"text":"70022087 - 2000 - Moment-tensor solutions estimated using optimal filter theory: Global seismicity 1999","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:45","indexId":"70022087","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3071,"text":"Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Moment-tensor solutions estimated using optimal filter theory: Global seismicity 1999","docAbstract":"Moment-tensor solutions estimated using optimal filter theory are listed for 271 moderate-to-large size earthquakes that occurred during 1999. Published by Elsevier Science B. V.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/S0031-9201(00)00193-X","issn":"00319201","usgsCitation":"Sipkin, S., Bufe, C., and Zirbes, M., 2000, Moment-tensor solutions estimated using optimal filter theory: Global seismicity 1999: Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors, v. 122, no. 3-4, p. 147-159, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9201(00)00193-X.","startPage":"147","endPage":"159","numberOfPages":"13","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":230588,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":206703,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9201(00)00193-X"}],"volume":"122","issue":"3-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a5d3ee4b0c8380cd70257","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Sipkin, S.A.","contributorId":9399,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sipkin","given":"S.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":392315,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bufe, C. G.","contributorId":79443,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bufe","given":"C. G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":392317,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Zirbes, M.D.","contributorId":27620,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zirbes","given":"M.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":392316,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70022077,"text":"70022077 - 2000 - Arctic and boreal ecosystems of western North America as components of the climate system","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:45","indexId":"70022077","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1837,"text":"Global Change Biology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Arctic and boreal ecosystems of western North America as components of the climate system","docAbstract":"Synthesis of results from several Arctic and boreal research programmes provides evidence for the strong role of high-latitude ecosystems in the climate system. Average surface air temperature has increased 0.3??C per decade during the twentieth century in the western North American Arctic and boreal forest zones. Precipitation has also increased, but changes in soil moisture are uncertain. Disturbance rates have increased in the boreal forest; for example, there has been a doubling of the area burned in North America in the past 20 years. The disturbance regime in tundra may not have changed. Tundra has a 3-6-fold higher winter albedo than boreal forest, but summer albedo and energy partitioning differ more strongly among ecosystems within either tundra or boreal forest than between these two biomes. This indicates a need to improve our understanding of vegetation dynamics within, as well as between, biomes. If regional surface warming were to continue, changes in albedo and energy absorption would likely act as a positive feedback to regional warming due to earlier melting of snow and, over the long term, the northward movement of treeline. Surface drying and a change in dominance from mosses to vascular plants would also enhance sensible heat flux and regional warming in tundra. In the boreal forest of western North America, deciduous forests have twice the albedo of conifer forests in both winter and summer, 50-80% higher evapotranspiration, and therefore only 30-50% of the sensible heat flux of conifers in summer. Therefore, a warming-induced increase in fire frequency that increased the proportion of deciduous forests in the landscape, would act as a negative feedback to regional warming. Changes in thermokarst and the aerial extent of wetlands, lakes, and ponds would alter high-latitude methane flux. There is currently a wide discrepancy among estimates of the size and direction of CO2 flux between high-latitude ecosystems and the atmosphere. These discrepancies relate more strongly to the approach and assumptions for extrapolation than to inconsistencies in the underlying data. Inverse modelling from atmospheric CO2 concentrations suggests that high latitudes are neutral or net sinks for atmospheric CO2, whereas field measurements suggest that high latitudes are neutral or a net CO2 source. Both approaches rely on assumptions that are difficult to verify. The most parsimonious explanation of the available data is that drying in tundra and disturbance in boreal forest enhance CO2 efflux. Nevertheless, many areas of both tundra and boreal forests remain net sinks due to regional variation in climate and local variation in topographically determined soil moisture. Improved understanding of the role of high-latitude ecosystems in the climate system requires a concerted research effort that focuses on geographical variation in the processes controlling land-atmosphere exchange, species composition, and ecosystem structure. Future studies must be conducted over a long enough time-period to detect and quantify ecosystem feedbacks.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Global Change Biology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1046/j.1365-2486.2000.06022.x","issn":"13541013","usgsCitation":"Chapin, F.S., McGuire, A., Randerson, J., Pielke, R., Baldocchi, D., Hobbie, S., Roulet, N., Eugster, W., Kasischke, E., Rastetter, E.B., Zimov, S., and Running, S.W., 2000, Arctic and boreal ecosystems of western North America as components of the climate system: Global Change Biology, v. 6, no. SUPPLEMENT 1, p. 211-223, https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2486.2000.06022.x.","startPage":"211","endPage":"223","numberOfPages":"13","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":487362,"rank":10000,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"https://escholarship.org/uc/item/4m48z1dn","text":"External Repository"},{"id":230440,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":206640,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2486.2000.06022.x"}],"volume":"6","issue":"SUPPLEMENT 1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2002-04-19","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059ed53e4b0c8380cd49733","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Chapin, F. S. III","contributorId":16776,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chapin","given":"F.","suffix":"III","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":392277,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"McGuire, A. D.","contributorId":16552,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McGuire","given":"A. D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":392276,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Randerson, J.","contributorId":94458,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Randerson","given":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":392287,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Pielke, R. Sr.","contributorId":37104,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pielke","given":"R.","suffix":"Sr.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":392280,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Baldocchi, D.","contributorId":40368,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Baldocchi","given":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":392281,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Hobbie, S.E.","contributorId":26103,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hobbie","given":"S.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":392278,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Roulet, Nigel","contributorId":46253,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Roulet","given":"Nigel","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":392282,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Eugster, W.","contributorId":32701,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Eugster","given":"W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":392279,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Kasischke, E.","contributorId":58803,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kasischke","given":"E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":392285,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9},{"text":"Rastetter, E. B.","contributorId":48342,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Rastetter","given":"E.","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":392283,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":10},{"text":"Zimov, S.A.","contributorId":88115,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zimov","given":"S.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":392286,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":11},{"text":"Running, S. W.","contributorId":51257,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Running","given":"S.","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":392284,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":12}]}}
,{"id":70022076,"text":"70022076 - 2000 - High-resolution seismic reflection to delineate shallow gas in Eastern Kansas","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-02-07T19:08:20","indexId":"70022076","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3550,"text":"The Compass: Earth Science Journal of Sigma Gamma Epsilon","printIssn":"0894-802X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"High-resolution seismic reflection to delineate shallow gas in Eastern Kansas","docAbstract":"Unique amplitude characteristics of shallow gas sands within Pennsylvanian clastic-carbonate dominated sequences are discernible on high-resolution seismic reflection data in eastern Kansas. Upward grading sequences of sand into shale represent a potential gas reservoir with a low-impedence acoustic contrast at the base of the encasing layer. The gas sand and encasing shale, which define the gas reservoir studied here, are part of an erosional incised valley where about 30 m of carbonates and shale have been replaced by sandstone and shale confined to the incised valley. These consolidated geologic settings would normally possess high impedence gas sand reservoirs as defined by abrupt contacts between the gas sand and encasing shale. Based orr core and borehole logs, the gas sand studied here grades from sand into shale in a fashion analogous to that observed in classic low-impedance environments. Amplitude and phase characteristics of high-resolution seismic data across this approximately 400-m wide gas sand are indicative of a low-impedance reservoir. Shot gathers possess classic amplitude with offsett-dependent characteristics which are manifeted on the stacked section as \"bright spots.\" Dominant Frequencies of around 120 Hz allow detection of several reflectors within the 30+ meters of sand/shale that make up this localized gas-rich incised valley fill. The gradational nature of the trapping mechanism observed in this gas reservoir would make detection with conventional seismic reflection methods unlikely.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Compass","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","issn":"0894802X","usgsCitation":"Miller, R., Watney, W., Begay, D., and Xia, J., 2000, High-resolution seismic reflection to delineate shallow gas in Eastern Kansas: The Compass: Earth Science Journal of Sigma Gamma Epsilon, v. 75, no. 2-3, p. 134-145.","startPage":"134","endPage":"145","numberOfPages":"12","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":230439,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"75","issue":"2-3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a3120e4b0c8380cd5dc59","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Miller, R. D.","contributorId":92693,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Miller","given":"R. D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":392275,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Watney, W.L.","contributorId":43087,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Watney","given":"W.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":392273,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Begay, D.K.","contributorId":31145,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Begay","given":"D.K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":392272,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Xia, J.","contributorId":63513,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Xia","given":"J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":392274,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":1007887,"text":"1007887 - 2000 - Competition between alien annual grasses and native annual plants in the Mojave Desert","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-09-30T13:04:01","indexId":"1007887","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":737,"text":"American Midland Naturalist","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Competition between alien annual grasses and native annual plants in the Mojave Desert","docAbstract":"<p><span>Alien annual grasses in the genera </span><i>Bromus</i><span> and </span><i>Schismus</i><span> are widespread and abundant in the Mojave Desert, and negative correlations between these aliens and native annual plants suggest that competition may occur between them. Effects of competition were evaluated by thinning alien annual grass seedlings and measuring the responses of native annual plants at three sites in the central, southcentral and southwestern Mojave Desert during 2 y of contrasting plant productivity. Effects of</span><i>Bromus</i><span> and </span><i>Schismus</i><span> were evaluated separately in the microhabitat where each was most abundant, beneath the north side of creosote bushes (</span><i>Larrea tridentata</i><span>) for </span><i>Bromus</i><span> and in the open interspace between shrubs for </span><i>Schismus.</i><span> Thinning of </span><i>Bromus</i><span> and </span><i>Schismus</i><span> significantly increased density and biomass of native annuals at all three sites, only during a year of high annual plant productivity and species richness. Effects of thinning were greatest for </span><i>Amsinckia tesselata</i><span> and for a group of relatively uncommon native annuals. Thinning also significantly increased the density and biomass of the alien forb, </span><i>Erodium cicutarium.</i><span> These results show that alien annual grasses can compete with native annual plants and an alien forb in the Mojave Desert and that effects can vary among years.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"University of Notre Dame","doi":"10.1674/0003-0031(2000)144[0092:CBAAGA]2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Brooks, M.L., 2000, Competition between alien annual grasses and native annual plants in the Mojave Desert: American Midland Naturalist, v. 144, no. 1, p. 92-108, https://doi.org/10.1674/0003-0031(2000)144[0092:CBAAGA]2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"17 p.","startPage":"92","endPage":"108","numberOfPages":"17","costCenters":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":131655,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"144","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b1ee4b07f02db6aa39e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Brooks, Matthew L. 0000-0002-3518-6787 mlbrooks@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3518-6787","contributorId":393,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brooks","given":"Matthew","email":"mlbrooks@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":316216,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70022069,"text":"70022069 - 2000 - Characterization of active faulting beneath the Strait of Georgia, British Columbia","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:52","indexId":"70022069","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1135,"text":"Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America","onlineIssn":"1943-3573","printIssn":"0037-1106","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Characterization of active faulting beneath the Strait of Georgia, British Columbia","docAbstract":"Southwestern British Columbia and northwestern Washington State are subject to megathrust earthquakes, deep intraslab events, and earthquakes in the continental crust. Of the three types of earthquakes, the most poorly understood are the crustal events. Despite a high level of seismicity, there is no obvious correlation between the historical crustal earthquakes and the mapped surface faults of the region. On 24 June 1997, a ML = 4.6 earthquake occurred 3-4 km beneath the Strait of Georgia, 30 km to the west of Vancouver, British Columbia. This well-recorded earthquake was preceded by 11 days by a felt foreshock (ML = 3.4) and was followed by numerous small aftershocks. This earthquake sequence occurred in one of the few regions of persistent shallow seismic activity in southwestern British Columbia, thus providing an ideal opportunity to attempt to characterize an active near-surface fault. We have computed focal mechanisms and utilized a waveform cross-correlation and joint hypocentral determination routine to obtain accurate relative hypocenters of the mainshock, foreshock, and 53 small aftershocks in an attempt to image the active fault and the extent of rupture associated with this earthquake sequence. Both P-nodal and CMT focal mechanisms show thrust faulting for the mainshock and the foreshock. The relocated hypocenters delineate a north-dipping plane at 2-4 km depth, dipping at 53??, in good agreement with the focal mechanism nodal plane dipping to the north at 47??. The rupture area is estimated to be a 1.3-km-diameter circular area, comparable to that estimated using a Brune rupture model with the estimated seismic moment of 3.17 ?? 1015 N m and the stress drop of 45 bars. The temporal sequence indicates a downdip migration of the seismicity along the fault plane. The results of this study provide the first unambiguous evidence for the orientation and sense of motion for active faulting in the Georgia Strait area of British Columbia.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1785/0120000044","issn":"00371106","usgsCitation":"Cassidy, J., Rogers, G., and Waldhauser, F., 2000, Characterization of active faulting beneath the Strait of Georgia, British Columbia: Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, v. 90, no. 5, p. 1188-1199, https://doi.org/10.1785/0120000044.","startPage":"1188","endPage":"1199","numberOfPages":"12","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":479329,"rank":10000,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.462.1957","text":"External Repository"},{"id":206577,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1785/0120000044"},{"id":230280,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"90","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f4c0e4b0c8380cd4beb6","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Cassidy, J.F.","contributorId":18927,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cassidy","given":"J.F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":392242,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Rogers, Gary C.","contributorId":41980,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Rogers","given":"Gary C.","affiliations":[{"id":13092,"text":"Geological Survey of Canada","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":392244,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Waldhauser, F.","contributorId":31897,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Waldhauser","given":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":392243,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70022068,"text":"70022068 - 2000 - Microbial degradation of chloroethenes in groundwater systems","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-04-06T14:55:25.903833","indexId":"70022068","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1923,"text":"Hydrogeology Journal","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Microbial degradation of chloroethenes in groundwater systems","docAbstract":"<p><span>The chloroethenes, tetrachloroethene (PCE) and trichloroethene (TCE) are among the most common contaminants detected in groundwater systems. As recently as 1980, the consensus was that chloroethene compounds were not significantly biodegradable in groundwater. Consequently, efforts to remediate chloroethene-contaminated groundwater were limited to largely unsuccessful pump-and-treat attempts. Subsequent investigation revealed that under reducing conditions, aquifer microorganisms can reductively dechlorinate PCE and TCE to the less chlorinated daughter products dichloroethene (DCE) and vinyl chloride (VC). Although recent laboratory studies conducted with halorespiring microorganisms suggest that complete reduction to ethene is possible, in the majority of groundwater systems reductive dechlorination apparently stops at DCE or VC. However, recent investigations conducted with aquifer and stream-bed sediments have demonstrated that microbial oxidation of these reduced daughter products can be significant under anaerobic redox conditions. The combination of reductive dechlorination of PCE and TCE under anaerobic conditions followed by anaerobic microbial oxidation of DCE and VC provides a possible microbial pathway for complete degradation of chloroethene contaminants in groundwater systems.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1007/s100400050011","usgsCitation":"Bradley, P.M., 2000, Microbial degradation of chloroethenes in groundwater systems: Hydrogeology Journal, v. 8, no. 1, p. 104-111, https://doi.org/10.1007/s100400050011.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"104","endPage":"111","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":230279,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"8","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a564ae4b0c8380cd6d4b0","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bradley, Paul M. 0000-0001-7522-8606 pbradley@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7522-8606","contributorId":204639,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bradley","given":"Paul","email":"pbradley@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":13634,"text":"South Atlantic Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":392241,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70022063,"text":"70022063 - 2000 - Hydrological responses to dynamically and statistically downscaled climate model output","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:44","indexId":"70022063","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1807,"text":"Geophysical Research Letters","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Hydrological responses to dynamically and statistically downscaled climate model output","docAbstract":"Daily rainfall and surface temperature series were simulated for the Animas River basin, Colorado using dynamically and statistically downscaled output from the National Center for Environmental Prediction/National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCEP/NCAR) re-analysis. A distributed hydrological model was then applied to the downscaled data. Relative to raw NCEP output, downscaled climate variables provided more realistic stimulations of basin scale hydrology. However, the results highlight the sensitivity of modeled processes to the choice of downscaling technique, and point to the need for caution when interpreting future hydrological scenarios.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Geophysical Research Letters","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1029/1999GL006078","issn":"00948276","usgsCitation":"Wilby, R., Hay, L., Gutowski, W., Arritt, R., Takle, E., Pan, Z., Leavesley, G., and Clark, M., 2000, Hydrological responses to dynamically and statistically downscaled climate model output: Geophysical Research Letters, v. 27, no. 8, p. 1199-1202, https://doi.org/10.1029/1999GL006078.","startPage":"1199","endPage":"1202","numberOfPages":"4","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":489175,"rank":10000,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1129&context=ge_at_pubs","text":"External Repository"},{"id":230850,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":206812,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1029/1999GL006078"}],"volume":"27","issue":"8","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2000-04-15","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a36b0e4b0c8380cd6090b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wilby, R.L.","contributorId":96043,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wilby","given":"R.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":392229,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hay, L.E.","contributorId":54253,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hay","given":"L.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":392227,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Gutowski, W.J. Jr.","contributorId":48344,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gutowski","given":"W.J.","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":392225,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Arritt, R.W.","contributorId":39544,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Arritt","given":"R.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":392224,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Takle, E.S.","contributorId":7033,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Takle","given":"E.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":392222,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Pan, Z.","contributorId":13006,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pan","given":"Z.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":392223,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Leavesley, G.H.","contributorId":93895,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Leavesley","given":"G.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":392228,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Clark, M.P.","contributorId":49558,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Clark","given":"M.P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":392226,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8}]}}
,{"id":70022062,"text":"70022062 - 2000 - An updated Holocene sea-level curve for the Delaware coast","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:44","indexId":"70022062","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2667,"text":"Marine Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"An updated Holocene sea-level curve for the Delaware coast","docAbstract":"We present an updated Holocene sea-level curve for the Delaware coast based on new calibrations of 16 previously published radiocarbon dates (Kraft, 1976; Belknap and Kraft, 1977) and 22 new radiocarbon dates of basal peat deposits. A review of published and unpublished 137Cs and 210Pb analyses, and tide gauge data provide the basis for evaluating shorter-term (102 yr) sea-level trends. Paleosea-level elevations for the new basal peat samples were determined from the present vertical zonation of marsh plants relative to mean high water along the Delaware coast and the composition of plant fossils and foraminifera. Current trends in tidal range along the Delaware coast were used to reduce elevations from different locations to a common vertical datum of mean high water at Breakwater Harbor, Delaware. The updated curve is similar to Belknap and Kraft's [J. Sediment. Petrol., 47 (1977) 610-629] original sea-level curve from 12,000 to about 2000 yr BP. The updated curve documents a rate of sea-level rise of 0.9 mm/yr from 1250 yr BP to present (based on 11 dates), in good agreement with other recent sea-level curves from the northern and central U.S. Atlantic coast, while the previous curve documents rates of about 1.3 mm/yr (based on 4 dates). The precision of both estimates, however, is very low, so the significance of these differences is uncertain. A review of 210Pb and 137Cs analyses from salt marshes of Delaware indicates average marsh accretion rates of 3 mm/yr for the last 100 yr, in good agreement with shorter-term estimates of sea-level rise from tide gauge records. ?? 2000 Elsevier Science B.V.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Marine Geology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/S0025-3227(00)00104-3","issn":"00253227","usgsCitation":"Nikitina, D., Pizzuto, J., Schwimmer, R., and Ramsey, K., 2000, An updated Holocene sea-level curve for the Delaware coast: Marine Geology, v. 171, no. 1-4, p. 7-20, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0025-3227(00)00104-3.","startPage":"7","endPage":"20","numberOfPages":"14","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":206798,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0025-3227(00)00104-3"},{"id":230814,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"171","issue":"1-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059eab4e4b0c8380cd48a17","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Nikitina, D.L.","contributorId":93234,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nikitina","given":"D.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":392221,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Pizzuto, J.E.","contributorId":10572,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pizzuto","given":"J.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":392219,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Schwimmer, R.A.","contributorId":9799,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schwimmer","given":"R.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":392218,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Ramsey, K.W.","contributorId":78500,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ramsey","given":"K.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":392220,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70022061,"text":"70022061 - 2000 - African dust and the demise of Caribbean coral reefs","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-09-20T18:40:32.723567","indexId":"70022061","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1807,"text":"Geophysical Research Letters","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"African dust and the demise of Caribbean coral reefs","docAbstract":"<p><span>The vitality of Caribbean coral reefs has undergone a continual state of decline since the late 1970s, a period of time coincidental with large increases in transatlantic dust transport. It is proposed that the hundreds of millions of tons/year of soil dust that have been crossing the Atlantic during the last 25 years could be a significant contributor to coral reef decline and may be affecting other ecosystems. Benchmark events, such as near synchronous Caribbean-wide mortalities of acroporid corals and the urchin&nbsp;</span><i>Diadema</i><span>&nbsp;in 1983, and coral bleaching beginning in 1987, correlate with the years of maximum dust flux into the Caribbean. Besides crustal elements, in particular Fe, Si, and aluminosilicate clays, the dust can serve as a substrate for numerous species of viable spores, especially the soil fungus&nbsp;</span><i>Aspergillus</i><span>.&nbsp;</span><i>Aspergillus sydowii</i><span>, the cause of an ongoing Caribbean-wide seafan disease, has been cultured from Caribbean air samples and used to inoculate sea fans.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/2000GL011599","issn":"00948276","usgsCitation":"Shinn, E., Smith, G., Prospero, J., Betzer, P., Hayes, M., Garrison, V., and Barber, R., 2000, African dust and the demise of Caribbean coral reefs: Geophysical Research Letters, v. 27, no. 19, p. 3029-3032, https://doi.org/10.1029/2000GL011599.","productDescription":"4 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R.T.","contributorId":9798,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Barber","given":"R.T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":392212,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}}
,{"id":70022060,"text":"70022060 - 2000 - Seismic anisotropy of the shallow crust at the Juan de Fuca Ridge","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-09-20T18:28:05.770121","indexId":"70022060","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1807,"text":"Geophysical Research Letters","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Seismic anisotropy of the shallow crust at the Juan de Fuca Ridge","docAbstract":"Microearthquake data recorded on four ocean bottom seismometers are used to study shear-wave splitting on the Endeavour Segment of the Juan de Fuca Ridge. The covariance matrix decomposition method is used to determine the sensor orientation from explosive shot data and to estimate the anisotropy parameters for 238 earthquake records. At three of the four sites, the results show a remarkably consistent fast direction parallel to the ridge axis. The time delays between the fast and the slow waves range from 40 to 200 ms, with an average of 90 ms. They are not clearly related to earthquake range, focal depth or source-receiver azimuth. The splitting of the shear waves is interpreted as an effect of structural anisotropy due to the presence of ridge-parallel cracks in the shallow crust. If we assume that anisotropy is concentrated in the upper 1-2 km, the splitting times require a high crack density of ~0.1.","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/2000GL011535","issn":"00948276","usgsCitation":"Almendros, J., Barclay, A., Wilcock, W., and Purdy, G., 2000, Seismic anisotropy of the shallow crust at the Juan de Fuca Ridge: Geophysical Research Letters, v. 27, no. 19, p. 3109-3112, https://doi.org/10.1029/2000GL011535.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"3109","endPage":"3112","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":498726,"rank":1,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"https://hdl.handle.net/10481/96142","text":"External Repository"},{"id":230812,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"otherGeospatial":"Juan de Fuca Ridge, Pacific Ocean","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -132.5830078125,\n              52.50953477032727\n            ],\n            [\n              -140.888671875,\n              52.05249047600099\n            ],\n            [\n              -133.06640625,\n              47.635783590864854\n            ],\n            [\n              -132.4951171875,\n              40.1452892956766\n            ],\n            [\n              -124.76074218749999,\n              40.44694705960048\n            ],\n            [\n              -124.45312499999999,\n              41.409775832009565\n            ],\n            [\n              -124.98046874999999,\n              42.87596410238256\n            ],\n            [\n              -124.8046875,\n              43.32517767999296\n            ],\n            [\n              -124.541015625,\n              45.336701909968134\n            ],\n            [\n              -124.62890625,\n              46.830133640447386\n            ],\n            [\n              -125.2880859375,\n              48.10743118848039\n            ],\n            [\n              -132.5830078125,\n              52.50953477032727\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"27","issue":"19","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b8af4e4b08c986b3174bd","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Almendros, J.","contributorId":73369,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Almendros","given":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":392208,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Barclay, A.H.","contributorId":45481,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Barclay","given":"A.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":392207,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Wilcock, W.S.D.","contributorId":88523,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wilcock","given":"W.S.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":392209,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Purdy, G.M.","contributorId":95226,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Purdy","given":"G.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":392210,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70022040,"text":"70022040 - 2000 - Bioavailability of particle-associated Se to the bivalve Potamocorbula amurensis","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-12-03T10:46:00","indexId":"70022040","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1565,"text":"Environmental Science & Technology","onlineIssn":"1520-5851","printIssn":"0013-936X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Bioavailability of particle-associated Se to the bivalve Potamocorbula amurensis","docAbstract":"<div class=\"hlFld-Abstract\"><div id=\"abstractBox\"><p class=\"articleBody_abstractText\">Elemental selenium, Se(0), is a prevalent chemical form in sediments, but little is known about its bioavailability. We evaluated the bioavailability of two forms of Se(0) by generating radioisotopic<span>&nbsp;</span><sup>75</sup>Se(0) through bacterial dissimilatory reduction of<span>&nbsp;</span><sup>75</sup>SeO<sub>3</sub><sup>2</sup><sup>-</sup><span>&nbsp;</span>by pure bacterial cultures (SES) and by an anaerobic sediment microbial consortium (SED). A third form was generated by reducing<span>&nbsp;</span><sup>75</sup>SeO<sub>3</sub><sup>2</sup><sup>-</sup><span>&nbsp;</span>with ascorbic acid (AA). Speciation determinations showed that AA and SES were &gt;90% Se(0), but SED showed a mixture of Se(0), selenoanions, and a residual fraction. Pulse-chase techniques were used to measure assimilation efficiencies (AE) of these particulate Se forms by the bivalve<span>&nbsp;</span><i>Potamocorbula amurensis</i>. Mean AE values were 3 ± 2% for AA, 7 ± 1% for SES, and 28 ± 15% for SED, showing that the bioavailability of reduced, particle-associated Se is dependent upon its origin. To determine if oxidative microbial processes increased Se transfer, SES<span>&nbsp;</span><sup>75</sup>Se(0) was incubated with an aerobic sediment microbial consortium. After 113 d of incubation, 36% of SES Se(0) was oxidized to SeO<sub>3</sub><sup>2</sup><sup>-</sup>. Assimilation of total particulate Se was unaffected however (mean AE = 5.5%). The mean AE from the diatom<span>&nbsp;</span><i>Phaeodactylum tricornutum</i><span>&nbsp;</span>was 58 ± 8%, verifying the importance of Se associated with biogenic particles. Speciation and AE results from SED suggest that selenoanion reduction in wetlands and estuaries produces biologically available reduced selenium.</p></div></div>","language":"English","publisher":"ACS","doi":"10.1021/es001013f","issn":"0013936X","usgsCitation":"Schlekat, C., Dowdle, P., Lee, B., Luoma, S., and Oremland, R., 2000, Bioavailability of particle-associated Se to the bivalve Potamocorbula amurensis: Environmental Science & Technology, v. 34, no. 21, p. 4504-4510, https://doi.org/10.1021/es001013f.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"4504","endPage":"4510","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":230474,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":206654,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es001013f"}],"volume":"34","issue":"21","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2000-09-16","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f13ee4b0c8380cd4ab0d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Schlekat, C.E.","contributorId":89683,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schlekat","given":"C.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":392128,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Dowdle, P.R.","contributorId":77678,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dowdle","given":"P.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":392126,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Lee, B.-G.","contributorId":11777,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lee","given":"B.-G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":392125,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Luoma, S. N.","contributorId":86353,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Luoma","given":"S. N.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":392127,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Oremland, R.S.","contributorId":97512,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Oremland","given":"R.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":392129,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}}
,{"id":1001678,"text":"1001678 - 2000 - Contaminants in eggs of western snowy plovers and California least terns: Is there a link to population decline?","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-09-30T17:37:07.775235","indexId":"1001678","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1103,"text":"Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Contaminants in eggs of western snowy plovers and California least terns: Is there a link to population decline?","docAbstract":"<p>No abstract available.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1007/s0012800092","usgsCitation":"Hothern, R., and Powell, A., 2000, Contaminants in eggs of western snowy plovers and California least terns: Is there a link to population decline?: Bulletin of Environmental 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,{"id":70022034,"text":"70022034 - 2000 - Transient calcite fracture fillings in a welded tuff, Snowshoe Mountain, Colorado","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:51","indexId":"70022034","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":835,"text":"Applied Geochemistry","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Transient calcite fracture fillings in a welded tuff, Snowshoe Mountain, Colorado","docAbstract":"The core from two boreholes (13.1 and 19.2 m depth) drilled 500 m apart in the fractured, welded tuff near the summit of the Snowshoe Mountain, Colorado (47??30'N, 106??55'W) had unique petrographic and hydrodynamic properties. Borehole SM-4 had highly variable annual water levels, in contrast to SM-1a, whose water level remained near the land surface. Core samples from both boreholes (n = 10 and 11) were examined petrographically in thin sections impregnated with epoxy containing rhodamine to mark the pore system features, and were analyzed for matrix porosity and permeability. Core from the borehole sampling the vadose zone was characterized by open fractures with enhanced porosity around phenocrysts due to chemical weathering. Fractures within the borehole sampling the phreatic zone were mineralized with calcite and had porosity characteristics similar to Unweathered and unfractured rock. At the top of the phreatic zone petrography indicates that calcite is dissolving, thereby changing the hydrogeochemical character of the rock (i.e. permeability, porosity, reactive surface area, and mineralogy). Radiocarbon ages and C and O stable isotopes indicate that calcite mineralization occurred about 30 to 40 ka ago and that there was more than one mineralization event. Results of this study also provide some relationships between primary porosity development from 3 types of fracture in a welded tuff. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science Ltd.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Applied Geochemistry","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/S0883-2927(00)00009-3","issn":"08832927","usgsCitation":"Hoch, A., Reddy, M., and Heymans, M., 2000, Transient calcite fracture fillings in a welded tuff, Snowshoe Mountain, Colorado: Applied Geochemistry, v. 15, no. 10, p. 1495-1504, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0883-2927(00)00009-3.","startPage":"1495","endPage":"1504","numberOfPages":"10","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":206588,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0883-2927(00)00009-3"},{"id":230321,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"15","issue":"10","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bb6f7e4b08c986b326f8f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hoch, A.R.","contributorId":71711,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hoch","given":"A.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":392110,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Reddy, M.M.","contributorId":24363,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Reddy","given":"M.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":392108,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Heymans, M.J.","contributorId":39140,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Heymans","given":"M.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":392109,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70022482,"text":"70022482 - 2000 - Carbonate ions and arsenic dissolution by groundwater","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:43","indexId":"70022482","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1565,"text":"Environmental Science & Technology","onlineIssn":"1520-5851","printIssn":"0013-936X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Carbonate ions and arsenic dissolution by groundwater","docAbstract":"Samples of Marshall Sandstone, a major source of groundwater with elevated arsenic levels in southeast Michigan, were exposed to bicarbonate ion under controlled chemical conditions. In particular, effects of pH and redox conditions on arsenic release were evaluated. The release of arsenic from the aquifer rock was strongly related to the bicarbonate concentration in the leaching solution. The results obtained suggest that the carbonation of arsenic sulfide minerals, including orpiment (As2S3) and realgar (As2S2), is an important process in leaching arsenic into groundwater under anaerobic conditions. The arseno-carbonate complexes formed, believed to be As(CO3)2-, As(CO3)(OH)2-, and AsCO3+, are stable in groundwater. The reaction of ferrous ion with the thioarsenite from carbonation process can result in the formation of arsenopyrite which is a common mineral in arsenic-rich aquifers.Samples of Marshall Sandstone, a major source of groundwater with elevated arsenic levels in southeast Michigan, were exposed to bicarbonate ion under controlled chemical conditions. In particular, effects of pH and redox conditions on arsenic release were evaluated. The release of arsenic from the aquifer rock was strongly related to the bicarbonate concentration in the leaching solution. The results obtained suggest that the carbonation of arsenic sulfide minerals, including orpiment (As2S3) and realgar (As2S2), is an important process in leaching arsenic into groundwater under anaerobic conditions. The arseno-carbonate complexes formed, believed to be As(CO3)2-, As(CO3)(OH)2-, and AsCO3+, are stable in groundwater. The reaction of ferrous ion with the thioarsenite from carbonation process can result in the formation of arsenopyrite which is a common mineral in arsenic-rich aquifers.The role of bicarbonate in leaching arsenic into groundwater was investigated by conducting batch experiments using core samples of Marshall Sandstone from southeast Michigan and different bicarbonate solutions. The effects of pH and redox conditions on As dissolution were examined. Results showed that As was not leached significantly out of the Marshall Sandstone samples after 3 d using either deionized water or groundwater, but As was leached efficiently by sodium bicarbonate, potassium bicarbonate, and ferric chloride solutions. The leaching rate with sodium bicarbonate was about 25% higher than that with potassium bicarbonate. The data indicated that bicarbonate ion was involved primarily in As dissolution and that hydroxyl radical ion did not affect As dissolution to any significant degree. The amount of As leached was dependent upon the sodium bicarbonate concentration, increasing with reaction time for each concentration. Significant As leaching was found in the extreme pH ranges of <1.9 and 8.0-10.4. The resulting arseno-carbonate complexes formed were stable in groundwater.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Environmental Science and Technology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"ACS","publisherLocation":"Washington, DC, United States","doi":"10.1021/es990949p","issn":"0013936X","usgsCitation":"Kim, M., Nriagu, J., and Haack, S., 2000, Carbonate ions and arsenic dissolution by groundwater: Environmental Science & Technology, v. 34, no. 15, p. 3094-3100, https://doi.org/10.1021/es990949p.","startPage":"3094","endPage":"3100","numberOfPages":"7","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":206715,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es990949p"},{"id":230615,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"34","issue":"15","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2000-06-21","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f36fe4b0c8380cd4b7f0","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kim, M.-J.","contributorId":12229,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kim","given":"M.-J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":393780,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Nriagu, J.","contributorId":13399,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nriagu","given":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":393781,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Haack, S.","contributorId":66878,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Haack","given":"S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":393782,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70022396,"text":"70022396 - 2000 - Modelling carbon responses of tundra ecosystems to historical and projected climate: A comparison of a plot- and a global-scale ecosystem model to identify process-based uncertainties","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:42","indexId":"70022396","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1837,"text":"Global Change Biology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Modelling carbon responses of tundra ecosystems to historical and projected climate: A comparison of a plot- and a global-scale ecosystem model to identify process-based uncertainties","docAbstract":"We are developing a process-based modelling approach to investigate how carbon (C) storage of tundra across the entire Arctic will respond to projected climate change. To implement the approach, the processes that are least understood, and thus have the most uncertainty, need to be identified and studied. In this paper, we identified a key uncertainty by comparing the responses of C storage in tussock tundra at one site between the simulations of two models - one a global-scale ecosystem model (Terrestrial Ecosystem Model, TEM) and one a plot-scale ecosystem model (General Ecosystem Model, GEM). The simulations spanned the historical period (1921-94) and the projected period (1995-2100). In the historical period, the model simulations of net primary production (NPP) differed in their sensitivity to variability in climate. However, the long-term changes in C storage were similar in both simulations, because the dynamics of heterotrophic respiration (RH) were similar in both models. In contrast, the responses of C storage in the two model simulations diverged during the projected period. In the GEM simulation for this period, increases in RH tracked increases in NPP, whereas in the TEM simulation increases in RH lagged increases in NPP. We were able to make the long-term C dynamics of the two simulations agree by parameterizing TEM to the fast soil C pools of GEM. We concluded that the differences between the long-term C dynamics of the two simulations lay in modelling the role of the recalcitrant soil C. These differences, which reflect an incomplete understanding of soil processes, lead to quite different projections of the response of pan-Arctic C storage to global change. For example, the reference parameterization of TEM resulted in an estimate of cumulative C storage of 2032 g C m-2 for moist tundra north of 50??N, which was substantially higher than the 463 g C m-2 estimated for a parameterization of fast soil C dynamics. This uncertainty in the depiction of the role of recalcitrant soil C in long-term ecosystem C dynamics resulted from our incomplete understanding of controls over C and N transformations in Arctic soils. Mechanistic studies of these issues are needed to improve our ability to model the response of Arctic ecosystems to global change.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Global Change Biology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1046/j.1365-2486.2000.06009.x","issn":"13541013","usgsCitation":"Clein, J.S., Kwiatkowski, B., McGuire, A., Hobbie, J., Rastetter, E.B., Melillo, J.M., and Kicklighter, D., 2000, Modelling carbon responses of tundra ecosystems to historical and projected climate: A comparison of a plot- and a global-scale ecosystem model to identify process-based uncertainties: Global Change Biology, v. 6, no. SUPPLEMENT 1, p. 127-140, https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2486.2000.06009.x.","startPage":"127","endPage":"140","numberOfPages":"14","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":206680,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2486.2000.06009.x"},{"id":230535,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"6","issue":"SUPPLEMENT 1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2002-04-19","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a5c61e4b0c8380cd6fc4a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Clein, Joy S.","contributorId":83697,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Clein","given":"Joy","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":393486,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Kwiatkowski, B.L.","contributorId":21719,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kwiatkowski","given":"B.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":393481,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"McGuire, A. D.","contributorId":16552,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McGuire","given":"A. D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":393480,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Hobbie, J.E.","contributorId":46254,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hobbie","given":"J.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":393483,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Rastetter, E. B.","contributorId":48342,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Rastetter","given":"E.","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":393484,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Melillo, J. M.","contributorId":73139,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Melillo","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":393485,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Kicklighter, D. W.","contributorId":31537,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Kicklighter","given":"D. W.","affiliations":[{"id":13627,"text":"Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, MA","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":393482,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}}
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